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Zhong J, Yuan H, Yang J, Du Y, Li Z, Liu X, Yang H, Wang Z, Wang Z, Jiang L, Ren Z, Li H, Li Z, Liu Y. Bioinformatics and system biology approach to identify potential common pathogenesis for COVID-19 infection and sarcopenia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1378846. [PMID: 38978778 PMCID: PMC11228343 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1378846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Increasing evidence suggests that patients with sarcopenia have higher rates of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection and poorer post-infection outcomes. However, the exact mechanism and connections between the two is unknown. In this study, we used high-throughput data from the GEO database for sarcopenia (GSE111016) and COVID-19 (GSE171110) to identify common differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We conducted GO and KEGG pathway analyses, as well as PPI network analysis on these DEGs. Using seven algorithms from the Cytoscape plug-in cytoHubba, we identified 15 common hub genes. Further analyses included enrichment, PPI interaction, TF-gene and miRNA-gene regulatory networks, gene-disease associations, and drug prediction. Additionally, we evaluated immune cell infiltration with CIBERSORT and assessed the diagnostic accuracy of hub genes for sarcopenia and COVID-19 using ROC curves. In total, we identified 66 DEGs (34 up-regulated and 32 down-regulated) and 15 hub genes associated with sarcopenia and COVID-19. GO and KEGG analyses revealed functions and pathways between the two diseases. TF-genes and TF-miRNA regulatory network suggest that FOXOC1 and hsa-mir-155-5p may be identified as key regulators, while gene-disease analysis showed strong correlations with hub genes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Immune infiltration showed a correlation between the degree of immune infiltration and the level of infiltration of different immune cell subpopulations of hub genes in different datasets. The ROC curves for ALDH1L2 and KLF5 genes demonstrated their potential as diagnostic markers for both sarcopenia and COVID-19. This study suggests that sarcopenia and COVID-19 may share pathogenic pathways, and these pathways and hub genes offer new targets and strategies for early diagnosis, effective treatment, and tailored therapies for sarcopenia patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinghong Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yimin Du
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Haibo Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zi Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lujun Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ren
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanshi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Krčmová LK, Javorská L, Matoušová K, Šmahel P, Skála M, Kopecký M, Suwanvecho C, Přívratská N, Turoňová D, Melichar B. Evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers and vitamins in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-COVID syndrome. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:1217-1227. [PMID: 38374668 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concentrations of neopterin, kynurenine and kynurenine/tryptophan ratios predict prognosis and the need for oxygen therapy in patients hospitalized for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the changes of these biomarkers early in the course of infection, the association with the prior coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination and therapeutic administration of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies, investigation of other potential biomarkers including neuropilin, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and 8-hydroxyguanosine in patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection and an assessment of these biomarkers and vitamins A, E and D in patients with post-COVID syndrome. METHODS Urine and blood samples were obtained on the 1st to the 4th day and 4th to 7th day from 108 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods were used to analyse neopterin, kynurenine, tryptophan, liposoluble vitamins, and DNA damage biomarkers. RESULTS A statistically significant decrease of neopterin, kynurenine and kynurenine/tryptophan ratios was observed on after 4th to 7th day of hospitalization, and concentrations of these biomarkers were increased in patients with poor prognosis and subsequent post-COVID syndrome. The concentrations of remaining biomarker and vitamins were not associated with outcomes, although markedly decreased concentrations of vitamin A, E and D were noted. CONCLUSIONS The concentrations of neopterin, kynurenine and kynurenine/tryptophan ratios decrease during the course of infection SARS-CoV-2 and are associated with the post-COVID syndrome. No other prognostic biomarkers were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Javorská
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Matoušová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šmahel
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Mikuláš Skála
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kopecký
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Chaweewan Suwanvecho
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Přívratská
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Turoňová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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3
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Dehhaghi M, Heydari M, Panahi HKS, Lewin SR, Heng B, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. The roles of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 neuropathogenesis. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02293-y. [PMID: 38802702 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the highly contagious respiratory disease Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that may lead to various neurological and psychological disorders that can be acute, lasting days to weeks or months and possibly longer. The latter is known as long-COVID or more recently post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC). During acute COVID-19 infection, a strong inflammatory response, known as the cytokine storm, occurs in some patients. The levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interferon-β (IFN-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are particularly increased. These cytokines are known to activate the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), catalysing the first step of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) leading to the production of several neurotoxic and immunosuppressive metabolites. There is already data showing elevation in KP metabolites both acutely and in PASC, especially regarding cognitive impairment. Thus, it is likely that KP involvement is significant in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis especially neurologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mostafa Heydari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Pertanian Bogor University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Wolszczak-Biedrzycka B, Dorf J, Matowicka-Karna J, Wojewódzka-Żeleźniakowicz M, Żukowski P, Zalewska A, Maciejczyk M. Significance of nitrosative stress and glycoxidation products in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9198. [PMID: 38649417 PMCID: PMC11035544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrosative stress promotes protein glycoxidation, and both processes can occur during an infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess selected nitrosative stress parameters and protein glycoxidation products in COVID-19 patients and convalescents relative to healthy subjects, including in reference to the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. The diagnostic utility of nitrosative stress and protein glycoxidation biomarkers was also evaluated in COVID-19 patients. The study involved 218 patients with COVID-19, 69 convalescents, and 48 healthy subjects. Nitrosative stress parameters (NO, S-nitrosothiols, nitrotyrosine) and protein glycoxidation products (tryptophan, kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine, dityrosine, AGEs) were measured in the blood plasma or serum with the use of colorimetric/fluorometric methods. The levels of NO (p = 0.0480), S-nitrosothiols (p = 0.0004), nitrotyrosine (p = 0.0175), kynurenine (p < 0.0001), N-formylkynurenine (p < 0.0001), dityrosine (p < 0.0001), and AGEs (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher, whereas tryptophan fluorescence was significantly (p < 0.0001) lower in COVID-19 patients than in the control group. Significant differences in the analyzed parameters were observed in different stages of COVID-19. In turn, the concentrations of kynurenine (p < 0.0001), N-formylkynurenine (p < 0.0001), dityrosine (p < 0.0001), and AGEs (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher, whereas tryptophan levels were significantly (p < 0.0001) lower in convalescents than in healthy controls. The ROC analysis revealed that protein glycoxidation products can be useful for diagnosing infections with the SARS-CoV-2 virus because they differentiate COVID-19 patients (KN: sensitivity-91.20%, specificity-92.00%; NFK: sensitivity-92.37%, specificity-92.00%; AGEs: sensitivity-99,02%, specificity-100%) and convalescents (KN: sensitivity-82.22%, specificity-84.00%; NFK: sensitivity-82,86%, specificity-86,00%; DT: sensitivity-100%, specificity-100%; AGE: sensitivity-100%, specificity-100%) from healthy subjects with high sensitivity and specificity. Nitrosative stress and protein glycoxidation are intensified both during and after an infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The levels of redox biomarkers fluctuate in different stages of the disease. Circulating biomarkers of nitrosative stress/protein glycoxidation have potential diagnostic utility in both COVID-19 patients and convalescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Wolszczak-Biedrzycka
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-900, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Justyna Dorf
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Matowicka-Karna
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Żukowski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Croydon University Hospital, 530 London Road, Croydon, Surrey, CR7 7YE, UK
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Independent Laboratory of Experimental Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
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5
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Xu L, Lin L, Xie N, Chen W, Nong W, Li R. Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptors in infection and inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367734. [PMID: 38680494 PMCID: PMC11045974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that is activated by various ligands, including pollutants, microorganisms, and metabolic substances. It is expressed extensively in pulmonary and intestinal epithelial cells, where it contributes to barrier defense. The expression of AhR is pivotal in regulating the inflammatory response to microorganisms. However, dysregulated AhR expression can result in endocrine disorders, leading to immunotoxicity and potentially promoting the development of carcinoma. This review focuses on the crucial role of the AhR in facilitating and limiting the proliferation of pathogens, specifically in relation to the host cell type and the species of etiological agents involved in microbial pathogen infections. The activation of AhR is enhanced through the IDO1-AhR-IDO1 positive feedback loop, which is manipulated by viruses. AhR primarily promotes the infection of SARS-CoV-2 by inducing the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. AhR also plays a significant role in regulating various types of T-cells, including CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, in the context of pulmonary infections. The AhR pathway plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses within the respiratory and intestinal barriers when they are invaded by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Additionally, we propose that targeting the agonist and antagonist of AhR signaling pathways could serve as a promising therapeutic approach for combating pathogen infections, especially in light of the growing prevalence of drug resistance to multiple antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Luping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Nan Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weihua Nong
- Key Laboratory of Research on Clinical Molecular Diagnosis for High Incidence Diseases in Western Guangxi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Ranhui Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Hunan Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Diseases and Affiliated Prevention and Treatment Institute for Occupational Diseases, University of South China, Changsha, China
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6
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Chen J, Yin D, Wong HYH, Duan X, Yu KHO, Ho JWK. Vulture: cloud-enabled scalable mining of microbial reads in public scRNA-seq data. Gigascience 2024; 13:giad117. [PMID: 38195165 PMCID: PMC10776309 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing collection of public single-cell sequencing data has become a valuable resource for molecular, cellular, and microbial discovery. Previous studies mostly overlooked detecting pathogens in human single-cell sequencing data. Moreover, existing bioinformatics tools lack the scalability to deal with big public data. We introduce Vulture, a scalable cloud-based pipeline that performs microbial calling for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, enabling meta-analysis of host-microbial studies from the public domain. In our benchmarking experiments, Vulture is 66% to 88% faster than local tools (PathogenTrack and Venus) and 41% faster than the state-of-the-art cloud-based tool Cumulus, while achieving comparable microbial read identification. In terms of the cost on cloud computing systems, Vulture also shows a cost reduction of 83% ($12 vs. ${\$}$70). We applied Vulture to 2 coronavirus disease 2019, 3 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and 2 gastric cancer human patient cohorts with public sequencing reads data from scRNA-seq experiments and discovered cell type-specific enrichment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Helicobacter pylori-positive cells, respectively. In the HCC analysis, all cohorts showed hepatocyte-only enrichment of HBV, with cell subtype-associated HBV enrichment based on inferred copy number variations. In summary, Vulture presents a scalable and economical framework to mine unknown host-microbial interactions from large-scale public scRNA-seq data. Vulture is available via an open-source license at https://github.com/holab-hku/Vulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Chen
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danqing Yin
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Harris Y H Wong
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Duan
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ken H O Yu
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joshua W K Ho
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D4H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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El-Derany MO, Hanna DMF, Youshia J, Elmowafy E, Farag MA, Azab SS. Metabolomics-directed nanotechnology in viral diseases management: COVID-19 a case study. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1045-1065. [PMID: 37587394 PMCID: PMC10539420 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently regarded as the twenty-first century's plague accounting for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Besides its reported symptoms affecting the respiratory tract, it was found to alter several metabolic pathways inside the body. Nanoparticles proved to combat viral infections including COVID-19 to demonstrate great success in developing vaccines based on mRNA technology. However, various types of nanoparticles can affect the host metabolome. Considering the increasing proportion of nano-based vaccines, this review compiles and analyses how COVID-19 and nanoparticles affect lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates metabolism. A search was conducted on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science for available information on the interrelationship between metabolomics and immunity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the effect of nanoparticles on metabolite levels. It was clear that SARS-CoV-2 disrupted several pathways to ensure a sufficient supply of its building blocks to facilitate its replication. Such information can help in developing treatment strategies against viral infections and COVID-19 based on interventions that overcome these metabolic changes. Furthermore, it showed that even drug-free nanoparticles can exert an influence on biological systems as evidenced by metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa O El-Derany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Diana M F Hanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - John Youshia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar S Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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Renga G, D'Onofrio F, Pariano M, Galarini R, Barola C, Stincardini C, Bellet MM, Ellemunter H, Lass-Flörl C, Costantini C, Napolioni V, Ehrlich AK, Antognelli C, Fini M, Garaci E, Nunzi E, Romani L. Bridging of host-microbiota tryptophan partitioning by the serotonin pathway in fungal pneumonia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5753. [PMID: 37717018 PMCID: PMC10505232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aromatic amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) is essentially metabolized along the host and microbial pathways. While much is known about the role played by downstream metabolites of each pathways in intestinal homeostasis, their role in lung immune homeostasis is underappreciated. Here we have examined the role played by the Trp hydroxylase/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) pathway in calibrating host and microbial Trp metabolism during Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia. We found that 5-HT produced by mast cells essentially contributed to pathogen clearance and immune homeostasis in infection by promoting the host protective indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1/kynurenine pathway and limiting the microbial activation of the indole/aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. This occurred via regulation of lung and intestinal microbiota and signaling pathways. 5-HT was deficient in the sputa of patients with Cystic fibrosis, while 5-HT supplementation restored the dysregulated Trp partitioning in murine disease. These findings suggest that 5-HT, by bridging host-microbiota Trp partitioning, may have clinical effects beyond its mood regulatory function in respiratory pathologies with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Renga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fiorella D'Onofrio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati,", Perugia, Italy
| | - Carolina Barola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati,", Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Marina M Bellet
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Allison K Ehrlich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Fini
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Nunzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Verdiguel-Fernández L, Arredondo-Hernández R, Mejía-Estrada JA, Ortiz A, Verdugo-Rodríguez A, Orduña P, Ponce de León-Rosales S, Calva JJ, López-Vidal Y. Differential expression of biomarkers in saliva related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:602. [PMID: 37715121 PMCID: PMC10502992 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe COVID-19 is a disease characterized by profound dysregulation of the innate immune system. There is a need to identify highly reliable prognostic biomarkers that can be rapidly assessed in body fluids for early identification of patients at higher risk for hospitalization and/or death. This study aimed to assess whether differential gene expression of immune response molecules and cellular enzymes, detected in saliva samples of COVID-19 patients, occurs according to disease severity staging. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, subjects with a COVID-19 diagnosis were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe disease based on clinical features. Transcripts of genes encoding 6 biomarkers, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein, IDO1 and ACE2, were measured by RT‒qPCR in saliva samples of patients and COVID-19-free individuals. RESULTS The gene expression levels of all 6 biomarkers in saliva were significantly increased in severe disease patients compared to mild/moderate disease patients and healthy controls. A significant strong inverse relationship between oxemia and the level of expression of the 6 biomarkers (Spearman's correlation coefficient between -0.692 and -0.757; p < 0.001) was found. CONCLUSIONS Biomarker gene expression determined in saliva samples still needs to be validated as a potentially valuable predictor of severe clinical outcomes early at the onset of COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Verdiguel-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología Y Parasitología, Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CDMX, México
| | | | - Jesús Andrés Mejía-Estrada
- Departamento de Microbiología Y Parasitología, Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CDMX, México
| | - Adolfo Ortiz
- Departamento de Microbiología E Inmunología, Unidad de Bioseguridad de Brucella, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología E Inmunología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Patricia Orduña
- Laboratorio de Microbioma, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CDMX, México
| | | | - Juan José Calva
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", CDMX, México.
| | - Yolanda López-Vidal
- Departamento de Microbiología Y Parasitología, Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CDMX, México.
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10
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Badawy AB. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism: a neglected therapeutic target of COVID-19 pathophysiology and immunotherapy. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230595. [PMID: 37486805 PMCID: PMC10407158 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exerts profound changes in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism that may underpin its pathophysiology. The KP is the main source of the vital cellular effector NAD+ and intermediate metabolites that modulate immune and neuronal functions. Trp metabolism is the top pathway influenced by COVID-19. Sixteen studies established virus-induced activation of the KP mediated mainly by induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) in most affected tissues and of IDO2 in lung by the increased release of proinflammatory cytokines but could additionally involve increased flux of plasma free Trp and induction of Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) by cortisol. The major Kyn metabolite targeted by COVID-19 is kynurenic acid (KA), the Kyn metabolite with the greatest affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is also activated by COVID-19. AhR activation initiates two important series of events: a vicious circle involving IDO1 induction, KA accumulation and further AhR activation, and activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) leading to NAD+ depletion and cell death. The virus further deprives the host of NAD+ by inhibiting its main biosynthetic pathway from quinolinic acid, while simultaneously acquiring NAD+ by promoting its synthesis from nicotinamide in the salvage pathway. Additionally, the protective effects of sirtuin 1 are minimised by the PARP activation. KP dysfunction may also underpin the mood and neurological disorders acutely and during 'long COVID'. More studies of potential effects of vaccination therapy on the KP are required and exploration of therapeutic strategies involving modulation of the KP changes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Abu-Bakr Badawy
- Formerly School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, Wales, U.K
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11
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Papagerakis S, Said R, Ketabat F, Mahmood R, Pundir M, Lobanova L, Guenther G, Pannone G, Lavender K, McAlpin BR, Moreau A, Chen X, Papagerakis P. When the clock ticks wrong with COVID-19. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e949. [PMID: 36394205 PMCID: PMC9670202 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the coronavirus family that causes the novel coronavirus disease first diagnosed in 2019 (COVID-19). Although many studies have been carried out in recent months to determine why the disease clinical presentations and outcomes can vary significantly from asymptomatic to severe or lethal, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. It is likely that unique individual characteristics can strongly influence the broad disease variability; thus, tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are needed to improve clinical outcomes. The circadian clock is a critical regulatory mechanism orchestrating major physiological and pathological processes. It is generally accepted that more than half of the cell-specific genes in any given organ are under circadian control. Although it is known that a specific role of the circadian clock is to coordinate the immune system's steady-state function and response to infectious threats, the links between the circadian clock and SARS-CoV-2 infection are only now emerging. How inter-individual variability of the circadian profile and its dysregulation may play a role in the differences noted in the COVID-19-related disease presentations, and outcome remains largely underinvestigated. This review summarizes the current evidence on the potential links between circadian clock dysregulation and SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility, disease presentation and progression, and clinical outcomes. Further research in this area may contribute towards novel circadian-centred prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 in the era of precision health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Papagerakis
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Medical SchoolThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Raed Said
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Farinaz Ketabat
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Razi Mahmood
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Meenakshi Pundir
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Liubov Lobanova
- Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Greg Guenther
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental MedicineUniversity of FoggiaFoggiaItaly
| | - Kerry Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Blake R. McAlpin
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Alain Moreau
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal DiseasesCentre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuebecCanada,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
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12
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Lazar V, Raynaud J, Magidi S, Bresson C, Martini JF, Galbraith S, Wunder F, Onn A, Batist G, Girard N, Lassen U, Pramesh CS, Al-Omari A, Ikeda S, Berchem G, Blay JY, Solomon B, Felip E, Tabernero J, Rubin E, Philip T, Porgador A, Berindan-Neagoe I, Schilsky RL, Kurzrock R. Comorbidity between lung cancer and COVID-19 pneumonia: role of immunoregulatory gene transcripts in high ACE2-expressing normal lung. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221133893. [PMID: 36324736 PMCID: PMC9618916 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221133893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) elicits a T-cell antigen-mediated immune response of variable efficacy. To understand this variability, we explored transcriptomic expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor) and of immunoregulatory genes in normal lung tissues from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS This study used the transcriptomic and the clinical data for NSCLC patients generated during the CHEMORES study [n = 123 primary resected (early-stage) NSCLC] and the WINTHER clinical trial (n = 32 metastatic NSCLC). RESULTS We identified patient subgroups with high and low ACE2 expression (p = 1.55 × 10-19) in normal lung tissue, presumed to be at higher and lower risk, respectively, of developing severe COVID-19 should they become infected. ACE2 transcript expression in normal lung tissues (but not in tumor tissue) of patients with NSCLC was higher in individuals with more advanced disease. High-ACE2 expressors had significantly higher levels of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells but with presumably impaired function by high Thymocyte Selection-Associated High Mobility Group Box Protein TOX (TOX) expression. In addition, immune checkpoint-related molecules - PD-L1, CTLA-4, PD-1, and TIGIT - are more highly expressed in normal (but not tumor) lung tissues; these molecules might dampen immune response to either viruses or cancer. Importantly, however, high inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS), which can amplify immune and cytokine reactivity, significantly correlated with high ACE2 expression in univariable analysis of normal lung (but not lung tumor tissue). CONCLUSIONS We report a normal lung immune-tolerant state that may explain a potential comorbidity risk between two diseases - NSCLC and susceptibility to COVID-19 pneumonia. Further, a NSCLC patient subgroup has normal lung tissue expressing high ACE2 and high ICOS transcripts, the latter potentially promoting a hyperimmune response, and possibly leading to severe COVID-19 pulmonary compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shai Magidi
- Worldwide Innovative Network (WIN) Association – WIN Consortium, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | - Fanny Wunder
- Worldwide Innovative Network (WIN) Association – WIN Consortium, Villejuif, France
| | - Amir Onn
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gerald Batist
- Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - C. S. Pramesh
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Guy Berchem
- Centre Hospitalier Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Centre Leon Bérard, University Lyon 1, LYRICAN & NETSARC+, Lyon, France
| | | | - Enriqueta Felip
- Vall d’Hebron Hospital Campus and Institute of Oncology, UVic-UCC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eitan Rubin
- Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheeva, Israel
| | | | - Angel Porgador
- Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheeva, Israel
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13
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Alvarez M, Trent E, Goncalves BDS, Pereira DG, Puri R, Frazier NA, Sodhi K, Pillai SS. Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: Prognostic role of circulating biomarkers and microRNAs. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1020092. [PMID: 36268187 PMCID: PMC9577202 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is renowned as a multi-organ disease having subacute and long-term effects with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The evolving scientific and clinical evidence demonstrates that the frequency of cognitive impairment after COVID-19 is high and it is crucial to explore more clinical research and implement proper diagnostic and treatment strategies. Several central nervous system complications have been reported as comorbidities of COVID-19. The changes in cognitive function associated with neurodegenerative diseases develop slowly over time and are only diagnosed at an already advanced stage of molecular pathology. Hence, understanding the common links between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases will broaden our knowledge and help in strategizing prognostic and therapeutic approaches. The present review focuses on the diverse neurodegenerative changes associated with COVID-19 and will highlight the importance of major circulating biomarkers and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the disease progression and severity. The literature analysis showed that major proteins associated with central nervous system function, such as Glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, p-tau 181, Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, S100 calcium-binding protein B, Neuron-specific enolase and various inflammatory cytokines, were significantly altered in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, among various miRNAs that are having pivotal roles in various neurodegenerative diseases, miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR-31, miR-16 and miR-21 have shown significant dysregulation in COVID-19 patients. Thus the review consolidates the important findings from the numerous studies to unravel the underlying mechanism of neurological sequelae in COVID-19 and the possible association of circulatory biomarkers, which may serve as prognostic predictors and therapeutic targets in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sneha S. Pillai
- Department of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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14
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Almulla AF, Supasitthumrong T, Tunvirachaisakul C, Algon AAA, Al-Hakeim HK, Maes M. The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 and critical COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:615. [PMID: 35840908 PMCID: PMC9284970 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is accompanied by activated immune-inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress, which both induce indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a key enzyme of the tryptophan (TRP) catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway. The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analyze the status of the TRYCAT pathway, including the levels of TRP and kynurenine (KYN) and the activity of IDO, as measured by the ratio of KYN/TRP. Methods This systematic review searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Sciences and included 14 articles that compared TRP and tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) in COVID-19 patients versus non-COVID-19 controls, as well as severe/critical versus mild/moderate COVID-19. The analysis was done on a total of 1269 people, including 794 COVID-19 patients and 475 controls. Results The results show a significant (p < 0.0001) increase in the KYN/TRP ratio (standardized mean difference, SMD = 1.099, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.714; 1.484) and KYN (SMD = 1.123, 95% CI: 0.730; 1.516) and significantly lower TRP (SMD = − 1.002, 95%CI: − 1.738; − 0.266) in COVID-19 versus controls. The KYN/TRP ratio (SMD = 0.945, 95%CI: 0.629; 1.262) and KYN (SMD = 0.806, 95%CI: 0.462; 1.149) were also significantly (p < 0.0001) higher and TRP lower (SMD = − 0.909, 95% CI: − 1.569; − 0.249) in severe/critical versus mild/moderate COVID-19. No significant difference was detected in kynurenic acid (KA) and the KA/KYN ratio between COVID-19 patients and controls. Conclusions Our results indicate increased activity of the IDO enzyme in COVID-19 and severe/critical patients. The TRYCAT pathway is implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of COVID-19 and may signal a worsening outcome of the disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07582-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas F Almulla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, 31001, Iraq.
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Department of Psychiatry, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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15
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Yu HX, Feng Z, Lin W, Yang K, Liu RQ, Li JQ, Liu XY, Pei M, Yang HT. Ongoing Clinical Trials in Aging-Related Tissue Fibrosis and New Findings Related to AhR Pathways. Aging Dis 2022; 13:732-752. [PMID: 35656117 PMCID: PMC9116921 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological manifestation of wound healing that replaces dead/damaged tissue with collagen-rich scar tissue to maintain homeostasis, and complications from fibrosis contribute to nearly half of all deaths in the industrialized world. Ageing is closely associated with a progressive decline in organ function, and the prevalence of tissue fibrosis dramatically increases with age. Despite the heavy clinical and economic burden of organ fibrosis as the population ages, to date, there is a paucity of therapeutic strategies that are specifically designed to slow fibrosis. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an environment-sensing transcription factor that exacerbates aging phenotypes in different tissues that has been brought back into the spotlight again with economic development since AhR could interact with persistent organic pollutants derived from incomplete waste combustion. In addition, gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, and microbiota-associated tryptophan metabolites are dedicated contributors to fibrogenesis by acting as AhR ligands. Therefore, a better understanding of the effects of tryptophan metabolites on fibrosis modulation through AhR may facilitate the exploitation of new therapeutic avenues for patients with organ fibrosis. In this review, we primarily focus on how tryptophan-derived metabolites are involved in renal fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis and cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, a series of ongoing clinical trials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Xing Yu
- 1Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,2National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- 3Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Lin
- 1Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,2National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Kang Yang
- 4Kidney Disease Treatment Center, The first affiliated hospital of Henan university of CM, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui-Qi Liu
- 1Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,2National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- 1Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,2National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Yue Liu
- 1Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,2National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Pei
- 1Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,2National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Tao Yang
- 1Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,2National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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16
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Silva J, Patricio F, Patricio-Martínez A, Santos-López G, Cedillo L, Tizabi Y, Limón ID. Neuropathological Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Significance for Both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:867825. [PMID: 35592266 PMCID: PMC9111171 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.867825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 entry into the central nervous system can result in neurological and/or neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, routes of SARS-Cov-2 entry into the brain via neuroinvasive pathways such as transcribrial, ocular surface or hematogenous system are discussed. It is argued that SARS-Cov-2-induced cytokine storm, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Further studies on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants on protein aggregation, glia or microglia activation, and blood-brain barrier are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Silva
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Felipe Patricio
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlixco, Mexico
| | - Lilia Cedillo
- Centro de Detección Biomolecular, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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17
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Adverse Audio-Vestibular Effects of Drugs and Vaccines Used in the Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19: A Review. Audiol Res 2022; 12:224-248. [PMID: 35645195 PMCID: PMC9149960 DOI: 10.3390/audiolres12030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of this article is to review pharmacological treatments for COVID-19 (currently approved by the EMA (European Medical Agency) and FDA (Food and Drug Administration)) and highlight their potential audio-vestibular side-effects as an ototoxic adverse reaction. (2) Methods: Review of the available literature in the scientific databases PubMed, ResearchGate, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, and in summaries of product data sheets. (3) Results: In accordance with EBM (evidence-based medicine) the treatment of COVID-19 by using lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, favipiravir, amantadine, oseltamivir, and ivermectin is no longer recommended for patients suffering from COVID-19 due to a lack of clinical data, publications, and recommendations. There were 39 publications and 15 summaries of product characteristics (as other sources of data) which were also used in this analysis. Adverse events could be permanent or disappear over time. Following treatment for COVID-19, the most frequent adverse audio-vestibular reactions reported in clinical trials and publications in the area of audiology and otorhinolaryngology were: dizziness, blurry vision with dizziness, nasopharyngitis, dysgeusia, and tinnitus. As far as vaccines are concerned, dizziness as an ototoxic effect was uncommon and occurs only in hypersensitive people who experience anaphylactic shock. (4) Conclusions: The ototoxicity of the drugs discussed here does not have as severe symptoms as the drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 in 2020 (e.g., hydroxychloroquine), and relates mainly to disorders of the vestibulocochlear system. However, there is still a need to monitor ototoxic side-effects because of potential interactions with other ototoxic drugs. Many of the drugs approved by EMA and FDA are new, and not every side-effect is known.
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18
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Zhang R, Sun C, Chen X, Han Y, Zang W, Jiang C, Wang J, Wang J. COVID-19-Related Brain Injury: The Potential Role of Ferroptosis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2181-2198. [PMID: 35411172 PMCID: PMC8994634 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s353467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused devastating loss of life and a healthcare crisis worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is the causative pathogen of COVID-19 and is transmitted mainly through the respiratory tract, where the virus infects host cells by binding to the ACE2 receptor. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with acute pneumonia, but neuropsychiatric symptoms and different brain injuries are also present. The possible routes by which SARS-CoV-2 invades the brain are unclear, as are the mechanisms underlying brain injuries with the resultant neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with COVID-19. Ferroptosis is a unique iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death, characterized by lipid peroxidation with high levels of glutathione consumption. Ferroptosis plays a primary role in various acute and chronic brain diseases, but to date, ferroptosis in COVID-19-related brain injuries has not been explored. This review discusses the mechanisms of ferroptosis and recent evidence suggesting a potential pathogenic role for ferroptosis in COVID-19-related brain injury. Furthermore, the possible routes through which SARS-CoV-2 could invade the brain are also discussed. Discoveries in these areas will open possibilities for treatment strategies to prevent or reduce brain-related complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunze Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jian Wang; Junmin Wang, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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19
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Ghosh A, Joseph B, Anil S. Nitric Oxide in the Management of Respiratory Consequences in COVID-19: A Scoping Review of a Different Treatment Approach. Cureus 2022; 14:e23852. [PMID: 35530860 PMCID: PMC9072273 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing COVID-19 significantly affects the respiratory functions of infected individuals by massively disrupting the pulmonary oxygenation and activating the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, inducing severe oxidative stress, enhanced vascular permeability, and endothelial dysfunction which have rendered researchers and clinicians to depend on prophylactic treatment due to the unavailability of proper disease management approaches. Previous studies have indicated that nitric oxide (NO) application appears to be significant concerning the antiviral activities, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties in relieving disease-related symptoms. To identify, explore, and map the literature on the role of nitric oxide in the management of respiratory consequences in COVID-19 through this scoping review, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed during the search to answer the focal question: "What are the potential uses of nitric oxide in the management of respiratory failure in COVID-19?" Administering exogenous NO in the form of inhaled gas or stimulating the system to produce NO appears to be a suitable option to manage COVID-19-induced pneumonia and respiratory illness. This treatment modality seems to attenuate respiratory distress among patients suffering from severe infections or patients with comorbidities. Exogenous NO at different doses effectively reduces systemic hyperinflammation and oxidative stress, improves arterial oxygenation, and restores pulmonary alveolar cellular integrity to prevent the lungs and other organs from further damage. This therapy could pave the way for better management of COVID-19 before the onset of disease-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunibha Ghosh
- Neurosciences, S.N.Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, IND
| | | | - Sukumaran Anil
- Dentistry, Oral Health Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT.,Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, QAT
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20
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Mahalakshmi AM, Paneyala S, Ray B, Essa MM, Dehhaghi M, Heng B, Guillemin GJ, Babu Chidambaram S. Alterations in Tryptophan Metabolism Affect Vascular Functions: Connected to Ageing Population Vulnerability to COVID-19 Infection? Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221083946. [PMID: 35645571 PMCID: PMC9133873 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221083946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arehally M Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Visiting Professor, Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- PANDIS.org
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- PANDIS.org
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- PANDIS.org
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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21
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de Oliveira JADP, de Athaide MM, Rahman AU, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Jardim MM, Moraes MO, Pinheiro RO. Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Peripheral Neuropathy During Leprosy and COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:815738. [PMID: 35281455 PMCID: PMC8907883 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.815738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders are associated with the activation of tryptophan (TRYP) catabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP). Several reports have demonstrated the role of KP in the immunopathophysiology of both leprosy and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The nervous system can be affected in infections caused by both Mycobacterium leprae and SARS-CoV-2, but the mechanisms involved in the peripheral neural damage induced by these infectious agents are not fully understood. In recent years KP has received greater attention due the importance of kynurenine metabolites in infectious diseases, immune dysfunction and nervous system disorders. In this review, we discuss how modulation of the KP may aid in controlling the damage to peripheral nerves and the effects of KP activation on neural damage during leprosy or COVID-19 individually and we speculate its role during co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atta Ur Rahman
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Maria Jardim
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roberta Olmo Pinheiro,
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22
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Guarnieri T. Hypothesis: Emerging Roles for Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Orchestrating CoV-2-Related Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040648. [PMID: 35203299 PMCID: PMC8869960 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogenic agent of Coronavirus-Induced Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a multi-organ syndrome which primarily targets the respiratory system. In this review, considering the large amount of data pointing out the role of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in the inflammatory response and in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, we describe some mechanisms that strongly suggest its involvement in the management of COVID-19′s inflammatory framework. It regulates both the expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and its stabilizing partner, the Broad neutral Amino acid Transporter 1 (B0AT1). It induces Indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO-1), the enzyme which, starting from Tryptophan (Trp), produces Kynurenine (Kyn, Beta-Anthraniloyl-L-Alanine). The accumulation of Kyn and the depletion of Trp arrest T cell growth and induce apoptosis, setting up an immune-tolerant condition, whereas AhR and interferon type I (IFN-I) build a mutual inhibitory loop that also involves NF-kB and limits the innate response. AhR/Kyn binding boosts the production of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus reinforcing the inflammatory state and counteracting the IDO-dependent immune tolerance in the later stage of COVID-19. Taken together, these data depict a framework where sufficient clues suggest the possible participation of AhR in the management of COVID-19 inflammation, thus indicating an additional therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Guarnieri
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Interuniversity Consortium “Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi” (INBB–Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research in Life Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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23
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Valdés A, Moreno LO, Rello SR, Orduña A, Bernardo D, Cifuentes A. Metabolomics study of COVID-19 patients in four different clinical stages. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1650. [PMID: 35102215 PMCID: PMC8803913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is the coronavirus strain causing the respiratory pandemic COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). To understand the pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 in humans it is necessary to unravel the metabolic changes that are produced in the individuals once the infection has taken place. The goal of this work is to provide new information about the altered biomolecule profile and with that the altered biological pathways of patients in different clinical situations due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is done via metabolomics using HPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of plasma samples at COVID-diagnose from a total of 145 adult patients, divided into different clinical stages based on their subsequent clinical outcome (25 negative controls (non-COVID); 28 positive patients with asymptomatic disease not requiring hospitalization; 27 positive patients with mild disease defined by a total time in hospital lower than 10 days; 36 positive patients with severe disease defined by a total time in hospital over 20 days and/or admission at the ICU; and 29 positive patients with fatal outcome or deceased). Moreover, follow up samples between 2 and 3 months after hospital discharge were also obtained from the hospitalized patients with mild prognosis. The final goal of this work is to provide biomarkers that can help to better understand how the COVID-19 illness evolves and to predict how a patient could progress based on the metabolites profile of plasma obtained at an early stage of the infection. In the present work, several metabolites were found as potential biomarkers to distinguish between the end-stage and the early-stage (or non-COVID) disease groups. These metabolites are mainly involved in the metabolism of carnitines, ketone bodies, fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholines/phosphatidylcholines, tryptophan, bile acids and purines, but also omeprazole. In addition, the levels of several of these metabolites decreased to "normal" values at hospital discharge, suggesting some of them as early prognosis biomarkers in COVID-19 at diagnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Valdés
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Ortega Moreno
- Dpt. Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Rojo Rello
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47004, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Orduña
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47004, Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Cihan M, Doğan Ö, Ceran Serdar C, Altunçekiç Yıldırım A, Kurt C, Serdar MA. Kynurenine pathway in Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19): Potential role in prognosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24257. [PMID: 35092710 PMCID: PMC8906035 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that inflammatory responses play an important role in the pathophysiology of COVID‐19. Aims In this study, we aimed to examine the role of kynurenine (KYN) metabolism on the severity of COVID‐19 disease AQ5. Materials & Methods Seventy COVID‐19 patients of varying severity and 30 controls were included in the study. In addition to the classical laboratory parameters, KYN, tryptophan (TRP), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3 hydroxykynurenine (3OHKYN), quinolinic acid (QA), and picolinic acid (PA) were measured with mass spectrometry. Results TRP, KYN, KYN:TRP ratio, KYNA, 3OHKYN, PA, and QA results were found to be significantly different in COVID‐19 patients (p < 0.001 for all). The KYN:TRP ratio and PA of severe COVID‐19 patients was statistically higher than that of mild‐moderate COVID‐19 patients (p < 0.001 for all). When results were examined, statistically significant correlations with KYN:TRP ratio, IL‐6, ferritin, and procalcitonin were only found in COVID‐19 patients. ROC analysis indicated that highest AUC values were obtained by KYN:TRP ratio and PA (0.751 vs 0.742). In determining the severity of COVID‐19 disease, the odd ratios (and confidence intervals) of KYN:TRP ratio and PA levels that were adjusted according to age, gender, and comorbidity were determined to be 1.44 (1.1–1.87, p = 0.008) and 1.06 (1.02–1.11, p = 0.006), respectively. Discussion & Conclusion According to the results of this study, KYN metabolites play a role in the pathophysiology of COVID‐19, especially KYN:TRP ratio and PA could be markers for identification of severe COVID‐19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Cihan
- Clinical Laboratory Ordu University Training and Research Hospital Ordu Turkey
| | - Özlem Doğan
- Department of Biochemistry Ankara University School of Medicine Ankara Turkey
| | - Ceyhan Ceran Serdar
- Medical Biology and Genetics Faculty of Medicine Ankara Medipol University Ankara Turkey
| | - Arzu Altunçekiç Yıldırım
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Ordu University School of Medicine Ordu Turkey
| | - Celali Kurt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Ordu University School of Medicine Ordu Turkey
| | - Muhittin A. Serdar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Acıbadem Mekmet Ali Aydinlar University Istanbul Turkey
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25
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Henne SK, Hochfeld LM, Maj C, Nöthen MM, Heilmann-Heimbach S. Systematic investigation of a potential epidemiological and genetic association between male androgenetic alopecia and COVID-19. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2021; 1:e72. [PMID: 34901950 PMCID: PMC8646653 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has been implicated as a putative risk factor in severe COVID‐19 based on high incidences of advanced AGA in male hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Research further suggests that androgen signalling, which plays a central role in AGA aetiology, promotes SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and is associated with severe COVID‐19 symptoms in men. Objectives We aimed to systematically investigate a potential association between AGA and COVID‐19 both on an epidemiological and a genetic level in a large single‐population cohort. Methods We performed regression, genetic correlation and polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses using data from the UK Biobank and published GWAS data on AGA and COVID‐19. Results Our analyses did not reveal any significant epidemiological or genome‐wide genetic association between AGA and severe COVID‐19. Pathway‐based PRS analyses however revealed a significant association in specific pathways, namely vitamin metabolism, natural killer cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, WNT signalling and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling. Limitations We restricted our analyses to the white British population and used self‐reported AGA status. Sample size may be a limitation in our regression and PRS analyses. Conclusions Our data yield no evidence for an epidemiological association between AGA and COVID‐19 but suggest that a shared genetic basis for both traits exists in specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Henne
- Institute of Human Genetics School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - L M Hochfeld
- Institute of Human Genetics School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - C Maj
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - S Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn University of Bonn Bonn Germany
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26
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Acherjee T, Behara A, Saad M, Vittorio TJ. Mechanisms and management of prothrombotic state in COVID-19 disease. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 15:17539447211053470. [PMID: 34693818 PMCID: PMC8785300 DOI: 10.1177/17539447211053470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome viral disease outbreak due to SARS-CoV-2 is a rapidly evolving disease and represents one of the greatest medical challenges in recent times. It is believed that SARS-CoV-2 has migrated from bats to an intermediate host and then to humans. This article aims at the mechanism and management of prothrombotic state in COVID-19 positive patients. We tried to present how the SARS-CoV-2 virus can induce thromboembolic events and the incidence of these thromboembolic events. We also tried to depict anticoagulation management in these patients as well as postdischarge plan and follow-up. Invasion of type 2 pneumocytes by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is critical in the course of illness because it results in activation of immune cells leading to elevation of cytokines. The subsequent activation of T cells and macrophages infiltrates the infected myocardial cells causing direct myocardiocyte toxicity and development of arrhythmia. Hypoxia or hypotension during the clinical course causes a mismatch between myocyte oxygen supply and workload demand resulting in cardiac distress. SARS-CoV-2 affects endothelial cells and pericytes that lead to severe micro and macrovascular dysfunction, and together with oxygen supply-demand mismatch, immune hyperresponsivity can potentially cause destabilization and plaque rupture causing acute coronary syndromes. Other mechanisms of injury include myocarditis, pericarditis, stress cardiomyopathy, vasculitis, and DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)/microthrombi. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells by the Spike protein S whose surface unit, S1, binds to the ACE2 receptor on the host cell. The type II transmembrane serine proteases TMPRSS2 and histone acetyltransferases (HAT) are host cell proteases that are recruited by the virus to cleave ACE2 surface protein S which facilitates the viral entry. Therefore, TMPRSS2 and HAT could be targeted for potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 uses an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for proliferation, which is targeted by remdesivir that is currently approved for emergency use by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We need to adopt a multifaceted approach when combating SARS-CoV-2 because it presents several challenges including medical, psychological, socioeconomic, and ethical. COVID-19 is the biggest calamity during the 21st century, we need to have a keen understanding of its pathophysiology and clinical implications for the development of preventive measures and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trishna Acherjee
- Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, NY-10457, USA
| | - Aparna Behara
- Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Saad
- Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
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27
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Vyavahare S, Kumar S, Cantu N, Kolhe R, Bollag WB, McGee-Lawrence ME, Hill WD, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Fulzele S. Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway in COVID-19-Dependent Musculoskeletal Pathology: A Minireview. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2911578. [PMID: 34621138 PMCID: PMC8492288 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2911578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), affecting multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract and lungs. Several studies have reported that the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is altered in COVID-19 patients. The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway plays a vital role in regulating inflammation, metabolism, immune responses, and musculoskeletal system biology. In this minireview, we surmise the effects of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 patients and how this pathway might impact muscle and bone biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Vyavahare
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Cantu
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William D. Hill
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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28
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Collier ME, Zhang S, Scrutton NS, Giorgini F. Inflammation control and improvement of cognitive function in COVID-19 infections: is there a role for kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition? Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1473-1481. [PMID: 33609782 PMCID: PMC7889466 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel respiratory virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged during late 2019 and spread rapidly across the world. It is now recognised that the nervous system can be affected in COVID-19, with several studies reporting long-term cognitive problems in patients. The metabolic pathway of tryptophan degradation, known as the kynurenine pathway (KP), is significantly activated in patients with COVID-19. KP metabolites have roles in regulating both inflammatory/immune responses and neurological functions. In this review, we speculate on the effects of KP activation in patients with COVID-19, and how modulation of this pathway might impact inflammation and reduce neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ew Collier
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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29
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Mullin GE, Limektkai B, Wang L, Hanaway P, Marks L, Giovannucci E. Dietary Supplements for COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:499-515. [PMID: 33973197 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infectious disease that can rapidly escalate to respiratory failure and death. It has infected millions of people worldwide. The trajectory of this disease continues to progress in some areas of the United States and worldwide. The Institute for Health Metrics now predicts a resurgence of infections in the fall of 2020. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 includes an inflammatory phase with either resolution or the potential to accelerate to a cytokine storm, characterized by high interleukin (IL)-6 and other inflammatory markers. COVID-19 is a condition without a gold-standard treatment. The US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization for remdesivir in severe cases of COVID-19, which shortened the recovery time in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infection in one study. Although several vaccine trials are underway, no vaccines are available for primary prevention of COVID-19 at this time. Dietary supplement sales have dramatically risen during the COVID-19 pandemic despite depressed economic conditions. Commonly used immune-modulating dietary supplements, including vitamin D, ascorbic acid, zinc, and melatonin, are reviewed in this manuscript highlighting biological plausibility for salutary benefit against COVID-19. Ongoing clinical trials recruiting subjects at the time of this writing are provided for each dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E Mullin
- The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Berkeley Limektkai
- The University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Hanaway
- Cleveland Clinic Center for Functional Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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30
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Stanton DT, Baker JR, McCluskey A, Paula S. Development and interpretation of a QSAR model for in vitro breast cancer (MCF-7) cytotoxicity of 2-phenylacrylonitriles. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:613-628. [PMID: 33945106 PMCID: PMC8093599 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Arylhydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), a member of the Per-ARNT-SIM transcription factor family, has been as a potential new target to treat breast cancer sufferers. A series of 2-phenylacrylonitriles targeting AhR has been developed that have shown promising and selective activity against cancerous cell lines while sparing normal non-cancerous cells. A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling approach was pursued in order to generate a predictive model for cytotoxicity to support ongoing synthetic activities and provide important structure-activity information for new structure design. Recent work conducted by us has identified a number of compounds that exhibited false positive cytotoxicity values in the standard MTT assay. This work describes a good quality model that not only predicts the activity of compounds in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, but was also able to identify structures that subsequently gave false positive values in the MTT assay by identifying compounds with aberrant biological behavior. This work not only allows the design of future breast cancer cytotoxic activity in vitro, but allows the avoidance of the synthesis of those compounds anticipated to result in anomalous cytotoxic behavior, greatly enhancing the design of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer R Baker
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Stefan Paula
- Department of Chemistry, Tschannen Science Center, California State University at Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
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31
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Xiao N, Nie M, Pang H, Wang B, Hu J, Meng X, Li K, Ran X, Long Q, Deng H, Chen N, Li S, Tang N, Huang A, Hu Z. Integrated cytokine and metabolite analysis reveals immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 patients with therapeutic implications. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1618. [PMID: 33712622 PMCID: PMC7955129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a major cause of the multi-organ injury and fatal outcome induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COVID-19 patients. Metabolism can modulate the immune responses against infectious diseases, yet our understanding remains limited on how host metabolism correlates with inflammatory responses and affects cytokine release in COVID-19 patients. Here we perform both metabolomics and cytokine/chemokine profiling on serum samples from healthy controls, mild and severe COVID-19 patients, and delineate their global metabolic and immune response landscape. Correlation analyses show tight associations between metabolites and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IL-6, M-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and imply a potential regulatory crosstalk between arginine, tryptophan, purine metabolism and hyperinflammation. Importantly, we also demonstrate that targeting metabolism markedly modulates the proinflammatory cytokines release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques ex vivo, hinting that exploiting metabolic alterations may be a potential strategy for treating fatal CRS in COVID-19. Metabolism changes can modulate immune responses in many contexts, and vice versa. Here the authors associate metabolomic, as well as cytokine and chemokine, data from stratified COVID-19 patients to find that arginine, tryptophan and purine metabolic pathways correlate with hyperproliferation, thus hinting at potential therapeutic targets for severe COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meng Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huanhuan Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bohong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jieli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ke Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaorong Ran
- Agilent Technologies (China), Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Quanxin Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haijun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shao Li
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRIST, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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32
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Torti MF, Giovannoni F, Quintana FJ, García CC. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor as a Modulator of Anti-viral Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624293. [PMID: 33746961 PMCID: PMC7973006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, which interacts with a wide range of organic molecules of endogenous and exogenous origin, including environmental pollutants, tryptophan metabolites, and microbial metabolites. The activation of AHR by these agonists drives its translocation into the nucleus where it controls the expression of a large number of target genes that include the AHR repressor (AHRR), detoxifying monooxygenases (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1), and cytokines. Recent advances reveal that AHR signaling modulates aspects of the intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune response to diverse microorganisms. This review will focus on the increasing evidence supporting a role for AHR as a modulator of the host response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florencia Torti
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francisco Javier Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cybele Carina García
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Anderson G, Carbone A, Mazzoccoli G. Tryptophan Metabolites and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041597. [PMID: 33562472 PMCID: PMC7915649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of tryptophan is intimately associated with the differential regulation of diverse physiological processes, including in the regulation of responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that underpins the COVID-19 pandemic. Two important products of tryptophan metabolism, viz kynurenine and interleukin (IL)4-inducible1 (IL41)-driven indole 3 pyruvate (I3P), activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), thereby altering the nature of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. AhR activation dysregulates the initial pro-inflammatory cytokines production driven by neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells, whilst AhR activation suppresses the endogenous antiviral responses of natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells. Such immune responses become further dysregulated by the increased and prolonged pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression of pineal melatonin production coupled to increased gut dysbiosis and gut permeability. The suppression of pineal melatonin and gut microbiome-derived butyrate, coupled to an increase in circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) further dysregulates the immune response. The AhR mediates its effects via alterations in the regulation of mitochondrial function in immune cells. The increased risk of severe/fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection by high risk conditions, such as elderly age, obesity, and diabetes are mediated by these conditions having expression levels of melatonin, AhR, butyrate, and LPS that are closer to those driven by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This has a number of future research and treatment implications, including the utilization of melatonin and nutraceuticals that inhibit the AhR, including the polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London SW1V 1PX, UK
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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34
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Pieretti JC, Rubilar O, Weller RB, Tortella GR, Seabra AB. Nitric oxide (NO) and nanoparticles - Potential small tools for the war against COVID-19 and other human coronavirus infections. Virus Res 2021; 291:198202. [PMID: 33086123 PMCID: PMC7568847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous free radical nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in the immunological system. NO has already been reported as a potential candidate for use in the treatment of human coronavirus infections, including COVID-19. In fact, inhaled NO has been used in clinical settings for its antiviral respiratory action, and in the regulation of blood pressure to avoid clot formation. In this mini-review, we discuss recent progress concerning the antivirus activity of NO in clinical, pre-clinical and research settings, and its beneficial effects in the treatment of clinical complications in patients infected with coronaviruses and other respiratory viral diseases, including COVID-19. We also highlight promising therapeutic effects of NO donors allied to nanomaterials to combat COVID-19 and other human coronavirus infections. Nanomaterials can be designed to deliver sustained, localized NO release directly at the desired application site, enhancing the beneficial effects of NO and minimizing the side effects. Challenges and perspectives are presented to open new fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana C Pieretti
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Olga Rubilar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnologica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Richard B Weller
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gonzalo R Tortella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnologica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Amedea B Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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35
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Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. The effect of environmental pollution on immune evasion checkpoints of SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103520. [PMID: 33132153 PMCID: PMC7580701 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many diverse strategies allow and facilitate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to evade antiviral innate immune mechanisms. Although the type I interferon (IFN) system has a critical role in restricting the dissemination of viral infection, suppression of IFN receptor signals by SARS-CoV-2 constitutes a checkpoint that plays an important role in the immune escape of the virus. Environmental pollution not only facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection but also increases infection-associated fatality risk, which arises due to Systemic Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Activation Syndrome. The intracellular accumulation of endogenous kynurenic acid due to overexpression of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by AhR activation induces AhR-interleukin-6 (IL-6)-signal transducers and activators of the transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. The AhR-IDO1-Kynurenine pathway is an important checkpoint, which leads to fatal consequences in SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune evasion in the context of Treg/Th17 imbalance and cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gumusdere Campus, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
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36
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Lionetto L, Ulivieri M, Capi M, De Bernardini D, Fazio F, Petrucca A, Pomes LM, De Luca O, Gentile G, Casolla B, Curto M, Salerno G, Schillizzi S, Torre MS, Santino I, Rocco M, Marchetti P, Aceti A, Ricci A, Bonfini R, Nicoletti F, Simmaco M, Borro M. Increased kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio in the serum of patients infected with SARS-CoV2: An observational cohort study. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166042. [PMID: 33338598 PMCID: PMC7834629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation is a hallmark of patients infected by SARS-CoV2 and the balance between immune reactivity and tolerance is a key determinant of all stages of infection, including the excessive inflammatory state causing the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism is activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and drives mechanisms of immune tolerance. We examined the state of activation of the KP by measuring the Kyn:Trp ratio in the serum of healthy subjects (n = 239), and SARS-CoV2-negative (n = 305) and -positive patients (n = 89). Patients were recruited at the Emergency Room of St. Andrea Hospital (Rome, Italy). Kyn and Trp serum levels were assessed by HPLC/MS-MS. Compared to healthy controls, both SARS-CoV2-negative and -positive patients showed an increase in the Kyn:Trp ratio. The increase was larger in SARS-CoV2-positive patients, with a significant difference between SARS-CoV2-positive and -negative patients. In addition, the increase was more prominent in males, and positively correlated with age and severity of SARS-CoV2 infection, categorized as follows: 1 = no need for intensive care unit (ICU); 2 ≤ 3 weeks spent in ICU; 3 ≥ 3 weeks spent in ICU; and 4 = death. The highest Kyn:Trp values were found in SARS-CoV2-positive patients with severe lymphopenia. These findings suggest that the Kyn:Trp ratio reflects the level of inflammation associated with SARS-CoV2 infection, and, therefore, might represent a valuable biomarker for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Lionetto
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Ulivieri
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matilde Capi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella De Bernardini
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Petrucca
- Microbiology Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Leda Marina Pomes
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ottavia De Luca
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gentile
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Casolla
- University of Lille, Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, Lille, France
| | - Martina Curto
- Department of Mental Health, ASL, Rome 3, Rome, Italy; International Mood & Psychotic Disorders Research Consortium, Mailman Research Center, Belmon, MA, USA
| | - Gerardo Salerno
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Simona Torre
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Santino
- Microbiology Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Rocco
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Aceti
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Infectious disease Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Division of Pneumology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Bonfini
- Emergency Department, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maurizio Simmaco
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Mass Spectrometry Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Borro
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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Di Stadio A, Costantini C, Renga G, Pariano M, Ricci G, Romani L. The Microbiota/Host Immune System Interaction in the Nose to Protect from COVID-19. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10120345. [PMID: 33322584 PMCID: PMC7763594 DOI: 10.3390/life10120345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by variable clinical presentation that ranges from asymptomatic to fatal multi-organ damage. The site of entry and the response of the host to the infection affect the outcomes. The role of the upper airways and the nasal barrier in the prevention of infection is increasingly being recognized. Besides the epithelial lining and the local immune system, the upper airways harbor a community of microorganisms, or microbiota, that takes an active part in mucosal homeostasis and in resistance to infection. However, the role of the upper airway microbiota in COVID-19 is not yet completely understood and likely goes beyond protection from viral entry to include the regulation of the immune response to the infection. Herein, we discuss the hypothesis that restoring endogenous barriers and anti-inflammatory pathways that are defective in COVID-19 patients might represent a valid strategy to reduce infectivity and ameliorate clinical symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Di Stadio
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.D.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Giampietro Ricci
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (C.C.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.S.); (L.R.)
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38
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Ahmed MH, Hassan A. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:2637-2646. [PMID: 33163859 PMCID: PMC7599121 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 (novel coronavirus) as a global pandemic in the middle of March 2020, after the disease spread to more than 150 countries and territories leading to tens of thousands of cases within a couple of months. To date, there are no effective pharmaceutical treatments available. As well as that, the novel vaccines have not yet been approved as establishing their efficacy will take time. This study aims to summarize the evidence regarding corticosteroids such as dexamethasone for the treatment of COVID-19. Electronic searches were conducted on 7 September 2020 on Google Scholar database, MEDLINE and PubMed. A further search was conducted on the World Health Organization’s COVID-19 research article database. The findings of recent investigations that proved, both, the in vitro and in vivo activity of corticosteroids against COVID-19 and other coronavirus-related pneumonia were discussed. Low doses of corticosteroids (dexamethasone) could reduce the mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 disease; however, they had no effect on the mortality rate of those patients with a mild form of the condition. Moreover, the liberal use of corticosteroids was not advocated for, as high doses of the drug can cause more harm than good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtar H Ahmed
- SISAF Nanotechnology Drug Delivery, Ulster University, BT37 0QB Belfast, UK
| | - Arez Hassan
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
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39
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Sahin E, Orhan C, Uckun FM, Sahin K. Clinical Impact Potential of Supplemental Nutrients as Adjuncts of Therapy in High-Risk COVID-19 for Obese Patients. Front Nutr 2020; 7:580504. [PMID: 33195370 PMCID: PMC7642511 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.580504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in China at the end of 2019 caused a major global pandemic and continues to be an unresolved global health crisis. The supportive care interventions for reducing the severity of symptoms along with participation in clinical trials of investigational treatments are the mainstay of COVID-19 management because there is no effective standard therapy for COVID-19. The comorbidity of COVID-19 rises in obese patients. Micronutrients may boost the host immunity against viral infections, including COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the clinical impact potential of supplemental nutrients as adjuncts of therapy in high-risk COVID-19 for obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Sahin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Fatih M. Uckun
- COVID-19 Task Force, Reven Pharmaceuticals, Golden, CO, United States
- Department of Developmental Therapeutics, Immunology and Integrative Medicine, Ares Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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40
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Dvořák Z, Sokol H, Mani S. Drug Mimicry: Promiscuous Receptors PXR and AhR, and Microbial Metabolite Interactions in the Intestine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:900-908. [PMID: 33097284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significant attrition limits drug discovery. The available chemical entities present with drug-like features contribute to this limitation. Using specific examples of promiscuous receptor-ligand interactions, a case is made for expanding the chemical space for drug-like molecules. These ligand-receptor interactions are poor candidates for the drug discovery process. However, provided herein are specific examples of ligand-receptor or transcription-factor interactions, namely, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and itsinteractions with microbial metabolites. Discrete examples of microbial metabolite mimicry are shown to yield more potent and non-toxic therapeutic leads for pathophysiological conditions regulated by PXR and AhR. These examples underscore the opinion that microbial metabolite mimicry of promiscuous ligand-receptor interactions is warranted, and will likely expand the existing chemical space of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Departments of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic.
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Gastroenterologie, F-75012 Paris, France; INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis and AgroParisTech, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine FHU, Paris, France
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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41
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Cazzolla AP, Lovero R, Lo Muzio L, Testa NF, Schirinzi A, Palmieri G, Pozzessere P, Procacci V, Di Comite M, Ciavarella D, Pepe M, De Ruvo C, Crincoli V, Di Serio F, Santacroce L. Taste and Smell Disorders in COVID-19 Patients: Role of Interleukin-6. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2774-2781. [PMID: 32786309 PMCID: PMC7437448 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid recovery of smell and taste functions in COVID-19 patients could be attributed to a decrease in interleukin-6 levels rather than central nervous system ischemic injury or viral damage to neuronal cells. To correlate interleukin-6 levels in COVID-19 patients with olfactory or gustatory dysfunctions and to investigate the role of IL-6 in the onset of these disorders, this observational study investigated 67 COVID-19 patients with taste or smell disorders or both, who did not require intensive care admission, admitted at COVID Hospital of Policlinico of Bari from March to May 2020. Interleukin-6 was assayed in COVID-19 patients with taste or smell disturbances at the time of admission and at the time of swab negativization. At the same time, patients have been given a specific survey to evaluate the severity of taste and smell disturbances. Of 125 patients with smell or taste dysfunctions at onset of disease, 67 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, while 58 were excluded because 35 of them required intensive care admission, 5 were unable to answer, 5 died, 7 had finished chemotherapy recently, and 5 refused to participate. The evaluation of taste and smell disorders was carried out using a survey performed at the time of admission and at the time of swab negativization. Sinonasal outcome test 22 (SNOT-22) was used as a reference for olfactory function assessment, and Taste and Smell Questionnaire Section of the US NHANES 2011-2014 protocol (CDC 2013b) was used as reference for gustatory function assessment. A venous blood sample was taken for each patient to measure IL-6 levels upon entry and at swab negativization. Interleukin-6 levels in COVID-19 patients in relation to olfactory or gustatory disorders were correlated from the time of their admission to the time of swab negativization. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the decrease of interleukin-6 levels and the improvement of smell (p value < 0.05) and taste (p = 0.047) functions at swab negativization. The acquired results demonstrate the key role of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of chemosensitive disorders in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P. Cazzolla
- Department of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di
Foggia, Foggia 71122,
Italy
| | - Roberto Lovero
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Clinical Pathology Unit, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di
Foggia, Foggia 71122,
Italy
| | - Nunzio F. Testa
- Department of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di
Foggia, Foggia 71122,
Italy
| | - Annalisa Schirinzi
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Clinical Pathology Unit, Bari 70124, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Pozzessere
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Emergency Medicine and Surgery Unit, Bari 70124,
Italy
| | - Vito Procacci
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Emergency Medicine and Surgery Unit, Bari 70124,
Italy
| | - Mariasevera Di Comite
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,
Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy Section,
Università degli Studi di
Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciavarella
- Department of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di
Foggia, Foggia 71122,
Italy
| | - Maria Pepe
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Clinical Pathology Unit, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Caterina De Ruvo
- Maugeri Clinical Research
Institutes IRCCS of Bari, Bari 70124,
Italy
| | - Vito Crincoli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,
Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy Section,
Università degli Studi di
Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Serio
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Clinical Pathology Unit, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Ionian Department (DJSGEM),
Microbiology and Virology Lab, Università degli
Studi di Bari, Bari 70124,
Italy
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42
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Anderson G, Carbone A, Mazzoccoli G. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Role in Co-Ordinating SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Symptomatology: Linking Cytotoxicity Changes in COVID-19 and Cancers; Modulation by Racial Discrimination Stress. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E249. [PMID: 32867244 PMCID: PMC7564943 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an under-recognized role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in co-ordinating the entry and pathophysiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that underpins the COVID-19 pandemic. The rise in pro-inflammatory cytokines during the 'cytokine storm' induce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), leading to an increase in kynurenine that activates the AhR, thereby heightening the initial pro-inflammatory cytokine phase and suppressing the endogenous anti-viral response. Such AhR-driven changes underpin the heightened severity and fatality associated with pre-existent high-risk medical conditions, such as type II diabetes, as well as to how racial discrimination stress contributes to the raised severity/fatality in people from the Black Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities. The AhR is pivotal in modulating mitochondrial metabolism and co-ordinating specialized, pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), the melatonergic pathways, acetyl-coenzyme A, and the cyclooxygenase (COX) 2-prostaglandin (PG) E2 pathway that underpin 'exhaustion' in the endogenous anti-viral cells, paralleling similar metabolic suppression in cytolytic immune cells that is evident across all cancers. The pro-inflammatory cytokine induced gut permeability/dysbiosis and suppression of pineal melatonin are aspects of the wider pathophysiological underpinnings regulated by the AhR. This has a number of prophylactic and treatment implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection and cancers and future research directions that better investigate the biological underpinnings of social processes and how these may drive health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London SW1V 1PB, UK;
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
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