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Gonyar LA, Sauder AB, Mortensen L, Willsey GG, Kendall MM. The yad and yeh fimbrial loci influence gene expression and virulence in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. mSphere 2024:e0012424. [PMID: 38904402 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00124-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fimbriae are essential virulence factors for many bacterial pathogens. Fimbriae are extracellular structures that attach bacteria to surfaces. Thus, fimbriae mediate a critical step required for any pathogen to establish infection by anchoring a bacterium to host tissue. The human pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7encodes 16 fimbriae that may be important for EHEC to initiate infection and allow for productive expression of virulence traits important in later stages of infection, including a type III secretion system (T3SS) and Shiga toxin; however, the roles of most EHEC fimbriae are largely uncharacterized. Here, we provide evidence that two EHEC fimbriae, Yad and Yeh, modulate expression of diverse genes including genes encoding T3SS and Shiga toxin and that these fimbriae are required for robust colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. These findings reveal a significant and previously unappreciated role for fimbriae in bacterial pathogenesis as important determinants of virulence gene expression.IMPORTANCEFimbriae are extracellular proteinaceous structures whose defining role is to anchor bacteria to surfaces. This is a fundamental step for bacterial pathogens to establish infection in a host. Here, we show that the contributions of fimbriae to pathogenesis are more complex. Specifically, we demonstrate that fimbriae influence expression of virulence traits essential for disease progression in the intestinal pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria express multiple fimbriae; therefore, these findings may have broad implications for understanding how pathogens use fimbriae, beyond adhesion, to initiate infection and coordinate gene expression, which ultimately results in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Gonyar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amber B Sauder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lindsay Mortensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Graham G Willsey
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Melissa M Kendall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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2
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Kalalah AA, Koenig SSK, Bono JL, Bosilevac JM, Eppinger M. Pathogenomes and virulence profiles of representative big six non-O157 serogroup Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1364026. [PMID: 38562479 PMCID: PMC10982417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1364026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) of non-O157:H7 serotypes are responsible for global and widespread human food-borne disease. Among these serogroups, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 account for the majority of clinical infections and are colloquially referred to as the "Big Six." The "Big Six" strain panel we sequenced and analyzed in this study are reference type cultures comprised of six strains representing each of the non-O157 STEC serogroups curated and distributed by the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) as a resource to the research community under panel number ATCC MP-9. The application of long- and short-read hybrid sequencing yielded closed chromosomes and a total of 14 plasmids of diverse functions. Through high-resolution comparative phylogenomics, we cataloged the shared and strain-specific virulence and resistance gene content and established the close relationship of serogroup O26 and O103 strains featuring flagellar H-type 11. Virulence phenotyping revealed statistically significant differences in the Stx-production capabilities that we found to be correlated to the strain's individual stx-status. Among the carried Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2d phages, the Stx2a phage is by far the most responsive upon RecA-mediated phage mobilization, and in consequence, stx2a + isolates produced the highest-level of toxin in this panel. The availability of high-quality closed genomes for this "Big Six" reference set, including carried plasmids, along with the recorded genomic virulence profiles and Stx-production phenotypes will provide a valuable foundation to further explore the plasticity in evolutionary trajectories in these emerging non-O157 STEC lineages, which are major culprits of human food-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. Kalalah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sara S. K. Koenig
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - James L. Bono
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Joseph M. Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Mark Eppinger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
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3
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Khan N, Graham T, Franciszkiewicz K, Bloch S, Nejman-Faleńczyk B, Wegrzyn A, Donaldson LW. The NMR structure of the Orf63 lytic developmental protein from lambda bacteriophage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3793. [PMID: 38360900 PMCID: PMC10869804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The orf63 gene resides in a region of the lambda bacteriophage genome between the exo and xis genes and is among the earliest genes transcribed during infection. In lambda phage and Shiga toxin (Stx) producing phages found in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) associated with food poisoning, Orf63 expression reduces the host survival and hastens the period between infection and lysis thereby giving it pro-lytic qualities. The NMR structure of dimeric Orf63 reveals a fold consisting of two helices and one strand that all make extensive intermolecular contacts. Structure-based data mining failed to identify any Orf63 homolog beyond the family of temperate bacteriophages. A machine learning approach was used to design an amphipathic helical ligand that bound a hydrophobic cleft on Orf63 with micromolar affinity. This approach may open a new path towards designing therapeutics that antagonize the contributions of Stx phages in EHEC outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushaba Khan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Tavawn Graham
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J1P3, Canada
| | | | - Sylwia Bloch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Wegrzyn
- Phage Therapy Center, University Center for Applied and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Gdańsk, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Logan W Donaldson
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J1P3, Canada.
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McCoy R, Oldroyd S, Yang W, Wang K, Hoven D, Bulmer D, Zilbauer M, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Investigating Intestinal Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306727. [PMID: 38155358 PMCID: PMC10885678 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as a major threat worldwide due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of novel pathogens. In vitro models that can adequately mimic in vivo gastrointestinal physiology are in high demand to elucidate mechanisms behind pathogen infectivity, and to aid the design of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. There exists a trade-off between simple and high throughput models and those that are more complex and physiologically relevant. The complexity of the model used shall be guided by the biological question to be addressed. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the intestine and the models that are developed to emulate this. Conventional models are discussed in addition to emerging models which employ engineering principles to equip them with necessary advanced monitoring capabilities for intestinal host-pathogen interrogation. Limitations of current models and future perspectives on the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece McCoy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sophie Oldroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Kaixin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Darius Hoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - David Bulmer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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Zaki MS, Abd-El-All AM, Attia AS, Dahshan H, Al-Ashery MA, Megahed A. Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from Egyptian dairy cattle herds: The prevalence and molecular characteristics. Open Vet J 2024; 14:214-224. [PMID: 38633193 PMCID: PMC11018409 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogens Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica that caused substantial health problems and financial losses were believed to have originated primarily from Egypt's dairy farms. Aim The purpose of this study was to ascertain the occurrence of E. coli and S. enterica in three large dairy farms located in the Egyptian governorate of Sharkia. Furthermore, biochemical and serological characteristics of the isolated isolates were described. Further analysis revealed that several E. coli serovars had the genes stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hylA, while invA, stn, and hilA genes were found in several S. enterica serotypes using a multi-plex PCR. Methods A total of 540 samples of fresh raw cow milk, water, feedstuffs, feces, (108 each), as well as swabs from feeders, milker hands and cattle crushes (36 each ), were gathered and analyzed. Results The recovery of E. coli from various sampling sources was shown to have an overall prevalence of 62.2% (336/540) in the results. Fecal samples had isolated S. enterica, with a frequency of 0.74% (4/540). The existence of various groups of serovars, such as O26, O44, O55, O78 and O111 for E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella inganda for S. enterica was revealed by serological identification of the two species. However, it was discovered that a number of E. coli serovars had much higher percentages of the eaeA and hylA genes as well as shiga-toxin types 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2). The presence of the invA gene, a diagnostic marker for S. enterica was 100% across all serovars. Salmonella enteritidis possessed both the enterotoxin gene (stn) and the hyper-invasive locus gene (hilA). Salmonella typhimurium had the hilA gene, whereas S. inganda had the stn gene. Conclusion Escherichia coli and S. enterica recovered in this study have significant genetic risk factors for high pathogenicity and virulence, posing a real threat to dairy population productivity and health, which could spread to the general public through milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S.A. Zaki
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amr M.M. Abd-El-All
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira S.A. Attia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hesham Dahshan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Al-Ashery
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ayman Megahed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Parfenov AI, Kagramanova AV, Khomeriki SG, Kulakov DS. [Modern concept of differential diagnosis of colitis: from G.F. Lang to the present day. A review]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2023; 95:1022-1030. [PMID: 38158934 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.12.202496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the article is to improve the differential diagnosis of specific and nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases. In Russia, this scientific direction is associated with the name of G.F. Lang, who performed in 1901-1902 the study "On ulcerative inflammation of the large intestine caused by balantidiasis". The etiology of specific colitis is associated with infection with parasites, bacteria and viruses that cause inflammation of the intestinal wall, diarrhea, often with an admixture of mucus, pus and blood. Specific colitis (SC) may be accompanied by fever, abdominal pain, and tenesmus. Bacterial colitis is commonly caused by Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Viral colitis is caused by rotavirus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and norovirus. Parasitic colitis can be caused by Entamoeba histolytica and balantidia. In gay people, SC can cause sexually transmitted infections: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and treponema pallidum, affecting the rectum. Stool microscopy, culture, and endoscopy are used to establish the diagnosis. Stool culture helps in the diagnosis of bacterial colitis in 50% of patients, and endoscopic studies reveal only nonspecific pathological changes. Differential diagnosis of SC should be carried out with immune-inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, undifferentiated colitis), radiation colitis and other iatrogenic bowel lesions. The principles of diagnosis and therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases associated with various etiological.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A V Kagramanova
- Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center
- Research Institute of Healthcare Organization and Medical Management
| | | | - D S Kulakov
- Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center
- Research Institute of Healthcare Organization and Medical Management
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Rajkhowa S, Sonowal J, Borthakur U, Pegu SR, Deb R, Das PJ, Sengar GS, Gupta VK. Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Porcine Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens in India: A 13-Year (2010-2023) Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:1266. [PMID: 37887783 PMCID: PMC10610365 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of bacterial pathogens such as Brucella spp., Clostridium spp., E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus suis not only hampers pig production but also carries significant zoonotic implications. The present study aims to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning over 13 years (2010-2023) to ascertain the prevalence of these zoonotic bacterial pathogens in Indian pig populations. The study seeks to synthesize data from diverse geographic regions within India and underscores the relevance of the One Health framework. A systematic search of electronic databases was meticulously performed. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies detailing zoonotic bacterial pathogen prevalence in pigs within India during the specified timeframe. Pertinent information including authors, publication year, geographical location, sampling techniques, sample sizes, and pathogen-positive case counts were meticulously extracted. The meta-analysis of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in Indian pig populations (2010-2023) unveiled varying prevalence rates: 9% Brucella spp., 22% Clostridium spp., 19% E. coli, 12% Listeria monocytogenes, 10% Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus suis, and 24% Staphylococcus spp. The application of random effects further revealed additional variability: 6% Brucella spp., 23% Clostridium spp., 24% E. coli, 14% Listeria monocytogenes, 10% Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus suis, and 35% Staphylococcus spp. Notably, the observed heterogeneity (I2) varied significantly from 87% to 99%. The meta-analysis findings underscore the pervasive nature of these diseases throughout India's pig populations, accentuating the substantial impact of these pathogens on pig health and the potential for zoonotic transmission. The present study reinforces the importance of the adoption of a comprehensive One Health approach that acknowledges the intricate interplay between animal, human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaraj Rajkhowa
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India; (J.S.); (S.R.P.); (R.D.); (P.J.D.); (G.S.S.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Joyshikh Sonowal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India; (J.S.); (S.R.P.); (R.D.); (P.J.D.); (G.S.S.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Udipta Borthakur
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Guwahati 781003, Assam, India;
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India; (J.S.); (S.R.P.); (R.D.); (P.J.D.); (G.S.S.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India; (J.S.); (S.R.P.); (R.D.); (P.J.D.); (G.S.S.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India; (J.S.); (S.R.P.); (R.D.); (P.J.D.); (G.S.S.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Gyanendra Singh Sengar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India; (J.S.); (S.R.P.); (R.D.); (P.J.D.); (G.S.S.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India; (J.S.); (S.R.P.); (R.D.); (P.J.D.); (G.S.S.); (V.K.G.)
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8
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Mangieri N, Vieira RP, Picozzi C. Influence of cheese making process on STEC bacteriophage release. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1270346. [PMID: 37840705 PMCID: PMC10569213 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1270346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens implicated in diseases including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and hemorrhagic colitis (HC). The main virulence factor are Shiga toxins; their production and secretion are by-products of the expression of late genes of prophages upon sub-lethal environmental stimuli exposure. Hence, the lysogenic prophage after a stress switch to lytic cycle spreading the Stx phages. In the present study, 35 STEC were screened for the presence and the ability to release Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages. Three bacterial strains showed signals of prophage presence both in plate and in PCR. Subsequently, these bacterial strains were subjected to stressors that simulate cheese manufacturing conditions: NaCl (1, 1.5 and 2% w/v), lactic acid (0.5, 1.5 and 3% v/v), anaerobic growth, pasteurization (72°C for 15 s), UV irradiation. The ability to release prophage was evaluated by Real Time qPCR. Induction of the prophages showed that the addition of NaCl at 1.5 and 2% significantly increased viral release compared to control. Conversely, the addition of lactic acid had a significant repressive effect. The other applied stressors had no significant effect in phage release according to the experimental conditions adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Mangieri
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rui P. Vieira
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Claudia Picozzi
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Sinagra E, Mandarino FV, Maida M, Cabibi D, Rossi F, Raimondo D, Manfredi G. Focal Active Colitis: What Are Its Clinical Implications? A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2631. [PMID: 37893005 PMCID: PMC10604212 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal active colitis (FAC) is described as a histolopathological term indicating the isolated finding of focal neutrophil infiltration in the colonic crypts. Currently, there exist numerous debates regarding the clinical significance of diagnosing FAC, which may or may not have clinical relevance as it is frequently detected in colorectal biopsies without any other microscopic abnormalities. The objective of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the available evidence concerning the clinical implications of FAC, both in the adult population (among five studies available in the scientific literature) and in the pediatric context (based on two available studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Sinagra
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (F.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Francesco Vito Mandarino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marcello Maida
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
| | - Daniela Cabibi
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy;
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (F.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Dario Raimondo
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (F.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Guido Manfredi
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Department, ASST-Crema Maggiore Hospital, 26013 Crema, Italy;
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Richardson D, Pakianathan M, Ewens M, Mitchell H, Mohammed H, Wiseman E, Tweed M, Nichols K, Rawdah W, Cooper R, Macrowan R, Irish M, Evans A, Godbole G. British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) United Kingdom national guideline for the management of sexually transmitted enteric infections 2023. Int J STD AIDS 2023:9564624231168217. [PMID: 37247427 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231168217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This is the first British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) national guideline for the management of sexually transmitted enteric infections (STEI). This guideline is primarily aimed for level 3 sexual health clinics; however, it may also be applicable to other settings such as primary care or other hospital departments where individuals with STEI may present. This guideline makes recommendations on testing, management, partner notification and public health control of STEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Richardson
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Waseem Rawdah
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Richard Cooper
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Amy Evans
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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11
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Smith WPJ, Wucher BR, Nadell CD, Foster KR. Bacterial defences: mechanisms, evolution and antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41579-023-00877-3. [PMID: 37095190 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Throughout their evolutionary history, bacteria have faced diverse threats from other microorganisms, including competing bacteria, bacteriophages and predators. In response to these threats, they have evolved sophisticated defence mechanisms that today also protect bacteria against antibiotics and other therapies. In this Review, we explore the protective strategies of bacteria, including the mechanisms, evolution and clinical implications of these ancient defences. We also review the countermeasures that attackers have evolved to overcome bacterial defences. We argue that understanding how bacteria defend themselves in nature is important for the development of new therapies and for minimizing resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P J Smith
- Division of Genomics, Infection and Evolution, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Benjamin R Wucher
- Department of Biological sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Carey D Nadell
- Department of Biological sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kevin R Foster
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Huerta-Saquero A, Chapartegui-González I, Bowser S, Khakhum N, Stockton JL, Torres AG. P22-Based Nanovaccines against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2023:e0473422. [PMID: 36943089 PMCID: PMC10100862 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04734-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an important causative agent of diarrhea in humans that causes outbreaks worldwide. Efforts have been made to mitigate the morbidity and mortality caused by these microorganisms; however, the global incidence is still high, causing hundreds of deaths per year. Several vaccine candidates have been evaluated that demonstrate some stability and therapeutic potential but have limited overarching effect. Virus-like particles have been used successfully as nanocontainers for the targeted delivery of drugs, proteins, or nucleic acids. In this study, phage P22 nanocontainers were used as a carrier for the highly antigenic T3SS structural protein EscC that is conserved between EHEC and other enteropathogenic bacteria. We were able to stably incorporate the EscC protein into P22 nanocontainers. The EscC-P22 particles were used to intranasally inoculate mice, which generated specific antibodies against EscC. These antibodies increased the phagocytic activity of murine macrophages infected with EHEC in vitro and reduced bacterial adherence to Caco-2 epithelial cells in vitro, illustrating their functionality. The EscC-P22-based particles are a potential nanovaccine candidate for immunization against EHEC O157:H7 infections. IMPORTANCE This study describes the initial attempt to use P22 viral-like particles as nanocontainers expressing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) proteins that are immunogenic and could be used as effective vaccines against EHEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, México
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sarah Bowser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nittaya Khakhum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob L Stockton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Vogt SL, Serapio-Palacios A, Woodward SE, Santos AS, de Vries SP, Daigneault MC, Brandmeier LV, Grant AJ, Maskell DJ, Allen-Vercoe E, Finlay BB. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli responds to gut microbiota metabolites by altering metabolism and activating stress responses. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2190303. [PMID: 36951510 PMCID: PMC10038027 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a major cause of severe bloody diarrhea, with potentially lethal complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. In humans, EHEC colonizes the colon, which is also home to a diverse community of trillions of microbes known as the gut microbiota. Although these microbes and the metabolites that they produce represent an important component of EHEC's ecological niche, little is known about how EHEC senses and responds to the presence of gut microbiota metabolites. In this study, we used a combined RNA-Seq and Tn-Seq approach to characterize EHEC's response to metabolites from an in vitro culture of 33 human gut microbiota isolates (MET-1), previously demonstrated to effectively resolve recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in human patients. Collectively, the results revealed that EHEC adjusts to growth in the presence of microbiota metabolites in two major ways: by altering its metabolism and by activating stress responses. Metabolic adaptations to the presence of microbiota metabolites included increased expression of systems for maintaining redox balance and decreased expression of biotin biosynthesis genes, reflecting the high levels of biotin released by the microbiota into the culture medium. In addition, numerous genes related to envelope and oxidative stress responses (including cpxP, spy, soxS, yhcN, and bhsA) were upregulated during EHEC growth in a medium containing microbiota metabolites. Together, these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which pathogens adapt to the presence of competing microbes in the host environment, which ultimately may enable the development of therapies to enhance colonization resistance and prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L. Vogt
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sarah E. Woodward
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew S. Santos
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stefan P.W. de Vries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle C. Daigneault
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa V. Brandmeier
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan J. Maskell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Izquierdo M, Lopez J, Gallardo P, Vidal RM, Ossa JC, Farfan MJ. Bacteria from gut microbiota associated with diarrheal infections in children promote virulence of Shiga toxin-producing and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathotypes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:867205. [PMID: 36017363 PMCID: PMC9396624 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.867205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) pathogenicity relies on the interaction of bacteria with the host’s gut environment, which is regulated by the resident microbiota. Previously, we identified indicative bacterial species of gut microbiota in DEC-positive stool samples from children. Here, we evaluated the role of two indicative species, Citrobacter werkmanii (CW) and Escherichia albertii (EA), in the virulence of two DEC pathotypes, Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) and enteroaggregative (EAEC) Escherichia coli. Methods We determined the effect of supernatants obtained from CW and EA cultures on the gene expression of STEC strain 86-24 and EAEC strain 042 by RNA-seq analysis. We evaluated IL-8 secretion from T84 cells infected with these DEC strains in the presence or absence of the supernatant from EA. The effect of the supernatant from EA on the growth and adherence of STEC and EAEC to cells was also evaluated. Finally, we studied the effect of the EA supernatant on the STEC-induced inflammation mediated by the long polar fimbriae (Lpf) in T84 cells and the expression of plasmid-encoded toxin (Pet) in EAEC. Results RNA-seq analysis revealed that several virulence factors in STEC and EAEC were upregulated in the presence of supernatants from CW and EA. Interestingly, an increase in the secretion of IL-8 was observed in cells infected with STEC or EAEC in the presence of a supernatant from EA. Similar results were observed with the supernatants obtained from clinical strains of E. albertii. The supernatant from EA had no effect on the growth of STEC and EAEC, or on the ability of these DEC strains to adhere to cells. We found that Pet toxin in EAEC was upregulated in the presence of a supernatant from EA. In STEC, using mutant strains for Lpf fimbriae, our data suggested that these fimbriae might be participating in the increase in IL-8 induced by STEC in cells in the presence of a supernatant from EA. Conclusion Supernatant obtained from an indicative species of DEC-positive diarrhea could modulate gene expression in STEC and EAEC, and IL-8 secretion induced by these bacteria. These data provide new insights into the effect of gut microbiota species in the pathogenicity of STEC and EAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Izquierdo
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquín Lopez
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Gallardo
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C. Ossa
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio J. Farfan
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Mauricio J. Farfan,
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15
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Gelalcha BD, Brown SM, Crocker HE, Agga GE, Kerro Dego O. Regulation Mechanisms of Virulence Genes in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:598-612. [PMID: 35921067 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is one of the most common E. coli pathotypes reported to cause several outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. EHEC is a zoonotic pathogen, and ruminants, especially cattle, are considered important reservoirs for the most common EHEC serotype, E. coli O157:H7. Humans are infected indirectly through the consumption of food (milk, meat, leafy vegetables, and fruits) and water contaminated by animal feces or direct contact with carrier animals or humans. E. coli O157:H7 is one of the most frequently reported causes of foodborne illnesses in developed countries. It employs two essential virulence mechanisms to trigger damage to the host. These are the development of attaching and effacing (AE) phenotypes on the intestinal mucosa of the host and the production of Shiga toxin (Stx) that causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The AE phenotype is controlled by the pathogenicity island, the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). The induction of both AE and Stx is under strict and highly complex regulatory mechanisms. Thus, a good understanding of these mechanisms, major proteins expressed, and environmental cues involved in the regulation of the expression of the virulence genes is vital to finding a method to control the colonization of reservoir hosts, especially cattle, and disease development in humans. This review is a concise account of the current state of knowledge of virulence gene regulation in the LEE-positive EHEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benti D Gelalcha
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Selina M Brown
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hannah E Crocker
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Getahun E Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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16
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Enciso-Martínez Y, González-Aguilar GA, Martínez-Téllez MA, González-Pérez CJ, Valencia-Rivera DE, Barrios-Villa E, Ayala-Zavala JF. Relevance of tracking the diversity of Escherichia coli pathotypes to reinforce food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 374:109736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Allué-Guardia A, Koenig SSK, Martinez RA, Rodriguez AL, Bosilevac JM, Feng† P, Eppinger M. Pathogenomes and variations in Shiga toxin production among geographically distinct clones of Escherichia coli O113:H21. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35394418 PMCID: PMC9453080 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with globally disseminated Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) of the O113:H21 serotype can progress to severe clinical complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Two phylogeographically distinct clonal complexes have been established by multi locus sequence typing (MLST). Infections with ST-820 isolates circulating exclusively in Australia have caused severe human disease, such as HUS. Conversely, ST-223 isolates prevalent in the US and outside Australia seem to rarely cause severe human disease but are frequent contaminants. Following a genomic epidemiology approach, we wanted to gain insights into the underlying cause for this disparity. We examined the plasticity in the genome make-up and Shiga toxin production in a collection of 20 ST-820 and ST-223 strains isolated from produce, the bovine reservoir, and clinical cases. STEC are notorious for assembly into fragmented draft sequences when using short-read sequencing technologies due to the extensive and partly homologous phage complement. The application of long-read technology (LRT) sequencing yielded closed reference chromosomes and plasmids for two representative ST-820 and ST-223 strains. The established high-resolution framework, based on whole genome alignments, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-typing and MLST, includes the chromosomes and plasmids of other publicly available O113:H21 sequences and allowed us to refine the phylogeographical boundaries of ST-820 and ST-223 complex isolates and to further identify a historic non-shigatoxigenic strain from Mexico as a quasi-intermediate. Plasmid comparison revealed strong correlations between the strains' featured pO113 plasmid genotypes and chromosomally inferred ST, which suggests coevolution of the chromosome and virulence plasmids. Our pathogenicity assessment revealed statistically significant differences in the Stx2a-production capabilities of ST-820 as compared to ST-223 strains under RecA-induced Stx phage mobilization, a condition that mimics Stx-phage induction. These observations suggest that ST-820 strains may confer an increased pathogenic potential in line with the strain-associated epidemiological metadata. Still, some of the tested ST-223 cultures sourced from contaminated produce or the bovine reservoir also produced Stx at levels comparable to those of ST-820 isolates, which calls for awareness and for continued surveillance of this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Allué-Guardia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sara S. K. Koenig
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo A. Martinez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Armando L. Rodriguez
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Research Computing Support Group, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M. Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Peter Feng†
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mark Eppinger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: Mark Eppinger,
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Tabaran A, Soulageon V, Chirila F, Reget OL, Mihaiu M, Borzan M, Dan SD. Pathogenic E. coli from Cattle as a Reservoir of Resistance Genes to Various Groups of Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030404. [PMID: 35326867 PMCID: PMC8944818 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide concern in all public health domains and reducing the spread has become a global priority. Pathogenic E. coli is responsible for a number of illnesses in humans and outbreaks in the past have been correlated with the consumption of contaminated bovine products. This is why surveillance in all the steps of production is essential. This study focused on identifying the pathogenic strains of E. coli in two large bovine abattoirs from Romania and France, and on associating them with the antimicrobial resistance patterns. A total of 250 samples from intestinal content were aseptically collected during the evisceration step of the cattle slaughtering process, from which 242 E. coli strains were isolated. Seventeen percent of all samples tested positive to at least one E. coli isolate carrying eaeA, stx1 and stx2 genes. The most prevalent genetic profile found in the E. coli strains tested was Stx1-positive and Stx2/eaeA-negative. More than 68% of the pathogenic E. coli isolated in Romania showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) and in France, the percentage was significantly lower (38%). The MDR profiles showed a high gene diversity for antibiotic resistance, which represents a great risk for environmental spread and human health. Our results indicate that in Romania, bovines can represent a reservoir for MDR E. coli and, hence, a surveillance system for antimicrobials usage in farm animals is highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tabaran
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Virginie Soulageon
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
| | - Flore Chirila
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Oana Lucia Reget
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
| | - Mihai Borzan
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
| | - Sorin Daniel Dan
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
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Park NY, Koh A. From the Dish to the Real World: Modeling Interactions between the Gut and Microorganisms in Gut Organoids by Tailoring the Gut Milieu. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:70-84. [PMID: 35220293 PMCID: PMC8889331 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of human intestinal organoid systems has revolutionized the way we understand the interactions between the human gut and microorganisms given the host tropism of human microorganisms. The gut microorganisms have regionality (i.e., small versus large intestine) and the expression of various virulence factors in pathogens is influenced by the gut milieu. However, the culture conditions, optimized for human intestinal organoids, often do not fully support the proliferation and functionality of gut microorganisms. In addition, the regional identity of human intestinal organoids has not been considered to study specific microorganisms with regional preference. In this review we provide an overview of current efforts to understand the role of microorganisms in human intestinal organoids. Specifically, we will emphasize the importance of matching the regional preference of microorganisms in the gut and tailoring the appropriate luminal environmental conditions (i.e., oxygen, pH, and biochemical levels) for modeling real interactions between the gut and the microorganisms with human intestinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Ara Koh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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20
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Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals a New Genetic Clade among Escherichia coli O26 Strains. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0252521. [PMID: 35107330 PMCID: PMC8809355 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02525-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26 is the predominant non-O157 serogroup causing hemolytic uremic syndrome worldwide. Moreover, the serogroup is highly dynamic and harbors several pathogenic clones. Here, we investigated the phylogenetic relationship of STEC O26 at a global level based on 1,367 strains from 20 countries deposited in NCBI and Enterobase databases. The whole-genome-based analysis identified a new genetic clade, called ST29C4. The new clade was unique in terms of multilocus sequence type (ST29), CRISPR (group Ia), and dominant plasmid gene profile (ehxA+/katP-/espP-/etpD-). Moreover, the combination of multiple typing methods (core genome single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] typing, CRISPR typing, and virulence genes analysis) demonstrated that this new lineage ST29C4 was in the intermediate phylogenetic position between ST29C3 and other non-ST29C3 strains. Besides, we observed that ST29C4 harbored extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)-related virulence gene (VG), tsh, and STEC-associated VG, stx2a, suggesting the emergence of a hybrid pathogen. The ST29C4 strains also exhibited high similarity in stx2a-prophage and integrase with the O104:H4 strain, further demonstrating its potential risk to human health. Collectively, the large-scale phylogenetic analysis extends the understanding of the clonal structure of O26 strains and provides new insights for O26 strain microevolution. IMPORTANCE Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26 is the second prevalent STEC serogroup only to O157, which can cause a series of diseases ranging from mild diarrhea to life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The serogroup is highly diverse and multiple clones are characterized, including ST29C1-C3 and ST21C1-C2. However, the phylogenetic relationship of these clones remains fully unclear. In this study, we revealed a new genetic clade among O26 strains, ST29C4, which was unique in terms of CRISPR, multilocus sequence type (MLST), and plasmid gene profile (PGP). Moreover, the combination of multiple typing methods demonstrated that this new clone was located in the intermediate phylogenetic position between ST29C3 and other non-ST29C3 strains (i.e., ST29C1-C2 and ST21C1-C2). Overall, the large-scale phylogenetic analysis extends our current understanding of O26 microevolution.
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21
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AB 5 Enterotoxin-Mediated Pathogenesis: Perspectives Gleaned from Shiga Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010062. [PMID: 35051039 PMCID: PMC8779504 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases affect an estimated 600 million people worldwide annually, with the majority of these illnesses caused by Norovirus, Vibrio, Listeria, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. To elicit infections in humans, bacterial pathogens express a combination of virulence factors and toxins. AB5 toxins are an example of such toxins that can cause various clinical manifestations, including dehydration, diarrhea, kidney damage, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Treatment of most bacterial foodborne illnesses consists of fluid replacement and antibiotics. However, antibiotics are not recommended for infections caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) because of the increased risk of HUS development, although there are conflicting views and results in this regard. Lack of effective treatment strategies for STEC infections pose a public health threat during outbreaks; therefore, the debate on antibiotic use for STEC infections could be further explored, along with investigations into antibiotic alternatives. The overall goal of this review is to provide a succinct summary on the mechanisms of action and the pathogenesis of AB5 and related toxins, as expressed by bacterial foodborne pathogens, with a primary focus on Shiga toxins (Stx). The role of Stx in human STEC disease, detection methodologies, and available treatment options are also briefly discussed.
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22
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Eppinger M, Almería S, Allué-Guardia A, Bagi LK, Kalalah AA, Gurtler JB, Fratamico PM. Genome Sequence Analysis and Characterization of Shiga Toxin 2 Production by Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains Associated With a Laboratory Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:888568. [PMID: 35770066 PMCID: PMC9234449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.888568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A laboratory-acquired E. coli O157:H7 infection with associated severe sequelae including hemolytic uremic syndrome occurred in an individual working in the laboratory with a mixture of nalidixic acid-resistant (NalR) O157:H7 mutant strains in a soil-biochar blend. The patient was hospitalized and treated with an intravenous combination of metronidazole and levofloxacin. The present study investigated the source of this severe laboratory acquired infection and further examined the influence of the antibiotics used during treatment on the expression and production of Shiga toxin. Genomes of two Stx2a-and eae-positive O157:H7 strains isolated from the patient's stool were sequenced along with two pairs of the wt strains and their derived NalR mutants used in the laboratory experiments. High-resolution SNP typing determined the strains' individual genetic relatedness and unambiguously identified the two laboratory-derived NalR mutant strains as the source of the researcher's life-threatening disease, rather than a conceivable ingestion of unrelated O157:H7 isolates circulating at the same time. It was further confirmed that in sublethal doses, the antibiotics increased toxin expression and production. Our results support a simultaneous co-infection with clinical strains in the laboratory, which were the causative agents of previous O157:H7 outbreaks, and further that the administration of antibiotics may have impacted the outcome of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Eppinger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (MMI), University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sonia Almería
- United States (US) Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (MMI), University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Lori K Bagi
- United States (US) Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Anwar A Kalalah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (MMI), University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Joshua B Gurtler
- United States (US) Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Pina M Fratamico
- United States (US) Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
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Yang X, Wu Y, Liu Q, Sun H, Luo M, Xiong Y, Matussek A, Hu B, Bai X. Genomic Characteristics of Stx2e-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Derived from Humans, Animals, and Meats. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121551. [PMID: 34959506 PMCID: PMC8705337 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) can be classified into two types, Stx1 and Stx2, and different subtypes. Stx2e is a subtype commonly causing porcine edema disease and rarely reported in humans. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Stx2e-producing Escherichia coli (Stx2e-STEC) strains from humans compared to strains from animals and meats in China. Stx2e-STEC strains were screened from our STEC collection, and whole-genome sequencing was performed to characterize their genetic features. Our study showed a wide distribution of Stx2e-STEC among diverse hosts and a higher proportion of Stx2e-STEC among human STEC strains in China. Three human Stx2e-STEC isolates belonged to O100:H30, Onovel26:H30, and O8:H9 serotypes and varied in genetic features. Human Stx2e-STECs phylogenetically clustered with animal- and food-derived strains. Stx2e-STEC strains from animals and meat showed multidrug resistance, while human strains were only resistant to azithromycin and tetracycline. Of note, a high proportion (55.9%) of Stx2e-STEC strains, including one human strain, carried the heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxin-encoding genes st and lt, exhibiting a STEC/enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) hybrid pathotype. Given that no distinct genetic feature was found in Stx2e-STEC strains from different sources, animal- and food-derived strains may pose the risk of causing human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yannong Wu
- Yulin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yulin 537000, China; (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ming Luo
- Yulin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yulin 537000, China; (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Andreas Matussek
- Division of Laboratory, Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bin Hu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (Y.X.)
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (X.B.)
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24
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The Shiga Toxin Receptor Globotriaosylceramide as Therapeutic Target in Shiga Toxin E. coli Mediated HUS. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102157. [PMID: 34683478 PMCID: PMC8537462 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In 90% of the cases, childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is caused by an infection with the Shiga toxin (Stx) producing E. coli bacteria (STEC-HUS). Stx preferentially binds to its receptor, the glycosphingolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), present on the surface of human kidney cells and various organs. In this study, the glycosphingolipid pathway in endothelial cells was explored as therapeutic target for STEC-HUS. Primary human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (HGMVECs) and human blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) in quiescent and activated state were pre-incubated with Eliglustat (Cerdelga®; glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor) or Agalsidase alpha (Replagal®; human cell derived alpha-galactosidase) in combination with various concentrations of Stx2a. Preincubation of endothelial cells with Agalsidase resulted in an increase of α-galactosidase activity in the cell, but had no effect on the binding of Stx to the cell surface when compared to control cells. However, the incubation of both types of endothelial cells incubated with or without the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα in combination with Eliglustat resulted in significant decrease of Stx binding to the cell surface, a decrease in protein synthesis by Stx2a, and diminished cellular Gb3 levels as compared to control cells. In conclusion, inhibition of the synthesis of Gb3 may be a potential future therapeutic target to protect against (further) endothelial damage caused by Stx.
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25
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Ramstad SN, Wasteson Y, Lindstedt BA, Taxt AM, Bjørnholt JV, Brandal LT, Bohlin J. Characterization of Shiga Toxin 2a Encoding Bacteriophages Isolated From High-Virulent O145:H25 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:728116. [PMID: 34566932 PMCID: PMC8456039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) may cause severe disease mainly due to the ability to produce Shiga toxins (Stx) encoded on bacteriophages. In Norway, more than 30% of the reported cases with STEC O145:H25 develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and most cases, with known travel history, acquired the infection domestically. To describe phage characteristics associated with high virulence, we extracted the Stx2a phage sequences from eight clinical Norwegian O145:H25 STEC to conduct in-depth molecular characterization using long and short read sequencing. The Stx2a phages were annotated, characterized, and compared with previously published Stx2a phages isolated from STEC of different serotypes. The Norwegian O145:H25 Stx2a phages showed high sequence identity (>99%) with 100% coverage. The Stx2a phages were located at the integration site yciD, were approximately 45 kbp long, and harbored several virulence-associated genes, in addition to stx2a, such as nanS and nleC. We observed high sequence identity (>98%) and coverage (≥94%) between Norwegian O145:H25 Stx2a phages and publicly available Stx2a phages from O145:H25 and O145:H28 STEC, isolated from HUS cases in the USA and a hemorrhagic diarrhea case from Japan, respectively. However, low similarity was seen when comparing the Norwegian O145:H25 Stx2a phage to Stx2a phages from STEC of other serotypes. In all the Norwegian O145:H25 STEC, we identified a second phage or remnants of a phage (a shadow phage, 61 kbp) inserted at the same integration site as the Stx2a phage. The shadow phage shared similarity with the Stx2a phage, but lacked stx2a and harbored effector genes not present in the Stx2a phage. We identified a conserved Stx2a phage among the Norwegian O145:H25 STEC that shared integration site with a shadow phage in all isolates. Both phage and shadow phage harbored several virulence-associated genes that may contribute to the increased pathogenicity of O145:H25 STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje N Ramstad
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn-Arne Lindstedt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Arne M Taxt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen V Bjørnholt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lin T Brandal
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,ECDC Fellowship Programme, Public Health Microbiology Path (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - Jon Bohlin
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Tsai CE, Yang FJ, Lee CH, Hsueh YP, Kuo CJ, Chen CS. The conserved regulator of autophagy and innate immunity hlh-30/TFEB mediates tolerance of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2021; 217:1-17. [PMID: 33683370 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an emerging life-threatening issue worldwide. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome via contaminated food. Treatment of EHEC infection with antibiotics is contraindicated because of the risk of worsening the syndrome through the secreted toxins. Identifying the host factors involved in bacterial infection provides information about how to combat this pathogen. In our previous study, we showed that EHEC colonizes in the intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans. However, the host factors involved in EHEC colonization remain elusive. Thus, in this study, we aimed to identify the host factors involved in EHEC colonization. We conducted forward genetic screens to isolate mutants that enhanced EHEC colonization and named this phenotype enhanced intestinal colonization (Inc). Intriguingly, four mutants with the Inc phenotype showed significantly increased EHEC-resistant survival, which contrasts with our current knowledge. Genetic mapping and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that these mutants have loss-of-function mutations in unc-89. Furthermore, we showed that the tolerance of unc-89(wf132) to EHEC relied on HLH-30/TFEB activation. These findings suggest that hlh-30 plays a key role in pathogen tolerance in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-En Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Jung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ju Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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27
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Koeppel MB, Glaser J, Baumgartner T, Spriewald S, Gerlach RG, von Armansperg B, Leong JM, Stecher B. Scalable Reporter Assays to Analyze the Regulation of stx2 Expression in Shiga Toxin-Producing Enteropathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080534. [PMID: 34437405 PMCID: PMC8402550 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stx2 is the major virulence factor of EHEC and is associated with an increased risk for HUS in infected patients. The conditions influencing its expression in the intestinal tract are largely unknown. For optimal management and treatment of infected patients, the identification of environmental conditions modulating Stx2 levels in the human gut is of central importance. In this study, we established a set of chromosomal stx2 reporter assays. One system is based on superfolder GFP (sfGFP) using a T7 polymerase/T7 promoter-based amplification loop. This reporter can be used to analyze stx2 expression at the single-cell level using FACSs and fluorescence microscopy. The other system is based on the cytosolic release of the Gaussia princeps luciferase (gluc). This latter reporter proves to be a highly sensitive and scalable reporter assay that can be used to quantify reporter protein in the culture supernatant. We envision that this new set of reporter tools will be highly useful to comprehensively analyze the influence of environmental and host factors, including drugs, small metabolites and the microbiota, on Stx2 release and thereby serve the identification of risk factors and new therapies in Stx-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B. Koeppel
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.B.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Jana Glaser
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Baumgartner
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Spriewald
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Roman G. Gerlach
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Benedikt von Armansperg
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.B.K.); (B.S.)
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28
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Im H, Hwang SH, Kim BS, Choi SH. Pathogenic potential assessment of the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli by a source attribution-considered machine learning model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018877118. [PMID: 33986113 PMCID: PMC8157976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018877118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Instead of conventional serotyping and virulence gene combination methods, methods have been developed to evaluate the pathogenic potential of newly emerging pathogens. Among them, the machine learning (ML)-based method using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data are getting attention because of the recent advances in ML algorithms and sequencing technologies. Here, we developed various ML models to predict the pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates using their WGS data. The input dataset for the ML models was generated using distinct gene repertoires from positive (pathogenic) and negative (nonpathogenic) control groups in which each STEC isolate was designated based on the source attribution, the relative risk potential of the isolation sources. Among the various ML models examined, a model using the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, the SVM model, discriminated between the two control groups most accurately. The SVM model successfully predicted the pathogenicity of the isolates from the major sources of STEC outbreaks, the isolates with the history of outbreaks, and the isolates that cannot be assessed by conventional methods. Furthermore, the SVM model effectively differentiated the pathogenic potentials of the isolates at a finer resolution. Permutation importance analyses of the input dataset further revealed the genes important for the estimation, proposing the genes potentially essential for the pathogenicity of STEC. Altogether, these results suggest that the SVM model is a more reliable and broadly applicable method to evaluate the pathogenic potential of STEC isolates compared with conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhyeok Im
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Hwang
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Sik Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 03760 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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29
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Liu Y, Tian S, Thaker H, Dong M. Shiga Toxins: An Update on Host Factors and Biomedical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:222. [PMID: 33803852 PMCID: PMC8003205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are classic bacterial toxins and major virulence factors of toxigenic Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). These toxins recognize a glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77) as their receptor and inhibit protein synthesis in cells by cleaving 28S ribosomal RNA. They are the major cause of life-threatening complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), associated with severe cases of EHEC infection, which is the leading cause of acute kidney injury in children. The threat of Stxs is exacerbated by the lack of toxin inhibitors and effective treatment for HUS. Here, we briefly summarize the Stx structure, subtypes, in vitro and in vivo models, Gb3 expression and HUS, and then introduce recent studies using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome-wide screens to identify the host cell factors required for Stx action. We also summarize the latest progress in utilizing and engineering Stx components for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songhai Tian
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hatim Thaker
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Sy BM, Tree JJ. Small RNA Regulation of Virulence in Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:622202. [PMID: 33585289 PMCID: PMC7873438 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.622202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric and extraintestinal pathotypes of Escherichia coli utilize a wide range of virulence factors to colonize niches within the human body. During infection, virulence factors such as adhesins, secretions systems, or toxins require precise regulation and coordination to ensure appropriate expression. Additionally, the bacteria navigate rapidly changing environments with fluctuations in pH, temperature, and nutrient levels. Enteric pathogens utilize sophisticated, interleaved systems of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation to sense and respond to these changes and modulate virulence gene expression. Regulatory small RNAs and RNA-binding proteins play critical roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of virulence. In this review we discuss how the mosaic genomes of Escherichia coli pathotypes utilize small RNA regulation to adapt to their niche and become successful human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Sy
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jai J Tree
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Fu M, Liang S, Wu J, Hua Y, Chen H, Zhang Z, Liu J, Li X, Zhang B, Zhao W, Wan C. An Escherichia coli Effector Protein EspF May Induce Host DNA Damage via Interaction With SMC1. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682064. [PMID: 34122393 PMCID: PMC8188558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157: H7 is an important foodborne pathogen that causes human diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. EspF is one of the most important effector proteins injected by the Type III Secretion System. It can target mitochondria and nucleoli, stimulate host cells to produce ROS, and promote host cell apoptosis. However, the mechanism of the host-pathogen interaction leading to host oxidative stress and cell cytotoxic effects such as DNA damage remains to be elucidated. Here, we used Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) ELISA to study cell viability and DNA oxidative damage level after exposure to EspF. Western blot and immunofluorescence were also used to determine the level of the DNA damage target protein p-H2AX and cell morphology changes after EspF infection. Moreover, we verified the toxicity in intestinal epithelial cells mediated by EspF infection in vivo. In addition, we screened the host proteins that interact with EspF using CoIP-MS. We found that EspF may more depend on its C-terminus to interact with SMC1, and EspF could activate SMC1 phosphorylation and migrate it to the cytoplasm. In summary, this study revealed that EspF might mediate host cell DNA damage and found a new interaction between EspF and the DNA damage repair protein SMC1. Thus, EspF may mediate DNA damage by regulating the subcellular localization and phosphorylation of SMC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Fu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Hua
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanzong Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikai Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyue Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chengsong Wan,
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32
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Nebbia S, Lamberti C, Lo Bianco G, Cirrincione S, Laroute V, Cocaign-Bousquet M, Cavallarin L, Giuffrida MG, Pessione E. Antimicrobial Potential of Food Lactic Acid Bacteria: Bioactive Peptide Decrypting from Caseins and Bacteriocin Production. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010065. [PMID: 33383704 PMCID: PMC7824078 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) potential in the food industry and in the biotechnological sector is a well-established interest. LAB potential in counteracting especially food-borne infections has received growing attention, but despite being a road full of promises is yet poorly explored. Furthermore, the ability of LAB to produce antimicrobial compounds, both by ribosomal synthesis and by decrypting them from proteins, is of high value when considering the growing impact of multidrug resistant strains. The antimicrobial potential of 14 food-derived lactic acid bacteria strains has been investigated in this study. Among them, four strains were able to counteract Listeria monocytogenes growth: Lactococcus lactis SN12 and L. lactis SN17 by high lactic acid production, whereas L. lactis 41FLL3 and Lactobacillus sakei I151 by Nisin Z and Sakacin P production, respectively. Strains Lactococcus lactis MG1363, Lactobacillus rhamnosus 17D10 and Lactobacillus helveticus 4D5 were tested and selected for their potential attitude to hydrolyze caseins. All the strains were able to release bioactive peptides with already known antimicrobial, antihypertensive and opioid activities. These features render these strains or their bioactive molecules suitable for use in food as biocontrol agents, or as nutraceutical supplements to treat mild disorders such as moderate hypertension and children insomnia. These results highlight once again that LAB potential in ensuring food safety, food nutraceutical value and ultimately in favoring human health is still underexplored and underexploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Nebbia
- Laboratory of Microbial and Applied Biochemistry-Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (S.N.); (G.L.B.); (E.P.)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Largo Braccini, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.L.); (L.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Cristina Lamberti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Largo Braccini, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.L.); (L.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Giuliana Lo Bianco
- Laboratory of Microbial and Applied Biochemistry-Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (S.N.); (G.L.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Largo Braccini, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.L.); (L.C.); (M.G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-9231
| | - Valerie Laroute
- Laboratoire d’ingénierie des systèmes biologiques et des procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.L.); (M.C.-B.)
| | - Muriel Cocaign-Bousquet
- Laboratoire d’ingénierie des systèmes biologiques et des procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.L.); (M.C.-B.)
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Largo Braccini, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.L.); (L.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Gabriella Giuffrida
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Largo Braccini, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.L.); (L.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Enrica Pessione
- Laboratory of Microbial and Applied Biochemistry-Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (S.N.); (G.L.B.); (E.P.)
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Johanns VC, Epping L, Semmler T, Ghazisaeedi F, Lübke-Becker A, Pfeifer Y, Eichhorn I, Merle R, Bethe A, Walther B, Wieler LH. High-Zinc Supplementation of Weaned Piglets Affects Frequencies of Virulence and Bacteriocin Associated Genes Among Intestinal Escherichia coli Populations. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:614513. [PMID: 33392299 PMCID: PMC7772137 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.614513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent economic losses due to post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in industrial pig production, zinc (Zn) feed additives have been widely used, especially since awareness has risen that the regular application of antibiotics promotes buildup of antimicrobial resistance in both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. In a previous study on 179 Escherichia coli collected from piglets sacrificed at the end of a Zn feeding trial, including isolates obtained from animals of a high-zinc fed group (HZG) and a corresponding control group (CG), we found that the isolate collection exhibited three different levels of tolerance toward zinc, i.e., the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) detected was 128, followed by 256 and 512 μg/ml ZnCl2. We further provided evidence that enhanced zinc tolerance in porcine intestinal E. coli populations is clearly linked to excessive zinc feeding. Here we provide insights about the genomic make-up and phylogenetic background of these 179 E. coli genomes. Bayesian analysis of the population structure (BAPS) revealed a lack of association between the actual zinc tolerance level and a particular phylogenetic E. coli cluster or even branch for both, isolates belonging to the HZG and CG. In addition, detection rates for genes and operons associated with virulence (VAG) and bacteriocins (BAG) were lower in isolates originating from the HZG (41 vs. 65% and 22 vs. 35%, p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, resp.). Strikingly, E. coli harboring genes defining distinct pathotypes associated with intestinal disease, i.e., enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (ETEC, EPEC, and STEC) constituted 1% of the isolates belonging to the HZG but 14% of those from the CG. Notably, these pathotypes were positively associated with enhanced zinc tolerance (512 μg/ml ZnCl2 MIC, p < 0.001). Taken together, zinc excess seems to influence carriage rates of VAGs and BAGs in porcine intestinal E. coli populations, and high-zinc feeding is negatively correlated with enteral pathotype occurrences, which might explain earlier observations concerning the relative increase of Enterobacterales considering the overall intestinal microbiota of piglets during zinc feeding trials while PWD rates have decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C. Johanns
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS-4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard Epping
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fereshteh Ghazisaeedi
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance (FG13), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Bethe
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS-4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Ramstad SN, Taxt AM, Naseer U, Wasteson Y, Bjørnholt JV, Brandal LT. Effects of antimicrobials on Shiga toxin production in high-virulent Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104636. [PMID: 33242644 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antimicrobial treatment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections is controversial because antimicrobials may stimulate Shiga toxin (Stx) production, and thereby increase the risk of developing haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Previous in vitro studies have shown this mainly in infections caused by STEC serotype O157:H7. The aim of this study was to investigate induction of Stx transcription and production in different serotypes of STEC isolated from severely ill patients, following their exposure in vitro to six different classes of antimicrobials. METHODS We investigated Stx transcription and production in 12 high-virulent STEC strains, all carrying the stx2a gene, of six different serotypes following their exposure to six classes of antimicrobials. Liquid cultures of the STEC strains were incubated with sub-inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobials. We used reverse-transcription quantitative PCR to measure the relative expression of Stx2a mRNA and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify Stx production. RESULTS In general the antibiotics tested showed only minor effects on transcriptional levels of Stx2a. Ciprofloxacin caused an increase of Stx production in all but two strains, while gentamicin, meropenem and azithromycin did not induce Stx production in any of the STEC strains examined. STEC O104:H4 was the serotype that in greatest extent responded to antimicrobial exposure with an increase of stx2a transcription and Stx production. CONCLUSION Gentamicin, meropenem and azithromycin exposure did not result in elevated Stx production. We recommend that this finding is investigated further in the search for candidates for future antimicrobial treatment of STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje N Ramstad
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Arne M Taxt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Umaer Naseer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen V Bjørnholt
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lin T Brandal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Paquette SJ, Reuter T. Escherichia coli: Physiological Clues Which Turn On the Synthesis of Antimicrobial Molecules. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E184. [PMID: 33233401 PMCID: PMC7712815 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens, like Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a food safety and health risk. To battle the increasing emergence of virulent microbes, novel mitigation strategies are needed. One strategy being considered to combat pathogens is antimicrobial compounds produced by microbes, coined microcins. However, effectors for microcin production are poorly understood, particularly in the context of complex physiological responses along the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Previously, we identified an E. coli competitor capable of producing a strong diffusible antimicrobial with microcin-associated characteristics. Our objective was to examine how molecule production of this competitor is affected by physiological properties associated with the GIT, namely the effects of carbon source, bile salt concentration and growth phase. Using previously described liquid- and agar-based assays determined that carbon sources do not affect antimicrobial production of E. coli O103F. However, bile salt concentrations affected production significantly, suggesting that E. coli O103F uses cues along the GIT to modulate the expression of antimicrobial production. Furthermore, E. coli O103F produces the molecule during the exponential phase, contrary to most microcins identified to date. The results underscored the importance of experimental design to identify producers of antimicrobials. To detect antimicrobials, conventional microbiological methods can be a starting point, but not the gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jo Paquette
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada
| | - Tim Reuter
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada;
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada
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Slater SL, Frankel G. Advances and Challenges in Studying Type III Secretion Effectors of Attaching and Effacing Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:337. [PMID: 32733819 PMCID: PMC7358347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Slater
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Munekata PE, Pateiro M, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Domínguez R, Zhong J, Lorenzo JM. The Role of Essential Oils against Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Food Products. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060924. [PMID: 32570954 PMCID: PMC7356374 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks related to foodborne diseases are a major concern among health authorities, food industries, and the general public. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a pathogen associated with causing multiple outbreaks in the last decades linked to several ready to eat products such as meat, fish, dairy products, and vegetables. The ingestion of contaminated food with pathogenic E. coli can cause watery diarrhea, vomiting, and persistent diarrhea as well as more severe effects such as hemorrhagic colitis, end-stage renal disease, and, in some circumstances, hemolytic uremic syndrome. Essential oils (EOs) are natural compounds with broad-spectrum activity against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and are also generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Particularly for E. coli, several recent studies have been conducted to study and characterize the effect to inhibit the synthesis of toxins and the proliferation in food systems. Moreover, the strategy used to apply the EO in food plays a crucial role to prevent the development of E. coli. This review encompasses recent studies regarding the protection against pathogenic E. coli by the use of EO with a major focus on inhibition of toxins and proliferation in food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo E.S. Munekata
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n◦ 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (P.E.S.M.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n◦ 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (P.E.S.M.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Rubén Domínguez
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n◦ 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (P.E.S.M.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Jian Zhong
- Integrated Scientific Research Base on Comprehensive Utilization Technology for By-Products of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100125, China
- National R&D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n◦ 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (P.E.S.M.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +988-548-277
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Sapountzis P, Segura A, Desvaux M, Forano E. An Overview of the Elusive Passenger in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle: The Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060877. [PMID: 32531983 PMCID: PMC7355788 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For approximately 10,000 years, cattle have been our major source of meat and dairy. However, cattle are also a major reservoir for dangerous foodborne pathogens that belong to the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) group. Even though STEC infections in humans are rare, they are often lethal, as treatment options are limited. In cattle, STEC infections are typically asymptomatic and STEC is able to survive and persist in the cattle GIT by escaping the immune defenses of the host. Interactions with members of the native gut microbiota can favor or inhibit its persistence in cattle, but research in this direction is still in its infancy. Diet, temperature and season but also industrialized animal husbandry practices have a profound effect on STEC prevalence and the native gut microbiota composition. Thus, exploring the native cattle gut microbiota in depth, its interactions with STEC and the factors that affect them could offer viable solutions against STEC carriage in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sapountzis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
- Chr. Hansen Animal Health & Nutrition, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
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Nakamura K, Murase K, Sato MP, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Mainil JG, Piérard D, Yoshino S, Kimata K, Isobe J, Seto K, Etoh Y, Narimatsu H, Saito S, Yatsuyanagi J, Lee K, Iyoda S, Ohnishi M, Ooka T, Gotoh Y, Ogura Y, Hayashi T. Differential dynamics and impacts of prophages and plasmids on the pangenome and virulence factor repertoires of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O145:H28. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000323. [PMID: 31935184 PMCID: PMC7067040 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages and plasmids play important roles in bacterial evolution and diversification. Although many draft genomes have been generated, phage and plasmid genomes are usually fragmented, limiting our understanding of their dynamics. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of 239 draft genomes and 7 complete genomes of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli O145:H28, the major virulence factors of which are encoded by prophages (PPs) or plasmids. The results indicated that PPs are more stably maintained than plasmids. A set of ancestrally acquired PPs was well conserved, while various PPs, including Stx phages, were acquired by multiple sublineages. In contrast, gains and losses of a wide range of plasmids have frequently occurred across the O145:H28 lineage, and only the virulence plasmid was well conserved. The different dynamics of PPs and plasmids have differentially impacted the pangenome of O145:H28, with high proportions of PP- and plasmid-associated genes in the variably present and rare gene fractions, respectively. The dynamics of PPs and plasmids have also strongly impacted virulence gene repertoires, such as the highly variable distribution of stx genes and the high conservation of a set of type III secretion effectors, which probably represents the core effectors of O145:H28 and the genes on the virulence plasmid in the entire O145:H28 population. These results provide detailed insights into the dynamics of PPs and plasmids, and show the application of genomic analyses using a large set of draft genomes and appropriately selected complete genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nakamura
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Murase
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko P. Sato
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuji Yoshino
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuko Seto
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Etoh
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shioko Saito
- Akita Research Center for Public Health and Environment, Akita, Japan
| | - Jun Yatsuyanagi
- Akita Research Center for Public Health and Environment, Akita, Japan
| | - Kenichi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tadasuke Ooka
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Gotoh
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Arshadi N, Mousavi SL, Amani J, Nazarian S. Immunogenic Potency of Formalin and Heat Inactivated E. coli O157:H7 in Mouse Model Administered by Different Routes. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2020; 12:194-200. [PMID: 32695283 PMCID: PMC7368119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli) (EHEC) O157:H7 is a major foodborne pathogen causing severe disease in humans worldwide. Cattle are important reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7 and developing a specific immunity in animals would be invaluable. The administration of Whole Cell Vaccines (WCV) is a well-established method of vaccination against bacterial infections. Route of administration, inactivation and using suitable adjuvant have significant effects on the characteristics and efficacy of WCV. METHODS In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the immunogenic potency of heat and formalin inactivated cells administered orally and subcutaneously in mouse model by ELISA. Mice pretreated with streptomycin were used as a model to evaluate the efficacy of subcutaneous versus oral administration of the vaccine. Following immunization, mice were infected with E. coli O157:H7 and feces were monitored for shedding. RESULTS Both forms of inactivated cells induced immune response and hence protection against infectious diseases caused by E. coli O157:H7. However, formalin inactivated cells of E. coli O157:H7 showed superior antigenicity compared to heat inactivated cells. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with both heat and formalin inactivated E. coli O157:H7 induced significant specific levels of IgG antibodies but did not lead to significant antigen-specific IgA rise in feces, whereas oral immunization elicited significant levels of IgG antibodies with some animals developing antigen-specific IgA in feces. CONCLUSION Inactivated E. coli O157:H7 is highly immunogenic and can induce protective immune responses via oral immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Arshadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Latif Mousavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Seyed Latif Mousavi, Ph.D., Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 21 51212232, E-mail:
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Identification of lipid A deacylase as a novel, highly conserved and protective antigen against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17014. [PMID: 31745113 PMCID: PMC6863877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is a major cause of large outbreaks worldwide associated with hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. While vaccine development is warranted, a licensed vaccine, specific for human use, against EHEC is not yet available. In this study, the reverse vaccinology approach combined with genomic, transcriptional and molecular epidemiology data was applied on the EHEC O157:H7 genome to select new potential vaccine candidates. Twenty-four potential protein antigens were identified and one of them (MC001) was successfully expressed onto Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) delivery system. GMMA expressing this vaccine candidate was immunogenic, raising a specific antibody response. Immunization with the MC001 candidate was able to reduce the bacterial load of EHEC O157:H7 strain in feces, colon and caecum tissues after murine infection. MC001 is homologue to lipid A deacylase enzyme (LpxR), and to our knowledge, this is the first study describing it as a potential vaccine candidate. Gene distribution and sequence variability analysis showed that MC001 is present and conserved in EHEC and in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains. Given the high genetic variability among and within E. coli pathotypes, the identification of such conserved antigen suggests that its inclusion in a vaccine might represent a solution against major intestinal pathogenic strains.
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Ruano-Gallego D, Yara DA, Di Ianni L, Frankel G, Schüller S, Fernández LÁ. A nanobody targeting the translocated intimin receptor inhibits the attachment of enterohemorrhagic E. coli to human colonic mucosa. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008031. [PMID: 31465434 PMCID: PMC6738647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is a human intestinal pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. No vaccines or specific therapies are currently available to prevent or treat these infections. EHEC tightly attaches to the intestinal epithelium by injecting the intimin receptor Tir into the host cell via a type III secretion system (T3SS). In this project, we identified a camelid single domain antibody (nanobody), named TD4, that recognizes a conserved Tir epitope overlapping the binding site of its natural ligand intimin with high affinity and stability. We show that TD4 inhibits attachment of EHEC to cultured human HeLa cells by preventing Tir clustering by intimin, activation of downstream actin polymerization and pedestal formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TD4 significantly reduces EHEC adherence to human colonic mucosa in in vitro organ cultures. Altogether, these results suggest that nanobody-based therapies hold potential in the development of much needed treatment and prevention strategies against EHEC infection. Currently, there is no effective treatment or vaccine against enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), a bacterial pathogen that infects human colon after the ingestion of contaminated food. It thrives in the colon thanks to its ability to attach intimately to the intestinal epithelium. Here, we have identified and characterised a small antibody fragment (nanobody) that recognises Tir, a receptor injected by the bacterium into the host cell to mediate intimate attachment. This nanobody shows higher affinity against Tir than its natural bacterial ligand (intimin) and, most importantly, blocks the intimate attachment of the pathogen to the human colonic tissue. Our results show the potential of this nanobody to prevent and treat EHEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ruano-Gallego
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM-Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Life Sciences Department, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Yara
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenza Di Ianni
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM-Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Life Sciences Department, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM-Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) are multiple disease entities with different etiopathogeneses, characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) with schistocytosis, variable symptoms including fever, and multi-organ failure such as mild renal impairment and neurological deficits. The two paradigms of TMAs are represented on one hand by acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and on the other by hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The differential diagnosis between these two paradigmatic forms of TMA is based on the presence of either frank renal failure in HUS or a severe deficiency (<10%) of the zinc-protease ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) in TTP. ADAMTS13 is an enzyme involved in the proteolytic processing of von Willebrand factor (vWF), and its deficiency results in formation of high-molecular-weight vWF-rich microthrombi in the environment of the microvasculature. The presence of these ultra-large vWF multimers in the microcirculation can recruit platelets, promoting multi-organ ischemic lesions. The presence of ADAMTS13 activity at >10% could rule out the presence of a TTP form. However, it is often difficult to differentiate either a TTP or HUS clinical scenario presenting with typical symptoms of TMA. There are in fact several additional diagnoses that should be considered in patients with ADAMTS13 activity of >10%. Widespread inflammation with endothelial damage and adverse reactions to drugs play a central role in the pathogenesis of several forms of TMA, and in these cases, the differential diagnosis should be directed at the underlying disease. Hence, a correct etiologic diagnosis of TMA should involve a critical illness, cancer-associated TMA, drug-induced TMA, and hematopoietic transplant-associated TMA. A complete assessment of all the possible etiologies for TMA symptoms, including acquired or congenital TTP, will allow for a more accurate diagnosis and application of a more appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Zini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Rome, Italy,Institute of Hematology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Raimondo De Cristofaro
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Bhatwalkar SB, Gound SS, Mondal R, Srivastava RK, Anupam R. Anti-biofilm and Antibacterial Activity of Allium sativum Against Drug Resistant Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Isolates from Patient Samples and Food Sources. Indian J Microbiol 2019; 59:171-179. [PMID: 31031431 PMCID: PMC6458215 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) colonizes human intestinal tract and is usually harmless to the host. However, several strains of E. coli have acquired virulent genes and could cause enteric diseases, urinary tract and even brain infections. Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) which can result in bloody diarrhoea and could potentially lead to deadly heamolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). STEC is one of the important food borne pathogens that causes food poisoning leading to diarrhoea and number of STEC outbreaks have occurred across the world. The use of standard antibiotics to treat STEC infection is not recommended as it increases the production of shiga toxin which could lead to HUS. Therefore, use of alternative approaches which include use of plant products to treat STEC infections have been gaining attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of garlic (Allium sativum) against STEC strains isolated from various patient and food samples using in vitro assays. The microbiological isolation of STEC from various patient and food samples resulted in eight STEC isolates of which seven strains were multidrug resistant. Antibacterial assay results indicated that all the strains exhibited dose dependent sensitivity towards garlic with zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 7 to 24 mm with 15 µl of fresh garlic extract (FGE). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FGE for isolates ranged from 30 to 140 µl/ml. Interestingly, the biofilm formation of all isolates in presence of 4% of FGE decreased by 35 to 59%. FTIR analysis indicated that treatment with 1% FGE results in compositional and content changes in the biofilm. In addition, the total carbohydrate content of biofilm was reduced by 40% upon 1% FGE treatment. The results of the present study report for the first time the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of garlic against STEC. The findings will enable development of novel garlic organosulfide based drugs for the prevention and treatment of STEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Bagde Bhatwalkar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M. P. 470003 India
| | - Surendra Singh Gound
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M. P. 470003 India
| | - Rajesh Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M. P. 470003 India
- Present Address: Bacteriology Division, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, T. N. 600031 India
| | - Rupesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M. P. 470003 India
- Present Address: Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Rajaneesh Anupam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, M. P. 470003 India
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To CZ, Bhunia AK. Three Dimensional Vero Cell-Platform for Rapid and Sensitive Screening of Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:949. [PMID: 31134009 PMCID: PMC6514307 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a serious public health concern. Current Vero cell assay, although sensitive, is lengthy and requires 48-72 h to assess STEC presence in a sample. In this study, we investigated if Vero cells in a three-dimensional (3D) platform would provide improved sensitivity for rapid screening of STEC. Vero cells (epithelial kidney cell line) were grown as a monolayer (2D) or in a collagen-matrix (3D) and exposed to Shiga-toxin (Stx) preparation or STEC cells that were pre-exposed to antibiotics (mitomycin C, ciprofloxacin, or polymyxin B) for toxin induction. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from Vero cells was used as a biomarker for cytotoxicity. Modified tryptic soy broth (mTSB) as enrichment broth containing mitomycin C (2 μg/ml) or ciprofloxacin (100 ng/ml) significantly induced Stx production, which was further confirmed by the dot-immunoblot assay. The 3D Vero platform detected STEC after 6 h post-infection with cytotoxicity values ranging from 33 to 79%, which is considerably faster than the traditional 2D platform, when tested with STEC. The cytotoxicity for non-Stx producing bacteria, Salmonella, Listeria, Citrobacter, Serratia, and Hafnia was found to be below the cytotoxicity cutoff value of 15%. The detection limit for the 3D Vero cell assay was estimated to be 107 CFU/ml for bacteria and about 32 ng/ml for Stx in 6 h. STEC-inoculated ground beef samples (n = 27) resulted in 38-46% cytotoxicity, and the bacterial isolates (n = 42) from ground beef samples were further confirmed to be stx1 and stx2 positive in a multiplex PCR yielding a very low false-positive result. This 3D cell-based screening assay relies on mammalian cell pathogen interaction that can complement other molecular techniques for the detection of cell-free Stx or STEC cells from food samples for early detection and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Z. To
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Arun K. Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Characterization of the Mode of Action of Aurodox, a Type III Secretion System Inhibitor from Streptomyces goldiniensis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00595-18. [PMID: 30455200 PMCID: PMC6346137 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00595-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that the polyketide natural product Aurodox from Streptomyces goldiniensis is able to block the pathogenesis of the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. In this work, we aimed to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of action of the compound. Recent work has demonstrated that the polyketide natural product Aurodox from Streptomyces goldiniensis is able to block the pathogenesis of the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. In this work, we aimed to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of action of the compound. We show that Aurodox downregulates the expression of the type III secretion systems of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Furthermore, we have used transcriptomic analysis to show that Aurodox inhibits the expression at the transcriptional level by repressing the master regulator, ler. Our data support a model in which Aurodox acts upstream of ler and not directly on the secretion system itself. Finally, we have shown that Aurodox, unlike some traditional antibiotics, does not induce expression of RecA, which is essential for the production of Shiga toxin. We propose that these properties nominate Aurodox as a promising antivirulence therapy for the treatment of these infections.
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Modulation of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Survival and Virulence in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040115. [PMID: 30463258 PMCID: PMC6313751 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a major foodborne pathogen responsible for human diseases ranging from diarrhoea to life-threatening complications. Survival of the pathogen and modulation of virulence gene expression along the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are key features in bacterial pathogenesis, but remain poorly described, due to a paucity of relevant model systems. This review will provide an overview of the in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the effect of abiotic (e.g., gastric acid, bile, low oxygen concentration or fluid shear) and biotic (e.g., gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids or host hormones) parameters of the human gut on EHEC survival and/or virulence (especially in relation with motility, adhesion and toxin production). Despite their relevance, these studies display important limitations considering the complexity of the human digestive environment. These include the evaluation of only one single digestive parameter at a time, lack of dynamic flux and compartmentalization, and the absence of a complex human gut microbiota. In a last part of the review, we will discuss how dynamic multi-compartmental in vitro models of the human gut represent a novel platform for elucidating spatial and temporal modulation of EHEC survival and virulence along the GIT, and provide new insights into EHEC pathogenesis.
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Howard-Varona C, Vik DR, Solonenko NE, Li YF, Gazitua MC, Chittick L, Samiec JK, Jensen AE, Anderson P, Howard-Varona A, Kinkhabwala AA, Abedon ST, Sullivan MB. Fighting Fire with Fire: Phage Potential for the Treatment of E. coli O157 Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E101. [PMID: 30453470 PMCID: PMC6315980 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic⁻uremic syndrome is a life-threating disease most often associated with Shiga toxin-producing microorganisms like Escherichia coli (STEC), including E. coli O157:H7. Shiga toxin is encoded by resident prophages present within this bacterium, and both its production and release depend on the induction of Shiga toxin-encoding prophages. Consequently, treatment of STEC infections tend to be largely supportive rather than antibacterial, in part due to concerns about exacerbating such prophage induction. Here we explore STEC O157:H7 prophage induction in vitro as it pertains to phage therapy-the application of bacteriophages as antibacterial agents to treat bacterial infections-to curtail prophage induction events, while also reducing STEC O157:H7 presence. We observed that cultures treated with strictly lytic phages, despite being lysed, produce substantially fewer Shiga toxin-encoding temperate-phage virions than untreated STEC controls. We therefore suggest that phage therapy could have utility as a prophylactic treatment of individuals suspected of having been recently exposed to STEC, especially if prophage induction and by extension Shiga toxin production is not exacerbated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dean R Vik
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Natalie E Solonenko
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Yueh-Fen Li
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - M Consuelo Gazitua
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Lauren Chittick
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jennifer K Samiec
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Aubrey E Jensen
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Paige Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | | | | - Stephen T Abedon
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Competition among Escherichia coli Strains for Space and Resources. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5040093. [PMID: 30400157 PMCID: PMC6313926 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a subgroup of E. coli causing human diseases. Methods to control STEC in livestock and humans are limited. These and other emerging pathogens are a global concern and novel mitigation strategies are required. Habitats populated by bacteria are subjected to competition pressures due to limited space and resources but they use various strategies to compete in natural environments. Our objective was to evaluate non-pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from cattle feces for their ability to out-compete STEC. Competitive fitness of non-pathogenic E. coli against STEC were assessed in competitions using liquid, agar, and nutrient limiting assays. Winners were determined by enumeration using O-serogroup specific quantitative PCR or a semi-quantitative grading. Initial liquid competitions identified two strong non-pathogenic competitors (O103F and O26E) capable of eliminating various STEC including O157 and O111. The strain O103F was dominant across permeable physical barriers for all tested E. coli and STEC strains indicating the diffusion of antimicrobial molecules. In direct contact and even with temporal disadvantages, O103F out-competed STEC O157E. The results suggest that O103F or the diffusible molecule(s) it produces have a potential to be used as an alternative STEC mitigation strategy, either in medicine or the food industry.
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50
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Yang J, Tang CB, Xiao J, Du WF, Li R. Influences of epigallocatechin gallate and citric acid on Escherichia coli O157:H7 toxin gene expression and virulence-associated stress response. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:435-441. [PMID: 30066955 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid and EGCG at their minimum inhibitory concentrations were tested in this study. Logarithmic phase cells of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895) were exposed to EGCG and citric acid respectively. The results of RT-real time PCR showed that both EGCG and citric acid increased stx2 and oxyR expression and decreased stx1, recA and Q expression. The result of Western blotting for RecA protein further indicated that both EGCG and citric acid decreased RecA production. Both EGCG and citric acid increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species and H2 O2 production and decreased superoxide dismutase activity. Therefore, EGCG and citric acid might induce stx2 production by increasing oxidative stress response and inhibit stx1 production by suppressing SOS response. In our study, the differential effects of the two antimicrobials were observed. EGCG reduced ompC and rpoS expression. However, citric acid caused an increase in ompC and rpoS expression. Membrane permeability is associated with toxin release. Citric acid increased the outer membrane permeability of E. coli O157:H7. However, the outer membrane of E. coli O157:H7 remained unaffected by EGCG. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Shiga toxins are the major virulence factors of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The use of antimicrobials triggering Shiga toxin production is controversial. (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) citric acid are often used singly or in combination to prevent micro-organisms in some food products. This study evaluated toxin induction in E. coli O157:H7 in response to EGCG and citric acid and investigated the potential mechanism of action. The findings may contribute to the proper use of EGCG and citric acid as antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - C B Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Xiao
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - W F Du
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - R Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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