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Meng H, Liao Z, Ji Y, Wang D, Han Y, Huang C, Hu X, Chen J, Zhang H, Li Z, Wang C, Sun H, Sun J, Chen L, Yin J, Zhao J, Xu T, Liu H. FGF7 enhances the expression of ACE2 in human islet organoids aggravating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:104. [PMID: 38654010 PMCID: PMC11039711 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a primary cell surface viral binding receptor for SARS-CoV-2, so finding new regulatory molecules to modulate ACE2 expression levels is a promising strategy against COVID-19. In the current study, we utilized islet organoids derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), animal models and COVID-19 patients to discover that fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) enhances ACE2 expression within the islets, facilitating SARS-CoV-2 infection and resulting in impaired insulin secretion. Using hESC-derived islet organoids, we demonstrated that FGF7 interacts with FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) and FGFR1 to upregulate ACE2 expression predominantly in β cells. This upregulation increases both insulin secretion and susceptibility of β cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inhibiting FGFR counteracts the FGF7-induced ACE2 upregulation, subsequently reducing viral infection and replication in the islets. Furthermore, retrospective clinical data revealed that diabetic patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms exhibited elevated serum FGF7 levels compared to those with mild symptoms. Finally, animal experiments indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection increased pancreatic FGF7 levels, resulting in a reduction of insulin concentrations in situ. Taken together, our research offers a potential regulatory strategy for ACE2 by controlling FGF7, thereby protecting islets from SARS-CoV-2 infection and preventing the progression of diabetes in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Meng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiying Liao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanting Ji
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yang Han
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Chaolin Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Xujuan Hu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengrui Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Zonghong Li
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Changliang Wang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxiang Yin
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huisheng Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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Kulkoyluoglu Cotul E, Safdar MH, Paez SJ, Kulkarni A, Ayers MG, Lin H, Xianyu Z, Teegarden D, Hursting SD, Wendt MK. FGFR1 Signaling Facilitates Obesity-Driven Pulmonary Outgrowth in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:254-267. [PMID: 38153436 PMCID: PMC10923021 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Survival of dormant, disseminated breast cancer cells contributes to tumor relapse and metastasis. Women with a body mass index greater than 35 have an increased risk of developing metastatic recurrence. Herein, we investigated the effect of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on primary tumor growth and metastatic progression using both metastatic and systemically dormant mouse models of breast cancer. This approach led to increased PT growth and pulmonary metastasis. We developed a novel protocol to induce obesity in Balb/c mice by combining dietary and hormonal interventions with a thermoneutral housing strategy. In contrast to standard housing conditions, ovariectomized Balb/c mice fed a high-fat diet under thermoneutral conditions became obese over a period of 10 weeks, resulting in a 250% gain in fat mass. Obese mice injected with the D2.OR model developed macroscopic pulmonary nodules compared with the dormant phenotype of these cells in mice fed a control diet. Analysis of the serum from obese Balb/c mice revealed increased levels of FGF2 as compared with lean mice. We demonstrate that serum from obese animals, exogenous FGF stimulation, or constitutive stimulation through autocrine and paracrine FGF2 is sufficient to break dormancy and drive pulmonary outgrowth. Blockade of FGFR signaling or specific depletion of FGFR1 prevented obesity-associated outgrowth of the D2.OR model. IMPLICATIONS Overall, this study developed a novel DIO model that allowed for demonstration of FGF2:FGFR1 signaling as a key molecular mechanism connecting obesity to breakage of systemic tumor dormancy and metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Kulkoyluoglu Cotul
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Muhammad Hassan Safdar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sebastian Juan Paez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Aneesha Kulkarni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mitchell G. Ayers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zilin Xianyu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Dorothy Teegarden
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael K. Wendt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Butler AE, Ramanjaneya M, Moin ASM, Hunt SC, Atkin SL. Clinical improvement may not reflect metabolic homeostasis normalization in subjects with and without Roux-En-Y bariatric surgery after 12 years: comparison of surgical subjects to a lean cohort. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1228853. [PMID: 37810875 PMCID: PMC10552523 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1228853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A 12-year study comparing clinical outcomes following Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery showed long-term weight loss with remission/prevention of type-2-diabetes (T2D), hypertension and dyslipidemia. However, it is unknown whether the underlying homeostatic metabolic processes involving hepatokines, adipokines and myokines also normalize. Using this 12-year study, we determined whether metabolic indices improved in post-surgical (BMI:34.4kg/m2) versus non-surgical comparator-subjects-with-obesity (BMI:43.8kg/m2) at 12-year follow-up (both cohorts with baseline diabetes), and if post-surgical subjects normalized their metabolic processes to those of a normal-weight cohort without diabetes. Methods Cross-sectional design. Plasma from a cohort of Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery (n=50) and non-surgery (n=76) comparator-subjects-with-obesity (both cohorts at 12-year follow-up) plus a normal-weight cohort (n=39) was assayed by Luminex immunoassay or ELISA for hepatokines [angiopoietin-like proteins-(ANGPTL3; ANGPTL4; ANGPTL6); fibroblast growth factors-(FGF19; FGF21; FGF23)]; adipokines [adipsin; adiponectin; FGF19] and myonectin. Results After age and gender adjustment, surgery versus comparator-subjects-with-obesity had lower BMI (34.4 ± 1.0 vs 43.8 ± 0.9kg/m2; p<0.0001), HbA1c (6.2 ± 0.3 vs 7.7 ± 0.2%; p<0.0001), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, 2.0 ± 1.5 vs 10.8 ± 1.4; p<0.0001) fat mass (45.6 ± 2.2 vs 60.0 ± 2.0; p<0.0001), HDL-C (55.4 ± 2.6 vs 42.6 ± 2.3mg/dL; p<0.0001), triglycerides (130 ± 14 vs 187 ± 12mg/dL; p<0.0001) and higher adiponectin (25.9 ± 2.3 vs 15.7 ± 2.0µg/ml; p<0.001); Adipsin, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL6, FGF19, FGF21, FGF23 and myonectin did not differ. Surgery versus normal-weight group: higher ANGPTL4 (156 ± 6 vs 119 ± 7ng/mL; p<0.0001), higher FGF23 (96.4 ± 10.1 vs 50.9 ± 11.5pg/mL; p=0.007) and lower myonectin (744 ± 55 vs 969 ± 66ng/mL; p=0.002); adiponectin, adipsin ANGPTL3, ANGPTL6, FGF19, FGF21 did not differ. Non-surgery comparator-subjects-with-obesity versus normal-weight group: higher adipsin (1859 ± 94 vs 1314 ± 133ng/mL; p=0.0001), higher FGF23 (84.6 ± 8.5 vs 50.9 ± 11.5pg/mL; p<0.0001) and higher ANGPTL4 (171 ± 5 vs 119 ± 7ng/mL; p<0.0001); adiponectin ANGPTL3, ANGPTL6, FGF19, FGF21 and myonectin did not differ. Conclusion Bariatric surgery markedly improved anthropometric and metabolic features versus comparator-subjects-with-obesity at 12-year follow-up, indicating benefit of weight loss. However, despite weight loss, these patients still had class-1 obesity, as reflected in the adipokine, hepatokine and myokine markers of body homeostasis that did not completely normalize to indicative values of normal-weight subjects, suggesting either that this is the new normal for these patients or that weight loss to a BMI<25kg/m2 is needed for normalization of these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manjunath Ramanjaneya
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Steven C Hunt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
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Aaldijk AS, Verzijl CRC, Jonker JW, Struik D. Biological and pharmacological functions of the FGF19- and FGF21-coreceptor beta klotho. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150222. [PMID: 37260446 PMCID: PMC10229096 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta klotho (KLB) is a fundamental component in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling as it serves as an obligatory coreceptor for the endocrine hormones fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Through the development of FGF19- and FGF21 mimetics, KLB has emerged as a promising drug target for treating various metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease. While rodent studies have significantly increased our understanding of KLB function, current clinical trials that test the safety and efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs raise many new scientific questions about human KLB biology. Although most KLB-targeting drugs can modulate disease activity in humans, individual patient responses differ substantially. In addition, species-specific differences in KLB tissue distribution may explain why the glucose-lowering effects that were observed in preclinical studies are not fully replicated in clinical trials. Besides, the long-term efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs might be limited by various pathophysiological conditions known to reduce the expression of KLB. Moreover, FGF19/FGF21 administration in humans is also associated with gastrointestinal side effects, which are currently unexplained. A better understanding of human KLB biology could help to improve the efficacy and safety of existing or novel KLB/FGFR-targeting drugs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of KLB biology, including genetic variants and their phenotypic associations, transcriptional regulation, protein structure, tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and function. In addition, we will highlight recent developments regarding the safety and efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs in clinical trials. These insights may direct the development and testing of existing and future KLB-targeting drugs.
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Duarte GCK, Pellenz F, Crispim D, Assmann TS. Integrated bioinformatics approach reveals methylation-regulated differentially expressed genes in obesity. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 67:e000604. [PMID: 37252693 PMCID: PMC10665070 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Objective To identify DNA methylation and gene expression profiles involved in obesity by implementing an integrated bioinformatics approach. Materials and methods Gene expression (GSE94752, GSE55200, and GSE48964) and DNA methylation (GSE67024 and GSE111632) datasets were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated genes (DMGs) in subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with obesity were identified using GEO2R. Methylation-regulated DEGs (MeDEGs) were identified by overlapping DEGs and DMGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed with the STRING database and analyzed using Cytoscape. Functional modules and hub-bottleneck genes were identified by using MCODE and CytoHubba plugins. Functional enrichment analyses were performed based on Gene Ontology terms and KEGG pathways. To prioritize and identify candidate genes for obesity, MeDEGs were compared with obesity-related genes available at the DisGeNET database. Results A total of 54 MeDEGs were identified after overlapping the lists of significant 274 DEGs and 11,556 DMGs. Of these, 25 were hypermethylated-low expression genes and 29 were hypomethylated-high expression genes. The PPI network showed three hub-bottleneck genes (PTGS2, TNFAIP3, and FBXL20) and one functional module. The 54 MeDEGs were mainly involved in the regulation of fibroblast growth factor production, the molecular function of arachidonic acid, and ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. Data collected from DisGeNET showed that 11 of the 54 MeDEGs were involved in obesity. Conclusion This study identifies new MeDEGs involved in obesity and assessed their related pathways and functions. These results data may provide a deeper understanding of methylation-mediated regulatory mechanisms of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Coutinho Kullmann Duarte
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas: Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Felipe Pellenz
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas: Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas: Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil,
| | - Tais Silveira Assmann
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas: Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Negah SS, Forouzanfar F. Dual Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor Pathways in Sleep Regulation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:63-69. [PMID: 35927892 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220802161031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep plays an important function in neuro-immuno-endocrine homeostasis. Sleep disorders have been associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cognitive impairments. Among different factors that have an effect on sleep metabolism, a growing body of literature has investigated growth factors in the course of sleep quality and disorders. A good example of growth factors is fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which are a large family of polypeptide growth factors. Evidence has shown that FGFs are involved in the modulation of sleep-wake behavior by their receptor subtypes and ligands, e.g., FFG1 plays an important role in the quality of sleep through somnogenic effects, while the high level of FGF23 is associated with secondary disorders in shift workers. Therefore, a controversial effect of FGFs can be seen in the course of sleep in physiologic and pathologic conditions. Further investigation on this topic would help us to understand the role of FGFs in sleep disorders as a therapeutic option and biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Sahab Negah
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yang R, Yang H, Jiang D, Xu L, Feng L, Xing Y. Investigation of the potential mechanism of the Shugan Xiaozhi decoction for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14171. [PMID: 36389420 PMCID: PMC9657198 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disease, the incidence of which increases annually. Shugan Xiaozhi (SGXZ) decoction, a composite traditional Chinese medicinal prescription, has been demonstrated to exert a therapeutic effect on NAFLD. In this study, the potential bioactive ingredients and mechanism of SGXZ decoction against NAFLD were explored via network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. Methods Compounds in SGXZ decoction were identified and collected from the literature, and the corresponding targets were predicted through the Similarity Ensemble Approach database. Potential targets related to NAFLD were searched on DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. The compound-target-disease and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to recognize key compounds and targets. Functional enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was performed on the targets. Molecular docking was used to further screen the potent active compounds in SGXZ. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was applied to verify and validate the binding between the most potent compound and targets. Results A total of 31 active compounds and 220 corresponding targets in SGXZ decoction were collected. Moreover, 1,544 targets of NAFLD were obtained, of which 78 targets intersected with the targets of SGXZ decoction. Key compounds and targets were recognized through the compound-target-disease and PPI network. Multiple biological pathways were annotated, including PI3K-Akt, MAPK, insulin resistance, HIF-1, and tryptophan metabolism. Molecular docking showed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid A could combine with the key targets. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that isochlorogenic acid A might potentially bind directly with RELA, IL-6, VEGFA, and MMP9 in the regulation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Conclusion This study investigated the active substances and key targets of SGXZ decoction in the regulation of multiple-pathways based on network pharmacology and computational approaches, providing a theoretical basis for further pharmacological research into the potential mechanism of SGXZ in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Huili Yang
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dansheng Jiang
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linyi Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian Feng
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yufeng Xing
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Cho JH, Kim K, Cho HC, Lee J, Kim EK. Silencing of hypothalamic FGF11 prevents diet-induced obesity. Mol Brain 2022; 15:75. [PMID: 36064426 PMCID: PMC9447329 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 11 (FGF11) is a member of the intracellular fibroblast growth factor family. Here, we report the central role of FGF11 in the regulation of metabolism. Lentiviral injection of Fgf11 shRNA into the arcuate nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus decreased weight gain and fat mass, increased brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, and improved glucose and insulin intolerances under high-fat diet conditions. Fgf11 was expressed in the NPY–expressing neurons, and Fgf11 knockdown considerably decreased Npy expression and projection, leading to increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the paraventricular nucleus. Mechanistically, FGF11 regulated Npy gene expression through the glycogen synthase kinase 3–cAMP response element-binding protein pathway. Our study defines the physiological significance of hypothalamic FGF11 in the regulation of metabolism in response to overnutrition such as high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Cho
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Kyungchan Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Han Chae Cho
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea. .,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea.
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Krzyscik MA, Opaliński Ł, Szymczyk J, Otlewski J. Cyclic and dimeric fibroblast growth factor 2 variants with high biomedical potential. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:243-258. [PMID: 35878661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a pleiotropic protein engaged in the regulation of key cellular processes in a wide spectrum of cells. FGF2 is an important object of basic research as well as a molecule used in regenerative medicine, in vitro cell culture maintenance, and as an anticancer drug carrier. However, the unsatisfactory stability and pleiotropic activities of the wild-type FGF2 largely limit its use as a medical product. To overcome these limitations, we have designed a set of FGF2-based macromolecules via sortase A-mediated cyclization and oligomerization. We obtained heparin-switchable FGF2 variants with enhanced stability and improved ability to stimulate cell proliferation and migration. We have shown that stimulation of glucose uptake by adipocytes is modulated by the architecture of FGF2 oligomers. Moreover, we used hyper-stable FGF2 variants for the construction of highly effective drug carriers for selective killing of FGFR1-overproducing cancer cells. The strategy for FGF2 engineering presented in this work provides novel insights into the design of growth factor variants for regenerative and anti-cancer precise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz A Krzyscik
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Rebollo-Hernanz M, Aguilera Y, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Activating Effects of the Bioactive Compounds From Coffee By-Products on FGF21 Signaling Modulate Hepatic Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Energy Metabolism in vitro. Front Nutr 2022; 9:866233. [PMID: 35392289 PMCID: PMC8981461 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.866233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee by-products contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to have the capacity to modulate human metabolism. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of the main bioactive compounds in coffee by-products and two aqueous extracts from the coffee husk and silverskin on the activation of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling and the subsequent regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid and glucose metabolism. HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) were used in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cell model. The bioactive compounds from coffee by-products (50 μmol L−1) and the aqueous extracts from the coffee silverskin and coffee husk (100 μg mL−1) increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the secretion of FGF21 (1.3 to 1.9-fold). Coffee by-products' bioactive compounds counteracted inflammation and PA-triggered lipotoxicity. Oxidative stress markers (ROS, mitochondrial superoxide, and NADPH oxidase) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were modulated through the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were regulated by enhancing respiration and ATP production via PGC-1α, and the expression of oxidative phosphorylation complexes increased. Coffee by-products' bioactive compounds decreased lipid accumulation (23–41%) and fatty acid synthase activity (32–65%) and triggered carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity (1.3 to 1.7-fold) by activating AMPK and SREBP-1c pathways. The GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake were increased (58–111%), followed by a promoted glucokinase activity (55–122%), while glucose production and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity were reduced due to IRS-1/Akt1 regulation. The bioactive compounds from coffee by-products, primarily chlorogenic and protocatechuic acids, could regulate hepatic mitochondrial function and lipid and glucose metabolism by activating FGF21 and related signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yolanda Aguilera
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Martín-Cabrejas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
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12
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Gloudemans MJ, Balliu B, Nachun D, Schnurr TM, Durrant MG, Ingelsson E, Wabitsch M, Quertermous T, Montgomery SB, Knowles JW, Carcamo-Orive I. Integration of genetic colocalizations with physiological and pharmacological perturbations identifies cardiometabolic disease genes. Genome Med 2022; 14:31. [PMID: 35292083 PMCID: PMC8925074 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of causal genes for polygenic human diseases has been extremely challenging, and our understanding of how physiological and pharmacological stimuli modulate genetic risk at disease-associated loci is limited. Specifically, insulin resistance (IR), a common feature of cardiometabolic disease, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia, lacks well-powered genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and therefore, few associated loci and causal genes have been identified. METHODS Here, we perform and integrate linkage disequilibrium (LD)-adjusted colocalization analyses across nine cardiometabolic traits (fasting insulin, fasting glucose, insulin sensitivity, insulin sensitivity index, type 2 diabetes, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, body mass index, and waist-hip ratio) combined with expression and splicing quantitative trait loci (eQTLs and sQTLs) from five metabolically relevant human tissues (subcutaneous and visceral adipose, skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreas). To elucidate the upstream regulators and functional mechanisms for these genes, we integrate their transcriptional responses to 21 relevant physiological and pharmacological perturbations in human adipocytes, hepatocytes, and skeletal muscle cells and map their protein-protein interactions. RESULTS We identify 470 colocalized loci and prioritize 207 loci with a single colocalized gene. Patterns of shared colocalizations across traits and tissues highlight different potential roles for colocalized genes in cardiometabolic disease and distinguish several genes involved in pancreatic β-cell function from others with a more direct role in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissues. At the loci with a single colocalized gene, 42 of these genes were regulated by insulin and 35 by glucose in perturbation experiments, including 17 regulated by both. Other metabolic perturbations regulated the expression of 30 more genes not regulated by glucose or insulin, pointing to other potential upstream regulators of candidate causal genes. CONCLUSIONS Our use of transcriptional responses under metabolic perturbations to contextualize genetic associations from our custom colocalization approach provides a list of likely causal genes and their upstream regulators in the context of IR-associated cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gloudemans
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Brunilda Balliu
- Department of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Nachun
- Department of Genetics, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theresia M Schnurr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Joshua W Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Prevention Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ivan Carcamo-Orive
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Moeckli B, Delaune V, Prados J, Tihy M, Peloso A, Oldani G, Delmi T, Slits F, Gex Q, Rubbia-Brandt L, Goossens N, Lacotte S, Toso C. Impact of Maternal Obesity on Liver Disease in the Offspring: A Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis and Confirmation of Results in a Murine Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020294. [PMID: 35203502 PMCID: PMC8869223 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic particularly affects women of reproductive age. Offspring of obese mothers suffer from an increased risk of liver disease but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unknown. We performed an integrative genomic analysis of datasets that investigated the impact of maternal obesity on the hepatic gene expression profile of the offspring in mice. Furthermore, we developed a murine model of maternal obesity and studied the development of liver disease and the gene expression profile of the top dysregulated genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Our data are available for interactive exploration on our companion webpage. We identified five publicly available datasets relevant to our research question. Pathways involved in metabolism, the innate immune system, the clotting cascade, and the cell cycle were consistently dysregulated in the offspring of obese mothers. Concerning genes involved in the development of liver disease, Egfr, Vegfb, Wnt2,Pparg and six other genes were dysregulated in multiple independent datasets. In our own model, we observed a higher tendency towards the development of non-alcoholic liver disease (60 vs. 20%) and higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (41.0 vs. 12.5 IU/l, p = 0.008) in female offspring of obese mothers. Male offspring presented higher levels of liver fibrosis (2.4 vs. 0.6% relative surface area, p = 0.045). In a qPCR gene expression analysis of our own samples, we found Fgf21, Pparg, Ppard, and Casp6 to be dysregulated by maternal obesity. Maternal obesity represents a looming threat to the liver health of future generations. Our comprehensive transcriptomic analysis will help to better understand the mechanisms of the development of liver disease in the offspring of obese mothers and can give rise to further explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Moeckli
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Visceral Surgery, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.M.); (V.D.); (A.P.); (G.O.); (T.D.); (F.S.); (Q.G.); (C.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vaihere Delaune
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Visceral Surgery, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.M.); (V.D.); (A.P.); (G.O.); (T.D.); (F.S.); (Q.G.); (C.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Prados
- Bioinformatics Support Platform, Services Communs de la Faculté, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Matthieu Tihy
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.T.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Visceral Surgery, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.M.); (V.D.); (A.P.); (G.O.); (T.D.); (F.S.); (Q.G.); (C.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Oldani
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Visceral Surgery, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.M.); (V.D.); (A.P.); (G.O.); (T.D.); (F.S.); (Q.G.); (C.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Delmi
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Visceral Surgery, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.M.); (V.D.); (A.P.); (G.O.); (T.D.); (F.S.); (Q.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Florence Slits
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Visceral Surgery, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.M.); (V.D.); (A.P.); (G.O.); (T.D.); (F.S.); (Q.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Quentin Gex
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Visceral Surgery, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.M.); (V.D.); (A.P.); (G.O.); (T.D.); (F.S.); (Q.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.T.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Gastroenterology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Stéphanie Lacotte
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Visceral Surgery, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.M.); (V.D.); (A.P.); (G.O.); (T.D.); (F.S.); (Q.G.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Toso
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Visceral Surgery, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.M.); (V.D.); (A.P.); (G.O.); (T.D.); (F.S.); (Q.G.); (C.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Lu YY, Cheng CC, Huang SY, Chen YC, Kao YH, Lin YK, Higa S, Chen SA, Chen YJ. Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Reduces Pulmonary Vein and Atrium Arrhythmogenesis via Modification of Oxidative Stress and Sodium/Calcium Homeostasis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:813589. [PMID: 35118146 PMCID: PMC8804298 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.813589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Atrial fibrillation is a critical health burden. Targeting calcium (Ca2+) dysregulation and oxidative stress are potential upstream therapeutic strategies. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 can modulate Ca2+ homeostasis and has antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FGF1 has anti-arrhythmic potential through modulating Ca2+ homeostasis and antioxidant activity of pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrium (LA) myocytes. Methods Patch clamp, western blotting, confocal microscopy, cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress studies were performed in isolated rabbit PV and LA myocytes treated with or without FGF1 (1 and 10 ng/mL). Conventional microelectrodes were used to record electrical activity in isolated rabbit PV and LA tissue preparations with and without FGF1 (3 μg/kg, i.v.). Results FGF1-treated rabbits had a slower heart rate than that observed in controls. PV and LA tissues in FGF1-treated rabbits had slower beating rates and longer action potential duration than those observed in controls. Isoproterenol (1 μM)-treated PV and LA tissues in the FGF1-treated rabbits showed less changes in the increased beating rate and a lower incidence of tachypacing (20 Hz)-induced burst firing than those observed in controls. FGF1 (10 ng/mL)-treated PV and LA myocytes had less oxidative stress and Ca2+ transient than those observed in controls. Compared to controls, FGF1 (10 ng/mL) decreased INa−L in PV myocytes and lowered Ito, IKr−tail in LA myocytes. Protein kinase C (PKC)ε inhibition abolished the effects of FGF1 on the ionic currents of LA and PV myocytes. Conclusion FGF1 changes PV and LA electrophysiological characteristics possibly via modulating oxidative stress, Na+/Ca2+ homeostasis, and the PKCε pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chuan Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Satoshi Higa
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Makiminato Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Heart Rhythm Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yi-Jen Chen
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15
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Rebollo-Hernanz M, Aguilera Y, Martin-Cabrejas MA, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Phytochemicals from the Cocoa Shell Modulate Mitochondrial Function, Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Hepatocytes via Activation of FGF21/ERK, AKT, and mTOR Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010136. [PMID: 35052640 PMCID: PMC8772970 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cocoa shell is a by-product that may be revalorized as a source of bioactive compounds to prevent chronic cardiometabolic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals from the cocoa shell as targeted compounds for activating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling and regulating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related biomarkers linked to oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and metabolism in hepatocytes. HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA, 500 µmol L−1) were used in an NAFLD cell model. Phytochemicals from the cocoa shell (50 µmol L−1) and an aqueous extract (CAE, 100 µg mL−1) enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation (1.7- to 3.3-fold) and FGF21 release (1.4- to 3.4-fold) via PPARα activation. Oxidative stress markers were reduced though Nrf-2 regulation. Mitochondrial function (mitochondrial respiration and ATP production) was protected by the PGC-1α pathway modulation. Cocoa shell phytochemicals reduced lipid accumulation (53–115%) and fatty acid synthase activity (59–93%) and prompted CPT-1 activity. Glucose uptake and glucokinase activity were enhanced, whereas glucose production and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity were diminished. The increase in the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, AKT, AMPKα, mTOR, and ERK1/2 conduced to the regulation of hepatic mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. For the first time, the cocoa shell phytochemicals are proved to modulate FGF21 signaling. Results demonstrate the in vitro preventive effect of the phytochemicals from the cocoa shell on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (Y.A.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yolanda Aguilera
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (Y.A.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Martin-Cabrejas
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (Y.A.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-217-244-3196
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16
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Activation of activator protein-1-fibroblast growth factor 21 signaling attenuates Cisplatin hepatotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114823. [PMID: 34748822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf/FGF) 21, which plays important roles in sugar, lipid and energy metabolism, has been accepted as a mito-stress marker gene. We recently reported that FGF21 expression can be up-regulated via activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and that FGF21 plays important cytoprotective roles. Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, CDDP) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug. Numerous adverse effects including hepatotoxicity have been noted during CDDP therapy. It is known that CDDP can induce mitochondrial dysfunction. The studies were designed to determine the regulation of Fgf/FGF21 expression by CDDP, and to characterize the underlying mechanisms of its regulation, as well as to determine the impact of gain or loss of Fgf/FGF21 function on the progression of CDDP hepatotoxicity. Our results showed that CDDP and phorbol ester induced mRNA and protein expression of Fgf/FGF21 and β-Klotho, two essential components of Fgf21 signaling, in mouse livers and cultured mouse/human hepatocytes. Luciferase reporter assays and ChIP-qPCR assays demonstrated that the cJun-AP-1 activation is responsible for CDDP- and phorbol ester-induced Fgf/FGF21 expression. Such induction is abolished after cotreated with AP-1 inhibitor SR11302. In addition, CDDP produces more severe liver injury in Fgf21-null than wild-type mice. Pre-treatment of GR activator dexamethasone or AhR activator β-Naphthoflavone, both of which can induce Fgf21 expression, attenuated CDDP-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, Fgf/FGF21-β-Klotho signaling can be activated via AP-1 activation. Gain of Fgf/FGF21 function attenuates the progression of CDDP hepatotoxicity, which may be considered clinically to improve CDDP therapy.
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17
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FGFR Inhibitors in Oncology: Insight on the Management of Toxicities in Clinical Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122968. [PMID: 34199304 PMCID: PMC8231807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary FGFR inhibitors evolved as therapeutic options in cholangiocarcinoma and urothelial malignancies. Given the implications of FGFR pathway in various physiological functions, FGFR inhibitors are known to cause unique toxicities. In this review, we summarized the physiology of FGF/FGFR signaling and briefly discussed the possible mechanisms that could lead to FGFR inhibitor resistance and side effects. In addition, we proposed treatment guidelines for the management of FGFR-inhibitor-associated toxicities. Abstract Fibroblast Growth Factor receptor (FGFR) pathway aberrations have been implicated in approximately 7% of the malignancies. As our knowledge of FGFR aberrations in cancer continues to evolve, FGFR inhibitors emerged as potential targeted therapeutic agents. The promising results of pemigatinib and infigratinib in advanced unresectable cholangiocarcinoma harboring FGFR2 fusions or rearrangement, and erdafitinib in metastatic urothelial carcinoma with FGFR2 and FGFR3 genetic aberrations, lead to their accelerated approval by the United States (USA) FDA. Along with these agents, many phase II/III clinical trials are currently evaluating the use of derazantinib, infigratinib, and futibatinib either alone or in combination with immunotherapy. Despite the encouraging results seen with FGFR inhibitors, resistance mechanisms and side effect profile may limit their clinical utility. A better understanding of the unique FGFR-inhibitor-related toxicities would invariably help us in the prevention and effective management of FGFR-inhibitor-induced adverse events thereby enhancing their clinical benefit. Herein, we summarized the physiology of FGF/FGFR signaling and briefly discussed the possible mechanisms that could lead to FGFR inhibitor resistance and side effects. In addition, we proposed treatment guidelines for the management of FGFR-inhibitor-associated toxicities. This work would invariably help practicing oncologists to effectively manage the unique toxicities of FGFR inhibitors.
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Di Ciaula A, Passarella S, Shanmugam H, Noviello M, Bonfrate L, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Mitochondria as Players and Targets of Therapies? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105375. [PMID: 34065331 PMCID: PMC8160908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and represents the hepatic expression of several metabolic abnormalities of high epidemiologic relevance. Fat accumulation in the hepatocytes results in cellular fragility and risk of progression toward necroinflammation, i.e., nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Several pathways contribute to fat accumulation and damage in the liver and can also involve the mitochondria, whose functional integrity is essential to maintain liver bioenergetics. In NAFLD/NASH, both structural and functional mitochondrial abnormalities occur and can involve mitochondrial electron transport chain, decreased mitochondrial β-oxidation of free fatty acids, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation. NASH is a major target of therapy, but there is no established single or combined treatment so far. Notably, translational and clinical studies point to mitochondria as future therapeutic targets in NAFLD since the prevention of mitochondrial damage could improve liver bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Salvatore Passarella
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Marica Noviello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
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Albuquerque A, Óvilo C, Núñez Y, Benítez R, López-Garcia A, García F, Félix MDR, Laranjo M, Charneca R, Martins JM. Transcriptomic Profiling of Skeletal Muscle Reveals Candidate Genes Influencing Muscle Growth and Associated Lipid Composition in Portuguese Local Pig Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051423. [PMID: 34065673 PMCID: PMC8156922 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Screening and interpretation of differentially expressed genes and associated biological pathways was conducted among experimental groups with divergent phenotypes providing valuable information about the metabolic events occurring and identification of candidate genes with major regulation roles. This comparative transcriptomic analysis includes the first RNA-seq analysis of the Longissimus lumborum muscle tissue from two Portuguese autochthonous pig breeds with different genetic backgrounds, Alentejano and Bísaro. Moreover, a complementary candidate gene approach was employed to analyse, by real time qPCR, the expression profile of relevant genes involved in lipid metabolism, and therefore with potential impacts on meat composition. This study contributes to explaining the biological basis of phenotypical differences occurring between breeds, particularly the ones related to meat quality traits that affect consumer interest. Abstract Gene expression is one of the main factors to influence meat quality by modulating fatty acid metabolism, composition, and deposition rates in muscle tissue. This study aimed to explore the transcriptomics of the Longissimus lumborum muscle in two local pig breeds with distinct genetic background using next-generation sequencing technology and Real-Time qPCR. RNA-seq yielded 49 differentially expressed genes between breeds, 34 overexpressed in the Alentejano (AL) and 15 in the Bísaro (BI) breed. Specific slow type myosin heavy chain components were associated with AL (MYH7) and BI (MYH3) pigs, while an overexpression of MAP3K14 in AL may be associated with their lower loin proportion, induced insulin resistance, and increased inflammatory response via NFkB activation. Overexpression of RUFY1 in AL pigs may explain the higher intramuscular (IMF) content via higher GLUT4 recruitment and consequently higher glucose uptake that can be stored as fat. Several candidate genes for lipid metabolism, excluded in the RNA-seq analysis due to low counts, such as ACLY, ADIPOQ, ELOVL6, LEP and ME1 were identified by qPCR as main gene factors defining the processes that influence meat composition and quality. These results agree with the fatter profile of the AL pig breed and adiponectin resistance can be postulated as responsible for the overexpression of MAP3K14′s coding product NIK, failing to restore insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Albuquerque
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada & Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Adrián López-Garcia
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Fabián García
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Maria do Rosário Félix
- MED & Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Marta Laranjo
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada & Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Rui Charneca
- MED & Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - José Manuel Martins
- MED & Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.M.M.)
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Genetic and Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Yearling Weight Gain in Israel Holstein Dairy Calves. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050708. [PMID: 34068476 PMCID: PMC8151807 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Yearling weight gain in male and female Israeli Holstein calves, defined as 365 × ((weight - 35)/age at weight) + 35, was analyzed from 814,729 records on 368,255 animals from 740 herds recorded between 1994 and 2021. The variance components were calculated based on valid records from 2008 through 2017 for each sex separately and both sexes jointly by a single-trait individual animal model analysis, which accounted for repeat records on animals. The analysis model also included the square root, linear, and quadratic effects of age at weight. Heritability and repeatability were 0.35 and 0.71 in the analysis of both sexes and similar in the single sex analyses. The regression of yearling weight gain on birth date in the complete data set was -0.96 kg/year. The complete data set was also analyzed by the same model as the variance component analysis, including both sexes and accounting for differing variance components for each sex. The genetic trend for yearling weight gain, including both sexes, was 1.02 kg/year. Genetic evaluations for yearling weight gain was positively correlated with genetic evaluations for milk, fat, protein production, and cow survival but negatively correlated with female fertility. Yearling weight gain was also correlated with the direct effect on dystocia, and increased yearling weight gain resulted in greater frequency of dystocia. Of the 1749 Israeli Holstein bulls genotyped with reliabilities >50%, 1445 had genetic evaluations. As genotyping of these bulls was performed using several single nucleotide polymorhphism (SNP) chip platforms, we included only those markers that were genotyped in >90% of the tested cohort. A total of 40,498 SNPs were retained. More than 400 markers had significant effects after permutation and correction for multiple testing (pnominal < 1 × 10-8). Considering all SNPs simultaneously, 0.69 of variance among the sires' transmitting ability was explained. There were 24 markers with coefficients of determination for yearling weight gain >0.04. One marker, BTA-75458-no-rs on chromosome 5, explained ≈6% of the variance among the estimated breeding values for yearling weight gain. ARS-BFGL-NGS-39379 had the fifth largest coefficient of determination in the current study and was also found to have a significant effect on weight at an age of 13-14 months in a previous study on Holsteins. Significant genomic effects on yearling weight gain were mainly associated with milk production quantitative trait loci, specifically with kappa casein metabolism.
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21
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Fiorucci S, Biagioli M, Baldoni M, Ricci P, Sepe V, Zampella A, Distrutti E. The identification of farnesoid X receptor modulators as treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1193-1208. [PMID: 33849361 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1916465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear receptor selectively activated by primary bile acids. AREA COVERED FXR is a validated pharmacological target. Herein, the authors review preclinical and clinical data supporting the development of FXR agonists in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. EXPERT OPINION Development of systemic FXR agonists to treat the metabolic liver disease has been proven challenging because the side effects associated with these agents including increased levels of cholesterol and LDL-c and reduced HDL-c raising concerns over their long-term cardiovascular safety. Additionally, pruritus has emerged as a common, although poorly explained, dose-related side effect with all FXR ligands, but is especially common with OCA. FXR agonists that are currently undergoing phase 2/3 trials are cilofexor, tropifexor, nidufexor and MET409. Some of these agents are currently being developed as combination therapies with other agents including cenicriviroc, a CCR2/CCR5 inhibitor, or firsocostat an acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor. Additional investigations are needed to evaluate the beneficial effects of combination of these agents with statins. It is expected that in the coming years, FXR agonists will be developed as a combination therapy to minimize side effects and increase likelihood of success by targeting different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monia Baldoni
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC Di Gastroenterologia Ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Ogawa M, Kawarazaki Y, Fujita Y, Naguro I, Ichijo H. FGF21 Induced by the ASK1-p38 Pathway Promotes Mechanical Cell Competition by Attracting Cells. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1048-1057.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Preliminary Techno-Economic Assessment of Animal Cell-Based Meat. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010003. [PMID: 33374916 PMCID: PMC7821941 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in animal cell-based meat (ACBM) or laboratory-grown meat has been increasing; however, the economic viability of these potential products has not been thoroughly vetted. Recent studies suggest monoclonal antibody production technology can be adapted for the industrialization of ACBM production. This study provides a scenario-based assessment of the projected cost per kilogram of ACBM produced in the United States based on cellular metabolic requirements and process/chemical engineering conventions. A sensitivity analysis of the model identified the nine most influential cost factors for ACBM production out of 67 initial parameters. The results indicate that technological performance will need to approach technical limits for ACBM to achieve profitably as a commodity. However, the model also suggests that low-volume high-value specialty products could be viable based on current technology.
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Rodríguez-Antonio I, López-Sánchez GN, Garrido-Camacho VY, Uribe M, Chávez-Tapia NC, Nuño-Lámbarri N. Cholecystectomy as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development. HPB (Oxford) 2020; 22:1513-1520. [PMID: 32773176 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis and gallstone disease are highly prevalent in the general population; the shared risk factors are age, ethnicity, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, risk of cardiovascular disease, and mortality. The presence of insulin resistance is the critical element in this association because it represents a crucial link between metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as a higher susceptibility to gallstone formation. METHODS An exhaustive search engine investigation of gallstone disease, cholecystectomy, and liver steatosis latest literature was made. RESULTS Clinical studies and systematic reviews suggest an association between gallstone disease, cholecystectomy, and hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION The bidirectional relationship between liver steatosis and gallstone disease and cholecystectomy is summarized in the role of insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, bile acids signaling pathways regulated by transcription factors expression, and to the gallbladder physiological role; however, more epidemiological and experimental studies should be complemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzayana Rodríguez-Antonio
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico; School of Medicine, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 13 Sur 2702, Los Volcanes, Z.C. 72420, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Guillermo N López-Sánchez
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victor Y Garrido-Camacho
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Uribe
- Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norberto C Chávez-Tapia
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico; Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalia Nuño-Lámbarri
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Toriello Guerra Tlalpan, Z.C. 14050, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Persistence of Fear Memory Depends on a Delayed Elevation of BAF53b and FGF1 Expression in the Lateral Amygdala. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7133-7141. [PMID: 32817243 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0679-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance represents a highly adaptive function of fear memory and a major cause of maladaptive fear- and anxiety-related mental disorders. However, less is known about the mechanisms underlying the persistence of fear memory. The epigenetic gene regulation recently emerged as an important mechanism for memory persistence. In the previous study, we found that BAF53b, a neuron-specific subunit of BAF chromatin remodeling complex, is induced after auditory cued fear conditioning in the lateral amygdala (LA) and is crucial for recent fear memory formation. In this study using mice of both sexes, we report a delayed induction of BAF53b in the LA 48 h after auditory fear conditioning and its critical role for the persistence of established fear memory. To specifically block the delayed but not the early induced BAF53b function, we used a postlearning knock-down method based on RNAi. The transient knockdown of Baf53b using siRNA in the lateral amygdala 24 h after cued fear conditioning led to specific impairment of remote but not recent memory retrieval. RNA-sequencing analyses identified fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) as a candidate downstream effector. Consistently, postlearning administration of FGF1 peptide rescued memory persistence in Baf53b knock-down mice. These results demonstrate the crucial role of BAF53b and FGF1 in persistent retention of fear memory, giving insights into how fear memory persistently stored through consolidation processes and suggest candidate target for treating mental disorders related to traumatic memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is still unclear how once consolidated memory persists over time. In this study, we report the delayed induction of nucleosome remodeling factor BAF53b in the lateral nucleus of amygdala after fear learning and its crucial role for persistence of established memory beyond 24 h after learning. Our data link the regulation of BAF53b and fibroblast growth factor 1 expression in the amygdala to fear memory persistence. Results from this study open a new direction to understand the time-dependent continuous consolidation processes potentially by a nucleosome-remodeling mechanism enabling long-lasting memory formation and give insights into how to treat mental disorders caused by enduring traumatic memory.
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Bongrani A, Elfassy Y, Brun JS, Ramé C, Mellouk N, Fellahi S, Bastard JP, Levy R, Vasseur C, Froment P, Dupont J. Expression of adipokines in seminal fluid of men of normal weight. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:528-530. [PMID: 31115360 PMCID: PMC6732888 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_25_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bongrani
- UMR 85 Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviors, INRA Val de Loire Center, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Yaelle Elfassy
- Unit of Biology of Reproduction and Inflammatory and Metabolic Biomarkers, Hôpital Tenon, Research Center Saint Antoine, IHU ICAN, Inserm UMRS 938, AP-HP, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jean Sebastien Brun
- Assisted Medical Procreation Pôle Santé Léonard de Vinci, Chambray-lès-Tours 37170, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- UMR 85 Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviors, INRA Val de Loire Center, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Namya Mellouk
- UMR 85 Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviors, INRA Val de Loire Center, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Soraya Fellahi
- Unit of Biology of Reproduction and Inflammatory and Metabolic Biomarkers, Hôpital Tenon, Research Center Saint Antoine, IHU ICAN, Inserm UMRS 938, AP-HP, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jean Philippe Bastard
- Unit of Biology of Reproduction and Inflammatory and Metabolic Biomarkers, Hôpital Tenon, Research Center Saint Antoine, IHU ICAN, Inserm UMRS 938, AP-HP, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris 75005, France
| | - Rachel Levy
- Unit of Biology of Reproduction and Inflammatory and Metabolic Biomarkers, Hôpital Tenon, Research Center Saint Antoine, IHU ICAN, Inserm UMRS 938, AP-HP, UPMC University of Paris 06, Paris 75005, France
| | - Claudine Vasseur
- Assisted Medical Procreation Pôle Santé Léonard de Vinci, Chambray-lès-Tours 37170, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- UMR 85 Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviors, INRA Val de Loire Center, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- UMR 85 Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Behaviors, INRA Val de Loire Center, Nouzilly 37380, France
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JNK-mediated disruption of bile acid homeostasis promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16492-16499. [PMID: 32601222 PMCID: PMC7368313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002672117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with hepatic steatosis and activation of the cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) stress-signaling pathway. Studies in mice demonstrate that JNK deficiency in the liver prevents the development of hepatic steatosis. This observation suggests that inhibition of JNK signaling may represent a possible treatment for hepatic steatosis. However, the long-term consequences of JNK inhibition are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that loss of JNK causes changes in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism that promote cholestasis, bile duct proliferation, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We identify PPARα activation as the molecular mechanism that accounts for this phenotype. Our analysis has important implications for the long-term use of JNK inhibitors for the treatment of obesity. Metabolic stress causes activation of the cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway. It is established that one consequence of JNK activation is the development of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis through inhibition of the transcription factor PPARα. Indeed, JNK1/2 deficiency in hepatocytes protects against the development of steatosis, suggesting that JNK inhibition represents a possible treatment for this disease. However, the long-term consequences of JNK inhibition have not been evaluated. Here we demonstrate that hepatic JNK controls bile acid production. We found that hepatic JNK deficiency alters cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis, conjugation, and transport, resulting in cholestasis, increased cholangiocyte proliferation, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Gene ablation studies confirmed that PPARα mediated these effects of JNK in hepatocytes. This analysis highlights potential consequences of long-term use of JNK inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Dutta A, Das A, Kondziella D, Stachowiak MK. Bioenergy Crisis in Coronavirus Diseases? Brain Sci 2020; 10:E277. [PMID: 32370257 PMCID: PMC7287678 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Abhijit Das
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK;
| | - Daniel Kondziella
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michal K. Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
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Gonzalez-Freire M, Diaz-Ruiz A, Hauser D, Martinez-Romero J, Ferrucci L, Bernier M, de Cabo R. The road ahead for health and lifespan interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101037. [PMID: 32109604 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a modifiable risk factor for most chronic diseases and an inevitable process in humans. The development of pharmacological interventions aimed at delaying or preventing the onset of chronic conditions and other age-related diseases has been at the forefront of the aging field. Preclinical findings have demonstrated that species, sex and strain confer significant heterogeneity on reaching the desired health- and lifespan-promoting pharmacological responses in model organisms. Translating the safety and efficacy of these interventions to humans and the lack of reliable biomarkers that serve as predictors of health outcomes remain a challenge. Here, we will survey current pharmacological interventions that promote lifespan extension and/or increased healthspan in animals and humans, and review the various anti-aging interventions selected for inclusion in the NIA's Interventions Testing Program as well as the ClinicalTrials.gov database that target aging or age-related diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Group, Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Alberto Diaz-Ruiz
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA; Nutritional Interventions Group, Precision Nutrition and Aging, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Hauser
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Jorge Martinez-Romero
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, IMDEA Food, CEI, UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
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Pichiah PBT, Sankarganesh D, Arunachalam S, Achiraman S. Adipose-Derived Molecules-Untouched Horizons in Alzheimer's Disease Biology. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:17. [PMID: 32116650 PMCID: PMC7032035 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is on the rise with the increase in obesity and metabolic disease epidemic. Obesity is co-morbid with the increase in mass of adipose tissue, which secretes numerous molecules that are biologically important. Obesity and its associated conditions are perhaps involved in the causative pathway of AD. Immunologically important cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-18, which are released by adipose tissue, are also found to be associated with AD. Besides, the expression of IL-6, IFNγ, and TNF alpha are also associated with AD. Ang-I and Ang-II are found to mediate the progression of AD. Complement factors B, C4b, and H are differentially expressed in AD. Overall, several adipocyte-derived cytokines are found to be dysregulated in AD, and their role in AD remains to be studied. The induction of autophagy is a very promising strategy in the treatment of AD. A variety of adipose-derived molecules have been shown to modulate autophagy. However, very little literature is available on the role of adipose-derived molecules in inducing autophagy in microglial cells of AD. Understanding the role of adipose-derived molecules in the development of AD, especially in the induction of autophagy, would open up new avenues in devising strategies for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devaraj Sankarganesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sankarganesh Arunachalam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
| | - Shanmugam Achiraman
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Ocker M. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Paving the way to hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:279-290. [PMID: 31988589 PMCID: PMC6969880 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are increasingly leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, subsequent steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors play an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis also in the liver and disorders in signaling have been identified to contribute to those pathophysiologic conditions leading to hepatic lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation. While specific and well tolerated inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor receptor activity are currently developed for (non-liver) cancer therapy, treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is still limited. Fibroblast growth factor-mimicking or restoring approaches have recently evolved as a novel therapeutic option and the impact of such interactions with the fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling network during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ocker
- Department of Gastroenterology (CBF), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
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Verzijl CRC, Van De Peppel IP, Struik D, Jonker JW. Pegbelfermin (BMS-986036): an investigational PEGylated fibroblast growth factor 21 analogue for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:125-133. [PMID: 31899984 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1708898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. NAFLD refers to a spectrum of disorders ranging from asymptomatic hepatic steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver, NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which increases the risk of developing more severe forms of liver disease such as progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Currently, there are no food and drug administration (FDA) approved drugs to treat NASH. Pegbelfermin (BMS-986036) is a PEGylated fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogue that is under investigation for the treatment of NASH.Areas covered: We reviewed the (pre)clinical pegbelfermin studies and compared these with other studies that assessed FGF21 and FGF21 analogues in the treatment of NASH.Expert opinion: With no FDA approved treatments available for NASH, there is an urgent need for novel therapies. Pegbelfermin is a systemic treatment with pleiotropic effects on various tissues. Short-term adverse effects are limited, but more research is required to study potential long-term safety issues. In a phase 2a trial, pegbelfermin has shown promising improvements in several NASH related outcomes. However, clinical trials demonstrating long-term benefits on hard outcomes such as liver histology, cirrhosis development, or survival are required for further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy R C Verzijl
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo P Van De Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky Struik
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Catalina MOS, Redondo PC, Granados MP, Cantonero C, Sanchez-Collado J, Albarran L, Lopez JJ. New Insights into Adipokines as Potential Biomarkers for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4119-4144. [PMID: 29210636 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171205162248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A large number of studies have been focused on investigating serum biomarkers associated with risk or diagnosis of type-2 diabetes mellitus. In the last decade, promising studies have shown that circulating levels of adipokines could be used as a relevant biomarker for diabetes mellitus progression as well as therapeutic future targets. Here, we discuss the possible use of recently described adipokines, including apelin, omentin-1, resistin, FGF-21, neuregulin-4 and visfatin, as early biomarkers for diabetes. In addition, we also include recent findings of other well known adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin. In conclusion, further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiological significance and clinical value of these biological factors as potential biomarkers in type-2 diabetes and related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro C Redondo
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Maria P Granados
- Aldea Moret's Medical Center, Extremadura Health Service, 10195-Caceres, Spain
| | - Carlos Cantonero
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Jose Sanchez-Collado
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Letizia Albarran
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Jose J Lopez
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
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Pharmacological Therapy of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: What Drugs Are Available Now and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224334. [PMID: 31703268 PMCID: PMC6888162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common cause of chronic liver disease as well as the first cause of liver transplantation. NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and this is the most important reason why it is extremely difficult to treat this disease bearing in mind the enormous amount of interrelationships between the liver and other systems in maintaining the metabolic health. The treatment of NAFLD is a key point to prevent NASH progression to advanced fibrosis, to prevent cirrhosis and to prevent the development of its hepatic complications (such as liver decompensation and HCC) and even extrahepatic one. A part of the well-known healthy effect of diet and physical exercise in this setting it is important to design the correct pharmaceutical strategy in order to antagonize the progression of the disease. In this regard, the current review has the scope to give a panoramic view on the possible pharmacological treatment strategy in NAFLD patients.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the second leading cause of liver transplantation in the US with a high risk of liver-related morbidities and mortality. Given the global burden of NASH, development of appropriate therapeutic strategies is an important clinical need. Where applicable, lifestyle modification remains the primary recommendation for the treatment of NASH, even though such changes are difficult to sustain and even insufficient to cure NASH. Bariatric surgery resolves NASH in such patients where lifestyle modifications have failed, and is recommended for morbidly obese patients with NASH. Thus, pharmacotherapies are of high value for NASH treatment. Though no drug has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of NASH, substantial progress in pharmacological development has been made in the last few years. Agents such as vitamin E and pioglitazone are recommended in patients with NASH, and yet concerns about their side effects remain. Many agents targeting various vital molecules and pathways, including those impacting metabolic perturbations, inflammatory cascades, and oxidative stress, are in clinical trials for the treatment of NASH. Some agents have shown promising results in phase II or III clinical trials, but more studies are required to assess their long-term effects. Herein, we review the potential strategies and challenges in therapeutic approaches to treating NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Chen
- *Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Cai
- †Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yao Yu
- ‡Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- *Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- ‡Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- §Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- ¶Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Li
- *Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- ‡Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- §Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- ¶Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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36
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Min BK, Oh CJ, Park S, Lee JM, Go Y, Park BY, Kang HJ, Kim DW, Kim JE, Yoo EK, Kim HE, Kim MJ, Jeon YH, Kim YH, Lee CH, Jeon JH, Lee IK. Therapeutic effect of dichloroacetate against atherosclerosis via hepatic FGF21 induction mediated by acute AMPK activation. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-12. [PMID: 31570705 PMCID: PMC6802614 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia-induced atherosclerosis, which has a risk of high morbidity and mortality, can be alleviated by metabolic activation associated with mitochondrial function. The effect of dichloroacetate (DCA), a general pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor, on in vivo energy expenditure in ApoE-/- mice fed a western diet (WD) has not yet been investigated. WD-fed ApoE-/- mice developed atherosclerotic plaques and hyperlipidemia along with obesity, which were significantly ameliorated by DCA administration. Increased oxygen consumption was associated with heat production in the DCA-treated group, with no change in food intake or physical activity compared with those of the control. These processes were correlated with the increased gene expression of Dio2 and Ucp-1, which represents brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation, in both WD-induced atherosclerosis and high-fat-induced obesity models. In addition, we found that DCA stimulated hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) mRNA expression, which might be important for lowering lipid levels and insulin sensitization via BAT activation, in a dose- and time-dependent manner associated with serum FGF21 levels. Interestingly, Fgf21 mRNA expression was mediated in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent manner within several minutes after DCA treatment independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Taken together, the results suggest that enhanced glucose oxidation by DCA protects against atherosclerosis by inducing hepatic FGF21 expression and BAT activation, resulting in augmented energy expenditure for heat generation.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Dichloroacetic Acid/pharmacology
- Diet, Western/adverse effects
- Dyslipidemias/drug therapy
- Dyslipidemias/etiology
- Dyslipidemias/genetics
- Dyslipidemias/pathology
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/agonists
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Iodide Peroxidase/genetics
- Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/pathology
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- PPAR alpha/genetics
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/genetics
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism
- Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong-Keol Min
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School and BK21 plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Joo Oh
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sungmi Park
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School and BK21 plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Go
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bo-Yoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School and BK21 plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ji Kang
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Yoo
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hui Eon Kim
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kim
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jeon
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School and BK21 plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Daegu, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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37
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and the Adaptive Response to Nutritional Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194692. [PMID: 31546675 PMCID: PMC6801670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is considered an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related disorders due to its beneficial effects in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. FGF21 response is essential under stressful conditions and its metabolic effects depend on the inducer factor or stress condition. FGF21 seems to be the key signal which communicates and coordinates the metabolic response to reverse different nutritional stresses and restores the metabolic homeostasis. This review is focused on describing individually the FGF21-dependent metabolic response activated by some of the most common nutritional challenges, the signal pathways triggering this response, and the impact of this response on global homeostasis. We consider that this is essential knowledge to identify the potential role of FGF21 in the onset and progression of some of the most prevalent metabolic pathologies and to understand the potential of FGF21 as a target for these diseases. After this review, we conclude that more research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of FGF21 in macronutrient preference and food intake behavior, but also in β-klotho regulation and the activity of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) to uncover its therapeutic potential as a way to increase the FGF21 signaling.
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Schumacher JD, Guo GL. Pharmacologic Modulation of Bile Acid-FXR-FGF15/FGF19 Pathway for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:325-357. [PMID: 31201553 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is within the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of NASH is rising and has become a large burden to the medical system worldwide. Unfortunately, despite its high prevalence and severe health consequences, there is currently no therapeutic agent approved to treat NASH. Therefore, the development of efficacious therapies is of utmost urgency and importance. Many molecular targets are currently under investigation for their ability to halt NASH progression. One of the most promising and well-studied targets is the bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR). In this chapter, the characteristics, etiology, and prevalence of NASH will be discussed. A brief introduction to FXR regulation of BA homeostasis will be described. However, for more details regarding FXR in BA homeostasis, please refer to previous chapters. In this chapter, the mechanisms by which tissue and cell type-specific FXR regulates NASH development will be discussed in detail. Several FXR agonists have reached later phase clinical trials for treatment of NASH. The progress of these compounds and summary of released data will be provided. Lastly, this chapter will address safety liabilities specific to the development of FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Kim CS, Joe Y, Choi HS, Back SH, Park JW, Chung HT, Roh E, Kim MS, Ha TY, Yu R. Deficiency of fibroblast growth factor 21 aggravates obesity-induced atrophic responses in skeletal muscle. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2019; 16:17. [PMID: 31312114 PMCID: PMC6611052 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-019-0221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity-induced skeletal muscle inflammation is a major contributor of skeletal muscle loss/atrophy and is implicated in metabolic complications such as insulin resistance. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is known to be an important metabolic regulator with anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of FGF21 on skeletal muscle atrophy is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of FGF21 deficiency on obesity-induced skeletal muscle inflammation and atrophy in mice. Results The expression of atrophic factors (MuRF1 and Atrogin-1) was upregulated at the mRNA and/or protein levels in the skeletal muscle of FGF21-deficient obese mice compared with wild type obese control mice. This was accompanied by an increase in levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and MCP-1) and a reduction in AMPK phosphorylation. FGF21 treatment markedly suppressed TNFα-mediated inflammatory and atrophic responses in cultured myotubes, and the actions of FGF21 were blunted by the AMPK inhibitor compound C. Conclusion These findings suggest that FGF21 deficiency aggravates obesity-induced inflammation and atrophic responses in the skeletal muscle of obese mice, and FGF21 may protect inflammation-mediated atrophy through the AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Sook Kim
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- 2Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Choi
- 2Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- 2Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- 2Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- 2Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Eun Roh
- 3Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 South Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- 4Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- 5Research Group of Nutrition and Metabolic System, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 South Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
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40
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Struik D, Dommerholt MB, Jonker JW. Fibroblast growth factors in control of lipid metabolism: from biological function to clinical application. Curr Opin Lipidol 2019; 30:235-243. [PMID: 30893110 PMCID: PMC6530965 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been identified as key regulators of energy metabolism in rodents and nonhuman primates. Translational studies show that their metabolic actions are largely conserved in humans, which led to the development of various FGF-based drugs, including FGF21-mimetics LY2405319, PF-05231023, and pegbelfermin, and the FGF19-mimetic NGM282. Recently, a number of clinical trials have been published that examined the safety and efficacy of these novel therapeutic proteins in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cholestatic liver disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of FGFs in metabolic regulation and their clinical potential. RECENT FINDINGS FGF21-based drugs induce weight loss and improve dyslipidemia in patients with obesity and T2D, and reduce steatosis in patients with NASH. FGF19-based drugs reduce steatosis in patients with NASH, and ameliorate bile acid-induced liver damage in patients with cholestasis. In contrast to their potent antidiabetic effects in rodents and nonhuman primates, FGF-based drugs do not appear to improve glycemia in humans. In addition, various safety concerns, including elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, modulation of bone homeostasis, and increased blood pressure, have been reported as well. SUMMARY Clinical trials with FGF-based drugs report beneficial effects in lipid and bile acid metabolism, with clinical improvements in dyslipidemia, steatosis, weight loss, and liver damage. In contrast, glucose-lowering effects, as observed in preclinical models, are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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41
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Sandoval DA. Mechanisms for the metabolic success of bariatric surgery. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12708. [PMID: 30882956 PMCID: PMC9205614 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To date, bariatric surgery remains the most effective strategy for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. However, given the enormity of the obesity epidemic, and sometimes variable results, it is not a feasible strategy for the treatment of all obese patients. A simple PubMed search for 'bariatric surgery' reveals over 28 000 papers that have been published since the 1940s when the first bariatric surgeries were performed. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms for the weight loss and metabolic success of surgery. An understanding of the mechanisms is important because it may lead to greater understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity and thus surgery-alternative strategies for the treatment of all obese patients. In this review, the potential mechanisms that underlie the success of surgery are discussed, with a focus on the potential endocrine, neural and other circulatory factors (eg, bile acids) that have been proposed to play a role.
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42
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Sharma S, Yadav S, Chandiok K, Sharma RS, Mishra V, Saraswathy KN. Protein signatures linking history of miscarriages and metabolic syndrome: a proteomic study among North Indian women. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6321. [PMID: 30783564 PMCID: PMC6378092 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MeS), a constellation of metabolic adversities, and history of miscarriage make women at a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, molecular evidence indicating a link between the two phenotypes (history of miscarriage and MeS) among women would offer an opportunity to predict the risk factor for CVDs at an early stage. Thus, the present retrospective study attempts to identify the proteins signatures (if any) to understand the connection between the history of miscarriage and MeS. Methods Age-matched 80 pre-menopausal women who were not on any medical intervention or drugs were recruited from a Mendelian population of the same gene pool. Recruited women were classified into four groups—(a) Group A—absolute cases with history of miscarriage and MeS, (b) Group B—absolute controls without any history of miscarriage and MeS, (c) Group C—cases with MeS but lack any history of miscarriage, (d) Group D—cases with history of miscarriage but lack MeS. Differentially expressed proteins in plasma samples of women from four groups were identified using 2-D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Results Three case groups (A, C, and D) showed 18 differentially expressed proteins. Nearly 60% of proteins (11/18) were commonly dysregulated in Group C (only with MeS) and Group D (only with miscarriage history). Nearly 40% of proteins (7/18) were commonly dysregulated in the three case groups (Groups A, C, and D), indicating a shared pathophysiology. Four proteins were exclusive but shared by case groups C and D indicating the independent routes for CVDs through MeS or miscarriages. In absolute cases, transthyretin (TTR) showed exclusive upregulation, which was further validated by Western blotting and ELISA. Networking analyses showed the strong association of TTR with haptoglobin, transferrin and ApoA1 hinting toward a cross-talk among these proteins which could be a cause or an effect of TTR upregulation. Conclusion The study provides evidence for molecular link between the history of miscarriage and MeS through a putative role of TTR. However, longitudinal follow-up studies with larger sample size would further help to demonstrate the significance of TTR and other targeted proteins in risk stratification and the onset of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Sharma
- Bioresources & Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suniti Yadav
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ketaki Chandiok
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- Bioresources & Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Mishra
- Bioresources & Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kallur Nava Saraswathy
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Manzano-Núñez F, Arámbul-Anthony MJ, Galán Albiñana A, Leal Tassias A, Acosta Umanzor C, Borreda Gascó I, Herrera A, Forteza Vila J, Burks DJ, Noon LA. Insulin resistance disrupts epithelial repair and niche-progenitor Fgf signaling during chronic liver injury. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2006972. [PMID: 30695023 PMCID: PMC6368328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin provides important information to tissues about feeding behavior and energy status. Defective insulin signaling is associated with ageing, tissue dysfunction, and impaired wound healing. In the liver, insulin resistance leads to chronic damage and fibrosis, but it is unclear how tissue-repair mechanisms integrate insulin signals to coordinate an appropriate injury response or how they are affected by insulin resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that insulin resistance impairs local cellular crosstalk between the fibrotic stroma and bipotent adult liver progenitor cells (LPCs), whose paracrine interactions promote epithelial repair and tissue remodeling. Using insulin-resistant mice deficient for insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2), we highlight dramatic impairment of proregenerative fibroblast growth factor 7 (Fgf7) signaling between stromal niche cells and LPCs during chronic injury. We provide a detailed account of the role played by IRS2 in promoting Fgf7 ligand and receptor (Fgfr2-IIIb) expression by the two cell compartments, and we describe an insulin/IRS2-dependent feed-forward loop capable of sustaining hepatic re-epithelialization by driving FGFR2-IIIb expression. Finally, we shed light on the regulation of IRS2 and FGF7 within the fibrotic stroma and show—using a human coculture system—that IRS2 silencing shifts the equilibrium away from paracrine epithelial repair in favor of fibrogenesis. Hence, we offer a compelling insight into the contribution of insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and propose IRS2 as a positive regulator of communication between cell types and the transition between phases of stromal to epithelial repair. “Insulin resistance” is a chronic state of reduced sensitivity to the effects of circulating insulin. It is one of the hallmarks of metabolic disease and a consequence of ageing, but insulin resistance is also observed in otherwise healthy individuals after severe trauma/hemorrhage/sepsis, suggesting that it plays a physiological role in modulating the response to injury. Defective insulin signals are linked to impaired wound healing, yet it remains unclear how systemic changes affect locally the cells that coordinate tissue repair. In this study, we used the liver to assess how insulin resistance impacts the injury response in mice. We provide proof of concept that insulin signals are locally integrated by the fibrotic microenvironment surrounding the adult liver stem cells during chronic injury, resulting in the increased expression of epithelial repair signals. Insulin also simultaneously primes stem cells to respond to these stromal growth factors, leading to an increased participation in epithelial repair. Insulin resistance disrupts this local paracrine circuit, resulting in a blunted epithelial response to chronic injury that exacerbates tissue damage. Our model highlights a potential role for insulin in switching the hepatic injury response from a stromal repair process to an epithelial repair process. To our knowledge, our data provide a new perspective from which to reassess how insulin resistance influences fibrosis, wound healing, and tissue remodeling during injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Manzano-Núñez
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Arámbul-Anthony
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Acosta Umanzor
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Borreda Gascó
- Instituto Valenciano de Patología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Màrtir, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jerónimo Forteza Vila
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto Valenciano de Patología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Màrtir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Deborah J. Burks
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luke A. Noon
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Chen L, Li X, Wang Y, Song T, Li H, Xie L, Li L, Chen X, Ma L, Chen Y, Lv Y, Li X, Ge RS. Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Promotes Rat Stem Leydig Cell Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30906280 PMCID: PMC6418010 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is reported to be expressed in the testis. How FGF1 affects stem Leydig cell development remains unclear. Here, we report the effects of FGF1 on rat stem Leydig cell development in an ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS)-treated model. FGF1 (100 ng/testis) significantly increased serum testosterone level, increased PCNA-positive Leydig cell percentage and Leydig cell number, but down-regulated the expression of Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd11b1 in Leydig cells per se, after its daily intratesticular injection from post-EDS day 14 for 14 days. Primary culture of the seminiferous tubules showed that FGF1 stimulated EdU incorporation to stem Leydig cells but blocked the differentiation into the Leydig cell lineage, possibly via FGFR1-mediated mechanism. In conclusion, FGF1 promotes stem Leydig cell proliferation but blocks its differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated Nantong University, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lubin Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linchao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leikai Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yao Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xingwang Li
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Ren-Shan Ge
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Kim HJ, Li Q, Song WJ, Yang HM, Kim SY, Park SC, Ahn JO, Youn HY. Fibroblast growth factor-1 as a mediator of paracrine effects of canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on in vitro-induced insulin resistance models. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:351. [PMID: 30445954 PMCID: PMC6240186 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the field of diabetes research, many studies on cell therapy have been conducted using mesenchymal stem cells. This research was intended to shed light on the influence of canine adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (cAT-MSC CM) on in vitro insulin resistance models that were induced in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the possible mechanisms involved in the phenomenon. Results Gene expression levels of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) were used as indicators of insulin resistance. Relative protein expression levels of IRS-1 and GLUT4 were augmented in the cAT-MSC CM treatment group compared to insulin resistance models, indicating beneficial effects of cAT-MSC to DM, probably by actions of secreting factors. With reference to previous studies on fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1), we proposed FGF1 as a key contributing factor to the mechanism of action. We added anti-FGF1 neutralizing antibody to the CM-treated insulin resistance models. As a result, significantly diminished protein levels of IRS-1 and GLUT4 were observed, supporting our assumption. Similar results were observed in glucose uptake assay. Conclusions Accordingly, this study advocated the potential of FGF-1 from cAT-MSC CM as an alternative insulin sensitizer and discovered a signalling factor associated with the paracrine effects of cAT-MSC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1671-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Jin Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Yang
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Chul Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Current Address: Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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García MDC, Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C. Regulation of Energy Expenditure and Brown/Beige Thermogenic Activity by Interleukins: New Roles for Old Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2569. [PMID: 30158466 PMCID: PMC6164446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates and the burden of metabolic associated diseases are escalating worldwide Energy burning brown and inducible beige adipocytes in human adipose tissues (ATs) have attracted considerable attention due to their therapeutic potential to counteract the deleterious metabolic effects of nutritional overload and overweight. Recent research has highlighted the relevance of resident and recruited ATs immune cell populations and their signalling mediators, cytokines, as modulators of the thermogenic activity of brown and beige ATs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the developmental, cellular and functional heterogeneity of the AT organ, as well as reported molecular switches of its heat-producing machinery. We also discuss the key contribution of various interleukins signalling pathways to energy and metabolic homeostasis and their roles in the biogenesis and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Besides local actions, attention is also drawn to their influence in the central nervous system (CNS) networks governing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Wang A, Yan X, Zhang C, Du C, Long W, Zhan D, Luo X. Characterization of fibroblast growth factor 1 in obese children and adolescents. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:932-940. [PMID: 30299902 PMCID: PMC6130312 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in obese mice. Serum FGF1 has increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus adults and correlated with BMI. This study aimed to indicate conventional weight loss effects on FGF1 in obese children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical and metabolic parameters of 88 lean and obese individuals (ages 5–15 years) and 39 obese individuals followed with 6 months of lifestyle intervention were collected. Serum FGF1 levels were detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS FGF1 levels were increased in obese individuals. Serum FGF1 levels were significantly correlated with BMI and waist circumferences (r = 0.377, P = 0.012; r = 0.301, P = 0.047, respectively). Multivariate stepwise linear regression analyses showed that FGF1 levels were significantly correlated with HbA1c and HOMA-IR (β = 0.371, P = 0.008; β = 0.323, P = 0.021, respectively). Weight loss (2.3 ± 0.1 kg) was accompanied by a significant reduction of circulating FGF1 levels (7.2 ± 0.4 pg/mL). Changes in FGF1 were significantly correlated with changes in fasting glucose, HOMA-IR and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = 0.277, P = 0.020; β = 0.474, P < 0.001; β = 0.320, P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSION FGF1 levels were increased in obese individuals. Serum FGF1 levels were significantly correlated with BMI and waist circumferences (r = 0.377, P = 0.012; r = 0.301, P = 0.047, respectively). Multivariate stepwise linear regression analyses showed that FGF1 levels were significantly correlated with HbA1c and HOMA-IR (β = 0.371, P = 0.008; β = 0.323, P = 0.021, respectively). Weight loss (2.3 ± 0.1 kg) was accompanied by a significant reduction of circulating FGF1 levels (7.2 ± 0.4 pg/mL). Changes in FGF1 were significantly correlated with changes in fasting glucose, HOMA-IR and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = 0.277, P = 0.020; β = 0.474, P < 0.001; β = 0.320, P = 0.008, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anru Wang
- Department of PediatricsTongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of PediatricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqin Yan
- Department of PediatricsBoai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of PediatricsTongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiqi Du
- Department of PediatricsTongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Long
- Department of PediatricsTongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Zhan
- Department of PediatricsTongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of PediatricsTongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Luo:
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Cui G, Martin RC, Jin H, Liu X, Pandit H, Zhao H, Cai L, Zhang P, Li W, Li Y. Up-regulation of FGF15/19 signaling promotes hepatocellular carcinoma in the background of fatty liver. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:136. [PMID: 29973237 PMCID: PMC6031179 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Upregulated fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients are at high risk for malignant transformation into HCC. Methods A steatohepatitis-HCC model was established in male C57L/J mice treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and high-fat diet (HFD). A mouse HCC cell line (Hepa1–6) and a mouse hepatocyte line (FL83B) were used to elucidate the mechanism by free fatty acids (FFA) treatment. FGF15, the mouse orthologue of FGF19, and it receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor4 (FGFR4) as well as co-receptor β-klotho were studied. FGF19 signaling was also studied in human samples of HCC with steatohepatitis. Results HCC incidence and tumor volume were significantly increased in the DEN+HFD group compared to that in the DEN+control diet (CD) group. Increased levels of FGF15/FGFR4/β-klotho, aberrant epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were detected in DEN+HFD mice. Blockage of the FGF15 signal can attenuate cell migration ability and aberrant EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions Up-regulated FGF15/FGFR4 signaling promoted the development of HCC by activation of EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the lipid metabolic disorder microenvironment. Further investigation of FGF19/FGFR4 signaling is important for potential early diagnosis and therapeutic targeting in HCC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0781-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Cui
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Robert C Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Harshul Pandit
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hengjun Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies. Nat Med 2018; 24:908-922. [PMID: 29967350 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2354] [Impact Index Per Article: 392.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been a rise in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), paralleling a worldwide increase in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD, a continuum of liver abnormalities from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has a variable course but can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Here we review the pathogenic and clinical features of NAFLD, its major comorbidities, clinical progression and risk of complications and in vitro and animal models of NAFLD enabling refinement of therapeutic targets that can accelerate drug development. We also discuss evolving principles of clinical trial design to evaluate drug efficacy and the emerging targets for drug development that involve either single agents or combination therapies intended to arrest or reverse disease progression.
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50
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Morgani SM, Saiz N, Garg V, Raina D, Simon CS, Kang M, Arias AM, Nichols J, Schröter C, Hadjantonakis AK. A Sprouty4 reporter to monitor FGF/ERK signaling activity in ESCs and mice. Dev Biol 2018; 441:104-126. [PMID: 29964027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The FGF/ERK signaling pathway is highly conserved throughout evolution and plays fundamental roles during embryonic development and in adult organisms. While a plethora of expression data exists for ligands, receptors and pathway regulators, we know little about the spatial organization or dynamics of signaling in individual cells within populations. To this end we developed a transcriptional readout of FGF/ERK activity by targeting a histone H2B-linked Venus fluorophore to the endogenous locus of Spry4, an early pathway target, and generated Spry4H2B-Venus embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and a derivative mouse line. The Spry4H2B-Venus reporter was heterogeneously expressed within ESC cultures and responded to FGF/ERK signaling manipulation. In vivo, the Spry4H2B-Venus reporter recapitulated the expression pattern of Spry4 and localized to sites of known FGF/ERK activity including the inner cell mass of the pre-implantation embryo and the limb buds, somites and isthmus of the post-implantation embryo. Additionally, we observed highly localized reporter expression within adult organs. Genetic and chemical disruption of FGF/ERK signaling, in vivo in pre- and post-implantation embryos, abrogated Venus expression establishing the reporter as an accurate signaling readout. This tool will provide new insights into the dynamics of the FGF/ERK signaling pathway during mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Nestor Saiz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vidur Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dhruv Raina
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claire S Simon
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Minjung Kang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Christian Schröter
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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