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Chang YF, Huang YP, Chou CH, Ho MW, Lin HJ, Chen CY, Wu HY, Lai YR, Lee YH, Chiu CH, Lai CH. RAGE participates in the intracellular transport of Campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2024:S1684-1182(24)00118-X. [PMID: 39160115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) belongs to the genotoxin family and is closely related to Campylobacter jejuni-associated gastroenteritis. We recently reported that CDT triggers the danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling to exert deleterious effects on host cells. However, how CDT traffics in cells and the mechanism of CDT intoxication remain to be elucidated. METHODS Recombinant CDT subunits (CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC) were purified, and their activity was characterized in gastrointestinal cells. Molecular approaches and image tracking were employed to analyze the delivery of CDT in host cells. RESULTS In this study, we found that CDT interacts with the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) to enter the cells. Our results further showed that CdtB transport in cells through the dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway and lysosome is involved in this process. Conversely, blockage of RAGE signaling resulted in a reduction in CDT-arrested cell cycles, indicating that RAGE is involved in CDT intracellular transport and its subsequent pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that RAGE is important for CDT trafficking in the cells. These findings expand our understanding of important issues related to host cell intoxication by C. jejuni CDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huei Chou
- Departments of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Wang Ho
- Departments of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-Jeng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ya Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Haw Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Lin Y, Zhu N, Liu J, Wen S, Xu Y, Xu X, Cai X. The role of cytolethal distending toxin in Glaesserella parasuis JS0135 strain infection: Cytotoxicity, phagocytic resistance and pathogenicity. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110168. [PMID: 38964035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is an important porcine pathogen that commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract of pigs and is prone to causing Glässer's disease under complex conditions. As yet, the disease has led to serious economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Studies so far have found that several virulence factors are associated with the pathogenicity of G. parasuis, but the pathogenic mechanism is still not fully understood. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), a potential virulence factor in G. parasuis, is involved in cytotoxicity, serum resistance, adherence to and invasion of host cells in vitro. Here, to further investigate the pathogenic role of CDT during G. parasuis infection in vitro and in vivo, a double cdt1 and cdt2 deletion mutant (Δcdt1Δcdt2) without selectable marker was first generated in G. parasuis JS0135 strain by continuous natural transformations and replica plating. Morphological observation and lactate dehydrogenase assay showed that the Δcdt1Δcdt2 mutant was defective in cytotoxicity. Additionally, the Δcdt1Δcdt2 mutant was more susceptible to phagocytosis caused by 3D4/2 macrophages compared to the wild-type JS0135 strain. Moreover, by focusing on clinical signs, necropsy, bacterial recovery and pathological observation, we found that the deletion of cdt1 and cdt2 genes led to a significant attenuation of virulence in G. parasuis. Taken together, these findings suggest that as an important virulence factor, CDT can significantly affect the pathogenicity of G. parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nannan Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Siting Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yindi Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Meštrović T, Matijević T, Mesarić D, Katalinić D, Erić S, Milostić-Srb A, Flam J, Škrlec I. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: From the Oral Cavity to the Heart Valves. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1451. [PMID: 39065217 PMCID: PMC11279289 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetecomitans) is a Gram-negative bacterial species that is an essential component of the oral microbiota. Due to its aggregative properties, it plays a role in the pathogenesis of human diseases. The presence of the surface proteins Fim, Briae, and microvesicles enables the bacterium to adhere to the epithelial surface and the tooth's surface. The presence of leukotoxin A (LtxA), which plays an important role in the pathogenicity of the bacterium, has been associated with both periodontitis and the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A. actinomycetecomitans is also associated with several other systemic diseases and complications, such as endocarditis and different abscesses. In addition to leukotoxin A, A. actinomycetecomitans possesses several different virulence factors, including bacteriocins, chemotaxis inhibitory factors, cytotoxic factors, Fc-binding proteins, immunosuppressive factors, lipopolysaccharide collagenase, fibroblast inhibitory factors, antibiotic resistance determinants, adhesins, invasive factors and factors that inhibit the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The ability of A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide to induce macrophages to secrete the interleukins IL-1, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is of considerable importance. The primary etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease is the oral biofilm colonized by anaerobic bacteria. Among these, A. actinomycetemcomitans occupies an important place as a facultative anaerobic bacterium. In addition, A. actinomycetemcomitans possesses many virulence factors that contribute to its potential to cause cancer. This article provides an overview of the virulence factors of A. actinomycetecomitans and its association with various systemic diseases, its oncogenic potential, and the treatment options for infections caused by A. actinomycetecomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
| | - Martina Juzbašić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
| | - Tomislav Meštrović
- University Centre Varaždin, University North, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department for Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tatjana Matijević
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dora Mesarić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Darko Katalinić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Suzana Erić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Andrea Milostić-Srb
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
| | - Josipa Flam
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
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Boesze-Battaglia K, Cohen GH, Bates PF, Walker LM, Zekavat A, Shenker BJ. Cellugyrin (synaptogyrin-2) dependent pathways are used by bacterial cytolethal distending toxin and SARS-CoV-2 virus to gain cell entry. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1334224. [PMID: 38698905 PMCID: PMC11063343 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1334224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is capable of intoxicating lymphocytes macrophages, mast cells and epithelial cells. Following Cdt binding to cholesterol, in the region of membrane lipid rafts, the CdtB and CdtC subunits are internalized and traffic to intracellular compartments. These events are dependent upon, cellugyrin, a critical component of synaptic like microvesicles (SLMVCg+). Target cells, such as Jurkat cells, rendered unable to express cellugyrin are resistant to Cdt-induced toxicity. Similar to Cdt, SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is initiated by binding to cell surface receptors, ACE-2, also associated with cholesterol-rich lipid rafts; this association leads to fusion and/or endocytosis of viral and host cell membranes and intracellular trafficking. The similarity in internalization pathways for both Cdt and SARS-CoV-2 led us to consider the possibility that cellugyrin was a critical component in both processes. Cellugyrin deficient Calu-3 cells (Calu-3Cg-) were prepared using Lentiviral particles containing shRNA; these cells were resistant to infection by VSV/SARS-CoV-2-spike pseudotype virus and partially resistant to VSV/VSV-G pseudotype virus. Synthetic peptides representing various regions of the cellugyrin protein were prepared and assessed for their ability to bind to Cdt subunits using surface plasmon resonance. Cdt was capable of binding to a region designated the middle outer loop (MOL) which corresponds to a region extending into the cytoplasmic surface of the SLMVCg+. SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins were assessed for their ability to bind to cellugyrin peptides; SARS-CoV-2 full length spike protein preferentially binds to a region within the SLMVCg+ lumen, designated intraluminal loop 1A. SARS-CoV-2-spike protein domain S1, which contains the receptor binding domains, binds to cellugyrin N-terminus which extends out from the cytoplasmic surface of SLMV. Binding specificity was further analyzed using cellugyrin scrambled peptide mutants. We propose that SLMVCg+ represent a component of a common pathway that facilitates pathogen and/or pathogen-derived toxins to gain host cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul F. Bates
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa M. Walker
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ali Zekavat
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bruce J. Shenker
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a substantial source of global morbidity and mortality in dire need of improved prevention and treatment strategies. As our understanding of CRC grows, it is becoming increasingly evident that the gut microbiota, consisting of trillions of microorganisms in direct interface with the colon, plays a substantial role in CRC development and progression. Understanding the roles that individual microorganisms and complex microbial communities play in CRC pathogenesis, along with their attendant mechanisms, will help yield novel preventive and therapeutic interventions for CRC. In this Review, we discuss recent evidence concerning global perturbations of the gut microbiota in CRC, associations of specific microorganisms with CRC, the underlying mechanisms by which microorganisms potentially drive CRC development and the roles of complex microbial communities in CRC pathogenesis. While our understanding of the relationship between the microbiota and CRC has improved in recent years, our findings highlight substantial gaps in current research that need to be filled before this knowledge can be used to the benefit of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell T White
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Le LHM, Elgamoudi B, Colon N, Cramond A, Poly F, Ying L, Korolik V, Ferrero RL. Campylobacter jejuni extracellular vesicles harboring cytolethal distending toxin bind host cell glycans and induce cell cycle arrest in host cells. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0323223. [PMID: 38319111 PMCID: PMC10913475 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03232-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are released by Gram-negative pathogens into the extracellular medium as free toxin or associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs), commonly known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). CDT production by the gastrointestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni has been implicated in colorectal tumorigenesis. Despite CDT being a major virulence factor for C. jejuni, little is known about the EV-associated form of this toxin. To address this point, C. jejuni mutants lacking each of the three CDT subunits (A, B, and C) were generated. C. jejuni cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC bacteria released EVs in similar numbers and sizes to wild-type bacteria, ranging from 5 to 530 nm (mean ± SEM = 118 ±6.9 nm). As the CdtAC subunits mediate toxin binding to host cells, we performed "surface shearing" experiments, in which EVs were treated with proteinase K and incubated with host cells. These experiments indicated that CDT subunits are internal to EVs and that surface proteins are probably not involved in EV-host cell interactions. Furthermore, glycan array studies demonstrated that EVs bind complex host cell glycans and share receptor binding specificities with C. jejuni bacteria for fucosyl GM1 ganglioside, P1 blood group antigen, sialyl, and sulfated Lewisx. Finally, we show that EVs from C. jejuni WT but not mutant bacteria induce cell cycle arrest in epithelial cells. In conclusion, we propose that EVs are an important mechanism for CDT release by C. jejuni and are likely to play a significant role in toxin delivery to host cells. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide and a significant cause of childhood mortality due to diarrheal disease in developing countries. A major factor by which C. jejuni causes disease is a toxin, called cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). The biology of this toxin, however, is poorly understood. In this study, we report that C. jejuni CDT is protected within membrane blebs, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by the bacterium. We showed that proteins on the surfaces of EVs are not required for EV uptake by host cells. Furthermore, we identified several sugar receptors that may be required for EV binding to host cells. By studying the EV-associated form of C. jejuni CDT, we will gain a greater understanding of how C. jejuni intoxicates host cells and how EV-associated CDT may be used in various therapeutic applications, including as anti-tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hoang My Le
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bassam Elgamoudi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nina Colon
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angus Cramond
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederic Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Centre, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Le Ying
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victoria Korolik
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard L. Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Shenker BJ, Korostoff J, Walker LP, Zekavat A, Dhingra A, Kim TJ, Boesze-Battaglia K. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Induces Cellugyrin-(Synaptogyrin 2) Dependent Cellular Senescence in Oral Keratinocytes. Pathogens 2024; 13:155. [PMID: 38392893 PMCID: PMC10892517 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that oral-epithelial cells (OE) are unique in their response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) in that cell cycle arrest (G2/M) occurs without leading to apoptosis. We now demonstrate that Cdt-induced cell cycle arrest in OE has a duration of at least 7 days with no change in viability. Moreover, toxin-treated OE develops a new phenotype consistent with cellular senescence; this includes increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and accumulation of the lipopigment, lipofuscin. Moreover, the cells exhibit a secretory profile associated with cellular senescence known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which includes IL-6, IL-8 and RANKL. Another unique feature of Cdt-induced OE senescence is disruption of barrier function, as shown by loss of transepithelial electrical resistance and confocal microscopic assessment of primary gingival keratinocyte structure. Finally, we demonstrate that Cdt-induced senescence is dependent upon the host cell protein cellugyrin, a homologue of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptogyrin. Collectively, these observations point to a novel pathogenic outcome in oral epithelium that we propose contributes to both A. actinomycetemcomitans infection and periodontal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J. Shenker
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.P.W.); (A.Z.); (A.D.); (K.B.-B.)
| | - Jonathan Korostoff
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.K.); (T.J.K.)
| | - Lisa P. Walker
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.P.W.); (A.Z.); (A.D.); (K.B.-B.)
| | - Ali Zekavat
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.P.W.); (A.Z.); (A.D.); (K.B.-B.)
| | - Anuradha Dhingra
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.P.W.); (A.Z.); (A.D.); (K.B.-B.)
| | - Taewan J. Kim
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.K.); (T.J.K.)
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.P.W.); (A.Z.); (A.D.); (K.B.-B.)
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Thisayakorn P, Thipakorn Y, Tantavisut S, Sirivichayakul S, Vojdani A, Maes M. Increased IgA-mediated responses to the gut paracellular pathway and blood-brain barrier proteins predict delirium due to hip fracture in older adults. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1294689. [PMID: 38379706 PMCID: PMC10876854 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1294689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Delirium is accompanied by immune response system activation, which may, in theory, cause a breakdown of the gut barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Some results suggest that the BBB is compromised in delirium, but there is no data regarding the gut barrier. This study investigates whether delirium is associated with impaired BBB and gut barriers in elderly adults undergoing hip fracture surgery. Methods We recruited 59 older adults and measured peak Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) scores 2-3 days after surgery, and assessed plasma IgG/IgA levels (using ELISA techniques) for zonulin, occludin, claudin-6, β-catenin, actin (indicating damage to the gut paracellular pathway), claudin-5 and S100B (reflecting BBB damage), bacterial cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), LPS-binding protein (LBP), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Helicobacter pylori. Results Results from univariate analyses showed that delirium is linked to increased IgA responses to all the self-epitopes and antigens listed above, except for LPS. Part of the variance (between 45-48.3%) in the peak DRS score measured 2-3 days post-surgery was explained by independent effects of IgA directed to LPS and LBP (or bacterial CDT), baseline DRS scores, and previous mild stroke. Increased IgA reactivity to the paracellular pathway and BBB proteins and bacterial antigens is significantly associated with the activation of M1 macrophage, T helper-1, and 17 cytokine profiles. Conclusion Heightened bacterial translocation, disruption of the tight and adherens junctions of the gut and BBB barriers, elevated CDT and LPS load in the bloodstream, and aberrations in cell-cell interactions may be risk factors for delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thisayakorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yanin Thipakorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saran Tantavisut
- Department of Orthopedics, Hip Fracture Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunee Sirivichayakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab Inc., Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Cyrex Labs LLC, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Michael Maes
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cagnoli CI, Chiapparrone ML, Cacciato CS, Rodríguez MG, Catena MDC, Aller JF. Effect of Campylobacter fetus on in vitro fertilization and embryonic development of preimplantation bovine embryos. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109925. [PMID: 38043449 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus is an important veterinary pathogen that causes campylobacteriosis. This disease causes decreased productivity of cattle by inducing reproductive losses. Although several virulence factors have been recognized in C. fetus, including a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), the exact mechanism responsible for embryonic death remains unknown. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of C. fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) and C. fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv), and their toxin activity on the in vitro fertilization of bovine ova and early embryonic development. Two different experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, a total of 1524 cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were inseminated, distributed into three groups: two of them infected with the microorganism (Cff, Cfv) and a control group. Percentages COCs cleaved were similar among groups (p = 0.1243); however, the embryonic development rate (blastocyst at day 7) in the control group was greater (p < 0.001) than those obtained in Cff and Cfv groups. In experiment 2, a total of 746 COCs were inseminated, divided into three groups: two of them treated with the bacterial-free culture filtrates to test toxin activity (Cff-CDT, Cfv-CDT) and a control group. Both cleavage and embryonic development rates were greater (p < 0.001) in the control group than those obtained in Cff-CDT and Cfv-CDT groups. This study provides evidence that both subspecies of C. fetus do not interfere with fertilization but do affect in vitro embryonic development. It is the first report on the biological effect of the CDT on bovine embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Inés Cagnoli
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, B7000GHG Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Laura Chiapparrone
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, B7000GHG Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Santiago Cacciato
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, B7000GHG Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Gastón Rodríguez
- Área de Bioestadística, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, B7000GHG Tandil, Bs. As, Argentina
| | - María Del Carmen Catena
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, B7000GHG Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Florencio Aller
- Biotecnologı́a de la Reproducción, Departamento de Producción Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologı́a Agropecuaria (INTA), CC276, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Aoki S, Mori S, Matsui H, Shibayama K, Kenri T, Rimbara E. Characterization of HcaA, a novel autotransporter protein in Helicobacter cinaedi, and its role in host cell adhesion. mSphere 2023; 8:e0040323. [PMID: 38009997 PMCID: PMC10732068 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00403-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Helicobacter species are classified as gastric or enterohepatic according to their habitat. Among enterohepatic Helicobacter species, which inhabit the intestine, colon, and liver, Helicobacter cinaedi has been most frequently isolated from humans. H. cinaedi often causes bacteremia and cellulitis in immunocompromised hosts. Here, we focused on the H. cinaedi autotransporter protein A (HcaA), a novel virulence factor in H. cinaedi. We discovered that HcaA contributes to cell adhesion via its Arg-Gly-Asp motif. Furthermore, in animal experiments, bacterial colonization was reduced in mice infected with HcaA-knockout strains, supporting the hypothesis that HcaA contributes to H. cinaedi adhesion to host cells. Our study provides a novel mechanism for the establishment of H. cinaedi infections and provides new insights into the role of autotransporter proteins in the establishment of Helicobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Aoki
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetarou Mori
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kenri
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Rimbara
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Awad A, Yeh HY, Ramadan H, Rothrock MJ. Genotypic characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence determinants of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from pastured poultry farms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1271551. [PMID: 38029099 PMCID: PMC10668334 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Campylobacter is the leading bacterial pathogen that causes foodborne illnesses worldwide. Pasture farming is regarded as an important source of agricultural production for small farming communities. Consumer preference for pasture-raised animal products has increased; however, there is a paucity of information on the microbiological quality of pasture-raised poultry products. The purpose of this study was to explore genetic relatedness of thermophilic Campylobacter isolates, to assess antibiotic resistance phenotypically and genotypically, and to screen the presence of virulence determinants of Campylobacter isolates from pasture-raised poultry farms from southeastern United States. Methods Ninety-seven Campylobacter isolates previously identified by Q7 BAX® System Real-Time PCR were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Campylobacter isolates were then evaluated for their phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility against nine antimicrobial agents using Sensititre plates. Additionally, Campylobacter isolates were tested for the presence of antimicrobial resistance-associated elements. Furthermore, Campylobacter isolates were screened for the presence of 13 genes encoding putative virulence factors by PCR. These included genes involved in motility (flaA and flhA), adhesion and colonization (cadF, docC, racR, and virB11), toxin production (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, wlaN, and ceuE) and invasion (ciaB and iamA). Results Among 97 Campylobacter isolates, Campylobacter jejuni (n = 79) and Campylobacter coli (n = 18) were identified. By MLST, C. jejuni isolates were assigned to seven clonal complexes. Among them, ST-353, ST-607 and ST-21 were the most common STs recognized. All C. coli (n = 18) isolates were included in CC-828. Interestingly, eight STs identified were not belonging any previous identified clonal complex. Campylobacter isolates displayed a high resistance rate against tetracycline (81.4%), while a low rate of resistance was observed against macrolides (azithromycin and erythromycin), quinolones and fluoroquinolones (nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin), aminoglycosides (gentamicin), ketolide (telithromycin), amphenicol (florfenicol) and lincomycin (clindamycin). Thirteen isolates (13.54%) were pan-susceptible to all tested antibiotics, while nine isolates were multi-antimicrobial resistant (MAR; resist to three or more antimicrobial classes). Interestingly, there were no isolates resistant to all antimicrobial classes. Thr86Ile mutation was identified in all quinolones resistant strains. Erythromycin encoding gene (ermB) was identified in 75% of erythromycin resistant isolates. The A2075 mutation was detected in one erythromycin resistant strain, while A2074 could not be identified. The tetO gene was identified in 93.7% of tetracycline resistant isolates and six tetracycline susceptible isolates. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed that Campylobacter isolates from pasture-raised poultry farms showed the ST relatedness to Campylobacter isolates commonly associated with humans, indicating pasture-raised broiler flocks, similar to conventionally-reared broiler flocks, as a potential vector for antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic strains of thermophilic Campylobacter to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hung-Yueh Yeh
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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Kim TJ, Shenker BJ, MacElroy AS, Spradlin S, Walker LP, Boesze-Battaglia K. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin modulates host phagocytic function. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1220089. [PMID: 37719670 PMCID: PMC10500838 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxins (Cdt) are a family of toxins produced by several human pathogens which infect mucocutaneous tissue and induce inflammatory disease. Human macrophages exposed to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) Cdt respond through canonical and non-canonical inflammasome activation to stimulate cytokine release. The inflammatory response is dependent on PI3K signaling blockade via the toxin's phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase activity; converting PIP3 to phosphatidylinsoitol-3,4-diphosphate (PI3,4P2) thereby depleting PIP3 pools. Phosphoinositides, also play a critical role in phagosome trafficking, serving as binding domains for effector proteins during phagosome maturation and subsequent fusion with lysosomes. We now demonstrate that AaCdt manipulates the phosphoinositide (PI) pools of phagosome membranes and alters Rab5 association. Exposure of macrophages to AaCdt slowed phagosome maturation and decreased phago-lysosome formation, thereby compromising macrophage phagocytic function. Moreover, macrophages exposed to Cdt showed decreased bactericidal capacity leading to increase in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans survival. Thus, Cdt may contribute to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. These studies uncover an underexplored aspect of Cdt function and provide new insight into the virulence potential of Cdt in mediating the pathogenesis of disease caused by Cdt-producing organisms such as Aa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewan J. Kim
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bruce J. Shenker
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew S. MacElroy
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Samuel Spradlin
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa P. Walker
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Marotta F, Janowicz A, Romantini R, Di Marcantonio L, Di Timoteo F, Romualdi T, Zilli K, Barco L, D’Incau M, Mangone I, Cito F, Di Domenico M, Pomilio F, Ricci L, Garofolo G. Genomic and Antimicrobial Surveillance of Campylobacter Population in Italian Poultry. Foods 2023; 12:2919. [PMID: 37569189 PMCID: PMC10418777 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide with increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. Most cases of campylobacteriosis can be traced back to the consumption of poultry meat. Despite many efforts to reduce contamination in farms and in slaughterhouses, the persistence of this pathogen in poultry products remains a problem. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of 542 C. jejuni and C. coli in Italian poultry, in the framework of two National Monitoring Programs. Genomes were screened for antibiotic resistance, virulence determinants and contextualized within a global collection of C. jejuni. ST2116, ST2863 and ST 832 were the most prevalent and significantly associated with Italian poultry. A worrying increase in resistance to quinolones, fluoroquinolones and tetracycline was observed in C. jejuni, while an increased occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains and strains resistant to macrolides was detected in C. coli. Low resistance rates were found for aminoglycosides. Molecular resistance determinants were consistent with the phenotypic resistance for tetracycline and quinolones. In silico analysis revealed 119 genes associated with virulence factors, with a notably higher prevalence of some genes in ST2863 genomes. This study highlights the increased resistance to macrolides and the emergence of MDR strains for C. coli, the genetic basis of AMR and the predominance of two genotypes among Campylobacter strains isolated from the Italian poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marotta
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Anna Janowicz
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Romina Romantini
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Lisa Di Marcantonio
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Federica Di Timoteo
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Teresa Romualdi
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Katiuscia Zilli
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Lisa Barco
- Italian National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy;
| | - Mario D’Incau
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Francesca Cito
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Lucilla Ricci
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Teramo, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.M.); (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (F.D.T.); (T.R.); (K.Z.); (I.M.); (F.C.); (M.D.D.); (F.P.); (L.R.); (G.G.)
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Targeting the Inside of Cells with Biologicals: Toxin Routes in a Therapeutic Context. BioDrugs 2023; 37:181-203. [PMID: 36729328 PMCID: PMC9893211 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous toxins translocate to the cytosol in order to fulfil their function. This demonstrates the existence of routes for proteins from the extracellular space to the cytosol. Understanding these routes is relevant to multiple aspects related to therapeutic applications. These include the development of anti-toxin treatments, the potential use of toxins as shuttles for delivering macromolecular cargo to the cytosol or the use of drugs based on toxins. Compared with other strategies for delivery, such as chemicals as carriers for macromolecular delivery or physical methods like electroporation, toxin routes present paths into the cell that potentially cause less damage and can be specifically targeted. The efficiency of delivery via toxin routes is limited. However, low-delivery efficiencies can be entirely sufficient, if delivered cargoes possess an amplification effect or if very few molecules are sufficient for inducing the desired effects. This is known for example from RNA-based vaccines that have been developed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as well as for other approved RNA-based drugs, which elicited the desired effect despite their typically low delivery efficiencies. The different mechanisms by which toxins enter cells may have implications for their technological utility. We review the mechanistic principles of the translocation pathway of toxins from the extracellular space to the cytosol, the delivery efficiencies, and therapeutic strategies or applications that exploit toxin routes for intracellular delivery.
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15
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Zhang N, Kandalai S, Zhou X, Hossain F, Zheng Q. Applying multi-omics toward tumor microbiome research. IMETA 2023; 2:e73. [PMID: 38868335 PMCID: PMC10989946 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Rather than a "short-term tenant," the tumor microbiome has been shown to play a vital role as a "permanent resident," affecting carcinogenesis, cancer development, metastasis, and cancer therapies. As the tumor microbiome has great potential to become a target for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer, recent research on the relevance of the tumor microbiota has attracted a wide range of attention from various scientific fields, resulting in remarkable progress that benefits from the development of interdisciplinary technologies. However, there are still a great variety of challenges in this emerging area, such as the low biomass of intratumoral bacteria and unculturable character of some microbial species. Due to the complexity of tumor microbiome research (e.g., the heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment), new methods with high spatial and temporal resolution are urgently needed. Among these developing methods, multi-omics technologies (combinations of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) are powerful approaches that can facilitate the understanding of the tumor microbiome on different levels of the central dogma. Therefore, multi-omics (especially single-cell omics) will make enormous impacts on the future studies of the interplay between microbes and tumor microenvironment. In this review, we have systematically summarized the advances in multi-omics and their existing and potential applications in tumor microbiome research, thus providing an omics toolbox for investigators to reference in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
| | - Shruthi Kandalai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
| | - Xiaozhuang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
| | - Farzana Hossain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
| | - Qingfei Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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17
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Ganji L, Shirazi MH, Ebrahimi-Daryani N, Eslami P, Rahbar M, Zali MR, Alebouyeh M. Carriage of CdtB Encoding Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia entercolitica in Patients with Gastroenteritis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:5522-5528. [PMID: 35357609 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is one of the bacterial toxins that present in a variety of gram-negative human pathogens, such as E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. CDT is composed of three subunits encoded by three adjacent genes, including cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC. cdtB has been shown to have toxic activity and cause DNA damage in host cells. Despite its presence in different bacterial species, the role of CdtB in acute and chronic infections, such as gastroenteritis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is unclear. To analyze this correlation, we studied the prevalence of cdtB among different enteropathogenic bacteria in patients with gastroenteritis and IBS compared with healthy people. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 230 stool samples were collected from patients with gastroenteritis, IBS, and healthy people. The presence of CdtB encoding bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Yersinia entercolitica, Providencia alkalifacience, and Salmonella enterica, was examined by polymerase chain reaction using genus-specific primers. RESULTS Out of 230 stool samples, CdtB encoding Campylobacter spp. were found in 34.6% (52/150), 6.25% (5/80), and 4% (2/50) of the patients with gastroenteritis, IBS, and the control group, respectively. Carriage of CdtB encoding Salmonella enterica was characterized among 5.3% (8/150) of the patients with gastroenteritis and 17.5% (14/80) of the IBS patients. Although none of the patients carried CdtB encoding E. coli and Providencia spp., cdtB of Y. enterocolitica was detected in one of the patients with gastroenteritis (0.6%). Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between infection with CdtB encoding Campylobacter spp. and IBS-D subtype. No significant correlation was found between infection with CdtB encoding bacteria and other clinical and demographic data. CONCLUSION Our results confirmed a relatively higher frequency of CdtB encoding bacteria in the intestine of patients with gastroenteritis and those with IBS compared with healthy individuals. Regarding the frequency of CdtB encoding Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria, it was proposed that infection with these enteropathogens could be considered a risk factor for the development or progression of IBS among Iranian patients. Further studies are needed to establish this involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ganji
- Health Reference Laboratory Research Center, Reference Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Shirazi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Ebrahimi-Daryani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, Central Laboratory, Milad Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Health Reference Laboratory Research Center, Reference Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Naka A, Hinenoya A, Awasthi SP, Yamasaki S. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia albertii from wild and safeguarded animals in Okayama Prefecture and its prefectural borders, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1299-1306. [PMID: 35896346 PMCID: PMC9523302 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii has recently been recognized as a zoonotic enteropathogen associated with food poisoning. The reservoirs and transmission routes of this bacterium to
humans are still unclear. In this study, we performed a survey of E. albertii in fecal specimens of wild and safeguarded animals in Okayama Prefecture and its prefectural
borders, Japan to understand its reservoir in the environment. Forty-two E. albertii were isolated from 10 and 31 droppings of 59 crows and 125 starlings, respectively.
Fifty-two E. albertii were isolated from 906 mammal droppings, and out of 52 isolates, origin of 33, 6 and 1 isolates were from martens, foxes, and rabbit, respectively,
however, origin of 12 isolates remained unknown. Three E. albertii were isolated from two and one feces of 159 dogs and 76 cats, respectively. Pulsed-filed gel
electrophoresis analysis grouped 97 E. albertii strains into 66 pulsotypes including 36 and 30 pulsotypes of isolates from mammals and birds, respectively. E.
albertii strains isolated in this study were genetically diverse. Although clonal relationship was not observed between mammal and bird isolates, there were intra- and
inter-species relationship in mammalian isolates. All E. albertii strains were positive for eae and Eacdt virulence genes. Furthermore, 20
and 7 strains also carried Eccdt-I and stx2f genes, respectively. Taken together, the results indicate that genetically diverse and potentially virulent
E. albertii are distributed among various wild and safeguarded animals in Okayama Prefecture, and the animals could also be reservoirs of E. albertii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Naka
- Inspection Division, Okayama Prefectural Bizen Public Healthcare Center
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University
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19
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Gu J, Lin Y, Wang Z, Pan Q, Cai G, He Q, Xu X, Cai X. Campylobacter jejuni Cytolethal Distending Toxin Induces GSDME-Dependent Pyroptosis in Colonic Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:853204. [PMID: 35573789 PMCID: PMC9093597 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.853204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a critical virulence factor of Campylobacter jejuni, and it induces cell death and regulates inflammation response in human epithelial cells. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death (PCD), but whether it is involved in CDT-mediated cytotoxicity remains elusive. Aims This study explores the role and mechanism of pyroptosis in CDT-mediated cytotoxicity. Methods HCT116 and FHC cell lines were treated with CDT. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect cell viability. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of related proteins in the pathway, and cell morphology observation, annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay were performed to evaluate the occurrence of pyroptosis. Result Our results show that C. jejuni CDT effectively induces pyroptosis in a dose- and time- dependent manner in human colonic epithelial cells owing to its DNase activity. Specific pyroptotic features including large bubbles emerging from plasma membrane and LDH release were observed upon CDT treatment. Moreover, CDT-induced pyroptosis involves the caspase-9/caspase-3 axis, which is followed by gasdermin E (GSDME) cleavage rather than gasdermin D (GSDMD). N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, attenuates the activation of caspase-9/3, the cleavage of GSDME and pyroptotic characteristic, therefore demonstrating ROS initiates pyroptotic signaling. Conclusions We first clarify a molecular mechanism that CDT induces pyroptosis via ROS/caspase-9/caspase-3/GSDME signaling. These findings provide a new insight on understanding of CDT-induced pathogenesis at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qicong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xuwang Cai,
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20
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Muchaamba F, Barmettler K, Treier A, Houf K, Stephan R. Microbiology and Epidemiology of Escherichia albertii—An Emerging Elusive Foodborne Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050875. [PMID: 35630320 PMCID: PMC9145129 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, a close relative of E. coli, is an emerging zoonotic foodborne pathogen associated with watery diarrhea mainly in children and immunocompromised individuals. E. albertii was initially classified as eae-positive Hafnia alvei, however, as more genetic and biochemical information became available it was reassigned to its current novel taxonomy. Its infections are common under conditions of poor hygiene with confirmed transmission via contaminated water and food, mainly poultry-based products. This pathogen has been isolated from various domestic and wild animals, with most isolates being derived from birds, implying that birds among other wild animals might act as its reservoir. Due to the absence of standardized isolation and identification protocols, E. albertii can be misidentified as other Enterobacteriaceae. Exploiting phenotypes such as its inability to ferment rhamnose and xylose and PCR assays targeting E. albertii-specific genes such as the cytolethal distending toxin and the DNA-binding transcriptional activator of cysteine biosynthesis encoding genes can be used to accurately identify this pathogen. Several gaps exist in our knowledge of E. albertii and need to be bridged. A deeper understanding of E. albertii epidemiology and physiology is required to allow the development of effective measures to control its transmission and infections. Overall, current data suggest that E. albertii might play a more significant role in global infectious diarrhea cases than previously assumed and is often overlooked or misidentified. Therefore, simple, and efficient diagnostic tools that cover E. albertii biodiversity are required for effective isolation and identification of this elusive agent of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karen Barmettler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Andrea Treier
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
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21
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Lai YR, Chang YF, Ma J, Chiu CH, Kuo ML, Lai CH. From DNA Damage to Cancer Progression: Potential Effects of Cytolethal Distending Toxin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760451. [PMID: 34868002 PMCID: PMC8634426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), one of the most important genotoxins, is produced by several gram-negative bacteria and is involved in bacterial pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that bacteria producing this peculiar genotoxin target host DNA, which potentially contributes to development of cancer. In this review, we highlighted the recent studies focusing on the idea that CDT leads to DNA damage, and the cells with inappropriately repaired DNA continue cycling, resulting in cancer development. Understanding the detailed mechanisms of genotoxins that cause DNA damage might be useful for targeting potential markers that drive cancer progression and help to discover new therapeutic strategies to prevent diseases caused by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jason Ma
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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22
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Hinenoya A. [Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia albertii, emerging zoonotic enteropathogen]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2021; 76:175-185. [PMID: 34789594 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.76.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging zoonotic enteric pathogen, closely related to E. coli. Several foodborne outbreaks caused by E. albertii accounting for >100 patients have recently occurred in Japan. This bacterium carries eae gene, similar to enteropathogenic E. coli. Some of them harbor Shiga toxin 2 (stx2a, stx2f) genes, primary virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), suggesting that the Stx2 producers could cause severe diseases such as HUS in humans. However, due to lack of the knowledges about its bacteriological characteristics and of the diagnostic methods, E. albertii-related infections might have been underestimated, and the infection sources and routes have not yet been understood. We had continuously performed molecular epidemiological studies targeting for cytolethal distending toxin-producing E. coli, and unexpectedly found that cdt-II gene-positive isolates were not E. coli but E. albertii. This finding led us to initiate research more focusing on E. albertii. We have constructed simple, efficient and reliable methods for the detection, isolation and identification of this bacterium by developing an E. albertii-specific PCR assay targeting Eacdt genes and E. albertii-selective isolation medium named XRM-MacConkey agar. We have also identified raccoons as a potential natural reservoir of E. albertii through wildlife survey using these methods. Here, I describe what I have studied with my colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hinenoya
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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23
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Truccollo B, Whyte P, Burgess CM, Bolton DJ. Genomic Characterisation of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates Recovered During Commercial Broiler Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:716182. [PMID: 34721320 PMCID: PMC8552067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.716182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Campylobacter is commonly transmitted to humans from chickens. Campylobacter jejuni is the species most frequently associated with human illness, and the most prevalent species recovered from poultry. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyse a sub-population of C. jejuni from two broiler flocks on the farm and at slaughter using whole-genome sequencing to gain insights into the changes in the Campylobacter population during broiler production, including changes in virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles. Methods: In this study, ten composite faecal samples (n=10), obtained by pooling ten fresh faecal samples (n=10), were collected in the broiler house on two farms on days 14, 21, 28, and 34 (n=80) and ten composite (n=10) caecal samples were collected at the time of slaughter for each flock (n=20). These were tested for C. jejuni using the ISO 10272-2:2016 method. Seven isolates were randomly selected from each of the nine Campylobacter-positive sampling points (n=63) and were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Their genomes were sequenced and the data obtained was used to characterise the population structure, virulence, antimicrobial resistance determinants and inter-strain variation. Results: The Farm 1 isolates had three MLST types (ST257-257, ST814-661 and ST48-48) while those on Farm 2 were ST6209-464 and ST9401. Interestingly, only the MLST types positive for most of the virulence genes tested in this study persisted throughout the production cycle, and the detection of antimicrobial resistance determinants (gyrA T86I and tetO) increased after thinning and at slaughter, with the detection of new strains. Conclusion: The persistence of the most virulent strains detected in this study throughout the production cycle has important implications for the risk to consumers and requires further investigation. The detection of new strains within the population corresponding with the time of thinning and transportation reflects previous reports and provides further evidence that these activities pose a risk of introducing new Campylobacter strains to broiler batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendha Truccollo
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Declan J Bolton
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Prince DJ, Patel D, Kachlany SC. Leukotoxin (LtxA/Leukothera) induces ATP expulsion via pannexin-1 channels and subsequent cell death in malignant lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18086. [PMID: 34508147 PMCID: PMC8433231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotoxin (LtxA) (Trade name, Leukothera) is a protein that is secreted from the oral bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, which targets and kills activated white blood cells (WBCs) by binding to lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). Interaction between LtxA and Jurkat T-cells results in cell death and is characterized by increased intracellular Ca2+, activation of caspases, clustering of LtxA and LFA-1 within lipid rafts, and involvement of the Fas death receptor. Here, we show that LtxA can kill malignant lymphocytes via apoptotic and necrotic forms of cell death. We show that LtxA causes activation of caspases and PARP, cleavage of pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels, and expulsion of ATP, ultimately leading to cell death via apoptosis and necrosis. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout (K/O) of Panx1 in Jurkat cells prevented ATP expulsion and resulted in resistance to LtxA for both apoptotic and necrotic forms of death. Resistance to necrosis could only be overcome when supplementing LtxA with endogenous ATP (bzATP). The combination of LtxA and bzATP promoted only necrosis, as no Panx1 K/O cells stained positive for phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure following the combined treatment. Inhibition of LtxA/bzATP-induced necrosis was possible when pretreating Jurkat cells with oATP, a P2X7R antagonist. Similarly, blockage of P2X7Rs with oATP prevented the intracellular mobilization of Ca2+, an important early step in LtxA induced cell death. We show that LtxA is able to kill malignant lymphocytes through an apoptotic death pathway which is potentially linked to a Panx1/P2X7R mediated necrotic form of death. Thus, inhibition of ATP release appears to significantly delay the onset of LtxA induced apoptosis while completely disabling the necrotic death pathway in T-lymphocytes, demonstrating the crucial role of ATP release in LtxA-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Prince
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Scott C Kachlany
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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25
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Boeddha NP, Meijer NI, van Heesch G. Intussusception presenting with fluctuating mental status changes. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2021.101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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26
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Hinenoya A, Awasthi SP, Yasuda N, Nagano K, Hassan J, Takehira K, Hatanaka N, Saito S, Watabe T, Yoshizawa M, Inoue H, Yamasaki S. Detection, isolation and molecular characterization of Escherichia albertii in wild birds in West Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:156-163. [PMID: 34470969 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging zoonotic foodborne pathogen. Several outbreaks of E. albertii have occurred particularly in Japan. Although birds have been considered as one of the most important reservoirs of this bacterium, information regarding the prevalence in birds is still scanty. We performed a survey of E. albertii in wild birds in Japan, and examined characteristics of the isolates. E. albertii specific gene was detected in 5 cloacal swabs out of 156 birds by PCR. Four E. albertii were isolated from a swallow with 2 different E. albertii strains and 2 pigeons in a flock by XRM-MacConkey agar. These isolates were assigned to biogroup 3, shown no resistance to any antimicrobials tested, and classified into 2 EAO-genotypes (EAOg2 and EAOg33) and untypable. Similar to clinical E. albertii strains, these isolates carried virulence genes including eae (n=4), paa (n=4), Eccdt-I (n=2) and stx2f (n=1) in addition to Eacdt. Interestingly, stx2f genes in a strain were located on an inducible bacteriophage, which can confer the ability to produce Stx2f to E. coli. In conclusion, Japanese wild birds carried E. albertii at the similar levels to the reported prevalence in birds. These isolates may have a potential to cause gastroenteritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Noritomo Yasuda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Keigo Nagano
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Jayedul Hassan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Keiji Takehira
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
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27
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Cytolethal distending toxin: from genotoxin to a potential biomarker and anti-tumor target. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:150. [PMID: 34379213 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) belongs to the AB toxin family and is produced by a plethora of Gram-negative bacteria. Eight human-affecting enteropathogens harbor CDT that causes irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), dysentery, chancroid, and periodontitis worldwide. They have a novel molecular mode of action as they interfere in the eukaryotic cell-cycle progression leading to G2/M arrest and apoptosis. CDT, the first bacterial genotoxin described, is encoded in a single operon possessing three proteins, CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC. CdtA and CdtC are needed for the binding of the CDT toxin complex to the cholesterol-rich lipid domains of the host cell while the CdtB is the active moiety. Sequence and 3D structural-based analysis of CdtB showed similarities with nucleases and phosphatases, it was hypothesized that CdtB exercises a biochemical function identical to both these enzymes. CDT is secreted through the outer membrane vesicles from the producing bacteria. It is internalized in the target cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and translocated to the host cell nucleus through the Golgi complex and ER. This study discusses the virulence role of CDT, causing pathogenicity by acting as a tri-perditious complex in the CDT-producing species with an emphasis on its potential role as a biomarker and an anti-tumor agent.
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28
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Host Chromatin Regulators Required for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Model. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0003621. [PMID: 33941581 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00036-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a bacterial genotoxin that causes host cell cycle arrest and death. We previously employed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model with inducible expression of the CDT catalytic subunit from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, AaCdtB, and showed that a wide variety of host factors play a role in facilitating the activity of CdtB. Our observation that a yeast H2B mutant defective in chromatin condensation was partially resistant to CdtB implies that chromatin structure may affect CDT function. In this study, we identified host chromatin regulatory genes required for CdtB cytotoxicity. We found that the deletion of HTZ1 or certain subunits of SWR, INO80, and SIR complexes increased cellular resistance to CdtB. We hypothesized that CdtB may interact with Htz1 or the chromatin, but immunoprecipitation experiments failed to detect physical interaction between CdtB and Htz1 or the chromatin. However, we observed reduced nuclear localization of CdtB in several mutants, suggesting that impaired nuclear translocation may, at least partly, explain the mechanisms of CdtB resistance. In addition, mutations in chromatin regulatory genes induce changes in the global gene expression profile, and these may indirectly affect CdtB toxicity. Our results suggest that decreased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport-related genes that may be involved in CdtB transport and/or increased expression of DNA repair genes may contribute to CdtB resistance. These results suggest that the functions of chromatin regulators may contribute to the activity of CDT in host cells.
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29
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The Host Cellular Immune Response to Infection by Campylobacter Spp. and Its Role in Disease. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0011621. [PMID: 34031129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00116-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of bacterium-derived gastroenteritis worldwide, impacting 96 million individuals annually. Unlike other bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract, Campylobacter spp. lack many of the classical virulence factors that are often associated with the ability to induce disease in humans, including an array of canonical secretion systems and toxins. Consequently, the clinical manifestations of human campylobacteriosis and its resulting gastrointestinal pathology are believed to be primarily due to the host immune response toward the bacterium. Further, while gastrointestinal infection is usually self-limiting, numerous postinfectious disorders can occur, including the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Because gastrointestinal disease likely results from the host immune response, the development of these postinfectious disorders may be due to dysregulation or misdirection of the same inflammatory response. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important to the Campylobacter field, and human health, that the cellular immune responses toward Campylobacter be better understood, including which immunological events are critical to the development of disease and the postinfectious disorders mentioned above. In this review, we collectively cover the cellular immune responses across susceptible hosts to Campylobacter jejuni infection, along with the tissue pathology and postinfectious disorders which may develop.
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30
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Ochoa S, Collado L. Enterohepatic Helicobacter species - clinical importance, host range, and zoonotic potential. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:728-761. [PMID: 34153195 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1924117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The genus Helicobacter defined just over 30 years ago, is a highly diverse and fast-growing group of bacteria that are able to persistently colonize a wide range of animals. The members of this genus are subdivided into two groups with different ecological niches, associated pathologies, and phylogenetic relationships: the gastric Helicobacter (GH) and the enterohepatic Helicobacter (EHH) species. Although GH have been mostly studied, EHH species have become increasingly important as emerging human pathogens and potential zoonotic agents in the last years. This group of bacteria has been associated with the development of several diseases in humans from acute pathologies like gastroenteritis to chronic pathologies that include inflammatory bowel disease, and liver and gallbladder diseases. However, their reservoirs, as well as their routes of transmission, have not been well established yet. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge of taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical role of the EHH group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ochoa
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Collado
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
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31
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Mathiasen SL, Gall-Mas L, Pateras IS, Theodorou SDP, Namini MRJ, Hansen MB, Martin OCB, Vadivel CK, Ntostoglou K, Butter D, Givskov M, Geisler C, Akbar AN, Gorgoulis VG, Frisan T, Ødum N, Krejsgaard T. Bacterial genotoxins induce T cell senescence. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109220. [PMID: 34107253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of pathogenic bacteria produce genotoxins that induce DNA damage in host cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that a central function of these genotoxins is to dysregulate the host's immune response, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of the most widely expressed bacterial genotoxin, the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), on T cells-the key mediators of adaptive immunity. We show that CDT induces premature senescence in activated CD4 T cells in vitro and provide evidence suggesting that infection with genotoxin-producing bacteria promotes T cell senescence in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrate that genotoxin-induced senescent CD4 T cells assume a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) which, at least partly, is orchestrated by the ATM-p38 signaling axis. These findings provide insight into the immunomodulatory properties of bacterial genotoxins and uncover a putative link between bacterial infections and T cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Mathiasen
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Gall-Mas
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia D P Theodorou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin R J Namini
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten B Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Océane C B Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chella Krishna Vadivel
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos Ntostoglou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Deborah Butter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Givskov
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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32
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Tremblay W, Mompart F, Lopez E, Quaranta M, Bergoglio V, Hashim S, Bonnet D, Alric L, Mas E, Trouche D, Vignard J, Ferrand A, Mirey G, Fernandez-Vidal A. Cytolethal Distending Toxin Promotes Replicative Stress Leading to Genetic Instability Transmitted to Daughter Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:656795. [PMID: 34026755 PMCID: PMC8138442 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.656795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is produced by several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. In addition to inflammation, experimental evidences are in favor of a protumoral role of CDT-harboring bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, or Helicobacter hepaticus. CDT may contribute to cell transformation in vitro and carcinogenesis in mice models, through the genotoxic action of CdtB catalytic subunit. Here, we investigate the mechanism of action by which CDT leads to genetic instability in human cell lines and colorectal organoids from healthy patients’ biopsies. We demonstrate that CDT holotoxin induces a replicative stress dependent on CdtB. The slowing down of DNA replication occurs mainly in late S phase, resulting in the expression of fragile sites and important chromosomic aberrations. These DNA abnormalities induced after CDT treatment are responsible for anaphase bridge formation in mitosis and interphase DNA bridge between daughter cells in G1 phase. Moreover, CDT-genotoxic potential preferentially affects human cycling cells compared to quiescent cells. Finally, the toxin induces nuclear distension associated to DNA damage in proliferating cells of human colorectal organoids, resulting in decreased growth. Our findings thus identify CDT as a bacterial virulence factor targeting proliferating cells, such as human colorectal progenitors or stem cells, inducing replicative stress and genetic instability transmitted to daughter cells that may therefore contribute to carcinogenesis. As some CDT-carrying bacterial strains were detected in patients with colorectal cancer, targeting these bacteria could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tremblay
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Mompart
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Lopez
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Quaranta
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Saleha Hashim
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Bonnet
- Department of Internale and Digestive Diseases, Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internale and Digestive Diseases, Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Mas
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Unité de Gastroentérologie, Hépatologie, Nutrition, Diabétologie et Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Trouche
- MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Vignard
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gladys Mirey
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Fernandez-Vidal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.,MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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33
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González‐Sánchez P, DeNicola GM. The microbiome(s) and cancer: know thy neighbor(s). J Pathol 2021; 254:332-343. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma González‐Sánchez
- Department of Cancer Physiology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa FL USA
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa FL USA
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34
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Huang G, Boesze-Battaglia K, Walker LP, Zekavat A, Schaefer ZP, Blanke SR, Shenker BJ. The Active Subunit of the Cytolethal Distending Toxin, CdtB, Derived From Both Haemophilus ducreyi and Campylobacter jejuni Exhibits Potent Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Triphosphate Phosphatase Activity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:664221. [PMID: 33854985 PMCID: PMC8039388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.664221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lymphocytes exposed to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) undergo cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the active Cdt subunit, CdtB, is a potent phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3,4,5-triphosphate phosphatase. Moreover, AaCdt-treated cells exhibit evidence of PI-3-kinase (PI-3K) signaling blockade characterized by reduced levels of PIP3, pAkt, and pGSK3β. We have also demonstrated that PI-3K blockade is a requisite of AaCdt-induced toxicity in lymphocytes. In this study, we extended our observations to include assessment of Cdts from Haemophilus ducreyi (HdCdt) and Campylobacter jejuni (CjCdt). We now report that the CdtB subunit from HdCdt and CjCdt, similar to that of AaCdt, exhibit potent PIP3 phosphatase activity and that Jurkat cells treated with these Cdts exhibit PI-3K signaling blockade: reduced levels of pAkt and pGSK3β. Since non-phosphorylated GSK3β is the active form of this kinase, we compared Cdts for dependence on GSK3β activity. Two GSK3β inhibitors were employed, LY2090314 and CHIR99021; both inhibitors blocked the ability of Cdts to induce cell cycle arrest. We have previously demonstrated that AaCdt induces increases in the CDK inhibitor, p21CIP1/WAF1, and, further, that this was a requisite for toxin-induced cell death via apoptosis. We now demonstrate that HdCdt and CjCdt also share this requirement. It is also noteworthy that p21CIP1/WAF1 was not involved in the ability of the three Cdts to induce cell cycle arrest. Finally, we demonstrate that, like AaCdt, HdCdt is dependent upon the host cell protein, cellugyrin, for its toxicity (and presumably internalization of CdtB); CjCdt was not dependent upon this protein. The implications of these findings as they relate to Cdt’s molecular mode of action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Huang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa P Walker
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ali Zekavat
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zachary P Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Steven R Blanke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Pathobiology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Biomedical and Translational Sciences Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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35
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Le LHM, Ying L, Ferrero RL. Nuclear trafficking of bacterial effector proteins. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13320. [PMID: 33600054 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens can subvert host responses by producing effector proteins that directly target the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in animals and plants. Nuclear-targeting proteins are categorised as either: "nucleomodulins," which have epigenetic-modulating activities; or "cyclomodulins," which specifically interfere with the host cell cycle. Bacteria can deliver these effector proteins to eukaryotic cells via a range of strategies. Despite an increasing number of reports describing the effects of bacterial effector proteins on nuclear processes in host cells, the intracellular pathways used by these proteins to traffic to the nucleus have yet to be fully elucidated. This review will describe current knowledge about how nucleomodulins and cyclomodulins enter eukaryotic cells, exploit endocytic pathways and translocate to the nucleus. We will also discuss the secretion of nuclear-targeting proteins or their release in bacterial membrane vesicles and the trafficking pathways employed by each of these forms. Besides their importance for bacterial pathogenesis, some nuclear-targeting proteins have been implicated in the development of chronic diseases and even cancer. A greater understanding of nuclear-targeting proteins and their actions will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as contribute to advances in the development of novel therapies against bacterial infections and possibly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hoang My Le
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Le Ying
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Kim SH, Chelliah R, Ramakrishnan SR, Perumal AS, Bang WS, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Barathikannan K, Elahi F, Park E, Jo HY, Hwang SB, Oh DH. Review on Stress Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596570. [PMID: 33614524 PMCID: PMC7890702 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading global cause of bacterial colon infections in humans. Enteropathogens are subjected to several stress conditions in the host colon, food complexes, and the environment. Species of the genus Campylobacter, in collective interactions with certain enteropathogens, can manage and survive such stress conditions. The stress-adaptation mechanisms of Campylobacter spp. diverge from other enteropathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S. enterica ser. Paratyphi, S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, and species of the genera Klebsiella and Shigella. This review summarizes the different mechanisms of various stress-adaptive factors on the basis of species diversity in Campylobacter, including their response to various stress conditions that enhance their ability to survive on different types of food and in adverse environmental conditions. Understanding how these stress adaptation mechanisms in Campylobacter, and other enteric bacteria, are used to overcome various challenging environments facilitates the fight against resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter spp., and aids the development of novel therapeutics to control Campylobacter in both veterinary and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hun Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, South Korea.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sudha Rani Ramakrishnan
- School of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Woo-Suk Bang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology and Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Momna Rubab
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kaliyan Barathikannan
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Jo
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Su-Bin Hwang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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37
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Hinenoya A, Li XP, Zeng X, Sahin O, Moxley RA, Logue CM, Gillespie B, Yamasaki S, Lin J. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia albertii in poultry at the pre-harvest level. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:213-225. [PMID: 33528112 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, often misidentified as Escherichia coli, has become an emerging foodborne human enteric pathogen. However, the prevalence and major animal reservoirs of this significant pathogen are still not clear. Here, we performed comprehensive microbiological, molecular, comparative genomics and animal studies to understand the status and features of E. albertii in the US domestic and food animals. Although no E. albertii was identified in a total of 1,022 diverse E. coli strains isolated from pets and food animals in a retrospective screening, in a pilot study, E. albertii was successfully isolated from a broiler farm (6 out of 20 chickens). The chicken E. albertii isolates showed clonal relationship as indicated by both pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequence analysis. The isolated chicken E. albertii displayed multidrug resistance; all the resistance determinants including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene, carried by plasmids, could be conjugatively transferred to E. coli, which was further confirmed by S1-PFGE and Southern hybridization. Whole-genome sequence-based phylogenetic analysis showed the chicken E. albertii strains were phylogenetically close to those of human origins. Challenge experiment demonstrated that the E. albertii strains isolated from human and wild bird could successfully colonize in the chicken intestine. Together, this study, for the first time, reported the isolation of E. albertii in poultry at the pre-hrvest level. The findings from multi-tier characterization of the chicken E. albertii strains indicated the importance of chickens as a reservoir for E. albertii. A large scale of E. albertii survey in poultry production at the pre-harvest level is highly warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hinenoya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xing-Ping Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ximin Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Catherine M Logue
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Barbara Gillespie
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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38
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Skarżyńska M, Zając M, Kamińska E, Bomba A, Żmudzki J, Jabłoński A, Wasyl D. Salmonella and Antimicrobial Resistance in Wild Rodents-True or False Threat? Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090771. [PMID: 32967245 PMCID: PMC7559071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of pathogenic and resistant bacteria from wildlife to the bacterial gene pool in nature affects the ecosystem. Hence, we studied intestine content of five wild rodent species: the yellow-necked wood mouse (Apodemus flavicollis, n = 121), striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius, n = 75), common vole (Microtus arvalis, n = 37), bank vole (Myodes glareolus, n = 3), and house mouse (Mus musculus, n = 1) to assess their potential role as an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and Salmonella vector. The methods adopted from official AMR monitoring of slaughtered animals were applied and supplemented with colistin resistance screening. Whole-genome sequencing of obtained bacteria elucidated their epidemiological relationships and zoonotic potential. The study revealed no indications of public health relevance of wild rodents from the sampled area in Salmonella spread and their limited role in AMR dissemination. Of 263 recovered E. coli, the vast majority was pan-susceptible, and as few as 5 E. coli showed any resistance. In four colistin-resistant strains neither the known mcr genes nor known mutations in pmr genes were found. One of these strains was tetracycline-resistant due to tet(B). High diversity of virulence factors (n = 43) noted in tested strains including ibeA, cdtB, air, eilA, astA, vat, pic reported in clinically relevant types of enteric E. coli indicate that rodents may be involved in the ecological cycle of these bacteria. Most of the strains represented unique sequence types and ST10805, ST10806, ST10810, ST10824 were revealed for the first time, showing genomic heterogeneity of the strains. The study broadened the knowledge on phylogenetic diversity and structure of the E. coli population in wild rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Skarżyńska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.Z.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-889-3370
| | - Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Ewelina Kamińska
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Jacek Żmudzki
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Artur Jabłoński
- Department of Clinic Large Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.Z.); (D.W.)
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.)
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39
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Circulating Anti-cytolethal Distending Toxin B and Anti-vinculin Antibodies as Biomarkers in Community and Healthcare Populations With Functional Dyspepsia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 10:e00064. [PMID: 31356481 PMCID: PMC6708662 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anti-cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) and anti-vinculin antibodies have been proposed as biomarkers that discriminate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) diarrhea from inflammatory bowel disease; however, it is unknown whether they can also discriminate patients with IBS and IBS subtypes and functional dyspepsia (FD) from healthy individuals in the general population. We aimed to determine whether anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin can discriminate IBS and FD from health and from organic gastrointestinal (GI) disease. METHODS Adults were enrolled from 2 Australian studies: (i) a random, population-based study (n = 331) with subjects diagnosed with IBS (n = 63) or FD (n = 61) by modified Rome III criteria or healthy control subjects (n = 246) who did not meet criteria for IBS and/or FD and (ii) an outpatient-based study with subjects diagnosed with IBS (n = 256) and/or FD (n = 55) or organic GI disease (n = 182) by an independent clinician. Serum levels of anti-CdtB/anti-vinculin antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS There was a significantly higher mean value of anti-CdtB in FD vs healthy controls (mean = 2.46 [SD = 0.72] vs mean = 2.14 [SD = 0.77]; P = 0.005) and IBS/FD overlap vs healthy controls (mean = 2.47 [SD = 0.78] vs mean = 2.14 [SD = 0.77]; P = 0.02). There were no significant differences in anti-CdtB in IBS and FD outpatients or IBS/FD subgroups compared with patients with organic GI disease. In terms of anti-vinculin, there were no significant differences between IBS and FD and healthy controls or between IBS and FD and organic GI disease controls. DISCUSSION We did not confirm that anti-CdtB/anti-vinculin discriminated IBS diarrhea from organic GI disease in Australian subjects. However, we did find higher anti-CdtB in FD and IBS/FD overlap vs healthy controls. Postinfectious FD may be more common than currently recognized.
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Gut Microbiota and Colon Cancer: A Role for Bacterial Protein Toxins? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176201. [PMID: 32867331 PMCID: PMC7504354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the human intestinal microbiota can contribute to the etiology of colorectal cancer. Triggering factors, including inflammation and bacterial infections, may favor the shift of the gut microbiota from a mutualistic to a pro-carcinogenic configuration. In this context, certain bacterial pathogens can exert a pro-tumoral activity by producing enzymatically-active protein toxins that either directly induce host cell DNA damage or interfere with essential host cell signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. This review is focused on those toxins that, by mimicking carcinogens and cancer promoters, could represent a paradigm for bacterially induced carcinogenesis.
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Boesze-Battaglia K, Dhingra A, Walker LM, Zekavat A, Shenker BJ. Internalization and Intoxication of Human Macrophages by the Active Subunit of the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Is Dependent Upon Cellugyrin (Synaptogyrin-2). Front Immunol 2020; 11:1262. [PMID: 32655562 PMCID: PMC7325893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is a heterotrimeric AB2 toxin capable of inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lymphocytes and other cell types. Recently, we have demonstrated that human macrophages are resistant to Cdt-induced apoptosis but are susceptible to toxin-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response involving activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Exposure to Cdt results in binding to the cell surface followed by internalization and translocation of the active subunit, CdtB, to intracellular compartments. Internalization involves hijacking of retrograde pathways; treatment of cells with Retro-2 leads to a decrease in CdtB-Golgi association. These events are dependent upon toxin binding to cholesterol in the context of lipid rich membrane microdomains often referred to as lipid rafts. We now demonstrate that within 1 h of exposure of macrophages to Cdt, CdtB is internalized and found primarily within lipid rafts; concurrently, cellugyrin (synaptogyrin-2) also translocates into lipid rafts. Further analysis by immunoprecipitation indicates that CdtB associates with complexes containing both cellugyrin and Derlin-2. Moreover, a human macrophage cell line deficient in cellugyrin expression (THP-1Cg-) challenged with Cdt failed to internalize CdtB and was resistant to the Cdt-induced pro-inflammatory response. We propose that lipid rafts along with cellugyrin play a critical role in the internalization and translocation of CdtB to critical intracellular target sites in human macrophages. These studies provide the first evidence that cellugyrin is expressed in human macrophages and plays a critical role in Cdt toxicity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anuradha Dhingra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa M Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ali Zekavat
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Sobhy NM, Yousef SGA, Aboubakr HA, Nisar M, Nagaraja KV, Mor SK, Valeris-Chacin RJ, Goyal SM. Virulence factors and antibiograms of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves of Egyptian cattle and water buffaloes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232890. [PMID: 32392237 PMCID: PMC7213691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli in calves is an important problem in terms of survivability, productivity and treatment costs. In this study, 88 of 150 diarrheic animals tested positive for E. coli. Of these, 54 samples had mixed infection with other bacterial and/or parasitic agents. There are several diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC). Molecular detection of virulence factors Stx2, Cdt3, Eae, CNF2, F5, Hly, Stx1, and ST revealed their presence at 39.7, 27.2, 19.3, 15.9, 13.6, 9.0, 3.4, and 3.4 percent, respectively. As many as 13.6% of the isolates lacked virulence genes and none of the isolate had LT or CNF1 toxin gene. The odds of isolating ETEC from male calves was 3.6 times (95% CI: 1.1, 12.4; P value = 0.042) that of female calves, whereas the odds of isolating NTEC from male calves was 72.9% lower (95% CI: 91.3% lower, 15.7% lower; P value = 0.024) than that in females. The odds of isolating STEC in winter was 3.3 times (95% CI: 1.1, 10.3; P value = 0.037) that of spring. Antibiograms showed 48 (54.5%) of the isolates to be multi-drug resistant. The percent resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was 79.5, 67.0, 54.5, and 43.0, respectively. Ceftazidime (14.8%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (13.6%) and aztreonam (11.3%) showed the lowest resistance, and none of the isolates was resistant to imipenem. The results of this study can help improve our understanding of the epidemiological aspects of E. coli infection and to devise strategies for protection against it. The prevalence of E. coli pathotypes can help potential buyers of calves to avoid infected premises. The antibiograms in this study emphasizes the risks associated with the random use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader M. Sobhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sarah G. A. Yousef
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Hamada A. Aboubakr
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Nisar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kakambi V. Nagaraja
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sunil K. Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Valeris-Chacin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Animal Health and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hinenoya A, Nagano K, Okuno K, Nagita A, Hatanaka N, Awasthi SP, Yamasaki S. Development of XRM-MacConkey agar selective medium for the isolation of Escherichia albertii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 97:115006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Virulence Traits of Inpatient Campylobacter jejuni Isolates, and a Transcriptomic Approach to Identify Potential Genes Maintaining Intracellular Survival. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040531. [PMID: 32272707 PMCID: PMC7232156 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are still major gaps in our understanding of the bacterial factors that influence the outcomes of human Campylobacter jejuni infection. The aim of this study was to compare the virulence-associated features of 192 human C. jejuni strains isolated from hospitalized patients with diarrhoea (150/192, 78.1%), bloody diarrhoea (23/192, 11.9%), gastroenteritis (3/192, 1.6%), ulcerative colitis (3/192, 1.5%), and stomach ache (2/192, 1.0%). Traits were analysed with genotypic and phenotypic methods, including PCR and extracellular matrix protein (ECMP) binding, adhesion, and invasion capacities. Results were studied alongside patient symptoms, but no distinct links with them could be determined. Since the capacity of C. jejuni to invade host epithelial cells is one of its most enigmatic attributes, a high throughput transcriptomic analysis was performed in the third hour of internalization with a C. jejuni strain originally isolated from bloody diarrhoea. Characteristic groups of genes were significantly upregulated, outlining a survival strategy of internalized C. jejuni comprising genes related (1) to oxidative stress; (2) to a protective sheath formed by the capsule, LOS, N-, and O- glycosylation systems; (3) to dynamic metabolic activity supported by different translocases and the membrane-integrated component of the flagellar apparatus; and (4) to hitherto unknown genes.
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Shenker BJ, Walker LM, Zekavat Z, Ojcius DM, Huang PR, Boesze-Battaglia K. Cytolethal distending toxin-induced release of interleukin-1β by human macrophages is dependent upon activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and the noncanonical inflammasome. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13194. [PMID: 32068949 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxins (Cdt) are a family of toxins produced by several human pathogens which infect mucocutaneous tissue and induce inflammatory disease. We have previously demonstrated that the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cdt induces a pro-inflammatory response from human macrophages which involves activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We now demonstrate that in addition to activating caspase-1 (canonical inflammasome), Cdt treatment leads to caspase-4 activation and involvement of the noncanonical inflammasome. Cdt-treated cells exhibit pyroptosis characterised by cleavage of gasdermin-D (GSDMD), release of HMGB1 at 24 hr and LDH at 48 hr. Inhibition of either the canonical (caspase-1) or noncanonical (caspase-4) inflammasome blocks both Cdt-induced release of IL-1β and induction of pyroptosis. Analysis of upstream events indicates that Cdt induces Syk phosphorylation (activation); furthermore, blockade of Syk expression and inhibition of pSyk activity inhibit both Cdt-induced cytokine release and pyroptosis. Finally, we demonstrate that increases in pSyk are dependent upon Cdt-induced activation of GSK3β. These studies advance our understanding of Cdt function and provide new insight into the virulence potential of Cdt in mediating the pathogenesis of disease caused by Cdt-producing organisms such as A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa M Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zeyed Zekavat
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pei-Rong Huang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Vojdani A, Vojdani E, Herbert M, Kharrazian D. Correlation between Antibodies to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Barrier Proteins in Sera Positive for ASCA and ANCA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041381. [PMID: 32085663 PMCID: PMC7073094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with intestinal barrier dysfunction are more prone to autoimmunity. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gut bacteria have been shown to play a role in systemic inflammation, leading to the opening of the gut and blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study aims to measure antibodies against LPS and barrier proteins in samples positive for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and compare them with these same antibodies in controls to determine whether a correlation between LPS and barrier proteins could be found. We obtained 94 ASCA- and 94 ANCA-positive blood samples, as well as 188 blood samples from healthy controls. Samples were assessed for antibodies to LPS, zonulin+occludin, S100B, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Results show significant elevation in antibodies in about 30% of ASCA- and ANCA-positive sera and demonstrate positive linear relationships between these antibodies. The findings suggest that individuals positive for ASCA and ANCA have increased odds of developing intestinal and BBB permeability compared to healthy subjects. The levels of LPS antibodies in both ASCA- and ANCA-positive and negative specimens showed from low and moderate to high correlation with antibodies to barrier proteins. This study shows that LPS, by damaging the gut and BBBs, contribute to the extra-intestinal manifestation of IBD. We conclude that IBD patients should be screened for LPS antibodies in an effort to detect or prevent possible barrier damage at the earliest stage possible to abrogate disease symptoms in IBS and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab, Inc. 822 S. Robertson Blvd, Ste 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-657-1077
| | - Elroy Vojdani
- Regenera Medical, 11860 Wilshire Blvd., Ste. 301, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA;
| | - Martha Herbert
- Martha Herbert, Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Rm CNY149-2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Datis Kharrazian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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The Cell-Cycle Regulatory Protein p21 CIP1/WAF1 Is Required for Cytolethal Distending Toxin (Cdt)-Induced Apoptosis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010038. [PMID: 31906446 PMCID: PMC7168616 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) induces lymphocytes to undergo cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis; toxicity is dependent upon the active Cdt subunit, CdtB. We now demonstrate that p21CIP1/WAF1 is critical to Cdt-induced apoptosis. Cdt induces increases in the levels of p21CIP1/WAF1 in lymphoid cell lines, Jurkat and MyLa, and in primary human lymphocytes. These increases were dependent upon CdtB’s ability to function as a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase. It is noteworthy that Cdt-induced increases in the levels of p21CIP1/WAF1 were accompanied by a significant decline in the levels of phosphorylated p21CIP1/WAF1. The significance of Cdt-induced p21CIP1/WAF1 increase was assessed by preventing these changes with a two-pronged approach; pre-incubation with the novel p21CIP1/WAF1 inhibitor, UC2288, and development of a p21CIP1/WAF1-deficient cell line (Jurkatp21−) using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/cas9 gene editing. UC2288 blocked toxin-induced increases in p21CIP1/WAF1, and JurkatWT cells treated with this inhibitor exhibited reduced susceptibility to Cdt-induced apoptosis. Likewise, Jurkatp21− cells failed to undergo toxin-induced apoptosis. The linkage between Cdt, p21CIP1/WAF1, and apoptosis was further established by demonstrating that Cdt-induced increases in levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bid, Bax, and Bak were dependent upon p21CIP1/WAF1 as these changes were not observed in Jurkatp21− cells. Finally, we determined that the p21CIP1/WAF1 increases were dependent upon toxin-induced increases in the level and activity of the chaperone heat shock protein (HSP) 90. We propose that p21CIP1/WAF1 plays a key pro-apoptotic role in mediating Cdt-induced toxicity.
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Cytolethal Distending Toxin Subunit B: A Review of Structure-Function Relationship. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100595. [PMID: 31614800 PMCID: PMC6832162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is a bacterial virulence factor produced by several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. These bacteria, found in distinct niches, cause diverse infectious diseases and produce CDTs differing in sequence and structure. CDTs have been involved in the pathogenicity of the associated bacteria by promoting persistent infection. At the host-cell level, CDTs cause cell distension, cell cycle block and DNA damage, eventually leading to cell death. All these effects are attributable to the catalytic CdtB subunit, but its exact mode of action is only beginning to be unraveled. Sequence and 3D structure analyses revealed similarities with better characterized proteins, such as nucleases or phosphatases, and it has been hypothesized that CdtB exerts a biochemical activity close to those enzymes. Here, we review the relationships that have been established between CdtB structure and function, particularly by mutation experiments on predicted key residues in different experimental systems. We discuss the relevance of these approaches and underline the importance of further study in the molecular mechanisms of CDT toxicity, particularly in the context of different pathological conditions.
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Zha L, Garrett S, Sun J. Salmonella Infection in Chronic Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancer. Diseases 2019; 7:E28. [PMID: 30857369 PMCID: PMC6473780 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella not only causes acute infections, but can also cause patients to become chronic "asymptomatic" carriers. Salmonella has been verified as a pathogenic factor that contributes to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. This review summarizes the acute and chronic Salmonella infection and describes the current research progress of Salmonella infection contributing to inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Furthermore, this review explores the underlying biological mechanism of the host signaling pathways manipulated by Salmonella effector molecules. Using experimental animal models, researchers have shown that Salmonella infection is related to host biological processes, such as host cell transformation, stem cell maintenance, and changes of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Finally, this review discusses the current challenges and future directions in studying Salmonella infection and its association with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Shari Garrett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Vojdani A, Vojdani E. Reaction of antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni and cytolethal distending toxin B with tissues and food antigens. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1050-1066. [PMID: 30862994 PMCID: PMC6406185 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i9.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacteria Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is commonly associated with Guillane-Barré syndrome (GBS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but studies have also linked it with Miller Fisher syndrome, reactive arthritis and other disorders, some of which are autoimmune. It is possible that C. jejuni and its toxins may be cross-reactive with some human tissues and food antigens, potentially leading to autoimmune responses.
AIM To measure the immune reactivity of C. jejuni and C. jejuni cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) antibodies with tissue and food antigens to examine their role in autoimmunities.
METHODS Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology, specific antibodies made against C. jejuni and C. jejuni Cdt were applied to a variety of microwell plates coated with 45 tissues and 180 food antigens. The resulting immunoreactivities were compared to reactions with control wells coated with human serum albumin (HSA) which were used as negative controls and with wells coated with C. jejuni lysate or C. jejuni Cdt which served as positive controls.
RESULTS At 3 SD above the mean of control wells coated with HSA or 0.41 OD, the mouse monoclonal antibody made against C. jejuni showed moderate to high reactions with zonulin, somatotropin, acetylcholine receptor, β-amyloid and presenilin. This immune reaction was low with an additional 25 tissue antigens including asialoganglioside, and the same antibody did not react at all with another 15 tissue antigens. Examining the reaction between C. jejuni antibody and 180 food antigens, we found insignificant reactions with 163 foods but low to high immune reactions with 17 food antigens. Similarly, we examined the reaction of C. jejuni Cdt with the same tissues and food antigens. The strongest reactions were observed with zonulin, intrinsic factor and somatotropin. The reaction was moderate with 9 different tissue antigens including thyroid peroxidase, and reaction was low with another 10 different antigens, including neuronal antigens. The reaction of C. jejuni Cdt antibody with an additional 23 tissue antigens was insignificant. Regarding the reaction of C. jejuni Cdt antibody with different food antigens, 160 out of 180 foods showed insignificant reactions, while 20 foods showed reactions ranging from low to high.
CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that C. jejuni and its Cdt may play a role in inflammation and autoimmunities beyond the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, United States
- Cyrex Labs, LLC., Phoenix, AZ 85034, United States
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Elroy Vojdani
- Regenera Medical, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
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