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Ssemanda JN, den Besten HMW, van Wagenberg CPA, Zwietering MH. Quantitative assessment of food safety interventions for Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. along the chicken meat supply chain in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 415:110637. [PMID: 38422679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Rural and small-scale chicken farming is a major source of income in most African countries, and chicken meat is an important source of nutrients. However, chicken meat can be contaminated with Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., pathogens with a high reported burden of foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is essential to control these pathogens in chicken meat. Quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA) can aid the development of effective food safety control measures and are currently lacking in chicken meat supply chains in the African context. In this study, we developed stochastic QMRA models for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in the chicken meat supply chain in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia employing the modular process risk model in @Risk software. The study scope covered chicken farming, transport, slaughtering, consumer handling, and consumption. Effectiveness of candidate interventions was assessed against baseline models' outputs, which showed that the mean annual Campylobacter spp. risk estimates were 6482 cases of illness per 100,000 persons and 164 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 persons in Burkina Faso, and 12,145 cases and 272 DALYs per 100,000 persons in Ethiopia. For Salmonella spp., mean annual estimates were 2713 cases and 1212 DALYs per 100,000 persons in Burkina Faso, and 4745 cases and 432 DALYs per 100,000 persons in Ethiopia. Combining interventions (improved hand washing plus designated kitchen utensils plus improved cooking) resulted in 75 % risk reduction in Burkina Faso at restaurants and 93 to 94 % in Ethiopia at homes for both Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. For Burkina Faso, adding good hygienic slaughter practices at the market to these combined interventions led to over 91 % microbial risk reduction. Interventions that involved multiple food safety actions in a particular step of the supply chain or combining different interventions from different steps of the supply chain resulted in more risk reduction than individual action interventions. Overall, this study demonstrates how diverse and scanty food supply chain information can be applied in QMRA to provide estimates that can be used to stimulate risk-based food safety action in African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Noah Ssemanda
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Heidy M W den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen P A van Wagenberg
- Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, 2970, 2502 LS, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel H Zwietering
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Lupia C, Castagna F, Bava R, Naturale MD, Zicarelli L, Marrelli M, Statti G, Tilocca B, Roncada P, Britti D, Palma E. Use of Essential Oils to Counteract the Phenomena of Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:163. [PMID: 38391549 PMCID: PMC10885947 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly widespread phenomenon that is of particular concern because of the possible consequences in the years to come. The dynamics leading to the resistance of microbial strains are diverse, but certainly include the incorrect use of veterinary drugs both in terms of dosage and timing of administration. Moreover, the drug is often administered in the absence of a diagnosis. Many active ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations are, therefore, losing their efficacy. In this situation, it is imperative to seek alternative treatment solutions. Essential oils are mixtures of compounds with different pharmacological properties. They have been shown to possess the antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antiviral, and regulatory properties of numerous metabolic processes. The abundance of molecules they contain makes it difficult for treated microbial species to develop pharmacological resistance. Given their natural origin, they are environmentally friendly and show little or no toxicity to higher animals. There are several published studies on the use of essential oils as antimicrobials, but the present literature has not been adequately summarized in a manuscript. This review aims to shed light on the results achieved by the scientific community regarding the use of essential oils to treat the main agents of bacterial infection of veterinary interest in livestock. The Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, and SCOPUS databases were used for the search and selection of studies. The manuscript aims to lay the foundations for a new strategy of veterinary drug use that is more environmentally friendly and less prone to the emergence of drug resistance phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
- National Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Castelluccio Superiore, 85040 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Diana Naturale
- Ministry of Health, Directorate General for Health Programming, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Zicarelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Center for Pharmacological Research, Food Safety, High Tech and Health (IRC-FSH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Marschall MJM, Grundmann SM, Seel W, Simon MC, Schuchardt S, Most E, Gessner DK, Wen G, Ringseis R, Eder K. Fat from Hermetia illucens Alters the Cecal Gut Microbiome and Lowers Hepatic Triglyceride Concentration in Comparison to Palm Oil in Obese Zucker Rats. J Nutr 2024; 154:455-468. [PMID: 37778509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palm oil (PO) is the most widely utilized plant oil for food production. Owing to the great ecologic problems associated with PO production, sustainably produced fats, such as insect fat, might be a suitable alternative. OBJECTIVES The hypothesis was tested that fat from Hermetia illucens larvae (HF) compared with PO and soybean oil (SO) has no adverse effects on hepatic lipid metabolism, plasma metabolome, and cecal microbiome in obese Zucker rats. METHODS Thirty male obese Zucker rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups (SO, PO, HF; n = 10 rats/group) and fed 3 different semisynthetic diets containing either SO, PO, or HF as the main fat source for 4 wk. The effects were evaluated by measurement of liver and plasma lipid concentrations, liver transcriptomics, targeted plasma metabolomics, and cecal microbiomics. RESULTS Supplementation of HF reduced hepatic triglyceride concentration and messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations of selected genes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in comparison to PO (P < 0.05). Pairwise comparison of the Simpson index and Jaccard index showed a higher cecal microbial α- and β-diversity in rats fed the HF diet than in rats fed the PO diet (P = 0.015 and P = 0.027), but no difference between rats fed the diets with SO or PO. Taxonomic analysis of the cecal microbial community revealed a lower abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and a higher abundance of Blautia, Mucispirillum, Anaerotruncus, Harryflintia, and Peptococcus in rats supplemented with HF than in rats supplemented with PO (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HF, compared with PO, has liver lipid-lowering effects in obese Zucker rats, which may be caused by a shift in the gut microbial community. Thus, HF might serve as a sustainably produced fat alternative to PO for food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J M Marschall
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Waldemar Seel
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany; Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstraße, Giessen, Germany.
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Lyte JM, Arsi K, Caputi V, Liyanage R, Assumpcao ALFV, Jesudhasan PRR, Donoghue AM. Inclusion of trans-cinnamaldehyde and caprylic acid in feed results in detectable concentrations in the chicken gut and reduces foodborne pathogen carriage. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103368. [PMID: 38157787 PMCID: PMC10765295 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry act as a major reservoir host for Salmonella and Campylobacter spp., the 2 leading causes of foodborne illnesses globally and in the United States. Preharvest stage interventions to reduce foodborne pathogen carriage in poultry are increasingly informed by consumer preference for antibiotic-free poultry production. The in-feed inclusion of plant-derived antimicrobial compounds is a promising antibiotic alternative strategy to reduce foodborne pathogen load in the broiler chicken gut. Yet, the fate of these phytochemicals through the broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract is unknown. Likewise, while in-feed phytochemicals have been widely demonstrated in challenge models to reduce foodborne pathogen carriage, little is known regarding efficacy to curb natural routes of infection. As such, the aim of the present study was 2-fold. We sought to determine the concentrations of 2 phytochemicals, trans-cinnamaldehyde and caprylic acid, in each region of the chicken gastrointestinal tract following their in-feed inclusion over a 6-wk production period. In addition, we investigated how the in-feed provision of these phytochemicals may protect against environmental acquisition of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. Trans-cinnamaldehyde and caprylic acid were detected in crop, gizzard, duodenal, jejunal, and ileal contents. Crop and gizzard concentrations were not significantly (P > 0.05) different. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in phytochemical concentration was observed in intestinal regions compared to crop and gizzard. Trans-cinnamaldehyde was consistently identified in cecal and colon contents, while caprylic acid was not detectable in these regions. Trans-cinnamaldehyde and caprylic acid were found to reduce (P < 0.05) Salmonella load. Together, our data establish that the in-feed addition of trans-cinnamaldehyde and caprylic acid, 2 phytochemicals that have previously been shown to exert antimicrobial activity against poultry-associated foodborne pathogens, results in detectable concentrations in the broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract. By providing researchers with a gastrointestinal region-by-region map of phytochemical concentrations, the present study is expected to inform the choice of in-feed phytochemicals targeting foodborne pathogen carriage in the broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Lyte
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Komala Arsi
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Valentina Caputi
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Statewide Mass Spectrometry Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - Palmy R R Jesudhasan
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Annie M Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Elewa MS, Abou-Kassem DE, El-Hindawy MM, Madkour M, Elsharkawy MS, Afifi M, Alagawany M. Effect of coconut oil on growth performance, carcass criteria, liver and kidney functions, antioxidants and immunity, and lipid profile of broilers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13974. [PMID: 37633956 PMCID: PMC10460415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the beneficial effects of coconut essential oil on growth performance, carcass criteria, antioxidant status, and immune response of broiler chicks. A total of 192 un-sexed 7-days broiler chicks were divided into six treatment sets with four copies of 8 chicks per set. The groups were as follows: (1) basal diet (without additive), (2) basal diet plus 0.5 ml coconut essential oil/kg, (3) basal diet plus 1 ml coconut essential oil/kg, (4) basal diet plus 1.5 ml coconut essential oil/kg, (5) basal diet plus 2 ml coconut essential oil/kg and (6) basal diet plus 2.5 ml coconut essential oil/kg. The results showed that the most prevalent compound in coconut oil is 6-Octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) representing 46.44% followed 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-5-pentyl- (CAS) (11.36%), Hexadecanoic acid (CAS) (4.71%), and vanillin (2.53%). Dietary 1 and 1.5 ml of coconut oil improved significantly the body weight and gain of broiler chickens. Dietary supplementation of 1 ml of coconut oil improved significantly liver function compared to control and other treatment groups. The supplementation with 1 ml coconut oil significantly reduced TG and VLDL compared to control and other treatment groups, while no significant differences in TC, HDL, and LDL due to dietary coconut oil. The present findings showed that dietary coconut oil with 1 and 1.5 ml/kg feed improved significantly antioxidants status through increased antioxidant enzymes like SOD and GSH while decreasing significantly MDA levels compared to control and other treatment groups. Therefore, it was concluded that the diets of broiler chickens could be fortified with coconut oil with 1 or 1.5 ml to improve the growth, feed utilization, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Elewa
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Diaa E Abou-Kassem
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M El-Hindawy
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Elsharkawy
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Afifi
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
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Szabó RT, Kovács-Weber M, Zimborán Á, Kovács L, Erdélyi M. Effects of Short- and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids on Production, Meat Quality, and Microbial Attributes-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:4956. [PMID: 37446617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials in poultry production contributes to the spread of drug-resistant pathogens in both birds and humans. Antibiotics are known to enhance feed efficiency and promote the growth and weight gain of poultry. New regulatory requirements and consumer preferences have led to a reduced use of antibiotics in poultry production and to the discovery of natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. This interest is not only focused on the direct removal or inhibition of causative microorganisms but also on the prevention of diseases caused by enteric pathogens using a range of feed additives. A group of promising feed additives is composed of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFAs and MCFAs) and their derivatives. MCFAs possess antibacterial, anticoccidial, and antiviral effects. In addition, it has been proven that these acids act in synergy if they are used together with organic acids, essential oils, or probiotics. These fatty acids also benefit intestinal health integrity and homeostasis in broilers. Other effects have been documented as well, such as an increase in intestinal angiogenesis and the gene expression of tight junctions. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of SCFAs and MCFAs as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters and to summarize the current findings in the literature to show their possible benefits on production, meat quality, and gut health in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Tünde Szabó
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Gödöllő Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Mária Kovács-Weber
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Gödöllő Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Zimborán
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Gödöllő Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Levente Kovács
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Gödöllő Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Márta Erdélyi
- Department of Feed Toxicology, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Gödöllő Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
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Du K, Foote MS, Mousavi S, Buczkowski A, Schmidt S, Peh E, Kittler S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Combination of organic acids benzoate, butyrate, caprylate, and sorbate provides a novel antibiotics-independent treatment option in the combat of acute campylobacteriosis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128500. [PMID: 37007531 PMCID: PMC10050375 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe food-borne Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni may cause the acute enterocolitis syndrome campylobacteriosis in infected humans. Given that human C. jejuni infections are rising globally which hold also true for resistance rates against antibiotic compounds such as macrolides and fluoroquinolones frequently prescribed for the treatment of severe infectious enteritis, novel antibiotics-independent therapeutic strategies are needed. Distinct organic acids are well known for their health-beneficial including anti-microbial and immunomodulatory properties. In our present study, we investigated potential pathogen-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of benzoic acid, butyric acid, caprylic acid, and sorbic acid either alone or in combination during acute murine campylobacteriosis.MethodsTherefore, secondary abiotic IL-10–/– mice were perorally infected with C. jejuni strain 81–176 and subjected to a 4-day-course of respective organic acid treatment.Results and discussionOn day 6 post-infection, mice from the combination cohort displayed slightly lower pathogen loads in the duodenum, but neither in the stomach, ileum nor large intestine. Remarkably, the clinical outcome of C. jejuni induced acute enterocolitis was significantly improved after combined organic acid treatment when compared to the placebo control group. In support, the combinatory organic acid treatment dampened both, macroscopic and microscopic inflammatory sequelae of C. jejuni infection as indicated by less colonic shrinkage and less pronounced histopathological including apoptotic epithelial cell changes in the colon on day 6 post-infection. Furthermore, mice from the combination as compared to placebo cohort exhibited lower numbers of innate and adaptive immune cells such as neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, monocytes, and T lymphocytes in their colonic mucosa and lamina propria, respectively, which also held true for pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in the large intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes. Notably, the anti-inflammatory effects were not restricted to the intestinal tract, but could also be observed systemically given pro-inflammatory mediator concentrations in C. jejuni infected mice from the combination organic acid treatment that were comparable to basal values. In conclusion, our in vivo study provides first evidence that an oral application of distinct organic acids in combination exhibits pronounced anti-inflammatory effects and hence, constitutes a promising novel antibiotics-independent therapeutic strategy in the combat of acute campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Minnja S. Foote
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Buczkowski
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Hofmann & Sommer GmbH & Co. KG, Büro Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Hofmann & Sommer GmbH & Co. KG, Büro Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Peh
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus M. Heimesaat,
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Schäfer L, Grundmann SM, Maheshwari G, Höring M, Liebisch G, Most E, Eder K, Ringseis R. Effect of replacement of soybean oil by Hermetia illucens fat on performance, digestibility, cecal microbiome, liver transcriptome and liver and plasma lipidomes of broilers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:20. [PMID: 36855061 PMCID: PMC9976384 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to protein-rich insect meal, the feed potential of insect fat is generally less explored and knowledge about the suitability of insect fat as a fat source specifically in broiler diets is still limited. In view of this, the present study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effect of partial (50%) and complete replacement of soybean oil with insect fat from Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae in broiler diets on performance, fat digestibility, cecal microbiome, liver transcriptome and liver and plasma lipidomes. Thus, 100 male, 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to three groups and fed three different diets with either 0 (group HI-0, n = 30), 2.5% (group HI-2.5, n = 35) or 5.0% (HI-5.0, n = 35) Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae fat for 35 d. RESULTS Body weight gain, final body weight, feed intake, and feed:gain ratio during the whole period and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient for ether extract were not different between groups. Cecal microbial diversity did not differ between groups and taxonomic analysis revealed differences in the abundance of only four low-abundance bacterial taxa among groups; the abundances of phylum Actinobacteriota, class Coriobacteriia, order Coriobacteriales and family Eggerthellaceae were lower in group HI-5.0 compared to group HI-2.5 (P < 0.05). Concentrations of total and individual short-chain fatty acids in the cecal digesta were not different between the three groups. Liver transcriptomics revealed a total of 55 and 25 transcripts to be differentially expressed between groups HI-5.0 vs. HI-0 and groups HI-2.5 vs. HI-0, respectively (P < 0.05). The concentrations of most lipid classes, with the exception of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and lysophosphatidylcholine in the liver and cholesterylester and ceramide in plasma (P < 0.05), and of the sum of all lipid classes were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Partial and complete replacement of soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler diets had no effect on growth performance and only modest, but no adverse effects on the cecal microbiome and the metabolic health of broilers. This suggests that HI larvae fat can be used as an alternative fat source in broiler diets, thereby, making broiler production more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Schäfer
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M. Grundmann
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Garima Maheshwari
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Höring
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Arzola-Alvarez C, Ruiz-Barrera O, Castillo-Castillo Y, Ontiveros M, Fonseca M, Jones BW, Smith WB, Hume ME, Harvey R, Poole TL, Anderson RC, Arzola-Rubio A, Salinas-Chavira J. Effects in air-exposed corn silage of medium chain fatty acids on select spoilage microbes, zoonotic pathogens, and in vitro rumen fermentation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:45-50. [PMID: 36661390 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2168449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) treatment (0.75% C6, hexanoic; C8, octanoic; C10, decanoic; or equal proportion mixtures of C6:C8:C10:C12 or C8:C10/g; C12 = dodecanoic acid) of aerobically-exposed corn silage on spoilage and pathogenic microbes and rumen fermentation were evaluated in vitro. After 24 h aerobic incubation (37 °C), microbial enumeration revealed 3 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g fewer (P = 0.03) wild-type yeast and molds in C8:C10-treated silage than controls. Compared with controls, wild-type enterococci decreased (P < 0.01) in all treatments except the C6:C8:C10:C12 mixture; lactic acid bacteria were decreased (P < 0.01) in all treatments except C6 and the C6:C8:C10:C12 mixture. Total aerobes and inoculated Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria monocytogenes were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.05). Anaerobic incubation (24 h at 39 °C) of ruminal fluid (10 mL) with 0.02 g overnight air-exposed MCFA-treated corn silage revealed higher hydrogen accumulations (P = 0.03) with the C8:C10 mixture than controls. Methane, acetate, propionate, butyrate, or estimates of fermented hexose were unaffected. Acetate:propionate ratios were higher (P < 0.01) and fermentation efficiencies were marginally lower (P < 0.01) with C8- or C8:C10-treated silage than controls. Further research is warranted to optimize treatments to target unwanted microbes without adversely affecting beneficial microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mozart Fonseca
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Barbara W Jones
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville, Texas, USA
| | - William B Smith
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, USA
| | - Michael E Hume
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Roger Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Toni L Poole
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Robin C Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas, USA
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Taha-Abdelaziz K, Singh M, Sharif S, Sharma S, Kulkarni RR, Alizadeh M, Yitbarek A, Helmy YA. Intervention Strategies to Control Campylobacter at Different Stages of the Food Chain. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010113. [PMID: 36677405 PMCID: PMC9866650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most common bacterial pathogens of food safety concern. Campylobacter jejuni infects chickens by 2-3 weeks of age and colonized chickens carry a high C. jejuni load in their gut without developing clinical disease. Contamination of meat products by gut contents is difficult to prevent because of the high numbers of C. jejuni in the gut, and the large percentage of birds infected. Therefore, effective intervention strategies to limit human infections of C. jejuni should prioritize the control of pathogen transmission along the food supply chain. To this end, there have been ongoing efforts to develop innovative ways to control foodborne pathogens in poultry to meet the growing customers' demand for poultry meat that is free of foodborne pathogens. In this review, we discuss various approaches that are being undertaken to reduce Campylobacter load in live chickens (pre-harvest) and in carcasses (post-harvest). We also provide some insights into optimization of these approaches, which could potentially help improve the pre- and post-harvest practices for better control of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Mankerat Singh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shreeya Sharma
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Raveendra R. Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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11
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Antimicrobial effect of a drinking water additive comprising four organic acids on Campylobacter load in broilers and monitoring of bacterial susceptibility. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102209. [PMID: 36283144 PMCID: PMC9597105 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of organic acids via feed or drinking water is under discussion as a possible intervention strategy to reduce Campylobacter (C.) load in primary poultry production. A previous in vitro study showed that reduced concentrations of sorbic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid were required for antibacterial activity against Campylobacter when using a mixture of these 4 acids compared to when using the single acids. The present study aimed at determining the antibacterial efficiency of this combination in vivo as a drinking water additive for reducing shedding and intestinal C. jejuni colonization in broilers. Furthermore, we assessed whether the inoculated C. jejuni strain BfR-CA-14430 adapted in vivo to the applied organic acids. Results of this study showed that adding the organic acids consistently reduced Campylobacter loads in cloacal swabs. While significant reductions were observed within the entire study period, a maximum 2 log reduction occurred at an age of 18 d. However, after dissection at the end of the trial, no significant differences were detected in Campylobacter loads of cecal and colon contents compared to the control group. Susceptibility testing of re-isolates from cloacal swabs and cecal content revealed equal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values compared to the inoculated test strain, suggesting that C. jejuni remained susceptible throughout the trial.
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12
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The effect of different medium chain fatty acids, calcium butyrate, and salinomycin on performance, nutrient utilization and gastrointestinal tract of chicken of Polish Green Legged Partridge hen. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of diets supplemented by feed additives, on the growth performance and digestive tract functioning in chicken of green-legged partridge hen (GLPH). Two types of diets were used. The both “low-digestible” (LD) diet characterized by high level of crude fibre and lard, and “high-digestible” (HD) diet characterized by low content of crude fibre and soybean oil were supplemented by different additives such as 0,34% DM (dry matter) salinomycin, 0,30 % DM medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), 1,00 % DM calcium butyrate (CB), or 0,85 % DM medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA). The experiment was conducted on 960 one-day-old male chickens of GLPH, randomly divided into 10 treatment groups. One group consisted of 12 replications (each with 8 birds). Chickens fed HD diet presented significantly higher body weight gain (BWG) in 15-56 days and also 0-56 days of experiment and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) during whole time (0-56 days) of experiment (P < 0.05). Addition of CB and MCFA did not affect the differences in BWG (15-56; 0-56 days) and FCR (15-56 days) in comparison with the control diet. Significant interaction between the type of diet and additives (P < 0.05) was observed for feed intake (FI) throughout the experiment. The highest FI was found on LD diet with CB. On LD diet, all additives resulted in significantly worse nitrogen retention, however, on HD diet, it was observed only for salinomycin. The additives had no impact on fat digestibility when chickens were fed HD diet. There was significant (P < 0.05) lower-fat digestibility when LD diet with MCT, CB, and MCFA was used. The greatest value of nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) was found on HD diet (P < 0.05). The addition of MCT, CB, and MCFA increased the percentage share of ileum, and MCT also significantly increased the percentage share of the liver. The lactic acid bacteria and C. perfringens counts were lower on HD diet (P<0,05). The addition of MCT and CB increased the count of lactic acid bacteria in ceaca (P<0,05). Many interactions between experimental factors in this experiment showed that the efficacy of using different feed additives depends on the type of diet. The results suggest that MCFA may be the most beneficial feed additive for GLPH chicken as an alternative for antibiotic growth promoters (AGP).
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13
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Feeding Malic Acid to Chickens at Slaughter Age Improves Microbial Safety with Regard to Campylobacter. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071999. [PMID: 34359127 PMCID: PMC8300160 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chicken meat has become a popular food that is consumed worldwide. However, chicken flocks suffer from Campylobacter infection during their rearing period. Campylobacter is the most serious pathogen colonizing chicken flocks which could be transmitted through the food chain and threaten public health. The traditional strategy of using antibiotics to inhibit pathogens in chicken flocks is no longer acceptable due to the increasing risk of antibiotic resistance. Thus, finding alternative antimicrobial agents has become a priority in recent years. In this study, malic acid was supplied to flocks in order to find an effective means of reducing the contamination of Campylobacter and to evaluate its potential effects on poultry production. By using malic acid-supplemented drinking water for 5 days before slaughtering, the Campylobacter carriage was significantly decreased in the treated group compared to the control group. Malic acid has no adverse effects on chickens, though it could change the composition of chicken meat by increasing the moisture content and decreasing the fat content and it could be applied as a potential antimicrobial agent in poultry production. Abstract This study supplied malic acid-supplemented drinking water to flocks that were naturally Campylobacter-positive and assessed the effect of feeding malic acid to chickens on Campylobacter reduction and poultry production. In Experiment 1, chickens were provided with malic acid-supplemented drinking water for three weeks. The contamination loads of Campylobacter were decreased by 0.91–0.98 log after the first week of use (p < 0.05). However, this effect did not persist over time and significant decontamination could not be found in the second and third weeks of application. Thus, in Experiment 2 malic acid-supplemented drinking water was given to chickens for a period of five days at slaughter age. The Campylobacter carriage was found to be effectively decreased by 1.05–1.55 log (p < 0.05). Malic acid had no adverse effects on chicken body weight, weight gain, intestinal indices, or the microbiota. In addition, it could change the composition of chicken meat since the moisture content was increased by 5.12–5.92% (p < 0.05) and the fat content was decreased by 1.60% (p < 0.05). Our study provides an effective means for reducing the contamination of Campylobacter during the chicken rearing period and this method can be applied to promote the safe development of poultry farming and its products.
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14
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A One Health Perspective on a Multi-hurdle Approach to Combat Campylobacter spp. in Broiler Meat. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-021-00167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Peh E, Kittler S, Seinige D, Valero A, Kehrenberg C. Adaptation of Campylobacter field isolates to propionic acid and sorbic acid is associated with fitness costs. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1749-1761. [PMID: 33683781 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To reduce the burden of Campylobacter at different stages of the food chain, recent studies have shown the effectiveness of organic acids as a risk mitigation strategy. However, very little is known about possible adaptation responses of Campylobacter that lead to reduced susceptibility to organic acids. Here we investigated the adaptive responses of Campylobacter field isolates to organic acids and estimated the fitness costs. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of two Campylobacter jejuni and one Campylobacter coli isolate to subinhibitory concentrations of propionic acid or sorbic acid resulted in twofold to fourfold increased minimal inhibitory concentration values for the adapted variants. With one exception, the decreased susceptibility was stable in at least 10 successive subcultures without selection pressure. Growth competition experiments revealed a reduced fitness of adapted variants compared to the wild-type isolates. A linear regression model allowed an estimation of the fitness cost. Growth kinetics experiments showed significantly prolonged lag phases in five of six adapted isolates while there was not a direct correlation in the maximum growth rates compared to the wild-type isolates. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study showed that a stepwise adaptation of Campylobacter to organic acids is possible, but at the detriment of changes in growth behaviour and reduced fitness. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study contributes to the understanding of adaptive responses of Campylobacter to organic acids treatments, for example, as part of risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peh
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - D Seinige
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Wardenburg, Germany
| | - A Valero
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Cordoba, Agrifood Campus of International, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Shehata AM, Arif M, Paswan VK, Batiha GES, Khafaga AF, Elbestawy AR. Approaches to prevent and control Campylobacter spp. colonization in broiler chickens: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4989-5004. [PMID: 33242194 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter, Gram-negative bacteria, is the most common cause of acute bacterial enteritis in human beings, both in developing and developed countries. It is believed that poultry, in particular broiler chickens, is the main host of human infection with Campylobacter. Handling and consumption of contaminated chicken meat are the usual modes of transmission. Prevention and reduction of Campylobacter colonization in poultry farms will cut off the road of infection transmission to humans throughout the food chain. With the incidence of antibiotic resistance and with growing concern about superbugs, the search for natural and safe alternatives will considerably increase in the coming years. In this review, we will discuss the prevalence and risk factors of Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens and sources of infection. This review also provides extensive and recent approaches to prevent and control Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens, including biosecurity measures, natural feed/drinking water additives with antimicrobial properties, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, and vaccination strategies to prevent and control the incidence of human campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Abdelrazeq M Shehata
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Vinod K Paswan
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Al-Beheira, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, El-Behera University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
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Effect of Dietary Medium-Chain α-Monoglycerides on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Histomorphology, Amino Acid Digestibility, and Broiler Chickens' Blood Biochemical Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010057. [PMID: 33396850 PMCID: PMC7823994 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The addition of biologically active materials to animal feed is a very recent topic regarding antibiotic alternatives. This study inspected the influence of graded levels of medium-chain α-monoglycerides, glycerol monolaurate (GML) on the growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AID%) of amino acids, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Broiler chickens (76.82 g ± 0.40, n = 200) were fed on four experimental diets that were complemented with 0; 1; 3; or 5 g kg−1 glycerol monolaurate (GML0; GML1; GML3; and GML5). The findings suggested that glycerol monolaurate supplementation can improve the immune status and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens with no improving effect on the growth performance. Abstract This trial was conducted to assess the impact of medium-chain α-monoglycerides, glycerol monolaurate (GML) supplementation on the growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AID%) of amino acids, intestinal histomorphology, and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Three-day-old chicks (76.82 g ± 0.40, n = 200) were haphazardly allocated to four experimental groups with five replicates for each (10 chicks/replicate). The treatments consisted of basal diets supplemented with four glycerol monolaurate levels; 0, 1, 3, or 5 g kg−1 (GML0, GML1, GML3, and GML5, respectively). Growth performance was determined at three periods (starter, grower, and finisher). Dietary GML had no significant effect on the growth performance parameters (body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio) through all the experimental periods. GML1 diet increased the AID% of leucine and decreased the AID% of arginine. GML1 diet increased the duodenal and jejunal villous height and the jejunal muscle thickness. GML3 and GML5 diets increased the goblet cell count in the duodenum. GML supplementation increased the serum level of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. GML5 diet increased the serum levels of IgM and interleukin 10 compared to the control group. We could conclude that dietary supplementation of glycerol monolaurate can supplement broiler chicken diets up to 5 g kg−1 to enhance the immune status and intestinal histomorphology of birds with no improving effect on growth performance.
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Peh E, Kittler S, Reich F, Kehrenberg C. Antimicrobial activity of organic acids against Campylobacter spp. and development of combinations-A synergistic effect? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239312. [PMID: 32941534 PMCID: PMC7497993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contaminated poultry meat is considered to be the main source of human infection with Campylobacter spp., a pathogen that asymptomatically colonizes broiler chickens during fattening and contaminates carcasses during slaughter. To prevent or reduce the colonization of broiler flocks with Campylobacter spp., applying different organic acids, especially in combinations, via feed or drinking water seems to be a promising approach. However, only very few combinations of organic acids have been tested for their antibacterial efficacy against Campylobacter spp. Therefore, the in vitro susceptibility of 30 Campylobacter spp. isolates (20 C. jejuni and ten C. coli) to ten organic acids and ten combinations was determined. The testing of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values was performed at pH 6.0 and 7.3 by using the broth microdilution method and included the following organic acids: Caprylic acid, sorbic acid, caproic acid, benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid and tartaric acid and combinations thereof. The lowest MIC values were seen for caprylic acid (MIC range at pH 7.3: 0.5-2 mmol/L) and sorbic acid (MIC range at pH 7.3: 1-4 mmol/L). One to two dilution steps lower MIC values were determined at the lower pH value of 6.0. Furthermore, ten combinations consisting of three to five organic acids were developed. In addition to the tested antibacterial activity, other criteria were included such as approval as feed additives, reported synergistic effects and chemical properties. For nine of ten combinations, the MIC90 values of the organic acids decreased 1.25- to 241.5-fold compared to the MIC90 values for the individual substances. Furthermore, nine of ten combinations exhibited synergistic activities against two or more of the tested C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. A combination of caprylic acid, sorbic acid and caproic acid exhibited synergistic activities against the largest number of Campylobacter spp. isolates (six C. jejuni and four C. coli) with fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices (∑FIC) ranging from 0.33 to 1.42. This study shows in vitro synergistic activities of different organic acids in combinations against the major Campylobacter species and could therefore be a promising basis for reducing Campylobacter spp. in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Peh
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Reich
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Lu T, Marmion M, Ferone M, Wall P, Scannell AGM. On farm interventions to minimise Campylobacter spp. contamination in chicken. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:53-67. [PMID: 32835499 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1813253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. This review explores current and proposed on-farm interventions and assess the potential of these interventions against Campylobacter spp. 2. Interventions such as vaccination, feed/water-additives and, most importantly, consistent biosecurity, exhibit potential for the effective control of this pathogen and its dissemination within the food chain. 3. Due to the extensive diversity in the Campylobacter spp. genome and surface-expressed proteins, vaccination of poultry is not yet regarded as a completely effective strategy. 4. The acidification of drinking water through the addition of organic acids has been reported to decrease the risk of Campylobacter spp. colonisation in broiler flocks. Whilst this treatment alone will not completely protect birds, use of water acidification in combination with in-feed measures to further reduce the level of Campylobacter spp. colonisation in poultry may be an option meriting further exploration. 5. The use of varied types of feed supplements to reduce the intestinal population and shedding rate of Campylobacter spp. in poultry is an area of growing interest in the poultry industry. Such supplements include pro - and pre-biotics, organic acids, bacteriocins and bacteriophage, which may be added to feed and water. 6. From the literature, it is clear that a distinct, albeit not unexpected, difference between the performance of in-feed interventions exists when examined in vitro compared to those determined in in vivo studies. It is much more likely that pooling some of the discussed approaches in the in-feed tool kit will provide an answer. 7. Whilst on-farm biosecurity is essential to maintain a healthy flock and reduce disease transmission, even the most stringent biosecurity measures may not have sufficient, consistent and predictable effects in controlling Campylobacter spp. Furthermore, the combination of varied dietary approaches and improved biosecurity measures may synergistically improve control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lu
- UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Marmion
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agricultural & Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Ferone
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agricultural & Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Wall
- UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Institute of Food and Health O'Brien Science Centre South, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
| | - A G M Scannell
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agricultural & Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Institute of Food and Health O'Brien Science Centre South, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Attia YA, Al-Harthi MA, Abo El-Maaty HM. The Effects of Different Oil Sources on Performance, Digestive Enzymes, Carcass Traits, Biochemical, Immunological, Antioxidant, and Morphometric Responses of Broiler Chicks. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:181. [PMID: 32411732 PMCID: PMC7198761 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This research evaluate the influence of different oil sources, namely fish oil (FO), coconut oil (CocO), canola oil (CanO), or a mixture of the three oils (MTO)—included at 1.5% in broiler diets—compared to a no oil-supplemented diet. Hence, 250 unsexed, 1-day-old Cobb chicks were weighed and randomly allocated into five dietary treatment groups of 50 chicks each and five replicates per group. Oil-supplemented diets significantly increased the growth, improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and decreased the abdominal fat percentage compared to the control diet. Amylase was significantly elevated due to feeding the FO- or CocO-supplemented-diet compared to the control diet, whereas lipase increased due to offering CocO- and CanO-enriched diet; chymotrypsin increased due to different oil sources. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased markedly due to offering an oil-supplemented diet, but low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the LDL-C:HDL-C ratio, and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased. Blood plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM significantly increased due to feeding CocO, CanO, or MTO compared to the control group, whereas FO increased IgG only. FO- and CanO-containing diets resulted in the highest increase in α2-globulin and γ-globulin. The antibody titer to avian influenza (HIAI) and Newcastle disease (HIND) were significantly elevated due to CocO supplementation compared to the control group. The bursa follicle length and width and thymus cortex depth were increased considerably due to the FO-supplemented diet compared to the control, but the follicle length:width ratio decreased. The villus height:depth ratio was significantly elevated due to both the CanO and MTO diets. The antioxidant status improved considerably due to the addition of CocO and CanO. Both CanO and MTO similarly increased plasma T3, T4, and the T3:T4 ratio. In conclusion, oil supplementations at 1.5% enhanced growth performance and immune status, improved the blood lipid profile and antioxidants status, and the effect of the oil sources depends on the criteria of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Attia
- Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Al-Harthi
- Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayam M Abo El-Maaty
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Çenesiz AA, Çiftci İ. Modulatory effects of medium chain fatty acids in poultry nutrition and health. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1739595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Çenesiz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İ. Çiftci
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Protected Organic Acids Improved Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Decreased Gas Emission in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030416. [PMID: 32131472 PMCID: PMC7143025 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recently, the development of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria has become a global health problem. Such a situation has compelled nutritionists and researchers to explore other potential alternatives. Among a variety of candidates for the replacement of antibiotic growth promoters, organic acids (OAs), both individual and as a blend of several acids are the most promising ones as feed additives in animal production. Organic acids maintain cellular integrity of the gut lining and improve the digestive process by maintaining normal gut flora. Addition of OAs to the diet can improve the absorption rate of proteins, amino acids, and minerals. This may contribute not only in improving performance but also reducing nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. Besides, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) constitute another type of acid and have been shown to be potential alternatives for in-feed antibiotics in farm animals as they have strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive cocci and Escherichia coli. The combination of OAs and MCFAs has been reported to improve the nutrient digestibility, growth performance, proliferation of Lactobacillus, and immunity of the animal. The present study investigated the effect of a blend of dietary protected OAs and MCFAs on broiler chickens. The results of this study showed that the blend of OA and MCFA supplementation positively influenced growth performance, DM digestibility, excreta Lactobacillus counts, as well as NH3 gas emission in broiler chickens. Abstract We investigated the effects of a blend of organic acids (OAs) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) supplementation in 800 1-d-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens (42 ± 0.90 g) in a 7-week study. Broiler chicks were randomly allocated into one of the five dietary treatments (16 birds per pen with 10 pens per treatment). Dietary treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal based basal diet and the basal diet supplemented with blend of OAs and MCFAs at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 g, and 1 g per kg of feed. In the current study, during the whole experimental period, the inclusion of the blend of OAs and MCFAs in the basal diet linearly improved (p < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and dry matter digestibility. The increasing inclusion of the blend of OA and MCFA levels in the diets linearly decreased (p = 0.002) feed intake during d 1 to 7. Broilers fed diets containing different levels of the blend of OAs and MCFAs showed a linear increase (p = 0.006) in Lactobacillus concentrations and decrease (p = 0.014) in ammonia (NH3) at the end of the experiment. However, the blend of OAs and MCFAs did not affect carcass quality, E. coli, and Salmonella counts, as well as hydrogen sulfide and total mercaptans gas emission (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the blend of OA and MCFA supplementation positively influenced growth performance, DM digestibility, excreta Lactobacillus counts, as well as NH3 gas emission in broiler chickens.
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Chen J, Li Y, Tang Z, Sun Z. Regulatory Functions of Fatty Acids with Different Chain Lengths on the Intestinal Health in Pigs and Relative Signaling Pathways. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:674-682. [PMID: 31084590 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190514120023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestines are not only major organs for nutrient digestion and absorption, but are also the largest immune organ in pigs. They are essential for maintaining the health and growth of piglets. Fatty acids, including short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, are important nutrients; they are a major energy source, important components of the cell membrane, metabolic substrates in many biochemical pathways, cell-signaling molecules, and play role as immune modulators. Research has shown that fatty acids exert beneficial effects on intestinal health in animal models and clinical trials. The objective of this review is to give a clear understanding of the regulatory effects of fatty acids of different chain lengths on intestinal health in pigs and their signaling pathways, providing scientific reference for developing a feeding technique to apply fatty acids to piglet diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Yang Y, Ashworth AJ, Willett C, Cook K, Upadhyay A, Owens PR, Ricke SC, DeBruyn JM, Moore PA. Review of Antibiotic Resistance, Ecology, Dissemination, and Mitigation in U.S. Broiler Poultry Systems. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2639. [PMID: 31803164 PMCID: PMC6872647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of land application of poultry litter, transportation of microorganisms, antibiotics, and disinfectants to new locations has occurred. While some studies provide evidence that antimicrobial resistance (AMR), an evolutionary phenomenon, could be influenced by animal production systems, other research suggests AMR originates in the environment from non-anthropogenic sources. In addition, AMR impacts the effective prevention and treatment of poultry illnesses and is increasingly a threat to global public health. Therefore, there is a need to understand the dissemination of AMR genes to the environment, particularly those directly relevant to animal health using the One Health Approach. This review focuses on the potential movement of resistance genes to the soil via land application of poultry litter. Additionally, we highlight impacts of AMR on microbial ecology and explore hypotheses explaining gene movement pathways from U.S. broiler operations to the environment. Current approaches for decreasing antibiotic use in U.S. poultry operations are also described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yang
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Amanda J Ashworth
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Cammy Willett
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kimberly Cook
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Phillip R Owens
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jennifer M DeBruyn
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Philip A Moore
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Fayetteville, AR, United States
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26
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Nurdalila AA, Mayalvanan Y, Baharum SN. Metabolite profiling of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus infected with vibriosis reveals Omega 9 as potential metabolite biomarker. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1203-1215. [PMID: 30915615 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the starvation effect and vibriosis infection on a tropical fish, the tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). The tiger groupers were infected with Vibrio vulnificus for 21 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis was used to assess the variation in metabolite profiles of E. fuscoguttatus. Metabolite productions in infected fishes were significantly influenced by fatty acid production. The Omega 9 (ω-9) was abundant under the challenged conditions compared to Omega 3 (ω-3) and Omega 6 (ω-6). A total of six fatty acids from the ω-9 group were detected in high concentration in the infected fishes compared to the control groupers. These metabolites are Oleic acid, Palmitoleic acid, 6,9-Octadecenoic acid, 8,11-Eicosadienoic acid, cis-Erucic acid and 5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid. The production of ω-9 differed significantly (p ≤ 0.001) in the challenged samples. The detected ω-9 compounds were quantified based on three different extraction techniques with Supelco 37-component FAME mix (Supelco, USA). The highest concentration of ω-9 groups compared to the other fatty acids detected is 1320.79 mg/4 g and the lowest is 939 mg/4 g in challenged-starved; meanwhile, in challenged-fed, the highest concentration detected is 1220.87 mg/4 g and the lowest is 917.25 mg/4 g. These changes demonstrate that ω-9 can be used as a biomarker of infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A'wani Aziz Nurdalila
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Kolej Permata Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Yosmetha Mayalvanan
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Yang WY, Lee Y, Lu H, Chou CH, Wang C. Analysis of gut microbiota and the effect of lauric acid against necrotic enteritis in Clostridium perfringens and Eimeria side-by-side challenge model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0205784. [PMID: 31150394 PMCID: PMC6544216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be involved in intestinal nutrition, defense, and immunity, as well as participating in disease progression. This study was to investigate gut microbiota changes in chickens challenged with netB-positive Clostridium perfringens strain (CP1) and/or the predisposing Eimeria species (Eimeria) and fed diets with fishmeal supplementation. In addition, the effects of lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA), on necrotic enteritis (NE) reduction and modulation of microbiota were evaluated. The results demonstrated that microbial communities in the jejunum were distinct from those in the cecum, and the microbial community change was more significant in jejunum. Challenge of CP1 in conjunction with Eimeria significantly reduced species diversity in jejunal microbiota, but cecal microbiota remained stable. In the jejunum, CP1 challenge increased the abundance of the genera of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Escherichia Shigella, and Weissella, but significantly decreased the population of Lactobacillus. Eimeria infection on its own was unable to promote NE, demonstrating decrements of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Lactobacillus. Co-infection with CP1 and Eimeria reproduced the majority of NE lesions with significant increment of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and reduction in Lactobacillus. The advance of changes on these two taxa increased the severity of NE lesions. Further analyses of metagenomeSeq, STAMP, and LEfSe consistently showed significant overgrowth of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was associated with NE. The supplementation of lauric acid did not reduce NE incidence and severity but decreased the relative abundance of Escherichia Shigella. In conclusion, significant overgrowth of C. perfringens as well as other Clostridium species in Clostridium sensu stricto 1 with the decrement of Lactobacillus in the jejunum is the featured microbiota correlated with NE. Controlling proliferation of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and manipulation of Lactobacillus in the jejunum should be the strategy to prevent NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Yuejia Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Hsinyi Lu
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chinling Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Micciche A, Rothrock MJ, Yang Y, Ricke SC. Essential Oils as an Intervention Strategy to Reduce Campylobacter in Poultry Production: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31139172 PMCID: PMC6527745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and can be acquired through consumption of poultry products. With 1.3 million United States cases a year, the high prevalence of Campylobacter within the poultry gastrointestinal tract is a public health concern and thus a target for the development of intervention strategies. Increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the promotion of various alternative pathogen control measures both at the farm and processing level. One such measure includes utilizing essential oils in both pre- and post-harvest settings. Essential oils are derived from plant-based extracts, and there are currently over 300 commercially available compounds. They have been proposed to control Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. When used in concentrations low enough to not influence sensory characteristics, essential oils have also been proposed to decrease bacterial contamination of the poultry product during processing. This review explores the use of essential oils, particularly thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde, and their role in reducing Campylobacter concentrations both pre- and post-harvest. This review also details the suggested mechanisms of action of essential oils on Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Micciche
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Sandilands V, Whyte F, Williams LK, Wilkinson TS, Sparks NHC, Humphrey TJ. Reliably colonising broiler chickens with Campylobacter spp. using a litter-based method. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:698-702. [PMID: 30239223 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1523538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Chicken-associated Campylobacter spp. are the cause of most food poisoning cases in Europe. In order to study the host-pathogen interactions, a reliable and reproducible method of colonising chickens with the bacteria is required. 2. This study aimed to identify a more appropriate and less invasive method of colonisation (cf. gavaging) by seeding bedding material (litter) that commercial chickens are kept on with a mixture of Campylobacter spp., broth and faeces. 3. The first phase of the study tested the longevity of Campylobacter spp. recovery in seeded litter over 24 h: significantly more Campylobacter spp. was recovered at 0 or 3 h post-seeding than at 6 and 24 h post-seeding, indicating that the pathogen can survive to detectable levels for at least 3 h in this environment. 4. In the second phase, three groups of 10 broiler chickens (negative for Campylobacter spp. prior to exposure) were exposed at 21 days of age to one of three different Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli mixes (A, B, C), using the method above. At 28 days of age, birds were euthanised by overdose of barbiturate or cervical dislocation, and livers and caeca removed for Campylobacter spp. assessment. 5. All liver and 28/30 caeca samples tested positive for Campylobacter spp., with mix A and C giving higher counts in the caeca than mix B. The method of euthanasia did not affect Campylobacter spp. counts. 6. In conclusion, a successful method for reliably colonising broiler chickens with Campylobacter spp. has been developed which negates the need for gavaging and is more representative of how contamination occurs in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sandilands
- a Monogastric Science Research Centre , Animal & Veterinary Science Group, SRUC , Ayr , UK
| | - F Whyte
- a Monogastric Science Research Centre , Animal & Veterinary Science Group, SRUC , Ayr , UK
| | - L K Williams
- b Microbiology and Infectious Disease , Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University , Swansea , UK
| | - T S Wilkinson
- b Microbiology and Infectious Disease , Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University , Swansea , UK
| | - N H C Sparks
- a Monogastric Science Research Centre , Animal & Veterinary Science Group, SRUC , Ayr , UK
| | - T J Humphrey
- b Microbiology and Infectious Disease , Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University , Swansea , UK
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Omonijo FA, Ni L, Gong J, Wang Q, Lahaye L, Yang C. Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:126-136. [PMID: 30140752 PMCID: PMC6104524 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes the efficacy, feasibility and potential mechanisms of the application of essential oils as antibiotic alternatives in swine production. Although there are numerous studies demonstrating that essential oils have several properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, feed palatability enhancement and improvement in gut growth and health, there is still a need of further investigations to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their functions. In the past, the results has been inconsistent in both laboratory and field studies because of the varied product compositions, dosages, purities and growing stages and conditions of animals. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils needed for killing enteric pathogens may not ensure the optimal feed intake and the essential oils inclusion cost may be too high in swine production. With the lipophilic and volatile nature of essential oils, there is a challenge in effective delivery of essential oils within pig gut and this challenge can partially be resolved by microencapsulation and nanotechnology. The effects of essential oils on inflammation, oxidative stress, microbiome, gut chemosensing and bacterial quorum sensing (QS) have led to better production performance of animals fed essential oils in a number of studies. It has been demonstrated that essential oils have good potential as antibiotic alternatives in feeds for swine production. The combination of different essential oils and other compounds (synergistic effect) such as organic acids seems to be a promising approach to improve the efficacy and safety of essential oils in applications. High-throughput systems technologies have been developed recently, which will allow us to dissect the mechanisms underlying the functions of essential oils and facilitate the use of essential oils in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A. Omonijo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Ludovic Lahaye
- Jefo Nutrition Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7B6, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Upadhaya S, Park J, Park J, Kim I. Efficacy of 1,3-diacylglycerol as a fat emulsifier in low-density diet for broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1672-1678. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Guyard-Nicodème M, Huneau-Salaün A, Tatone FA, Skiba F, Quentin M, Quesne S, Poezevara T, Chemaly M. Effect of Feed Additives on Productivity and Campylobacter spp. Loads in Broilers Reared under Free Range Conditions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:828. [PMID: 28553267 PMCID: PMC5427123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry reservoir, especially broiler meat, is generally recognized as one of the most-important sources for human Campylobacteriosis. The measures to control Campylobacter targeted essentially the primary production level. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments against natural Campylobacter colonization in a French experimental farm of free-range broilers during the whole rearing period. Five commercial products and a combination of two of them were tested and all the products were added to feed or to water at the dose recommended by the suppliers. Campylobacter loads in caeca and on carcasses of broilers at the slaughter were determined by culture methods. Natural contamination of the flock occurred at the end of the indoor rearing period between day 35 and day 42. At day 42, the multispecies probiotic added to the feed reduced the contamination of 0.55 log10 CFU/g (p = 0.02) but was not significant (p > 0.05) at the end of rearing at day 78. However, another treatment, a combination of a cation exchange clay-based product in feed and an organic acid mixture (formic acid, sodium formate, lactic acid, propionic acid) in water, led to a slight but significant reduction of 0.82 ± 0.25 log10 CFU/g (p = 0.02) compared to the control group at day 78. Testing this combination in field conditions in several flocks is needed to determine if it is biologically relevant and if it could be a valuable measure to reduce Campylobacter in broiler flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Guyard-Nicodème
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Adeline Huneau-Salaün
- Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Fabrizio A. Tatone
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Fabien Skiba
- NUTRICIA – Route de Saint-SeverHaut-Mauco, France
| | | | - Ségolène Quesne
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
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Zeiger K, Popp J, Becker A, Hankel J, Visscher C, Klein G, Meemken D. Lauric acid as feed additive - An approach to reducing Campylobacter spp. in broiler meat. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175693. [PMID: 28419122 PMCID: PMC5395180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Campylobacter spp. within broiler populations is a major problem for food safety and consumer protection worldwide. In vitro studies could already demonstrate that Campylobacter spp. are susceptible to lauric acid. The purpose of this study was to examine in vivo the influence of lauric acid as a feed additive on slaughter parameters, muscle fatty acid profile, meat quality traits and the reduction of Campylobacter coli in inoculated meat of Ross 308 (R308) and Hubbard JA 757 (HJA) broilers in three independent trials (n = 3). Although slaughter parameters did not show any significant differences, the fatty acid profile of both breeds revealed significantly higher lauric acid concentrations (P < 0.0001) in the Musculus pectoralis superficialis of treated broilers. Comparing both tested breeds, R308 test broilers had significantly higher lauric acid concentrations than HJA test broilers (P < 0.0001), indicating a higher conversion rate in those animals. The meat quality traits showed no differences in the R308 breed (P > 0.05), but HJA test broilers had higher values for drip loss, electrical conductivity, CIE color values L* and b*, and lower pH values. The inoculation trials of R308 showed that initial bacterial loads of 5.9 log10 cfu/g were reduced during six days of storage (4°C) to approximately 4.3 log10 cfu/g in the control groups compared to 3.5 log10 cfu/g in the treatment groups (P = 0.0295), which could be due to antimicrobial effects of lauric acid within the muscle. This study therefore suggests that lauric acid as a feed additive has the potential to improve food safety by reducing the numbers of Campylobacter coli in broiler meat. However, this effect seems to be dependent on the breed determining the feed intake capacity, the fat deposition and therefore the ability to incorporate lauric acid in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zeiger
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna Popp
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Becker
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Hankel
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guenter Klein
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 11, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Gracia M, Millán C, Sánchez J, Guyard-Nicodème M, Mayot J, Carre Y, Csorbai A, Chemaly M, Medel P. Efficacy of feed additives against Campylobacter in live broilers during the entire rearing period: Part B. Poult Sci 2016; 95:886-92. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Ravindran V, Tancharoenrat P, Zaefarian F, Ravindran G. Fats in poultry nutrition: Digestive physiology and factors influencing their utilisation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Wilson K, Bourassa D, Davis A, Freeman M, Buhr R. The addition of charcoals to broiler diets did not alter the recovery of Salmonella Typhimurium during grow-out. Poult Sci 2016; 95:694-704. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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37
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Abbas MT, Arif M, Saeed M, Reyad-ul-f M, Hassan MA, Arain M, Rehman A. Emulsifier Effect on Fat Utilization in Broiler Chicken. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2016.158.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Meunier M, Guyard-Nicodème M, Dory D, Chemaly M. Control strategies against Campylobacter
at the poultry production level: biosecurity measures, feed additives and vaccination. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1139-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Meunier
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- GVB - Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - M. Guyard-Nicodème
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - D. Dory
- GVB - Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - M. Chemaly
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
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Guyard-Nicodème M, Keita A, Quesne S, Amelot M, Poezevara T, Le Berre B, Sánchez J, Vesseur P, Martín Á, Medel P, Chemaly M. Efficacy of feed additives against Campylobacter in live broilers during the entire rearing period. Poult Sci 2016; 95:298-305. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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Ghany WAAE, Awaad M, Nagwa S. Efficacy of Certain Feed Additives for the Prevention of Campylobacter jejuni Infection in Broiler Chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ajas.2015.427.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Arsi K, Donoghue A, Woo-Ming A, Blore P, Donoghue D. The efficacy of selected probiotic and prebiotic combinations in reducing Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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42
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Zeitz JO, Fennhoff J, Kluge H, Stangl GI, Eder K. Effects of dietary fats rich in lauric and myristic acid on performance, intestinal morphology, gut microbes, and meat quality in broilers. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2404-13. [PMID: 26240391 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that dietary fats rich in lauric (C12) and myristic acid (C14) increase broiler performance and that the underlying mechanism involves antimicrobial effects on gut bacteria and changes in gut morphology. One hundred eighty 1-day-old Cobb-500 broilers were allotted to 3 groups. All groups received a basal diet consisting of maize, wheat, soybean meal, and a fat source (4.5, 7.0, 7.6, and 8.0% of fat product in the diet during d 1 to 9, 10 to 17, 18 to 27, and 28 to 35, respectively) until 35 d of age. The diet of the control group contained a fat with 67% of oleic and linoleic acid and 1.4% of C12 and C14 of total fatty acids, that of the esterified lauric and myristic acid (ELA) group a fat with 33% of esterified C12 and C14 and that of the free lauric and myristic acid (FLA) group a fat with 31% of both esterified and free (1:1) C12 and C14 (6 replicates/treatment, 10 birds/replicate). Gain and feed consumption did not differ between groups, but feed:gain was lower in FLA group as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Carcass weight, liver weight, triglyceride content of liver and muscle, and muscle cholesterol were similar between groups; however, breast muscle weight was higher in the FLA than in the control group (P < 0.05). The villus height:crypt depth ratio of the duodenal wall did not differ between groups, but in the jejunum, it was lower in the FLA group as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). DNA copy numbers of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni in jejunal digesta were similar among groups. The study shows that dietary fats rich in free C12 and C14 improved feed:gain and breast muscle yield, but the observed effects could not be conclusively explained based on the parameters measured. The decreased jejunal villi:crypt ratio may point to changes in gut protein or cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Zeitz
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Fennhoff
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - H Kluge
- Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - G I Stangl
- Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - K Eder
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Upadhyaya I, Upadhyay A, Yin HB, Nair MS, Bhattaram VK, Karumathil D, Kollanoor-Johny A, Khan MI, Darre MJ, Curtis PA, Venkitanarayanan K. Reducing Colonization and Eggborne Transmission ofSalmonellaEnteritidis in Layer Chickens by In-Feed Supplementation of Caprylic Acid. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:591-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Upadhyaya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Hsin-Bai Yin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Meera S. Nair
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Varun K. Bhattaram
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Deepti Karumathil
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | | | - Mazhar I. Khan
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Michael J. Darre
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Patricia A. Curtis
- Auburn University Food Systems Institute, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Robyn J, Rasschaert G, Pasmans F, Heyndrickx M. Thermotolerant Campylobacter during Broiler Rearing: Risk Factors and Intervention. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:81-105. [PMID: 33401809 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacters are one of the most important bacterial causative agents of human gastrointestinal illness worldwide. In most European Union (EU) member states human campylobacteriosis is mainly caused by infection with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli following consumption or inadequate handling of Campylobacter-contaminated poultry meat. To date, no effective strategy to control Campylobacter colonization of broilers during rearing is available. In this review, we describe the public health problem posed by Campylobacter presence in broilers and list and critically review all currently known measures that have been researched to lower the numbers of Campylobacter bacteria in broilers during rearing. We also discuss the most promising measures and which measures should be investigated further. We end this review by elaborating on readily usable measures to lower Campylobacter introduction and Campylobacter numbers in a broiler flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Robyn
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium.,the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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45
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Wang J, Wang X, Li J, Chen Y, Yang W, Zhang L. Effects of Dietary Coconut Oil as a Medium-chain Fatty Acid Source on Performance, Carcass Composition and Serum Lipids in Male Broilers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:223-30. [PMID: 25557818 PMCID: PMC4283167 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary coconut oil as a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) source on performance, carcass composition and serum lipids in male broilers. A total of 540, one-day-old, male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with each treatment being applied to 6 replicates of 18 chicks. The basal diet (i.e., R0) was based on corn and soybean meal and was supplemented with 1.5% soybean oil during the starter phase (d 0 to 21) and 3.0% soybean oil during the grower phase (d 22 to 42). Four experimental diets were formulated by replacing 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the soybean oil with coconut oil (i.e., R25, R50, R75, and R100). Soybean oil and coconut oil were used as sources of long-chain fatty acid and MCFA, respectively. The feeding trial showed that dietary coconut oil had no effect on weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion. On d 42, serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were linearly decreased as the coconut oil level increased (p<0.01). Lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and total lipase activities were linearly increased as the coconut oil level increased (p<0.01). Abdominal fat weight/eviscerated weight (p = 0.05), intermuscular fat width (p<0.01) and subcutaneous fat thickness (p<0.01) showed a significant quadratic relationship, with the lowest value at R75. These results indicated that replacement of 75% of the soybean oil in diets with coconut oil is the optimum level to reduce fat deposition and favorably affect lipid profiles without impairing performance in broilers.
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46
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Larsen MH, Dalmasso M, Ingmer H, Langsrud S, Malakauskas M, Mader A, Møretrø T, Smole Možina S, Rychli K, Wagner M, John Wallace R, Zentek J, Jordan K. Persistence of foodborne pathogens and their control in primary and secondary food production chains. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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47
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Arsi K, Donoghue A, Venkitanarayanan K, Kollanoor-Johny A, Fanatico A, Blore P, Donoghue D. The Efficacy of the Natural Plant Extracts, Thymol and Carvacrol against C
ampylobacter
Colonization in Broiler Chickens. J Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Arsi
- Department of Poultry Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701
| | - A.M. Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit; Agricultural Research Service, USDA; Fayetteville AR
| | | | | | - A.C. Fanatico
- Goodnight Family Sustainable Development; Appalachian State University; Boone NC
| | - P.J. Blore
- Department of Poultry Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701
| | - D.J. Donoghue
- Department of Poultry Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701
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48
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Harrison LM, Balan KV, Babu US. Dietary fatty acids and immune response to food-borne bacterial infections. Nutrients 2013; 5:1801-22. [PMID: 23698167 PMCID: PMC3708349 DOI: 10.3390/nu5051801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional innate and acquired immune responses are required to protect the host from pathogenic bacterial infections. Modulation of host immune functions may have beneficial or deleterious effects on disease outcome. Different types of dietary fatty acids have been shown to have variable effects on bacterial clearance and disease outcome through suppression or activation of immune responses. Therefore, we have chosen to review research across experimental models and food sources on the effects of commonly consumed fatty acids on the most common food-borne pathogens, including Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Altogether, the compilation of literature suggests that no single fatty acid is an answer for protection from all food-borne pathogens, and further research is necessary to determine the best approach to improve disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Harrison
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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49
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Aguiar VF, Donoghue AM, Arsi K, Reyes-Herrera I, Metcalf JH, de los Santos FS, Blore PJ, Donoghue DJ. Targeting Motility Properties of Bacteria in the Development of Probiotic Cultures AgainstCampylobacter jejuniin Broiler Chickens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:435-41. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian F. Aguiar
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Ann M. Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Komala Arsi
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | | | - Joel H. Metcalf
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | | | - Pamela J. Blore
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Dan J. Donoghue
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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50
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Venkitanarayanan K, Kollanoor-Johny A, Darre MJ, Donoghue AM, Donoghue DJ. Use of plant-derived antimicrobials for improving the safety of poultry products. Poult Sci 2013; 92:493-501. [PMID: 23300319 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni are the 2 major foodborne pathogens transmitted through poultry products. Chickens are the reservoir hosts of these pathogens, with their intestinal colonization being the most significant factor causing contamination of meat and eggs. Effective preslaughter strategies for reducing the colonization of birds with these pathogens are critical to improve the microbiological safety of poultry products. An antimicrobial treatment that can be applied through feed represents the most practical and economically viable method for adoption on farms. Additionally, a natural and safe antimicrobial will be better accepted by producers without concerns for toxicity. This symposium talk discussed the potential use of plant-derived, GRAS (generally recognized as safe)-status molecules, caprylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol as feed supplements for reducing cecal populations of Salmonella Enteritidis and C. jejuni in chickens. Additionally, the effect of plant molecules on Salmonella virulence genes critical for cecal colonization in chickens was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA.
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