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Vijh RK, Sharma U, Arora R, Kapoor P, Raheja M, Sharma R, Ahlawat S, Dureja V. Development and validation of the Axiom-MaruPri SNP chip for genetic analyses of domesticated old world camelids. Gene 2024; 921:148541. [PMID: 38723784 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Camels play a crucial socio-economic role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions in arid and semi-arid regions. They possess remarkable physiological attributes which enable them to thrive in extreme environments, and provide a source of meat, milk and transportation. With their unique traits, camels embody an irreplaceable source of untapped genomic knowledge. This study introduces Axiom-MaruPri, a medium-density SNP chip meticulously designed and validated for both Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius. Comprising of 182,122 SNP markers, derived from the re-sequenced data of nine Indian dromedary breeds and the double-humped Bactrian camel, this SNP chip offers 34,894 markers that display polymorphism in both species. It achieves an estimated inter-marker distance of 14 Kb, significantly enhancing the coverage of the camel genome. The medium-density chip has been successfully genotyped using 480 camel samples, achieving an impressive 99 % call rate, with 96 % of the 182,122 SNPs being highly reliable for genotyping. Phylogenetic analysis and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components yield clear distinctions between Bactrian camels and dromedaries. Moreover, the discriminant functions substantially enhance the classification of dromedary camels into different breeds. The clustering of various camel breeds reveals an apparent correlation between geographical and genetic distances. The results affirm the efficacy of this SNP array, demonstrating high genotyping precision and clear differentiation between Bactrian and dromedary camels. With an enhanced genome coverage, accuracy and economic efficiency the Axiom_MaruPri SNP chip is poised to advance genomic breeding research in camels. It holds the potential to serve as an invaluable genetic resource for investigating population structure, genome-wide association studies and implementing genomic selection in domesticated camelid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Vijh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Upasna Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Prerna Kapoor
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Meenal Raheja
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Rekha Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Vandana Dureja
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
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Djenane D, Aider M. The one-humped camel: The animal of future, potential alternative red meat, technological suitability and future perspectives. F1000Res 2024; 11:1085. [PMID: 38798303 PMCID: PMC11128057 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.125246.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2020 world population data sheet indicates that world population is projected to increase from 7.8 billion in 2020 to 9.9 billion by 2050 (Increase of more than 25%). Due to the expected growth in human population, the demand for meats that could improve health status and provide therapeutic benefits is also projected to rise. The dromedary also known as the Arabian camel, or one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius), a pseudo ruminant adapted to arid climates, has physiological, biological and metabolic characteristics which give it a legendary reputation for surviving in the extreme conditions of desert environments considered restrictive for other ruminants. Camel meat is an ethnic food consumed across the arid regions of Middle East, North-East Africa, Australia and China. For these medicinal and nutritional benefits, camel meat can be a great option for sustainable meat worldwide supply. A considerable amount of literature has been published on technological aspects and quality properties of beef, lamb and pork but the information available on the technological aspects of the meat of the one humped camel is very limited. Camels are usually raised in less developed countries and their meat is as nutritionally good as any other traditional meat source. Its quality also depends on the breed, sex, age, breeding conditions and type of muscle consumed. A compilation of existing literature related to new technological advances in packaging, shelf-life and quality of camel meat has not been reviewed to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, this review attempts to explore the nutritional composition, health benefits of camel meat, as well as various technological and processing interventions to improve its quality and consumer acceptance. This review will be helpful for camel sector and highlight the potential for global marketability of camel meat and to generate value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamel Djenane
- Laboratory of Meat Quality and Food Safety, Department of Meat Science and Technology., University of Mouloud MAMMERI, Tizi-Ouzou, 15000, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Aider
- Department of Soil Sciences and Agri-Food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Arain MA, Salman HM, Ali M, Khaskheli GB, Barham GS, Marghazani IB, Ahmed S. A Review on Camel Milk Composition, Techno-Functional Properties and Processing Constraints. Food Sci Anim Resour 2024; 44:739-757. [PMID: 38974725 PMCID: PMC11222694 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2023.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Camel milk plays a critical role in the diet of peoples belongs to the semi-arid and arid regions. Since prehistoric times, camel milk marketing was limited due to lacking the processing facilities in the camel-rearing areas, nomads practiced the self-consumption of raw and fermented camel milk. A better understanding of the techno-functional properties of camel milk is required for product improvement to address market and customer needs. Despite the superior nutraceutical and health promoting potential, limited camel dairy products are available compared to other bovines. It is a challenging impetus for the dairy industry to provide diversified camel dairy products to consumers with superior nutritional and functional qualities. The physicochemical behavior and characteristics of camel milk is different than the bovine milk, which poses processing and technological challenges. Traditionally camel milk is only processed into various fermented and non-fermented products; however, the production of commercially important dairy products (cheese, butter, yogurt, and milk powder) from camel milk still needs to be processed successfully. Therefore, the industrial processing and transformation of camel milk into various products, including fermented dairy products, pasteurized milk, milk powder, cheese, and other products, require the development of new technologies based on applied research. This review highlights camel milk's processing constraints and techno-functional properties while presenting the challenges associated with processing the milk into various dairy products. Future research directions to improve product quality have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Arain
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry &
Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam
70050, Pakistan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences,
Uthal 90150, Pakistan
| | | | - Mehboob Ali
- Rural Health Center
Akhtarabad, Okara 56100, Pakistan
| | - Gul Bahar Khaskheli
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry &
Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam
70050, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Shabir Barham
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry &
Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam
70050, Pakistan
| | - Illahi Bakhash Marghazani
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences,
Uthal 90150, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry &
Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam
70050, Pakistan
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Jain K, Panigrahi M, Nayak SS, Rajawat D, Sharma A, Sahoo SP, Bhushan B, Dutt T. The evolution of contemporary livestock species: Insights from mitochondrial genome. Gene 2024; 927:148728. [PMID: 38944163 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The domestication of animals marks a pivotal moment in human history, profoundly influencing our demographic and cultural progress. This process has led to significant genetic, behavioral, and physical changes in livestock species compared to their wild ancestors. Understanding the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of livestock species is crucial, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has emerged as a robust marker for investigating molecular diversity in animals. Its highly conserved gene content across animal species, minimal duplications, absence of introns, and short intergenic regions make mtDNA analysis ideal for such studies. Mitochondrial DNA analysis has uncovered distinct cattle domestication events dating back to 8000 years BC in Southwestern Asia. The sequencing of water buffalo mtDNA in 2004 provided important insights into their domestication history. Caprine mtDNA analysis identified three haplogroups, indicating varied maternal origins. Sheep, domesticated 12,000 years ago, exhibit diverse mtDNA lineages, suggesting multiple domestication events. Ovine mtDNA studies revealed clades A, B, C, and a fourth lineage, group D. The origins of domestic pigs were traced to separate European and Asian events followed by interbreeding. In camels, mtDNA elucidated the phylogeographic structure and genetic differentiation between wild and domesticated species. Horses, domesticated around 3500 BC, show significant mtDNA variability, highlighting their diverse origins. Yaks exhibit unique adaptations for high-altitude environments, with mtDNA analysis providing insights into their adaptation. Chicken mtDNA studies supported a monophyletic origin from Southeast Asia's red jungle fowl, with evidence of multiple origins. This review explores livestock evolution and diversity through mtDNA studies, focusing on cattle, water buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, camel, horse, yak and chicken. It highlights mtDNA's significance in unraveling maternal lineages, genetic diversity, and domestication histories, concluding with insights into its potential application in improving livestock production and reproduction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Jain
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India.
| | - Sonali Sonejita Nayak
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Divya Rajawat
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Anurodh Sharma
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | | | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
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Amina R, Habiba R, Abouddihaj B. Camel urine as a potential source of bioactive molecules showing their efficacy against pathogens: A systematic review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103966. [PMID: 38495380 PMCID: PMC10940778 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Camels are highly suited for severe desert conditions and able to provide most of the natural products like urine, which has been used as alternative medicine to treat diverse infections and disorders. There is, however, a shortage and paucity of scientific reviews highlighting the antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral effects of camel urine. By better understanding its antimicrobial characteristics, our overarching aim is to provide an exhaustive overview of this valuable natural product by synthesizing and summarizing data on the efficacy of this biofluid and also describing the potential substances exhibiting antimicrobial properties. We searched three databases in order to point out relevant articles (Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar) until December 2022. Research articles of interest evaluating the antimicrobial effects of camel urine were selected. Overall, camel urine furnished promising antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus (30 mm), Bacillus cereus (22 mm), Bacillus subtilis (25 mm) and Micrococcus luteus (21 mm), as well as gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Salmonella spp., without forgetting its efficiency on Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well. The excretion also showed its potency against H1N1 virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Similarly, the camel urine featured strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and dermatophytes with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.625 μg/ml against Trichophyton violaceum, 2.5 μg/ml against Microsporum canis and 1.25 μg/ml against Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. This comprehensive review will be valuable for researchers interested in investigating the potential of camel urine in the development of novel broad-spectrum key molecules targeting a wide range of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressmi Amina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Life Sciences Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23023, Morocco
| | - Raqraq Habiba
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Life Sciences Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23023, Morocco
| | - Barguigua Abouddihaj
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Life Sciences Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23023, Morocco
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Xu L, Zhou K, Huang X, Chen H, Dong H, Chen Q. Whole-genome resequencing provides insights into the diversity and adaptation to desert environment in Xinjiang Mongolian cattle. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:176. [PMID: 38355434 PMCID: PMC10865613 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xinjiang Mongolian cattle is an indigenous breed that inhabits the Taklimakan Desert and is characterized by its small body size. However, the genomic diversity, origin, and genetic basis underlying the adaptation to the desert environment have been poorly studied. RESULTS We analyzed patterns of Xinjiang Mongolian cattle genetic variation by sequencing 20 genomes together with seven previously sequenced genomes and comparing them to the 134 genomes of nine representative breeds worldwide. Among the breeds of Bos taurus, we found the highest nucleotide diversity (0.0024) associated with the lower inbreeding coefficient (2.0110-6), the lowest linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.3889 at distance of 10 kb), and the highest effective population size (181 at 20 generations ago) in Xinjiang Mongolian cattle. The genomic diversity pattern could be explained by a limited introgression of Bos indicus genes. More importantly, similarly to desert-adapted camel and same-habitat sheep, we also identified signatures of selection including genes, GO terms, and/or KEGG pathways controlling water reabsorption and osmoregulation, metabolic regulation and energy balance, as well as small body size in Xinjiang Mongolian cattle. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that Xinjiang Mongolian cattle might have acquired distinct genomic diversity by virtue of the introgression of Bos indicus, which helps understand the demographic history. The identification of selection signatures can provide novel insights into the genomic basis underlying the adaptation of Xinjiang Mongolian cattle to the desert environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kaiqing Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xixia Huang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hong Dong
- Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Qiuming Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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Blumstein DM, MacManes MD. When the tap runs dry: The multi-tissue gene expression and physiological responses of water deprived Peromyscus eremicus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576658. [PMID: 38328088 PMCID: PMC10849551 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The harsh and dry conditions of desert environments have resulted in genomic adaptations, allowing for desert organisms to withstand prolonged drought, extreme temperatures, and limited food resources. Here, we present a comprehensive exploration of gene expression across five tissues (kidney, liver, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and hypothalamus) and 19 phenotypic measurements to explore the whole-organism physiological and genomic response to water deprivation in the desert-adapted cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus). The findings encompass the identification of differentially expressed genes and correlative analysis between phenotypes and gene expression patterns across multiple tissues. Specifically, we found robust activation of the vasopressin renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) pathways, whose primary function is to manage water and solute balance. Animals reduce food intake during water deprivation, and upregulation of PCK1 highlights the adaptive response to reduced oral intake via its actions aimed at maintained serum glucose levels. Even with such responses to maintain water balance, hemoconcentration still occurred, prompting a protective downregulation of genes responsible for the production of clotting factors while simultaneously enhancing angiogenesis which is thought to maintains tissue perfusion. In this study, we elucidate the complex mechanisms involved in water balance in the desert-adapted cactus mouse, P. eremicus. By prioritizing a comprehensive analysis of whole-organism physiology and multi-tissue gene expression in a simulated desert environment, we describe the complex and successful response of regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Blumstein
- University of New Hampshire, Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences Department, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Matthew D MacManes
- University of New Hampshire, Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences Department, Durham, NH 03824
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Conca W, Saleh SM, Al-Rabiah R, Parhar RS, Abd-Elnaeim M, Al-Hindas H, Tinson A, Kroell KB, Liedl KR, Collison K, Kishore U, Al-Mohanna F. The immunoglobulin A isotype of the Arabian camel ( Camelus dromedarius) preserves the dualistic structure of unconventional single-domain and canonical heavy chains. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289769. [PMID: 38162642 PMCID: PMC10756906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The evolution of adaptive immunity in Camelidae resulted in the concurrent expression of classic heterotetrameric and unconventional homodimeric heavy chain-only IgG antibodies. Heavy chain-only IgG bears a single variable domain and lacks the constant heavy (CH) γ1 domain required for pairing with the light chain. It has not been reported whether this distinctive feature of IgG is also observed in the IgA isotype. Methods Gene-specific primers were used to generate an IgA heavy chain cDNA library derived from RNA extracted from the dromedary's third eyelid where isolated lymphoid follicles and plasma cells abound at inductive and effector sites, respectively. Results Majority of the cDNA clones revealed hallmarks of heavy chain-only antibodies, i.e. camelid-specific amino acid substitutions in framework region 1 and 2, broad length distribution of complementarity determining region 3, and the absence of the CHα1 domain. In a few clones, however, the cDNA of the canonical IgA heavy chain was amplified which included the CHα1 domain, analogous to CHγ1 domain in IgG1 subclass. Moreover, we noticed a short, proline-rich hinge, and, at the N-terminal end of the CHα3 domain, a unique, camelid-specific pentapeptide of undetermined function, designated as the inter-α region. Immunoblots using rabbit anti-camel IgA antibodies raised against CHα2 and CHα3 domains as well as the inter-α region revealed the expression of a ~52 kDa and a ~60 kDa IgA species, corresponding to unconventional and canonical IgA heavy chain, respectively, in the third eyelid, trachea, small and large intestine. In contrast, the leporine anti-CHα1 antibody detected canonical, but not unconventional IgA heavy chain, in all the examined tissues, milk, and serum, in addition to another hitherto unexplored species of ~45 kDa in milk and serum. Immunohistology using anti-CHα domain antibodies confirmed the expression of both variants of IgA heavy chains in plasma cells in the third eyelid's lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, tracheal and intestinal mucosa. Conclusion We found that in the dromedary, the IgA isotype has expanded the immunoglobulin repertoire by co-expressing unconventional and canonical IgA heavy chains, comparable to the IgG class, thus underscoring the crucial role of heavy chain-only antibodies not only in circulation but also at the mucosal frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Conca
- Department of Executive Health Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad M. Saleh
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Al-Rabiah
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Singh Parhar
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Abd-Elnaeim
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hussein Al-Hindas
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Tinson
- Management of Scientific Centers and Presidential Camels, Department of President’s Affairs, Hilli ET and Cloning Centre, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Klaus Roman Liedl
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kate Collison
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alkhtib A, Muna M, Darag M, Alkhalid I, Al‐asa'ad Z, Mfeshi H, Zayod R, Burton E. Spineless cactus cladode is a viable replacement to barley and maize grains in the feed rations of dromedary camel calves. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2368-2375. [PMID: 37491017 PMCID: PMC10508542 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies determined the use of spineless cactus cladodes in camel diets. OBJECTIVES The effect of replacing the main energy source in camel diets with fresh spineless cactus cladodes on growth performance was determined. Furthermore, the ability of morphology to predict cladodes yield was determined. METHODS A prediction model of spineless cactus cladode weight based on cladode volume was developed. Three cladodes per plants were randomly selected from 100 plants. Weight and volume were then recorded for each cladode. Sixteen male camel calves (196 ± 18.2 kg live weight and 430 ± 5.55 days of age) were allotted to treatments, control (conventional camel fattening diet based on cotton seed hulls, cereal grains and agro-industrial by-products) or cactus (barley and maize grains in the control diet were replaced totally by fresh cactus cladode on dry matter basis). The study contained a 100-days growth trial and a 21-day digestibility trial (15 days of adaptation and 7 days of faeces collection). Blood samples were collected monthly from each animal. RESULTS Cactus cladode volume predicted the dry weight with a high accuracy (prediction error = 3.5%). Nutrient intake and nutrient digestibility did not significantly differ among the dietary treatments (p > 0.05). The treatment significantly decreased feed conversion ratio by 1.52 points (p < 0.05). All blood parameters were within the normal range of dromedary camels. CONCLUSIONS Spineless cactus cladode is a potential replacement to the conventional energy sources in dromedary camel diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Alkhtib
- Nottingham Trent University, School of AnimalRural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst CampusSouthwellNottinghamshireUK
| | - Muhannad Muna
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Mohammad Darag
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Iyad Alkhalid
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Ziad Al‐asa'ad
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Hanaa Mfeshi
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Roba Zayod
- General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR)DamascusSyria
| | - Emily Burton
- Nottingham Trent University, School of AnimalRural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst CampusSouthwellNottinghamshireUK
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Smits M, Joosten H, Faye B, Burger P. Domestication of the Dromedary Revisited and Its Consequences for Legislation as to Keeping Livestock or Pet Animals. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2050. [PMID: 37443848 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Being in an advanced stage of domestication is a newly proposed requirement to decide which animals can be safely kept by humans. Dutch legislators were the first to apply it and other European countries may be tempted to adopt a similar approach. Unexpectedly, the Dutch assessors considered the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) as being insufficiently domesticated and this species will therefore no longer be able to be kept as a production animal from 2024 onwards. In a recent publication on this topic, we showed that the domestication of the dromedary is actually very advanced. In this paper, we apply the same criteria that were used by the Dutch assessors to determine the degree of domestication, taking into account the most recent scientific developments in this area, even though it should be noted that these criteria have neither been peer-reviewed, nor published in an international scientific journal. For the sake of comparison, and in order to validate the procedure, we also applied these criteria to the house cat. The results confirm that the dromedary is highly domesticated, but also that the house cat (Felis silvestris catus) is at most semi-domesticated. Obviously, we agree with the decision of the Dutch legislators to place the house cat on the positive list, but our analysis demonstrates that this was decided on false grounds. Our analysis makes it clear that the requirement of being in an advanced stage of domestication is not suitable. Instead of maintaining this requirement, we recommend implementing evidence-based, peer-reviewed methods to decide which animals can be kept by humans, and to include species specific-guidelines in the legislation on how this can be achieved safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Smits
- European Camel Research Society, Johanniterlaan 7, 6721 XX Bennekom, The Netherlands
| | - Han Joosten
- Microbiologist, Chemin de Crocus 1, 1073 Mollie Margot, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Faye
- UMR SELMET, CIRAD-ES, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Pamela Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
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Aldujaily AH, Ameer NAHA, Abeed SA. Hematobiochemical, serological, and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale in dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedarius) in Al-Najaf desert, Iraq. Vet World 2023; 16:1340-1345. [PMID: 37577195 PMCID: PMC10421545 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1340-1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Anaplasmosis, an underestimated disease transmitted by ticks, is widespread in ruminants, such as the Arabian camel (dromedary camel). This study aimed to examine the presence of Anaplasma marginale in dromedary camels in the Al-Hiadyia region of the Al-Najaf desert, Iraq, using serological and molecular tests. Moreover, hematological and biochemical changes in infected animals were compared with those in healthy controls. Materials and Methods The study was conducted on 30 healthy and 260 infected camels with severe anemia, pale mucus membranes, and progressive emaciation to investigate antibodies against A. marginale using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, followed by polymerase chain reaction for selected positive samples targeting a specific region of A. marginale major surface protein 5 (MSP5). In addition, hematological and biochemical parameters were measured to indicate the effect of the disease on blood profile, mineral status, and liver and kidney functions. Results Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis and microscopic examination revealed that 115/260 (44.23%) and 87 (33.46%) camels were positive for Anaplasma spp., respectively. The MSP5 gene, which is unique to A. marginale, was amplified. The results of hematological analysis indicated a significant decrease in total red blood cells, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume and a significant increase in mean corpuscular volume in infected camels, but no difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Moreover, there was a significant increase in total white blood cells count, lymphocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelets. The results of biochemical analysis indicated a significant increase in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and iron and a decrease in copper in infected camels. Cholesterol and triglyceride showed no significant variations between healthy and diseased camels. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study to demonstrate the presence of A. marginale in dromedary camels in Iraq. The MSP5 gene is a valuable and unique diagnostic target for identifying A. marginale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hussein Aldujaily
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Shatha Atta Abeed
- Department of Animal Production, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Kufa Technical Institute, Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq
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Hasni S, Khelil A, Mahcene Z, Bireche K, Çebi N, Rahmani Y, Brahimi Z, Ahhmed A. Physical and biochemical characterization of dromedary milk as traditionally consumed by Bedouins. Food Chem 2023; 401:134191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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AHLAWAT SONIKA, SHARMA REKHA, ARORA REENA, SHARMA HIMANI, SEHRAWAT RENUKA, SHARMA ANNU, SINGH KARANVEER, VIJH RAMESHKUMAR. Fertility of hybrids of dromedary and Bactrian camels: A possible role of conserved architecture of zinc finger domain of recombination regulator PRDM9. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v92i12.112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombination regulator, PRDM9, has been regarded as the most rapidly evolving gene in the genomes of many metazoans, in addition to being acknowledged as the sole speciation gene in vertebrates. It has become the focus of many scientific investigations because of exceptional numerical and sequence variability in its zinc finger (ZF) domain within and across species that contributes to reproductive isolation between species. This study is the maiden attempt to explore the architecture of PRDM9 ZF domain in two Camelid species (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus). Sequence analysis revealed highly conserved domain architecture with presence of 3 and 4 ZFs in dromedary and Bactrian camels, respectively. Typical evolutionary features of PRDM9 ZF domain i.e. concerted evolution and positive selection were invariably absent in both the one-humped dromedary and the two-humped Bactrian camels. Fertility of hybrids of dromedary and Bactrian camels, despite being taxonomically distinct species can be attributed to the lack of sequence variability in PRDM9 in these species. Phylogenetic analysis underpinned clear demarcation of camels from other livestock species. The results of the present study defy what has been learnt so far about PRDM9 and add to the enigma surrounding the most intriguing gene in the genome.
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Yakubu A, Okpeku M, Shoyombo AJ, Onasanya GO, Dahloum L, Çelik S, Oladepo A. Exploiting morphobiometric and genomic variability of African indigenous camel populations-A review. Front Genet 2022; 13:1021685. [PMID: 36579332 PMCID: PMC9791103 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1021685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Africa are adapted to arid and the semi-arid environmental conditions, and are valuable for meat, milk and fiber production. On account of the growing demand for camels in this continent, there is a need for knowledge on their phenotypic and genetic diversity. This is fundamental to sustainable herd management and utilization including the design of appropriate breeding and conservation strategies. We reviewed studies on the phenotypic and genetic characterization, breeding objectives, systems of production, productive and reproductive performances, and pathways for the sustainable rearing and use of camels in Africa. The morphological and genetic diversity, productive and reproductive abilities of African camels suggest the existence of genetic variations that can be utilized for breeds/ecotypes' genetic improvement and conservation. Possible areas of intervention include the establishment of open nucleus and community-based breeding schemes and utilization of modern reproductive technologies for the genetic improvement of milk and meat yields, sustainable management of rangelands, capacity building of the pastoralists and agro-pastoralists, institutional supports, formation of centralized conservation centres and efficient and effective marketing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmojeed Yakubu
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria,*Correspondence: Abdulmojeed Yakubu, ; Moses Okpeku,
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa,*Correspondence: Abdulmojeed Yakubu, ; Moses Okpeku,
| | | | - Gbolabo O. Onasanya
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria,Deparment of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Lahouari Dahloum
- Départment of Agronomy, Faculty of Natural Science and Life, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, University, Mostaganem, Algeria
| | - Senol Çelik
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Abolade Oladepo
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Camel ( Camelus spp.) Urine Bioactivity and Metabolome: A Systematic Review of Knowledge Gaps, Advances, and Directions for Future Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315024. [PMID: 36499353 PMCID: PMC9740287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to the present day, studies on the therapeutic properties of camel (Camelus spp.) urine and the detailed characterization of its metabolomic profile are scarce and often unrelated. Information on inter individual variability is noticeably limited, and there is a wide divergence across studies regarding the methods for sample storage, pre-processing, and extract derivatization for metabolomic analysis. Additionally, medium osmolarity is not experimentally adjusted prior to bioactivity assays. In this scenario, the methodological standardization and interdisciplinary approach of such processes will strengthen the interpretation, repeatability, and replicability of the empirical results on the compounds with bioactive properties present in camel urine. Furthermore, sample enlargement would also permit the evaluation of camel urine's intra- and interindividual variability in terms of chemical composition, bioactive effects, and efficacy, while it may also permit researchers to discriminate potential animal-intrinsic and extrinsic conditioning factors. Altogether, the results would help to evaluate the role of camel urine as a natural source for the identification and extraction of specific novel bioactive substances that may deserve isolated chemical and pharmacognostic investigations through preclinical tests to determine their biological activity and the suitability of their safety profile for their potential inclusion in therapeutic formulas for improving human and animal health.
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Knoll A, Wijacki J, Plasil M, Burger PA, Horin P. Microsatellite markers of the major histocompatibility complex genomic region of domestic camels. Front Genet 2022; 13:1015288. [PMID: 36353100 PMCID: PMC9638106 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1015288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified and characterized 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers suitable for routine testing (three in the MHC class I sub-region, four in MHC class II and four in the MHC class III sub-region) of dromedaries and Bactrian camels. In total, 38 dromedaries and 33 Bactrian camels were genotyped, and interspecific differences were observed in the numbers of alleles and in allelic frequencies, as well as in the observed heterozygosity. These loci may be used as markers to study the adaptive genetic diversity of the MHC region in Old World camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Knoll
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Wijacki
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Plasil
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC-VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pamela A. Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC-VETUNI, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
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Kandeel M, Al-Taher A, Venugopala KN, Marzok M, Morsy M, Nagaraja S. Camel Proteins and Enzymes: A Growing Resource for Functional Evolution and Environmental Adaptation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:911511. [PMID: 35903143 PMCID: PMC9315206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.911511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In less agroecological parts of the Asian, Arabian, and African deserts, Camelus dromedarius play an important role in human survival. For many years, camels have been employed as a source of food, a tool of transportation, and a means of defense. They are becoming increasingly important as viable livestock animals in many desert climates. With the help of camel genetics, genomics and proteomics known so far, this review article will summarize camel enzymes and proteins, which allow them to thrive under varied harsh environmental situations. An in-depth study of the dromedary genome revealed the existence of protein-coding and fast-developing genes that govern a variety of metabolic responses including lipid and protein metabolism, glucoamylase, flavin-containing monooxygenase and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase are other metabolic enzymes found in the small intestine, liver, pancreas, and spleen. In addition, we will discuss the handling of common medications by camel liver cytochrome p 450, which are different from human enzymes. Moreover, camels developed several paths to get optimum levels of trace elements like copper, zinc, selenium, etc., which have key importance in their body for normal regulation of metabolic events. Insulin tolerance, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes, vimentin functions, behavior during the rutting season, resistance to starvation and changes in blood composition and resistance to water loss were among the attractive aspects of camel enzymes and proteins peculiarities in the camels. Resolving the enigma of the method of adaptation and the molecular processes linked with camel life is still a developing repository full of mysteries that need additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdulla Al-Taher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Sreeharsha Nagaraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
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Al-Hamrashdi A, Al-Habsi K, Elshafie EI, Johnson EH. Comparison of the oxidative respiratory burst and mitogen-induced leukocyte responses of camels, goats, sheep, and cows. Vet World 2022; 15:1398-1407. [PMID: 35993061 PMCID: PMC9375205 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1398-1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The reports from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries suggest that camels suffer less compared to goats, sheep, and cows from a number of common infectious diseases in Oman. However, there is no immunological evidence to substantiate this claim. This present study is, therefore, an attempt to study the immunological responses of camels, goats, sheep, and cows by comparing their oxidative respiratory burst of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) as a marker of innate immunity occurring during phagocytosis and the mitogenic responses of their peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMLs) as a marker of their adaptive immune response. Materials and Methods: Ten female adult animals (n = 10) were selected from each species (goats, sheep, and cows). The goats, sheep, and cows were maintained at the Agricultural Experiment Station, while camels were kept at the Royal Camel Corps (RCC). Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in 7 mL of heparin and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid vacutainer tubes. The oxidative respiratory burst of PBLs was measured using a chemiluminescence (CL) assay. Reactants consisted of 75 mL of whole blood diluted (1:50), 75 mL of luminol/isoluminol, and 75 mL of zymosan opsonized with non-heat inactivated serum/heat-inactivated serum or non-opsonized zymosan. CL responses were measured as relative light units and expressed as the mean count per minute and peak CL values. The mitogenic response of PBMLs to concanavalin A (Con-A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was tested using a WST-8 assay and read spectrophotometrically at 450 nm. Results: The present findings showed that camel PBLs generate significantly higher CL responses, both intracellularly as well as extracellularly, with zymosan opsonized with autologous serum. Camel PBLs demonstrated a significantly higher (p = 0.001) response when stimulated with zymosan opsonized with heat-inactivated serum compared to those of goat, sheep, and cow lymphocytes from camels exhibited significantly higher (p = 0.001) stimulation indices (SI) with Con-A, PHA, and PWM. Conclusion: The present study suggests that camels are capable of mounting both superior innate as well as adaptive immune responses and provide immunological evidence supporting the belief of some authors, who have proposed that camels are less susceptible to a number of common infectious diseases than other domesticated ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Al-Hamrashdi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khalid Al-Habsi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Elshafie I. Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eugene H. Johnson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Gawor A, Ruszczyńska A, Konopka A, Wryk G, Czauderna M, Bulska E. Label-Free Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis in Lamb Tissues after Fish Oil, Carnosic Acid, and Inorganic Selenium Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111428. [PMID: 35681892 PMCID: PMC9179315 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Advances in proteomics and bioinformatics analysis offer the potential to investigate nutrients’ influence on protein expression profiles, and consequently on biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. However, knowledge in this area, particular about the exact way selenium modulates protein expression, remains limited. Therefore, in this project, global differential proteomic experiments were carried out in order to identify changes in the expression of proteins in animal tissues obtained from lambs on a specific diet involving the addition of a combination of different supplements, namely, inorganic selenium compounds, fish oil, and carnosic acid. Following inorganic selenium supplementation, a protein-protein interaction network analysis of forty differentially-expressed proteins indicated two significant clusters. Abstract Selenium is an essential nutrient, building twenty five identified selenoproteins in humans known to perform several important biological functions. The small amount of selenium in the earth’s crust in certain regions along with the risk of deficiency in organisms have resulted in increasingly popular dietary supplementation in animals, implemented via, e.g., inorganic selenium compounds. Even though selenium is included in selenoproteins in the form of selenocysteine, the dietary effect of selenium may result in the expression of other proteins or genes. Very little is known about the expression effects modulated by selenium. The present study aimed to examine the significance of protein expression in lamb tissues obtained after dietary supplementation with selenium (sodium selenate) and two other feed additives, fish oil and carnosic acid. Label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis was successfully applied to examine the animal tissues. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of forty differently-expressed proteins following inorganic selenium supplementation indicated two significant clusters which are involved in cell adhesion, heart development, actin filament-based movement, plasma membrane repair, and establishment of organelle localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Gawor
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (A.R.); (A.K.); (G.W.)
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (A.R.); (A.K.); (G.W.)
| | - Anna Konopka
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (A.R.); (A.K.); (G.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Wryk
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (A.R.); (A.K.); (G.W.)
| | - Marian Czauderna
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (A.R.); (A.K.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Sai Satyanarayana D, Ahlawat S, Sharma R, Arora R, Sharma A, Tantia MS, Vijh RK. Mitochondrial DNA diversity divulges high levels of haplotype diversity and lack of genetic structure in the Indian camels. Gene X 2022; 820:146279. [PMID: 35143947 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Camels represent an important genetic resource of the desert ecosystems of India, with the dromedary and Bactrian camels inhabiting the hot and cold deserts, respectively. This study is the first attempt to investigate mitochondrial DNA based genetic diversity in the Indian camel populations and explores their relationship in the context of global genetic diversity of all the three large camel species (Camelus ferus, Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedaries). A mitochondrial DNA fragment encompassing part of cytochrome b gene, tRNAThr, tRNAPro and the beginning of the control region was amplified and analyzed in 72 dromedary and 8 Bactrian camels of India. Sequence analysis revealed that the haplotype and nucleotide diversity (Hd: 0.937 and π: 0.00431) in the Indian dromedaries was higher than the indices reported so far for the dromedary or Bactrian camels across the globe. The corresponding values in the Indian Bactrian camels were 1.000 and 0.00393, respectively. Signals of population expansion were evident in the dromedaries of India on the basis of mismatch analysis and Fu's Fs values. The analysis of molecular variance attributed most of the genetic variance (92.15%) between the dromedary, wild Bactrian and domestic Bactrian camels indicating separate maternal origins. The existence of three mitochondrial lineages in the old world camels (C. bactrianus: Lineage A; C. ferus: Lineage B and C. dromedarius: Lineage C) was also substantiated by the topology of the Median-Joining network.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sai Satyanarayana
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India; ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India.
| | - Rekha Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Annu Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - M S Tantia
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - R K Vijh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Ghavipanje N, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Afshin M, Hosseini SA, Aghashahi A, Vatankhah AM. The Inclusion of Alhagi maurorum in Growing Camel Diet: Effect on Performance, Liver-Related Blood Metabolites, and Antioxidant Status. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:863121. [PMID: 35433901 PMCID: PMC9009082 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.863121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effect of dietary inclusion of camelthron [Alhagi maurorum (AM)] on the performance, blood metabolites, and antioxidant status of growing camels. A total of 18 Sindhi camel calves of 9–10 months of age and 115 ± 7 kg body weight (BW) were randomly assigned to three diets (with a forage:concentrate ratio of 50:50) that were formulated by partial and total substitution of alfalfa hay with AM as follows: (1) diet without AM (control), (2) diet containing 25% of AM (AM-25), and (3) diet containing 50% of AM (AM-50) (dry matter basis) for 150 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. The camels were weighed individually on days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 75, and 150. DMI was increased (p = 0.004) with AM-50 feeding followed by AM-25. Total weight gain (p = 0.048) and average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.043) decreased with AM-50; however, no differences were observed between the AM-25 and CON groups. Feed cost per kg BW gain tended to decrease (p = 0.092) and return per kg BW gain tended to increase (p = 0.087) by AM feeding. The plasma triglycerides (TGs) (p = 0.046) and cholesterol (CHOL) (p = 0.025) concentration were reduced with AM inclusion. Additionally, the AM50-fed camels showed the lowest concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p = 0.008) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p = 0.0036), followed by AM-25. The plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was depressed (p = 0.037) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was enhanced (p = 0.016) with both the AM-25 and AM-50. Moreover, feeding the AM containing diets led to higher (p = 0.004) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) along with a tendency for superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p = 0.075) and catalase (CAT) (p = 0.094). Overall, feeding camels with AM for up to 25% of their dry matter (DM) diet positively influenced the antioxidant status without severe deleterious effects on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Ghavipanje
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
- *Correspondence: Navid Ghavipanje
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
| | - Mojtaba Afshin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Aghashahi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Animal Science Research Institute, Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization, Karaj, Iran
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Eshghi D, Kafi M, Sharifiyazdi H, Azari M, Ahmadi N, Ghasrodashti AR, Sadeghi M. Intrauterine infusion of blood serum of dromedary camel improves the uterine health and fertility in high producing dairy cows with endometritis. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 240:106973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bahbahani H, Almathen F. Homogeneity of Arabian Peninsula dromedary camel populations with signals of geographic distinction based on whole genome sequence data. Sci Rep 2022; 12:130. [PMID: 34997084 PMCID: PMC8741945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels in the Arabian Peninsula distribute along different geographical and ecological locations, e.g. desert, mountains and coasts. Here, we are aiming to explore the whole genome sequence data of ten dromedary populations from the Arabian Peninsula to assess their genetic structure, admixture levels, diversity and similarity indices. Upon including reference dromedary and Bactrian camel populations from Iran and Kazakhstan, we characterise inter-species and geographic genetic distinction between the dromedary and the Bactrian camels. Individual-based alpha genetic diversity profiles are found to be generally higher in Bactrian camels than dromedary populations, with the exception of five autosomes (NC_044525.1, NC_044534.1, NC_044540.1, NC_044542.1, NC_044544.1) at diversity orders (q ≥ 2). The Arabian Peninsula camels are generally homogenous, with a small degree of genetic distinction correlating with three geographic groups: North, Central and West; Southwest; and Southeast of the Arabian Peninsula. No significant variation in diversity or similarity indices are observed among the different Arabian Peninsula dromedary populations. This study contributes to our understanding of the genetic diversity of Arabian Peninsula dromedary camels. It will help conserve the genetic stock of this species and support the design of breeding programmes for genetic improvement of favorable traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Bahbahani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Al-Shidadya, Kuwait.
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 400, Al-Hasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, 400, Al-Hasa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Dynamics of camel and human hemoglobin revealed by molecular simulations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:122. [PMID: 34997093 PMCID: PMC8741986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin is one of the most widely studied proteins genetically, biochemically, and structurally. It is an oxygen carrying tetrameric protein that imparts the characteristic red color to blood. Each chain of hemoglobin harbors a heme group embedded in a hydrophobic pocket. Several studies have investigated structural variations present in mammalian hemoglobin and their functional implications. However, camel hemoglobin has not been thoroughly explored, especially from a structural perspective. Importantly, very little is known about how the heme group interacts with hemoglobin under varying conditions of osmolarity and temperature. Several experimental studies have indicated that the tense (T) state is more stable than the relaxed (R) state of hemoglobin under normal physiological conditions. Despite the fact that R state is less stable than the T state, no extensive structural dynamics studies have been performed to investigate global quaternary transitions of R state hemoglobin under normal physiological conditions. To evaluate this, several 500 ns all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were performed to get a deeper understanding of how camel hemoglobin behaves under stress, which it is normally exposed to, when compared to human hemoglobin. Notably, camel hemoglobin was more stable under physiological stress when compared to human hemoglobin. Additionally, when compared to camel hemoglobin, cofactor-binding regions of hemoglobin also exhibited more fluctuations in human hemoglobin under the conditions studied. Several differences were observed between the residues of camel and human hemoglobin that interacted with heme. Importantly, distal residues His58 of α hemoglobin and His63 of β hemoglobin formed more sustained interactions, especially at higher temperatures, in camel hemoglobin. These residues are important for oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Thus, this work provides insights into how camel and human hemoglobin differ in their interactions under stress.
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Ming L, Qi B, Hao S, Ji R. Camel milk ameliorates inflammatory mechanisms in an alcohol-induced liver injury mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22811. [PMID: 34819599 PMCID: PMC8613211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camel milk (CM) is considered to protect the liver in the practice of traditional medicine in nomadic areas. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of CM on the hepatic biochemical and multiple omics alterations induced by chronic alcoholic liver disease (ALD). An intragastric gavage mice Lieber DeCarli + Gao binge model (NIAAA model) was employed to investigate the inflammatory mechanism of camel milk on the liver tissue of mice. A gut microbiota of the feces of mice and transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the liver of mice were performed. Analysis of serum and liver biochemical indexes revealed that camel milk not only prevents alcohol-induced colonic dysfunction and lipid accumulation, but also regulates oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production to protect against chronic ALD in mouse. The gut microbial community of mice treated with camel milk was more similar to the untreated control group than to the model group, indicating that the intake of camel milk pre- and post-alcohol gavage effectively prevents and alleviates the intestinal microbial disorder caused by chronic alcoholism in mice. Furthermore, the results of the transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the liver tissue showed that camel milk can improve alcoholic liver injury in mice by regulating inflammatory factors and immune system disruptions. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanism by which camel milk can be developed as a potential functional food with no side effects and against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ming
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bule Qi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shiqi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rimutu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China.
- Camel Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Alashan, 737300, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Circulating oxidative stress status in Bedouin she-camels (Camelus dromedarius) during the peripartum period. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:446. [PMID: 34427777 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the oxidative stress status in blood plasma of nomadic she-camels (Camelus dromedarius) during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. From 12 late pregnant she-camels, blood was sampled weekly as they progressed from the third week prepartum up to the third week postpartum. Levels of albumin, uric acid, and malondialdehyde (a biomarker of lipid peroxidation) concentrations were fairly constant (P > 0.05) throughout the sampling times. Compared to the initial time (third week prepartum), values of the superoxide anion, total peroxides, and protein carbonyl (a biomarker of protein peroxidation) increased (P < 0.05) by more than 67%, 43%, and 23%, respectively, at parturition and this increase extended to the first week postpartum. Ascorbic acid concentration lost more than 20% (P < 0.05) of its value at parturition. Bilirubin value increased as camels progressed from the first week pre- up to the first week postpartum, and reached its maximum value (~ 2.5 fold) at parturition. Superoxide dismutase activity increased (P < 0.05) by 71.7% at the first week pretpartum and by 57% at parturition. Total antioxidant capacity level increased (P < 0.05) by ~ 25% at the first week prepartum and remained at this high level up to the second week postpartum. It seems that periparturient camels experience a substantial oxidative stress particularly at parturition and the week after calving as indicated by the increased peroxidative by-products of proteins in parallel to the enhanced production of pro-oxidants.
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Hinsu AT, Tulsani NJ, Panchal KJ, Pandit RJ, Jyotsana B, Dafale NA, Patil NV, Purohit HJ, Joshi CG, Jakhesara SJ. Characterizing rumen microbiota and CAZyme profile of Indian dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) in response to different roughages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9400. [PMID: 33931716 PMCID: PMC8087840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In dromedary camels, which are pseudo-ruminants, rumen or C1 section of stomach is the main compartment involved in fiber degradation, as in true ruminants. However, as camels are adapted to the harsh and scarce grazing conditions of desert, their ruminal microbiota makes an interesting target of study. The present study was undertaken to generate the rumen microbial profile of Indian camel using 16S rRNA amplicon and shotgun metagenomics. The camels were fed three diets differing in the source of roughage. The comparative metagenomic analysis revealed greater proportions of significant differences between two fractions of rumen content followed by diet associated differences. Significant differences were also observed in the rumen microbiota collected at different time-points of the feeding trial. However, fraction related differences were more highlighted as compared to diet dependent changes in microbial profile from shotgun metagenomics data. Further, 16 genera were identified as part of the core rumen microbiome of Indian camels. Moreover, glycoside hydrolases were observed to be the most abundant among all Carbohydrate-Active enzymes and were dominated by GH2, GH3, GH13 and GH43. In all, this study describes the camel rumen microbiota under different dietary conditions with focus on taxonomic, functional, and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit T Hinsu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388001, India
| | - Nilam J Tulsani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388001, India
| | - Ketankumar J Panchal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388001, India
| | - Ramesh J Pandit
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388001, India
| | | | - Nishant A Dafale
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, India
| | - Niteen V Patil
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Camel, Bikaner, 334001, India.,ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, India
| | - Hemant J Purohit
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388001, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382010, India
| | - Subhash J Jakhesara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 388001, India.
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Rocha JL, Godinho R, Brito JC, Nielsen R. Life in Deserts: The Genetic Basis of Mammalian Desert Adaptation. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:637-650. [PMID: 33863602 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deserts are among the harshest environments on Earth. The multiple ages of different deserts and their global distribution provide a unique opportunity to study repeated adaptation at different timescales. Here, we summarize recent genomic research on the genetic mechanisms underlying desert adaptations in mammals. Several studies on different desert mammals show large overlap in functional classes of genes and pathways, consistent with the complexity and variety of phenotypes associated with desert adaptation to water and food scarcity and extreme temperatures. However, studies of desert adaptation are also challenged by a lack of accurate genotype-phenotype-environment maps. We encourage development of systems that facilitate functional analyses, but also acknowledge the need for more studies on a wider variety of desert mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L Rocha
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Godinho
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 534, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - José C Brito
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Department of Statistics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94820, USA; Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Anwar S, Ansari SA, Alamri A, Alamri A, Alqarni A, Alghamdi S, Wagih ME, Ahmad A, Rengasamy KR. Clastogenic, anti-clastogenic profile and safety assessment of Camel urine towards the development of new drug target. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112131. [PMID: 33737110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Camel Urine (CU) is composed of components that have antitumor properties and other therapeutic benefits. Regardless of short-term preliminary CU genotoxicity is reported, comprehensive genotoxic studies are limited. In this study, sensitive in vitro and in vivo genotoxic bioassays such as mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPE), and analysis of primary spermatocytes were employed. The adventitious roots of Allium cepa L. and mice (Mus musculus), as an experimental mammalian system, were employed to assess the MI and CA of CU induced by sodium nitrate and cyclophosphamide respectively. In contrast, other clastogenic assays were studied in mice (Mus musculus). Twenty-eight days of four repeated doses (2.5, 5, 25, and 50 mL/kg BW) of CU were tested and compared with three doses (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg BW) cyclophosphamide as a positive control and deionized water as the negative control. The results proved that cytological examination of CU was cytotoxic since a decrease in mitotic activity (16.8-1.1) was observed, since the significant reduction in cell proliferation in A. cepa L. and also in mice bone marrow cells. On the other hand, CU did not induce a clastogenic effect since no significant stickiness, fragment, multinucleoli were observed compared to the control group. Additionally, the data showed that CU decreased the CA when mice had received cyclophosphamide (25 mg BW) followed by CU doses. CU was found to be cytotoxic but no clastogenic effect. Furthermore, it possesses anticlastogenic properties. The observed results suggest that CU in whole or the metabolites present in CU could be a potent drug target. Further research is warranted to study the complete metabolites profiling and to study the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirajudheen Anwar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Alamri
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aali Alqarni
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, Albaha, 65431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, Albaha, 65431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Wagih
- Canadian Academy of Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1Z6, Canada
| | - Akbar Ahmad
- Genetic and Invitro Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories, Greater Chicago Area, IL, USA
| | - Kannan Rr Rengasamy
- Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
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El Tigani-Asil ETA, Blanda V, Abdelwahab GE, Hammadi ZMA, Habeeba S, Khalafalla AI, Alhosani MA, La Russa F, Migliore S, Torina A, Loria GR, Al Muhairi SS. Molecular Investigation on Tick-Borne Hemoparasites and Coxiella burnetii in Dromedary Camels ( Camelusdromedarius) in Al Dhafra Region of Abu Dhabi, UAE. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030666. [PMID: 33801532 PMCID: PMC8000914 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Camels represent an important resource for inhabitants of the most arid regions of the world and their survival is mainly related to environment conditions including the risk of parasitic diseases, which may represent a significant cause of losses in livestock production of these areas. Camels may be parasitized by several hematophagous arthropods, which can be vectors of several diseases including zoonosis. This study aimed to investigate in dromedary camels and their ticks the importance of tick-borne hemoparasites that might be responsible for a recent and obscure morbidity of camels in Al Dhafra region of Abu Dhabi, UAE. Blood samples and ticks from 93 naturally infected camels belonging to 36 herds, affected by variable acute clinical syndromes lasting from 3 to 5 days, were analyzed through molecular techniques for specific DNA presence of different blood pathogens: Anaplasmamarginale/Anaplasmaovis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Coxiella burnetii,Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. DNA. All the 72 ticks collected belonged to the Hyalomma dromedarii species and were negative for blood pathogens. n = 15 camels (16.1%) were found positive to the following tick-borne hemoparasites: A. phagocytophilum 11 (11.8%), Coxiella burnetii 3 (3.2%), and Babesia/Theileria spp. 2 (2.1%). One singular camel showed coinfection of C. burnetii and A. phagocytophiulm. Genetic profile of C. burnetii showed a high phylogenetic relatedness to European, Asian and African C. burnetii strains. This is the first laboratory investigation on tick-borne pathogens in camels in UAE, and the first report of A. phagocytophilum and C. burnetii. Moreover, since the detected pathogens are recognized pathogens for humans, this study highlights the zoonotic risk for humans working in camel husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Shameem Habeeba
- Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi Emirate 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohamed Ali Alhosani
- Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi Emirate 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Francesco La Russa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Migliore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Torina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Guido Ruggero Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salama Suhail Al Muhairi
- Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi Emirate 52150, United Arab Emirates
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Anvari D, Pourmalek N, Rezaei S, Fotovati A, Hosseini SA, Daryani A, Spotin A, Sarvi S, Hosseini M, Narouei MR, Kalkali M, Pendar F, Gholami S. The global status and genetic characterization of hydatidosis in camels ( Camelus dromedarius): a systematic literature review with meta-analysis based on published papers. Parasitology 2021; 148:259-273. [PMID: 32940199 PMCID: PMC11010127 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydatidosis is a potential zoonotic helminthic disease affecting a broad spectrum of mammals, including humans, worldwide. The current review was conducted to investigate the genotypic status and prevalence of hydatid disease in camels across the world. For the purpose of the study, the articles addressing the worldwide prevalence of hydatidosis in camels were searched in several English language databases. The search process resulted in the inclusion of 122 papers. Based on the data presented in the reviewed articles, the pooled prevalence of hydatid disease in camels across the world was measured at 23.75% (95% CI 20.15-27.55). Moreover, the subgroup analysis demonstrated significant differences in the overall prevalence of hydatidosis among camels based on year, geographic area, climate parameters, camel population, gender, infected organ, fertility rate of the cyst and laboratory diagnostic technique. Furthermore, the Echinococcus granulosus genotypes identified in camels with hydatidosis included G1, G2, G3, G1-G3, G5, G6, G7, G6-G7 and G6-G10, with G6 being the most common genotype throughout the world. The data obtained from the current study are central to the better conceptualization of the biological and epidemiological characteristics of E. granulosus s.l. genotypes around the world, which can be helpful in the planning and adoption of more comprehensive control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Anvari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Nima Pourmalek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezaei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amir Fotovati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mona Hosseini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Kalkali
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Faezeh Pendar
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Shirzad Gholami
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Zappaterra M, Menchetti L, Nanni Costa L, Padalino B. Do Camels ( Camelus dromedarius) Need Shaded Areas? A Case Study of the Camel Market in Doha. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020480. [PMID: 33670415 PMCID: PMC7917598 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Scientific knowledge concerning dromedary camel behavior and welfare is still limited. To date, providing pens with adequate shaded areas is not regulated in camel husbandry. The objectives of this study were to document whether dromedary camels have a preference for shade and describe how their behavior would change depending on the presence of shade in pens with different animal densities. Analyzing the behavior of camels kept at a permanent market in Doha, we found they had a preference for shade, and adequate shaded areas seemed to exert a positive effect on their behavioral repertoire. Camels in shade expressed more natural behaviors such as lying in sternal recumbency and ruminating, while those in the sun showed more walking and standing. Limited space allowance, instead, seemed to affect camel welfare, increasing the expression of stereotypic behavior (i.e., pacing). Overall, the results of this pilot study suggest that provision of adequate shaded areas could safeguard camel wellbeing under extremely hot conditions. Abstract This study aimed at documenting whether dromedary camels have a preference for shade and how their behavior would change depending on the presence of shade and variable space allowance. A total of 421 animals kept in 76 pens (66 with shelter (Group 1), and 10 without shelter (Group 2)) at the camel market in Doha (Qatar) were recorded for 1 min around 11:00 a.m. when the temperature was above 40 °C. The number of animals in the sun and shade and their behaviors were analyzed using an ad libitum sampling method and an ad hoc ethogram. The results of a chi-square test indicated that camels in Group 1 had a clear preference for shade (p < 0.001). The majority of Group 1 camels were indeed observed in the shade (312/421; 74.11%). These camels spent more time in recumbency and ruminating, while standing, walking, and self-grooming were more commonly expressed by the camels in the sun (p < 0.001). Moreover, locomotory stereotypic behaviors (i.e., pacing) increased as space allowance decreased (p = 0.002). Based on the findings of this pilot study, camels demonstrated a preference for shade; shade seemed to promote positive welfare, while overcrowding seemed to trigger stereotypy and poor welfare. Overall, our preliminary results are novel and provide evidence that shaded areas are of paramount importance for camel welfare. Further research, involving designed studies at multiple locations is needed to confirm these results.
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Abstract
Camels are domesticated animals that are highly adapted to the extreme desert ecosystem with relatively higher resistance to a wide range of pathogens compared to many other species from the same geographical region. Recently, there has been increased interest in the field of camel immunology. As the progress in the analysis of camel immunoglobulins has previously been covered in many recent reviews, this review intends to summarize published findings related to camel cellular immunology with a focus on the phenotype and functionality of camel leukocyte subpopulations. The review also describes the impact of different physiological (age and pregnancy) and pathological (e.g. infection) conditions on camel immune cells. Despite the progress achieved in the field of camel immunology, there are gaps in our complete understanding of the camel immune system. Questions remain regarding innate recognition mechanisms, the functional characterization of antigen-presenting cells, and the characterization of camel NK and cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Malik A, Almaharfi HA, Khan JM, Hisamuddin M, Alamery SF, Haq SH, Ahmed MZ. Protection of ζ-crystallin by α-crystallin under thermal stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:289-298. [PMID: 33278428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is one of the major causes of blindness worldwide. Several factors including post-translational modification, thermal and solar radiations promote cataractogenesis. The camel lens proteins survive very harsh desert conditions and resist cataractogenesis. The folding and aggregation mechanism of camel lens proteins are poorly characterized. The camel lens contains three ubiquitous crystallins (α-, β-, and γ-crystallin) and a novel protein (ζ-crystallin) in large amounts. In this study, a sequence similarity search of camel α-crystallin with that of other organisms showed that the camel αB-crystallin consists of an extended N-terminal domain. Our results indicate that camel α-crystallin efficiently prevented aggregation of ζ-crystallin, with or without an obligate cofactor up to 89 °C. It performed a quick and efficient holdase function irrespective of the unfolding stage or aggregation. Camel α-crystallin exhibits approximately 20% chaperone activity between 30 and 40 °C and is completely activated above 40 °C. Camel α-crystallin underwent a single reversible thermal transition without loss of β-sheet secondary structure. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and ANS binding experiments revealed two transitions which corresponded to activation of its chaperone function. In contrast to earlier studies, camel α-crystallin completely protected lens proteins during thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajar Ahmed Almaharfi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Hisamuddin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Salman Freeh Alamery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samina Hyder Haq
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Z Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Devaux CA, Osman IO, Million M, Raoult D. Coxiella burnetii in Dromedary Camels ( Camelus dromedarius): A Possible Threat for Humans and Livestock in North Africa and the Near and Middle East? Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:558481. [PMID: 33251255 PMCID: PMC7674558 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.558481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The "One Health" concept recognizes that human health is connected to animal health and to the ecosystems. Coxiella burnetii-induced human Q fever is one of the most widespread neglected zoonosis. The main animal reservoirs responsible for C. burnetii transmission to humans are domesticated ruminants, primarily goats, sheep, and cattle. Although studies are still too sparse to draw definitive conclusions, the most recent C. burnetii serosurvey studies conducted in herds and farms in Africa, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and Asia highlighted that seroprevalence was strikingly higher in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) than in other ruminants. The C. burnetii seroprevalence in camel herds can reach more than 60% in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan, and 70 to 80% in Algeria and Chad, respectively. The highest seroprevalence was in female camels with a previous history of abortion. Moreover, C. burnetii infection was reported in ticks of the Hyalomma dromedarii and Hyalomma impeltatum species collected on camels. Even if dromedary camels represent <3% of the domesticated ruminants in the countries of the Mediterranean basin Southern coast, these animals play a major socioeconomic role for millions of people who live in the arid zones of Africa, Middle East, and Asia. In Chad and Somalia, camels account for about 7 and 21% of domesticated ruminants, respectively. To meet the growing consumers demand of camel meat and milk (>5 million tons/year of both raw and pasteurized milk according to the Food and Agriculture Organization) sustained by a rapid increase of population (growth rate: 2.26-3.76 per year in North Africa), dromedary camel breeding tends to increase from the Maghreb to the Arabic countries. Because of possible long-term persistence of C. burnetii in camel hump adipocytes, this pathogen could represent a threat for herds and breeding farms and ultimately for public health. Because this review highlights a hyperendemia of C. burnetii in dromedary camels, a proper screening of herds and breeding farms for C. burnetii is urgently needed in countries where camel breeding is on the rise. Moreover, the risk of C. burnetii transmission from camel to human should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Ikram Omar Osman
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Faculty of Sciences Ben-Ben-M'Sik, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Matthieu Million
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Kirat D, Hamada M, Moustafa A, Miyasho T. Irisin/FNDC5: A participant in camel metabolism. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:693-706. [PMID: 33424357 PMCID: PMC7783842 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification, localization, production, function, and regulation of irisin/FNDC5 in camel species have not been previously studied. The objective of this study was to detect the irisin content in Arabian camel blood and tissues and study the gene expression of FNDC5 and PGC-1α in camel skeletal muscles and white adipose tissue depots under basal conditions. To monitor if exercise influences blood and tissue irisin protein levels as well as FNDC5 and PGC-1α gene expression levels, we analyzed irisin concentrations in the serum, skeletal muscles (soleus and gastrocnemius), and white adipose tissues (hump, subcutaneous, visceral, epididymal, and perirenal) in both control (n = 6) and exercised group (n = 6) using ELISA and determined the cellular localization of irisin/FNDC5 and the mRNA levels of FNDC5 and PGC-1α in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues via immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, respectively. The possible regulatory roles of exercise on some hormones and metabolites as well as the detection of links between serum irisin and other circulating hormones (insulin, leptin, and cortisol) and metabolites (glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and ATP) were explored for the first time in camels. Our results indicated that exercise induces tissue-specific regulation of the camel irisin, FNDC5, and PGC-1α levels, which subsequently regulates the circulating irisin level. Significant associations were detected between the levels of irisin/FNDC5/PGC-1α in camels and the metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise. Our study suggested that irisin regulates, or is regulated by, glucose, FFA, insulin, leptin, and cortisol in camels. The novel results of the present study will serve as baseline data for camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Kirat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hamada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira Moustafa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Taku Miyasho
- Laboratory of Animal Biological Responses, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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Abdullah EM, Haq SH, Ahmed MA, Khan JM, Alamery SF, Malik A. Structural stability and solubility of glycated camel lens ζ-crystallin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:384-393. [PMID: 32380106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The camel has several biochemical, physiological, and anatomical features to withstand the harsh desert climate. Camel eye lens contains a novel protein (ζ-crystallin) in bulk quantity. Previous reports suggest that non-enzymatic glycation of eye lens proteins plays an important role in the etiology of cataract. In this study, we have characterized the role of glucose, fructose, and methylglyoxal (MGO) in the glycation of camel lens ζ-crystallin. From the results obtained, it was found that MGO reacted rapidly, fructose reacted moderately, and glucose was the least reactive even after prolonged incubation (>100 days). Glycation with MGO and fructose led to changes in the structure of ζ-crystallin, while glucose had no remarkable effect. The surface hydrophobicity did not change and no aggregates or amyloid fibrils were observed in the glycated ζ-crystallin. Moreover, the secondary structure of glycated ζ-crystallin remained similar after glycation. Our results suggested that due to natural adaptation, the camel lens protein ζ-crystallin retained its structure and solubility even after glycation to perform the single known function of the lens proteins: to focus unscattered light on the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejlal Mohamed Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samina Hyder Haq
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Asif Ahmed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Freeh Alamery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Ali A, Alzeyoudi SAR, Almutawa SA, Alnajjar AN, Al Dhaheri Y, Vijayan R. Camel Hemorphins Exhibit a More Potent Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity than Other Mammalian Hemorphins: An In Silico and In Vitro Study. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E486. [PMID: 32210030 PMCID: PMC7175181 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc metallopeptidase that has an important role in regulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It is also an important drug target for the management of cardiovascular diseases. Hemorphins are endogenous peptides that are produced by proteolytic cleavage of beta hemoglobin. A number of studies have reported various therapeutic activities of hemorphins. Previous reports have shown antihypertensive action of hemorphins via the inhibition of ACE. The sequence of hemorphins is highly conserved among mammals, except in camels, which harbors a unique Q>R variation in the peptide. Here, we studied the ACE inhibitory activity of camel hemorphins (LVVYPWTRRF and YPWTRRF) and non-camel hemorphins (LVVYPWTQRF and YPWTQRF). Computational methods were used to determine the most likely binding pose and binding affinity of both camel and non-camel hemorphins within the active site of ACE. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the peptides interacted with critical residues in the active site of ACE. Notably, camel hemorphins showed higher binding affinity and sustained interactions with all three subsites of the ACE active site. An in vitro ACE inhibition assay showed that the IC50 of camel hemorphins were significantly lower than the IC50 of non-camel hemorphins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551 Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Ming L, Qiao X, Yi L, Siren D, He J, Hai L, Guo F, Xiao Y, Ji R. Camel milk modulates ethanol-induced changes in the gut microbiome and transcriptome in a mouse model of acute alcoholic liver disease. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3937-3949. [PMID: 32171514 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality as a result of liver disease are major problems around the world, especially from alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which is characterized by hepatic inflammation and intestinal microbial imbalance. In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of camel milk (CM) in a mouse model of acute ALD and the underlying mechanism at the gut microbiota and transcriptome level. Male Institute of Cancer Research mice (n = 24; Beijing Weitong Lihua Experimental Animal Technology Co. Ltd., China) were divided into 3 groups: normal diet (NC); normal diet, then ethanol (ET); and normal diet and camel milk (CM), then ethanol (ET+CM). Analysis of serum biochemical indexes and histology revealed a reduction in hepatic inflammation in the ET+CM group. Sequencing of 16S rRNA showed that CM modulated the microbial communities, with an increased proportion of Lactobacillus and reduced Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group. Comparative hepatic transcriptome analysis revealed 315 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the ET+CM and ET groups (150 upregulated and 165 downregulated). Enrichment analysis revealed that CM downregulated the expression of inflammation-related (ILB and CXCL1) genes in the IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) pathways. We conclude that CM modulates liver inflammation and alleviates the intestinal microbial disorder caused by acute alcohol injury, indicating the potential of dietary CM in protection against alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ming
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - XiangYu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Li Yi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Dalai Siren
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Camel Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Alashan 737300, China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Le Hai
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Fucheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yuchen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Rimutu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; Camel Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Alashan 737300, China.
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A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Hematological Traits in Camelus bactrianus. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010096. [PMID: 31936121 PMCID: PMC7023321 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bactrian camels can adapt to harsh natural environments. This unique tolerance of camels is tightly linked to their hematological traits, which are related to their immune, metabolic, and disease status. Therefore, mapping genomic regions that affect blood cell traits can help identify genomic characteristics that can be used as biomarkers of immune, metabolic, and disease states. This knowledge will further our understanding of the camel’s tolerance mechanisms. Abstract Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) are one of the few large livestock species that can survive in the Gobi Desert. Animal immunity and disease resistance are related to hematological traits, which are also associated with tolerance observed in Bactrian camels. However, no genome-wide association studies have examined the genetic mechanism of the immune capability of Bactrian camels. In the present study, we used genotyping-by-sequencing data generated from 366 Bactrian camel accessions to perform a genome-wide association study for 17 hematological traits. Of the 256,616 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained, 1,635 trait–SNP associations were among the top quantitative trait locus candidates. Lastly, 664 candidate genes associated with 13 blood traits were identified. The most significant were ZNF772, MTX2, ESRRG, MEI4, IL11, FRMPD4, GABPA, NTF4, CRYBG3, ENPP5, COL16A1, and CD207. The results of our genome-wide association study provide a list of significant SNPs and candidate genes, which offer valuable information for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the camel’s hematological traits to ultimately reveal their tolerance mechanisms.
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Ciccarese S, Burger PA, Ciani E, Castelli V, Linguiti G, Plasil M, Massari S, Horin P, Antonacci R. The Camel Adaptive Immune Receptors Repertoire as a Singular Example of Structural and Functional Genomics. Front Genet 2019; 10:997. [PMID: 31681428 PMCID: PMC6812646 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune receptors repertoire is highly plastic, with its ability to produce antigen-binding molecules and select those with high affinity for their antigen. Species have developed diverse genetic and structural strategies to create their respective repertoires required for their survival in the different environments. Camelids, until now, considered as a case of evolutionary innovation because of their only heavy-chain antibodies, represent a new mammalian model particularly useful for understanding the role of diversity in the immune system function. Here, we review the structural and functional characteristics and the current status of the genomic organization of camel immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, α/ß and γ/δ T cell receptors (TR), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In camelid humoral response, in addition to the conventional antibodies, there are IG with “only-heavy-chain” (no light chain, and two identical heavy gamma chains lacking CH1 and with a VH domain designated as VHH). The unique features of these VHH offer advantages in biotechnology and for clinical applications. The TRG and TRD rearranged variable domains of Camelus dromedarius (Arabian camel) display somatic hypermutation (SHM), increasing the intrinsic structural stability in the γ/δ heterodimer and influencing the affinity maturation to a given antigen similar to immunoglobulin genes. The SHM increases the dromedary γ/δ repertoire diversity. In Camelus genus, the general structural organization of the TRB locus is similar to that of the other artiodactyl species, with a pool of TRBV genes positioned at the 5’ end of three in tandem D-J-C clusters, followed by a single TRBV gene with an inverted transcriptional orientation located at the 3’ end. At the difference of TRG and TRD, the diversity of the TRB variable domains is not shaped by SHM and depends from the classical combinatorial and junctional diversity. The MHC locus is located on chromosome 20 in Camelus dromedarius. Cytogenetic and comparative whole genome analyses revealed the order of the three major regions “Centromere-ClassII-ClassIII-ClassI”. Unexpectedly low extent of polymorphisms and haplotypes was observed in all Old World camels despite different geographic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Castelli
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | | | - Martin Plasil
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czechia
| | - Serafina Massari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czechia
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Plasil M, Wijkmark S, Elbers JP, Oppelt J, Burger PA, Horin P. The Major Histocompatibility Complex of Old World Camels-A Synopsis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101200. [PMID: 31590341 PMCID: PMC6829570 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study brings new information on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III sub-region genes in Old World camels and integrates current knowledge of the MHC region into a comprehensive overview for Old World camels. Out of the MHC class III genes characterized, TNFA and the LY6 gene family showed high levels of conservation, characteristic for MHC class III loci in general. For comparison, an MHC class II gene TAP1, not coding for antigen presenting molecules but functionally related to MHC antigen presenting functions was studied. TAP1 had many SNPs, even higher than the MHC class I and II genes encoding antigen presenting molecules. Based on this knowledge and using new camel genomic resources, we constructed an improved genomic map of the entire MHC region of Old World camels. The MHC class III sub-region shows a standard organization similar to that of pig or cattle. The overall genomic structure of the camel MHC is more similar to pig MHC than to cattle MHC. This conclusion is supported by differences in the organization of the MHC class II sub-region, absence of functional DY genes, different organization of MIC genes in the MHC class I sub-region, and generally closer evolutionary relationships of camel and porcine MHC gene sequences analyzed so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Plasil
- Dept. of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Palackeho trida 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Ceitec VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Palackeho trida 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Sofia Wijkmark
- Dept. of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Palackeho trida 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jean Pierre Elbers
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Vetmeduni Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160 Wien, Austria.
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Ceitec MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pamela Anna Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Vetmeduni Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160 Wien, Austria.
| | - Petr Horin
- Dept. of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Palackeho trida 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Ceitec VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Palackeho trida 1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Bahbahani H, Musa HH, Wragg D, Shuiep ES, Almathen F, Hanotte O. Genome Diversity and Signatures of Selection for Production and Performance Traits in Dromedary Camels. Front Genet 2019; 10:893. [PMID: 31608121 PMCID: PMC6761857 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are single-humped animals found throughout the deserts of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the southwest of Asia. This well-adapted species is mainly used for milk and meat production, although some specific types exhibit superior running performance and are used in racing competitions. However, neither performance nor production camels are bred under intensive genomic selection programs with specific aims to improve these traits. In this study, the full genome sequence data of six camels from the Arabian Peninsula and the genotyping-by-sequencing data of 44 camels (29 packing and 15 racing) from Sudan were analyzed to assess their genome diversities, relationships, and candidate signatures of positive selection. Genome ADMIXTURE and principle component analyses indicate clear geographic separation between the Sudanese and the Arabian Peninsula camels, but with no population-specific genetic distinction within populations. Camel samples from the Arabian Peninsula show higher mean heterozygosity (0.560 ± 0.003) than those from Sudan (0.347 ± 0.003). Analyses of signatures of selection, using pooled heterozygosity (Hp) approach, in the Sudanese camels revealed 176, 189, and 308 candidate regions under positive selection in the combined and packing and racing camel populations, respectively. These regions host genes that might be associated with adaptation to arid environment, dairy traits, energy homeostasis, and chondrogenesis. Eight regions show high genetic differentiation, based on Fst analysis, between the Sudanese packing and racing camel types. Genes associated with chondrogenesis, energy balance, and urinary system development were found within these regions. Our results advocate for further detailed investigation of the genome of the dromedary camel to identify and characterize genes and variants associated with their valuable phenotypic traits. The results of which may support the development of breeding programs to improve the production and performance traits of this unique domesticated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Bahbahani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hassan H Musa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - David Wragg
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eltahir S Shuiep
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Gadarif, Gadarif State, Sudan
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Burger PA, Ciani E, Faye B. Old World camels in a modern world - a balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement. Anim Genet 2019; 50:598-612. [PMID: 31532019 PMCID: PMC6899786 DOI: 10.1111/age.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Old World camels have served humans in cross‐continental caravans, transporting people and goods, connecting different cultures and providing milk, meat, wool and draught since their domestication around 3000–6000 years ago. In a world of modern transport and fast connectivity, these beasts of burden seem to be out‐dated. However, a growing demand for sustainable milk and meat production, especially in countries affected by climate change and increasing desertification, brings dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) and Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) back onstage and into the focus of animal breeders and scientists. In this review on the molecular genetics of these economically important species we give an overview about the evolutionary history, domestication and dispersal of Old World camels, whereas highlighting the need for conservation of wild two‐humped camels (Camelus ferus) as an evolutionarily unique and highly endangered species. We provide cutting‐edge information on the current molecular resources and on‐going sequencing projects. We cannot emphasise enough the importance of balancing the need for improving camel production traits with maintaining the genetic diversity in two domestic species with specific physiological adaptation to a desert environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, 1160, Austria
| | - E Ciani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - B Faye
- CIRAD-ES, UMR SELMET TAC/112A, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier cedex, France
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