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O'Bryan SM, Connor KR, Drummer DJ, Lavin KM, Bamman MM. Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903992. [PMID: 35721874 PMCID: PMC9204149 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. In the medical sphere, basing practice on data developed in only males resulted in the removal of drugs from the market in the late 1990s due to severe side effects (some life-threatening) in females that were not observed in males. In response to substantial evidence demonstrating exercise-induced health benefits, exercise is often promoted as a key modality in disease prevention, management, and rehabilitation. However, much like the early days of drug development, a historical literature knowledge base of predominantly male studies may leave the exercise field vulnerable to overlooking potentially key biological differences in males and females that may be important to consider in prescribing exercise (e.g., how exercise responses may differ between sexes and whether there are optimal approaches to consider for females that differ from conventional approaches that are based on male physiology). Thus, this review will discuss anatomical, physiological, and skeletal muscle molecular differences that may contribute to sex differences in exercise responses, as well as clinical considerations based on this knowledge in athletic and general populations over the continuum of age. Finally, this review summarizes the current gaps in knowledge, highlights the areas ripe for future research, and considerations for sex-cognizant research in exercise fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. O'Bryan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kathleen R. Connor
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Devin J. Drummer
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kaleen M. Lavin
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcas M. Bamman
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2
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Della Torre S. Beyond the X Factor: Relevance of Sex Hormones in NAFLD Pathophysiology. Cells 2021; 10:2502. [PMID: 34572151 PMCID: PMC8470830 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health issue worldwide, being frequently associated with obesity, unbalanced dietary regimens, and reduced physical activity. Despite their greater adiposity and reduced physical activity, women show a lower risk of developing NAFLD in comparison to men, likely a consequence of a sex-specific regulation of liver metabolism. In the liver, sex differences in the uptake, synthesis, oxidation, deposition, and mobilization of lipids, as well as in the regulation of inflammation, are associated with differences in NAFLD prevalence and progression between men and women. Given the major role of sex hormones in driving hepatic sexual dimorphism, this review will focus on the role of sex hormones and their signaling in the regulation of hepatic metabolism and in the molecular mechanisms triggering NAFLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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3
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Chary S, Amrein K, Lasky-Su JA, Dobnig H, Christopher KB. Metabolomic differences between critically Ill women and men. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3951. [PMID: 33597589 PMCID: PMC7889607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism differs in women and men at homeostasis. Critically ill patients have profound dysregulation of homeostasis and metabolism. It is not clear if the metabolic response to critical illness differs in women compared to men. Such sex-specific differences in illness response would have consequences for personalized medicine. Our aim was to determine the sex-specific metabolomic response to early critical illness. We performed a post-hoc metabolomics study of the VITdAL-ICU trial where subjects received high dose vitamin D3 or placebo. Using mixed-effects modeling, we studied sex-specific changes in metabolites over time adjusted for age, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, admission diagnosis, day 0 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to intervention. In women, multiple members of the sphingomyelin and lysophospholipid metabolite classes had significantly positive Bonferroni corrected associations over time compared to men. Further, multiple representatives of the acylcarnitine, androgenic steroid, bile acid, nucleotide and amino acid metabolite classes had significantly negative Bonferroni corrected associations over time compared to men. Gaussian graphical model analyses revealed sex-specific functional modules. Our findings show that robust and coordinated sex-specific metabolite differences exist early in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Chary
- Biogen, Inc., 225 Binney St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Karin Amrein
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Jessica A Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, USA
| | - Harald Dobnig
- Thyroid Endocrinology Osteoporosis Institute Dobnig, Jakob-Redtenbachergasse 10, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Kenneth B Christopher
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, USA.
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, USA.
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4
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Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport? Sports Med 2021; 51:895-915. [PMID: 33502701 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance has been defined as any exercise bout that exceeds 6 h. A number of exceptional, record-breaking performances by female athletes in ultra-endurance sport have roused speculation that they might be predisposed to success in such events. Indeed, while the male-to-female performance gap in traditional endurance sport (e.g., marathon) remains at ~ 10%, the disparity in ultra-endurance competition has been reported as low as 4% despite the markedly lower number of female participants. Moreover, females generally outperform males in extreme-distance swimming. The issue is complex, however, with many sports-specific considerations and caveats. This review summarizes the sex-based differences in physiological functions and draws attention to those which likely determine success in extreme exercise endeavors. The aim is to provide a balanced discussion of the female versus male predisposition to ultra-endurance sport. Herein, we discuss sex-based differences in muscle morphology and fatigability, respiratory-neuromechanical function, substrate utilization, oxygen utilization, gastrointestinal structure and function, and hormonal control. The literature indicates that while females exhibit numerous phenotypes that would be expected to confer an advantage in ultra-endurance competition (e.g., greater fatigue resistance, greater substrate efficiency, and lower energetic demands), they also exhibit several characteristics that unequivocally impinge on performance (e.g., lower O2-carrying capacity, increased prevalence of GI distress, and sex-hormone effects on cellular function/injury risk). Crucially, the advantageous traits may only manifest as ergogenic in the extreme endurance events which, paradoxically, are those that females less often contest. The title question should be revisited in the coming years, when/if the number of female participants increases.
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5
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Teng YC, Wang JY, Chi YH, Tsai TF. Exercise and the Cisd2 Prolongevity Gene: Two Promising Strategies to Delay the Aging of Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239059. [PMID: 33260577 PMCID: PMC7731423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an evolutionally conserved process that limits life activity. Cellular aging is the result of accumulated genetic damage, epigenetic damage and molecular exhaustion, as well as altered inter-cellular communication; these lead to impaired organ function and increased vulnerability to death. Skeletal muscle constitutes ~40% of the human body’s mass. In addition to maintaining skeletal structure and allowing locomotion, which enables essential daily activities to be completed, skeletal muscle also plays major roles in thermogenesis, metabolism and the functioning of the endocrine system. Unlike many other organs that have a defined size once adulthood is reached, skeletal muscle is able to alter its structural and functional properties in response to changes in environmental conditions. Muscle mass usually remains stable during early life; however, it begins to decline at a rate of ~1% year in men and ~0.5% in women after the age of 50 years. On the other hand, different exercise training regimens are able to restore muscle homeostasis at the molecular, cellular and organismal levels, thereby improving systemic health. Here we give an overview of the molecular factors that contribute to lifespan and healthspan, and discuss the effects of the longevity gene Cisd2 and middle-to-old age exercise on muscle metabolism and changes in the muscle transcriptome in mice during very old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chi Teng
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Jing-Ya Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Hui Chi
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (T.-F.T.); Tel.: +886-37-206166 (ext. 35718) (Y.-H.C.); +886-2-28267293 (T.-F.T.); Fax: +886-2-28280872 (T.-F.T.)
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (T.-F.T.); Tel.: +886-37-206166 (ext. 35718) (Y.-H.C.); +886-2-28267293 (T.-F.T.); Fax: +886-2-28280872 (T.-F.T.)
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6
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Guo Q, Ma Z, Zhu C, Zeng Q. Association of dietary pattern and physical activity with lipid-related indices among Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:244. [PMID: 33228692 PMCID: PMC7684929 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives To explore the relationship between dietary patterns, physical activity and lipid-related indices in Chinese Population. Methods and study design This study included 21,472 (72.3% men) participants aged 16 to 78 years. Data of anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests and questionnaires were collected through a physical examination. Diet patterns were identified through factor analysis and five patterns were retained (“meat,” “high-energy,” “high-protein,” “healthy” and “traditional Chinese”). Physical activity was classified into low, moderate, or high. Abnormalities in lipid indices were assessed using the Adult Treatment Panel III criterion. Results Higher factor scores of “high-protein” pattern and “healthy” pattern were found to be related to favorable lipid indices. Quartiles 3 and 4 of “meat” pattern showed increased risks of having elevates total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Participants with higher levels of physical activity showed lowest risk of abnormal lipid profiles. All the associations were equally established among men, while most were no longer significant among women. Conclusions Higher physical activity level and a dietary pattern consists of high-quality protein foods, vegetables and fruits were associated with favorable lipid profiles, and these lifestyle factors were related to the risk of dyslipidemia in a sex-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Guo
- Precision Machinery and Precision Instruments, Institute of Engineering and Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuchang Ma
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Changan Zhu
- Precision Machinery and Precision Instruments, Institute of Engineering and Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Institute of Health Management, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China. .,, Hefei, China.
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Zhang X, Xu H, Ning J, Ji H, Yan J, Zheng Y, Xu Q, Li C, Zhao L, Zheng H, Gao H. Sex-Specific Metabolic Changes in Peripheral Organs of Diabetic Mice. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3011-3021. [PMID: 32450697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) can cause systemic metabolic disorders, but the impact of gender on DM-related metabolic changes is rarely reported. Herein, we analyzed metabolic alterations in the heart, liver, and kidney of male and female mice from normal to diabetes via a 1H NMR-based metabolomics method and aimed to investigate sex-specific metabolic mechanisms underlying the onset and development of diabetes and its complications. Our results demonstrate that male mice had more significant metabolic disorders from normal to diabetes than female mice. Moreover, the kidney was found as the major organ of metabolic disorders during the development of diabetes, followed by the liver and heart. These altered metabolites were mainly implicated in energy metabolism as well as amino acid, choline, and nucleotide metabolism. Therefore, this study suggests that the kidney is the primary organ affected by diabetes in a sex-specific manner, which provides a metabolic view on the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney diseases between genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hangying Xu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hui Ji
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yafei Zheng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liangcai Zhao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Loh R, Stamatakis E, Folkerts D, Allgrove JE, Moir HJ. Effects of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Physical Activity Breaks on Blood Glucose, Insulin and Triacylglycerol Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:295-330. [PMID: 31552570 PMCID: PMC6985064 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) breaks in sitting time might attenuate metabolic markers relevant to the prevention of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this paper was to systematically review and meta-analyse trials that compared the effects of breaking up prolonged sitting with bouts of PA throughout the day (INT) versus continuous sitting (SIT) on glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol (TAG) measures. A second aim was to compare the effects of INT versus continuous exercise (EX) on glucose, insulin and TAG measures. METHODS The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Eligibility criteria consisted of trials comparing INT vs. SIT or INT vs. one bout of EX before or after sitting, in participants aged 18 or above, who were classified as either metabolically healthy or impaired, but not with other major health conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or peripheral arterial disease. RESULTS A total of 42 studies were included in the overall review, whereas a total of 37 studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was a standardised mean difference (SMD) of - 0.54 (95% CI - 0.70, - 0.37, p = 0.00001) in favour of INT compared to SIT for glucose. With respect to insulin, there was an SMD of - 0.56 (95% CI - 0.74, - 0.38, p = 0.00001) in favour of INT. For TAG, there was an SMD of - 0.26 (95% CI - 0.44, - 0.09, p = 0.002) in favour of INT. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with glucose responses (β = - 0.05, 95% CI - 0.09, - 0.01, p = 0.01), and insulin (β = - 0.05, 95% CI - 0.10, - 0.006, p = 0.03), but not TAG (β = 0.02, 95% CI - 0.02, 0.06, p = 0.37). When energy expenditure was matched, there was an SMD of - 0.26 (95% CI - 0.50, - 0.02, p = 0.03) in favour of INT for glucose, but no statistically significant SMDs for insulin, i.e. 0.35 (95% CI - 0.37, 1.07, p = 0.35), or TAG i.e. 0.08 (95% CI - 0.22, 0.37, p = 0.62). It is worth noting that there was possible publication bias for TAG outcomes when PA breaks were compared with sitting. CONCLUSION The use of PA breaks during sitting moderately attenuated post-prandial glucose, insulin, and TAG, with greater glycaemic attenuation in people with higher BMI. There was a statistically significant small advantage for PA breaks over continuous exercise for attenuating glucose measures when exercise protocols were energy matched, but no statistically significant differences for insulin and TAG. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017080982. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42017080982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Loh
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk Folkerts
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.,Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Judith E Allgrove
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Hannah J Moir
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, London, KT1 2EE, UK.
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9
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Lonardo A, Suzuki A. Sexual Dimorphism of NAFLD in Adults. Focus on Clinical Aspects and Implications for Practice and Translational Research. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051278. [PMID: 32354182 PMCID: PMC7288212 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) embraces the clinico-pathological consequences of hepatic lipotoxicity and is a major public health problem globally. Sexual dimorphism is a definite feature of most human diseases but, under this aspect, NAFLD lags behind other medical fields. Here, we aim at summarizing and critically discussing the most prominent sex differences and gaps in NAFLD in humans, with emphasis on those aspects which are relevant for clinical practice and translational research. Sexual dimorphism of NAFLD is covered with references to the following areas: disease prevalence and risk factors, pathophysiology, comorbidities, natural course and complications. Finally, we also discuss selected gender differences and whether sex-specific lifestyle changes should be adopted to contrast NAFLD in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Operating Unit Metabolic Syndrome, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, 41126 Baggiovara MO, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Durham VA Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA;
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Bittel AJ, Bittel DC, Mittendorfer B, Patterson BW, Okunade AL, Yoshino J, Porter LC, Abumrad NA, Reeds DN, Cade WT. A single bout of resistance exercise improves postprandial lipid metabolism in overweight/obese men with prediabetes. Diabetologia 2020; 63:611-623. [PMID: 31873788 PMCID: PMC7002271 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Prediabetes is associated with postprandial hypertriacylglycerolaemia. Resistance exercise acutely lowers postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TG); however, the changes in lipid metabolism that mediate this reduction are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify the constitutive metabolic mechanisms underlying the changes in postprandial lipid metabolism after resistance exercise in obese men with prediabetes. METHODS We evaluated the effect of a single bout of whole-body resistance exercise (seven exercises, three sets, 10-12 repetitions at 80% of one-repetition maximum) on postprandial lipid metabolism in ten middle-aged (50 ± 9 years), overweight/obese (BMI: 33 ± 3 kg/m2), sedentary men with prediabetes (HbA1c >38 but <48 mmol/mol [>5.7% but <6.5%]), or fasting plasma glucose >5.6 mmol/l but <7.0 mmol/l or 2 h OGTT glucose >7.8 mmol/l but <11.1 mmol/l). We used a randomised, crossover design with a triple-tracer mixed meal test (ingested [(13C4)3]tripalmitin, i.v. [U-13C16]palmitate and [2H5]glycerol) to evaluate chylomicron-TG and total triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL)-TG kinetics. We used adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biopsies to evaluate the expression of genes regulating lipolysis and lipid oxidation, skeletal muscle respirometry to evaluate oxidative capacity, and indirect calorimetry to assess whole-body lipid oxidation. RESULTS The single bout of resistance exercise reduced the lipaemic response to a mixed meal in obese men with prediabetes without changing chylomicron-TG or TRL-TG fractional clearance rates. However, resistance exercise reduced endogenous and meal-derived fatty acid incorporation into chylomicron-TG and TRL-TG. Resistance exercise also increased whole-body lipid oxidation, skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration, oxidative gene expression in skeletal muscle, and the expression of key lipolysis genes in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A single bout of resistance exercise improves postprandial lipid metabolism in obese men with prediabetes, which may mitigate the risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bittel
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University, St Louis, Campus Box 8502, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Daniel C Bittel
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University, St Louis, Campus Box 8502, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adewole L Okunade
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Yoshino
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lane C Porter
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dominic N Reeds
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - W Todd Cade
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University, St Louis, Campus Box 8502, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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11
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Jang SH, Paik IY, Ryu JH, Lee TH, Kim DE. Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on circulating apelin-12 and apelin-36 concentrations in obese middle-aged women: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Womens Health 2019; 19:23. [PMID: 30696454 PMCID: PMC6352322 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for obesity-related diseases increases with the prevalence of obesity. In obesity, adipokines secreted from adipose tissue induce inflammation, causing adverse effects. Recently, adipokines such as apelin, visfatin, and chemerin have been studied. Long-term resistance training improves health in middle-aged women by improving metabolic risk factors, body composition, and muscle strength. However, there is still a lack of evidence on the association of apelin concentration with different exercise types in middle-aged obese women This study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic and resistance exercises on apelin-12 and apelin-36 levels and thereby verify the effects of different exercise types in obese, middle-aged women. METHODS Participants were middle-aged women aged 50-61 years, with no experience of systematic exercise in the last 6 months, and met the WHO obesity criteria for the Asia-Pacific region of waist circumference ≥ 80 cm and body fat percentage ≥ 30%. Subjects were selected and allocated to the aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, or no exercise group by block randomization. Body weight, body fat, and body mass index were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Analysis of variance, the t-test, and Tukey's post-hoc test were performed. RESULTS A total of 24 participants were selected with eight participants in each group. Both aerobic and resistance exercises were effective in altering the physical composition, showing significant decreases in weight, waist circumference, BMI, and body fat. The aerobic and resistance exercise group showed a significant, positive change in apelin-12 levels. CONCLUSIONS In obese individuals, aerobic and resistance exercise were effective in improving obesity and reducing blood apelin-12 concentration, which is closely correlated with indicators of metabolic syndrome. Future research should focus on comparing the response of apelin to exercise in obese subjects treated with only dietary control and the response in the obese subjects of different ages and sex. TRIAL REGISTRATION No. 1040917-201,506-BR-153-04 , Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), Republic of Korea (05 October 2018, retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Jang
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Il-Young Paik
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ryu
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Lee
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Kim
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
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12
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Flack KD, Ufholz K, Johnson L, Fitzgerald JS, Roemmich JN. Energy compensation in response to aerobic exercise training in overweight adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R619-R626. [PMID: 29897822 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00071.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss from exercise is often less than expected. Putative compensatory mechanisms may limit exercise-induced reductions in body fat and might be proportional to exercise energy expenditure (ExEE). This study was conducted to determine compensation for (the difference between accumulated exercise energy expenditure and changes in body tissue energy stores) and compensatory responses to 1,500 or 3,000 kcal/wk of ExEE. Overweight-to-obese ( n = 36) sedentary men and women were randomized to groups expending 300 or 600 kcal/exercise session, 5 days/wk, for 12 wk. Fourteen participants in the 300-kcal group and 15 in the 600-kcal group completed the study. The primary outcome was energy compensation assessed through changes in body tissue energy stores. Secondary outcomes were putative compensatory responses of resting metabolic rate, food reinforcement, dietary intake, and serum acylated ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1. All measures were determined pre- and posttraining. The 3,000 kcal/wk group decreased ( P < 0.01) percentage and kilograms of body fat, while the 1,500 kcal/wk group did not. The 1,500 and 3,000 kcal/wk groups compensated for 943 (-164 to 2,050) and 1,007 (32 to 1,982) kcal/wk (mean, 95% CI, P ≥ 0.93), or 62.9% and 33.6% of ExEE, respectively. Resting metabolic rate and energy intake did not change. Food reinforcement and glucagon-like peptide-1 decreased ( P < 0.02), whereas acylated ghrelin increased ( P ≤ 0.02). Compensation is not proportional to ExEE. Similar energy compensation occurred in response to1,500 and 3,000 kcal/wk of ExEE. ExEE of 3,000 kcal/wk is sufficient to exceed compensatory responses and reduce fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Kelsey Ufholz
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - LuAnn Johnson
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - John S Fitzgerald
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - James N Roemmich
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Grand Forks, North Dakota
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13
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Brockman NK, Yardley JE. Sex-related differences in fuel utilization and hormonal response to exercise: implications for individuals with type 1 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:541-552. [PMID: 29420905 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex-related differences in metabolic and neuroendocrine response to exercise in individuals without diabetes have been well established. Men and women differ in fuel selection during exercise, in which women rely to a greater extent on fat oxidation, whereas males rely mostly on carbohydrate oxidation for energy production. The difference in fuel selection appears to be mediated by sex-related differences in hormonal (including catecholamines, growth hormone, and estrogen) response to different types and intensities of exercise. In general, men exhibit an amplified counter-regulatory response to exercise, with elevated levels of catecholamines compared with women. However, women exhibit greater sensitivity to the lipolytic action of the catecholamines and deplete less of their glycogen stores than men during exercise, which suggests that women may experience a greater defense in blood glucose control after exercise than men. Conversely, little is known about sex-related differences in response to exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A single study investigating sex-related differences in response to moderate aerobic exercise in individuals with T1D found sex-related differences in catecholamine response and fuel selection, but changes in blood glucose were not measured. To our knowledge, there are no studies investigating sex-related differences in blood glucose responses to different types and intensities of exercise in individuals with T1D. This review summarizes sex-related differences in exercise responses that could potentially impact blood glucose levels during exercise in individuals with T1D and highlights the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Brockman
- a Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Avenue, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada
| | - Jane E Yardley
- a Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Avenue, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada.,b Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Alberta Diabetes Institute, 8602-112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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14
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Shamlan G, Bech P, Robertson MD, Collins AL. Acute effects of exercise intensity on subsequent substrate utilisation, appetite, and energy balance in men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:1247-1253. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is capable of influencing the regulation of energy balance by acutely modulating appetite and energy intake coupled to effects on substrate utilization. Yet, few studies have examined acute effects of exercise intensity on aspects of both energy intake and energy metabolism, independently of energy cost of exercise. Furthermore, little is known as to the gender differences of these effects. One hour after a standardised breakfast, 40 (19 female), healthy participants (BMI 23.6 ± 3.6 kg·m−2, V̇O2peak 34.4 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) undertook either high-intensity intermittent cycling (HIIC) consisting of 8 repeated 60 s bouts of cycling at 95% V̇O2peak or low-intensity continuous cycling (LICC), equivalent to 50% V̇O2peak, matched for energy cost (∼950 kJ) followed by 90 mins of rest, in a randomised crossover design. Throughout each study visit, satiety was assessed subjectively using visual analogue scales alongside blood metabolites and GLP-1. Energy expenditure and substrate utilization were measured over 75 min postexercise via indirect calorimetry. Energy intake was assessed for 48 h postintervention. No differences in appetite, GLP-1, or energy intakes were observed between HIIC and LICC, with or without stratifying for gender. Significant differences in postexercise nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were observed between intensities in both genders, coupled to a significantly lower respiratory exchange ratio following HIIC (P = 0.0028), with a trend towards greater reductions in respiratory exchange ratioin males (P = 0.079). In conclusion, high-intensity exercise, if energy matched, does not lead to greater appetite or energy intake, but may exert additional beneficial metabolic effects that may be more pronounced in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia Shamlan
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bech
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - M. Denise Robertson
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L. Collins
- Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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15
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Brúsik M, Štrbová Z, Petrášová D, Pobeha P, Kuklišová Z, Tkáčová R, Joppa P. Increased resting energy expenditure and insulin resistance in male patients with moderate-to severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Physiol Res 2016; 65:969-977. [PMID: 27539109 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been associated with disturbances in energy metabolism and insulin resistance, nevertheless, the links between OSA severity, resting energy expenditure (REE) and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment, HOMA-IR) remained unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the effects of OSA severity on REE, and relationships between REE and HOMA-IR in patients with OSA. Forty men [mean (SD) age 49.4 (11.4) years] underwent overnight polysomnography; REE was assessed using indirect calorimetry. REE adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) was higher in patients with moderate-to severe OSA [n=24; body mass index (BMI) 31.1 (2.7) kg.m(-2); apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI)>/=15 episodes.h(-1)] compared to participants with no clinically significant OSA (n=16; BMI 30.3 (2.2) kg.m(-2); AHI<15 episodes.h(-1)) [median (interquartile range) 30.4 (26.1-31.3) versus 25.8 (24.6-27.3) kcal.kg(-1).24 h(-1), p=0.005)]. AHI and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) were directly related to REE/FFM (p=0.001; p<0.001, respectively) and to HOMA-IR (p<0.001 for both). In stepwise multiple linear models, REE/FFM was independently predicted by ODI (p<0.001) and age (p=0.028) (R(2)=0.346); HOMA-IR was independently predicted by ODI only (p<0.001, R(2)=0.457). In conclusion, male patients with moderate-to severe OSA have increased REE paralleled by impaired insulin sensitivity. Severity of nocturnal intermittent hypoxia reflected by ODI is an independent predictor of REE/FFM and HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brúsik
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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16
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Polimanti R, Yang BZ, Zhao H, Gelernter J. Evidence of Polygenic Adaptation in the Systems Genetics of Anthropometric Traits. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160654. [PMID: 27537407 PMCID: PMC4990182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many signals of natural selection have been identified in the human genome. However, except for some single-locus mechanisms, most molecular processes generating these adaptation signals are still unknown. We developed an approach that integrates datasets related to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with information about systems biology and genetic signatures of natural selection to identify evidence of polygenic adaptation. Specifically, we focused on five anthropometric measurements: body mass index (BMI), height, waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHR), and waist circumference adjusted for BMI (WC), and sex differences for WHR and WC. We performed an enrichment analysis for signals of natural selection in protein interaction networks associated with anthropometric traits in European populations. The adaptation signals-enriched gene networks associated highlighted epistatic interactions in the context of polygenic selection for the investigated traits. These polygenic mechanisms indicated intriguing selective mechanisms related to the anthropometric traits: adult locomotory behavior for BMI, infection resistance for height, interplay between lipid transport and immune systems for WHR, and female-specific polygenic adaptation for WHR and WC. In conclusion, we observed evidence of polygenic adaptation in the context of systems genetics of anthropometric traits that indicates polygenic mechanisms related to the natural selection in European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bao Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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17
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Protein-Pacing and Multi-Component Exercise Training Improves Physical Performance Outcomes in Exercise-Trained Women: The PRISE 3 Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060332. [PMID: 27258301 PMCID: PMC4924173 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial cardiometabolic and body composition effects of combined protein-pacing (P; 5-6 meals/day at 2.0 g/kg BW/day) and multi-mode exercise (resistance, interval, stretching, endurance; RISE) training (PRISE) in obese adults has previously been established. The current study examines PRISE on physical performance (endurance, strength and power) outcomes in healthy, physically active women. Thirty exercise-trained women (>4 days exercise/week) were randomized to either PRISE (n = 15) or a control (CON, 5-6 meals/day at 1.0 g/kg BW/day; n = 15) for 12 weeks. Muscular strength (1-RM bench press, 1-RM BP) endurance (sit-ups, SUs; push-ups, PUs), power (bench throws, BTs), blood pressure (BP), augmentation index, (AIx), and abdominal fat mass were assessed at Weeks 0 (pre) and 13 (post). At baseline, no differences existed between groups. Following the 12-week intervention, PRISE had greater gains (p < 0.05) in SUs, PUs (6 ± 7 vs. 10 ± 7, 40%; 8 ± 13 vs. 14 ± 12, 43% ∆reps, respectively), BTs (11 ± 35 vs. 44 ± 34, 75% ∆watts), AIx (1 ± 9 vs. -5 ± 11, 120%), and DBP (-5 ± 9 vs. -11 ± 11, 55% ∆mmHg). These findings suggest that combined protein-pacing (P; 5-6 meals/day at 2.0 g/kg BW/day) diet and multi-component exercise (RISE) training (PRISE) enhances muscular endurance, strength, power, and cardiovascular health in exercise-trained, active women.
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18
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Bagley L, Slevin M, Bradburn S, Liu D, Murgatroyd C, Morrissey G, Carroll M, Piasecki M, Gilmore WS, McPhee JS. Sex differences in the effects of 12 weeks sprint interval training on body fat mass and the rates of fatty acid oxidation and VO 2max during exercise. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2:e000056. [PMID: 27900150 PMCID: PMC5117024 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine whether very short duration, very high intensity sprint interval training (SIT) leads to loss of body fat mass in association with improvements to VO2max and fatty acid oxidation, and to assess the extent of sex dimorphism in these physiological responses. METHODS A total of 24 men and 17 women (mean (SEM) age: 39 (±2) years; body mass index 24.6 (0.6)) completed measurements of the maximal rate of oxygen uptake (VO2max) and fatty acid oxidation (FATmax). Body fat and lean mass were measured by dual emission x-ray absorptiometry, and fasting blood lipid, glucose and insulin profiles were assessed before and after training. SIT consisted of 4×20 s sprints on a cycle ergometer at approximately 175% VO2max, three times per week for 12 weeks. RESULTS Fat mass decreased by 1.0 kg, although men lost statistically significantly more fat than women both when expressed in Kg and as % body fat. VO2max increased by around 9%, but women improved VO2max significantly more than men. FATmax improved by around 13%, but fasting plasma glucose, insulin, total triglyceride, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) did not change after training, while low-density lipoprotein decreased by 8% (p=0.028) and the HDL:Total Cholesterol ratio improved by 6%. There were no sex differences in these metabolic responses to training. CONCLUSIONS These results show lower body fat %, and higher rates of fatty acid oxidation and VO2max after 12 weeks of training for just 4 min per week. Notably, women improved VO2max more than men, while men lost more fat than women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Bagley
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Steven Bradburn
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Donghui Liu
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Chris Murgatroyd
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - George Morrissey
- Cambridge University School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Carroll
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - William S Gilmore
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie S McPhee
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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19
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Wasinski F, Bacurau RFP, Estrela GR, Klempin F, Arakaki AM, Batista RO, Mafra FFP, do Nascimento LFR, Hiyane MI, Velloso LA, Câmara NOS, Araujo RC. Exercise during pregnancy protects adult mouse offspring from diet-induced obesity. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:56. [PMID: 26690877 PMCID: PMC4683957 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise induces positive alterations in gene expression involved in the metabolism of obesity. Maternal exercise provokes adaptations soon after birth in the offspring. Here, we investigated whether adult mouse offspring of swim-trained mothers is protected against the development of the deleterious effects of high fat diet (HFD). METHODS Our study comprises two parts. First, female C57BL/6 mice were divided into one sedentary and one swim-trained group (before and during pregnancy, n = 18). In the second part, adult offspring (n = 12) of trained and sedentary mothers was challenged to HFD for 16 weeks. Notably, most of the analysis was done in male offspring. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that maternal exercise has several beneficial effects on the mouse offspring and protects them from the deleterious effects of HFD in the adult. Specifically, swimming during pregnancy leads to lower birth weight in offspring through 2 months of age. When subjected to HFD for 4 month in the adulthood, our study presents novel data on the male offspring's metabolism of trained mothers. The offspring gained less weight, which was accompanied by less body fat, and they used more calories during daytime compared with offspring of sedentary mothers. Furthermore, we observed increased adiponectin expression in skeletal muscle, which was accompanied by decreased leptin levels and increased insulin sensitivity. Decreased interleukin-6 expression and increased peptide PYY levels were observed in sera of adult offspring of mothers that swam during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to the conclusion that maternal exercise is beneficial to protect the offspring from developing obesity, which could be important for succeeding generations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- />Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 9 andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP Brazil
- />Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Rufino Estrela
- />Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 9 andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP Brazil
- />Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | | | - Aline Midori Arakaki
- />Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 9 andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP Brazil
- />Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Rogerio Oliveira Batista
- />Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 9 andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP Brazil
- />Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- />Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Lício Augusto Velloso
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- />Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Carvalho Araujo
- />Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 9 andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP Brazil
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20
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Abstract
There are fundamental aspects of the control of metabolic homeostasis that are regulated differently in males and females. This sex asymmetry represents an evolutionary paradigm for females to resist the loss of energy stores. This perspective discusses the most fundamental sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity. Together, the role of genetic sex, the programming effect of testosterone in the prenatal period in males, and the activational role of sex hormones at puberty produce two different biological systems in males and females that need to be studied separately. These sex-specific differences in energy homeostasis and metabolic dysfunction represent an untested source of factors that can be harnessed to develop relevant sex-based therapeutic avenues for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity.
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21
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Tanner CM, Comella CL. When brawn benefits brain: physical activity and Parkinson's disease risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 138:238-9. [PMID: 25627233 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Tanner
- 1 Director, Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Centre, San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Centre and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Cynthia L Comella
- 2 Rush Medical Centre, Neurological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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22
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Varlamov O, Bethea CL, Roberts CT. Sex-specific differences in lipid and glucose metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:241. [PMID: 25646091 PMCID: PMC4298229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism in humans is tuned to distinct sex-specific functions that potentially reflect the unique requirements in females for gestation and lactation, whereas male metabolism may represent a default state. These differences are the consequence of the action of sex chromosomes and sex-specific hormones, including estrogens and progesterone in females and androgens in males. In humans, sex-specific specialization is associated with distinct body-fat distribution and energy substrate-utilization patterns; i.e., females store more lipids and have higher whole-body insulin sensitivity than males, while males tend to oxidize more lipids than females. These patterns are influenced by the menstrual phase in females, and by nutritional status and exercise intensity in both sexes. This minireview focuses on sex-specific mechanisms in lipid and glucose metabolism and their regulation by sex hormones, with a primary emphasis on studies in humans and the most relevant pre-clinical model of human physiology, non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Division of Developmental and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- *Correspondence: Oleg Varlamov, Divisions of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Developmental and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA e-mail:
| | - Cynthia L. Bethea
- Division of Developmental and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Charles T. Roberts
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Division of Developmental and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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