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Smart A, Gilmer O, Caliskan N. Translation Inhibition Mediated by Interferon-Stimulated Genes during Viral Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:1097. [PMID: 39066259 PMCID: PMC11281336 DOI: 10.3390/v16071097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses often pose a significant threat to the host through the exploitation of cellular machineries for their own benefit. In the context of immune responses, myriad host factors are deployed to target viral RNAs and inhibit viral protein translation, ultimately hampering viral replication. Understanding how "non-self" RNAs interact with the host translation machinery and trigger immune responses would help in the development of treatment strategies for viral infections. In this review, we explore how interferon-stimulated gene products interact with viral RNA and the translation machinery in order to induce either global or targeted translation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Smart
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HIRI-HZI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.S.); (O.G.)
| | - Orian Gilmer
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HIRI-HZI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.S.); (O.G.)
| | - Neva Caliskan
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HIRI-HZI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.S.); (O.G.)
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Currie C, Myklebust TÅ, Bjerknes C, Framroze B. Assessing the Potential of an Enzymatically Liberated Salmon Oil to Support Immune Health Recovery from Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection via Change in the Expression of Cytokine, Chemokine and Interferon-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6917. [PMID: 39000027 PMCID: PMC11241394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines, chemokines, and interferons are released in response to viral infection with the ultimate aim of viral clearance. However, in SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is an imbalanced immune response, with raised cytokine levels but only a limited interferon response with inefficient viral clearance. Furthermore, the inflammatory response can be exaggerated, which risks both acute and chronic sequelae. Several observational studies have suggested a reduced risk of progression to severe COVID-19 in subjects with a higher omega-3 index. However, randomized studies of omega-3 supplementation have failed to replicate this benefit. Omega-3 fats provide important anti-inflammatory effects; however, fatty fish contains many other fatty acids that provide health benefits distinct from omega-3. Therefore, the immune health benefit of whole salmon oil (SO) was assessed in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19. Eleven subjects were randomized to best supportive care (BSC) with or without a full spectrum, enzymatically liberated SO, dosed at 4g daily, for twenty-eight days. Nasal swabs were taken to measure the change in gene expression of markers of immune response and showed that the SO provided both broad inflammation-resolving effects and improved interferon response. The results also suggest improved lung barrier function and enhanced immune memory, although the clinical relevance needs to be assessed in longer-duration studies. In conclusion, the salmon oil was well tolerated and provided broad inflammation-resolving effects, indicating a potential to enhance immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Currie
- Hofseth BioCare, Keiser Wilhelms Gate 24, 6003 Alesund, Norway; (C.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Tor Åge Myklebust
- Department of Research and Innovation, More og Romsdal Hospital Trust, 6026 Ålesund, Norway;
- Department of Registration, Cancer Registry of Norway, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Bjerknes
- Hofseth BioCare, Keiser Wilhelms Gate 24, 6003 Alesund, Norway; (C.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Bomi Framroze
- Hofseth BioCare, Keiser Wilhelms Gate 24, 6003 Alesund, Norway; (C.B.); (B.F.)
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3
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Hazra B, Das Sarma J. The CD40/CD40 ligand dyad and its downstream effector molecule ISG54 in relating acute neuroinflammation with persistent, progressive demyelination. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:313-331. [PMID: 38116887 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Although Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is primarily thought to be an autoimmune condition, its possible viral etiology must be taken into consideration. When mice are administered neurotropic viruses like mouse hepatitis virus MHV-A59, a murine coronavirus, or its isogenic recombinant strain RSA59, neuroinflammation along with demyelination are observed, which are some of the significant manifestations of MS. MHV-A59/RSA59 induced neuroinflammation is one of the best-studied experimental animal models to understand the viral-induced demyelination concurrent with axonal loss. In this experimental animal model, one of the major immune checkpoint regulators is the CD40-CD40L dyad, which helps in mediating both acute-innate, innate-adaptive, and chronic-adaptive immune responses. Hence, they are essential in reducing acute neuroinflammation and chronic progressive adaptive demyelination. While CD40 is expressed on antigen-presenting cells and endothelial cells, CD40L is expressed primarily on activated T cells and during severe inflammation on NK cells and mast cells. Experimental evidences revealed that genetic deficiency of both these proteins can lead to deleterious effects in an individual. On the other hand, interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) possess potent antiviral properties and directly or indirectly alter acute neuroinflammation. In this review, we will discuss the role of an ISG, ISG54, and its tetratricopeptide repeat protein Ifit2; the genetic and experimental studies on the role of CD40 and CD40L in a virus-induced neuroinflammatory demyelination model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Hazra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Clayton E, Atasoy MO, Naggar RFE, Franco AC, Rohaim MA, Munir M. Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 of black fruit bat ( Pteropus alecto) displays a broad inhibition of RNA viruses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1284056. [PMID: 38440728 PMCID: PMC10909918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1284056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural host reservoirs and have adapted a unique innate immune system that permits them to host many viruses without exhibiting symptoms. Notably, bat interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) have been shown to play antiviral roles. Interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5) is a well-characterised ISG in humans with antiviral activities against negative-sense RNA viruses via inhibiting viral transcription. Here, we aim to investigate if Pteropus alecto (pa) IFIT5 (paIFIT5) possess the ability to inhibit negative-sense RNA viruses. Initially, gene syntenic and comparative structural analyses of multiple animals highlighted a high level of similarity between Pteropus alecto and human IFIT5 proteins. Our results showed that paIFIT5 was significantly inducible by viral and dsRNA stimulation. Transient overexpression of paIFIT5 inhibited the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Using minireplicon and transcription reporter assays, we demonstrated the ability of paIFIT5 specifically to inhibit H17N10 polymerase activity. Mechanistically, we noticed that the antiviral potential of paIFIT5 against negative sense RNA viruses was retributed to its interaction with 5'ppp containing RNA. Taken together, these findings highlight the genetic and functional conservation of IFIT5 among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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5
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Kurpiejewski K, Stankiewicz-Drogon A, Piecyk K, Rajkowska E, Skrzypczyk P, Geng J, Darzynkiewicz E, Grzela R, Jankowska-Anyszka M. The potential of N2-modified cap analogues for precise genetic manipulation through mRNA engineering. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1269028. [PMID: 38380271 PMCID: PMC10878308 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1269028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The technology of mRNA-based drugs is currently being intensively developed and implemented. Medical products of this type are already being used as viral vaccines and could potentially find application in a wide range of diseases. The tremendous interest in mRNA is due to the relatively easy production process, which can be quickly adapted to meet societal needs. The properties of this molecule depend on the structure of its individual components, such as the structure of the cap at the 5' end. Modifications of the cap significantly affect the translational potential and lifespan of the whole mRNA. In the current work, we present the synthesis of derivatives of cap analogues modified at the N2 position of 7-methylguanosine. In addition to the substituent at the N2 position, the derivatives had either an extended triphosphate chain, a thiophosphate modification, an added cap1-modified nucleotide or an extended linker between the substituent and 7-methylguanosine. The compounds were tested for use as translation inhibitors and as components for mRNA preparation and appeared of interest for both applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Stankiewicz-Drogon
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jingping Geng
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Renata Grzela
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Pasquero S, Gugliesi F, Biolatti M, Dell’Oste V, Albano C, Bajetto G, Griffante G, Trifirò L, Brugo B, Raviola S, Lacarbonara D, Yang Q, Sudeshna S, Barasa L, Haniff H, Thompson PR, Landolfo S, De Andrea M. Citrullination profile analysis reveals peptidylarginine deaminase 3 as an HSV-1 target to dampen the activity of candidate antiviral restriction factors. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011849. [PMID: 38055760 PMCID: PMC10727434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that remains latent in neuronal cell bodies but reactivates throughout an individual's life, causing severe adverse reactions, such as herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). Recently, it has also been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The absence of an effective vaccine and the emergence of numerous drug-resistant variants have called for the development of new antiviral agents that can tackle HSV-1 infection. Host-targeting antivirals (HTAs) have recently emerged as promising antiviral compounds that act on host-cell factors essential for viral replication. Here we show that a new class of HTAs targeting peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of calcium-dependent enzymes catalyzing protein citrullination, exhibits a marked inhibitory activity against HSV-1. Furthermore, we show that HSV-1 infection leads to enhanced protein citrullination through transcriptional activation of three PAD isoforms: PAD2, PAD3, and PAD4. Interestingly, PAD3-depletion by specific drugs or siRNAs dramatically inhibits HSV-1 replication. Finally, an analysis of the citrullinome reveals significant changes in the deimination levels of both cellular and viral proteins, with the interferon (IFN)-inducible proteins IFIT1 and IFIT2 being among the most heavily deiminated ones. As genetic depletion of IFIT1 and IFIT2 strongly enhances HSV-1 growth, we propose that viral-induced citrullination of IFIT1 and 2 is a highly efficient HSV-1 evasion mechanism from host antiviral resistance. Overall, our findings point to a crucial role of citrullination in subverting cellular responses to viral infection and demonstrate that PAD inhibitors efficiently suppress HSV-1 infection in vitro, which may provide the rationale for their repurposing as HSV-1 antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Pasquero
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell’Oste
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Camilla Albano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Greta Bajetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
- CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Linda Trifirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Bianca Brugo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Raviola
- CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Lacarbonara
- CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Qiao Yang
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, P.R. China
| | - Sen Sudeshna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonard Barasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hafeez Haniff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
- CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
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7
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Louloudes-Lázaro A, Rojas JM, García-García I, Rodríguez-Martín D, Morel E, Martín V, Sevilla N. Comprehensive immune profiling reveals that Orbivirus infection activates immune checkpoints during acute T cell immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255803. [PMID: 37920474 PMCID: PMC10619675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by the bite of infected Culicoides midges that affects domestic and wild ruminants producing great economic losses. The infection induces an IFN response, followed by an adaptive immune response that is essential in disease clearance. BTV can nonetheless impair IFN and humoral responses. The main goal of this study was to gain a more detailed understanding of BTV pathogenesis and its effects on immune cell populations. To this end, we combined flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses of several immune cells at different times post-infection (pi). Four sheep were infected with BTV serotype 8 and blood samples collected at days 0, 3, 7 and 15pi to perform transcriptomic analysis of B-cell marker+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ sorted peripheral mononuclear cells. The maximum number of differentially expressed genes occurred at day 7pi, which coincided with the peak of infection. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that genes belonging to virus sensing and immune response initiation pathways were enriched at day 3 and 7 pi in all 4 cell population analyzed. Transcriptomic analysis also showed that at day 7pi T cell exhaustion pathway was enriched in CD4+ cells, while CD8+ cells downregulated immune response initiation pathways. T cell functional studies demonstrated that BTV produced an acute inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation at the peak of replication. This coincided with PD-L1 upregulation on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as monocytes. Taken together, these data indicate that BTV could exploit the PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint to impair T cell responses. These findings identify several mechanisms in the interaction between host and BTV, which could help develop better tools to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Louloudes-Lázaro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel García-García
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Daly JM, Adamek M. Immune responses to Tilapia lake virus infection: what we know and what we don't know. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240094. [PMID: 37622112 PMCID: PMC10445761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel contagious pathogen associated with a lethal disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations on several continents across the globe. Fish viral diseases, such as Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), represent a serious threat to tilapia aquaculture. Therefore, a better understanding of the innate immune responses involved in establishing an antiviral state can help shed light on TiLV disease pathogenesis. Moreover, understanding the adaptive immune mechanisms involved in mounting protection against TiLV could greatly assist in the development of vaccination strategies aimed at controlling TiLVD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the immune responses following TiLV infection. After describing the main pathological findings associated with TiLVD, both the innate and adaptive immune responses and mechanisms to TiLV infection are discussed, in both disease infection models and in vitro studies. In addition, our work, highlights research questions, knowledge gaps and research areas in the immunology of TiLV infection where further studies are needed to better understand how disease protection against TiLV is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Luo J, Cheng M, Duan Y, Xing X, Lu M, Sun Y, Shi C, Wang J, Lu Y, Li X, Wang C, Cao X, Zeng Y. African swine fever virus encoded protein MGF360-13L inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-I signaling pathway. Gene 2023; 874:147490. [PMID: 37209887 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuetong Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyuan Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mei Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiyuan Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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10
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Hogan CH, Owens SM, Reynoso GV, Kirillov V, Meyer TJ, Zelazowska MA, Liu B, Li X, Chikhalya A, Dong Q, Khairallah C, Reich NC, Sheridan B, McBride KM, Hearing P, Hickman HD, Forrest JC, Krug LT. B cell-intrinsic STAT3-mediated support of latency and interferon suppression during murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection revealed through an in vivo competition model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.22.533727. [PMID: 36993230 PMCID: PMC10055336 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.22.533727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancers associated with the oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, are notable for their constitutive activation of the transcription factor STAT3. To better understand the role of STAT3 during gammaherpesvirus latency and immune control, we utilized murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infection. Genetic deletion of STAT3 in B cells of CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice reduced peak latency approximately 7-fold. However, infected CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice exhibited disordered germinal centers and heightened virus-specific CD8 T cell responses compared to WT littermates. To circumvent the systemic immune alterations observed in the B cell-STAT3 knockout mice and more directly evaluate intrinsic roles for STAT3, we generated mixed bone marrow chimeras consisting of WT and STAT3-knockout B cells. Using a competitive model of infection, we discovered a dramatic reduction in latency in STAT3-knockout B cells compared to their WT B cell counterparts in the same lymphoid organ. RNA sequencing of sorted germinal center B cells revealed that STAT3 promotes proliferation and B cell processes of the germinal center but does not directly regulate viral gene expression. Last, this analysis uncovered a STAT3-dependent role for dampening type I IFN responses in newly infected B cells. Together, our data provide mechanistic insight into the role of STAT3 as a latency determinant in B cells for oncogenic gammaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad H. Hogan
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shana M. Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Monika A. Zelazowska
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofan Li
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aniska Chikhalya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Qiwen Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Graduate Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Brian Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Hearing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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11
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Abstract
Viruses lack the properties to replicate independently due to the limited resources encoded in their genome; therefore, they hijack the host cell machinery to replicate and survive. Picornaviruses get the prerequisite for effective protein synthesis through specific sequences known as internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). In the past 2 decades, significant progress has been made in identifying different types of IRESs in picornaviruses. This review will discuss the past and current findings related to the five different types of IRESs and various internal ribosome entry site trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that either promote or suppress picornavirus translation and replication. Some IRESs are inefficient and thus require ITAFs. To achieve their full efficiency, they recruit various ITAFs, which enable them to translate more effectively and efficiently, except type IV IRES, which does not require any ITAFs. Although there are two kinds of ITAFs, one promotes viral IRES-dependent translation, and the second type restricts. Picornaviruses IRESs are classified into five types based on their use of sequence, ITAFs, and initiation factors. Some ITAFs regulate IRES activity by localizing to the viral replication factories in the cytoplasm. Also, some drugs, chemicals, and herbal extracts also regulate viral IRES-dependent translation and replication. Altogether, this review will elaborate on our understanding of the past and recent advancements in the IRES-dependent translation and replication of picornaviruses. IMPORTANCE The family Picornaviridae is divided into 68 genera and 158 species. The viruses belonging to this family range from public health importance, such as poliovirus, enterovirus A71, and hepatitis A virus, to animal viruses of great economic importance, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus. The genomes of picornaviruses contain 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs), which possess crucial and highly structured stem-loops known as IRESs. IRES assemble the ribosomes and facilitate the cap-independent translation. Virus-host interaction is a hot spot for researchers, which warrants deep insight into understanding viral pathogenesis better and discovering new tools and ways for viral restriction to improve human and animal health. The cap-independent translation in the majority of picornaviruses is modulated by ITAFs, which bind to various IRES regions to initiate the translation. The discoveries of ITAFs substantially contributed to understanding viral replication behavior and enhanced our knowledge about virus-host interaction more effectively than ever before. This review discussed the various types of IRESs found in Picornaviridae, past and present discoveries regarding ITAFs, and their mechanism of action. The herbal extracts, drugs, and chemicals, which indicated their importance in controlling viruses, were also summarized. In addition, we discussed the movement of ITAFs from the nucleus to viral replication factories. We believe this review will stimulate researchers to search for more novel ITAFs, drugs, herbal extracts, and chemicals, enhancing the understanding of virus-host interaction.
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12
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The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 cleaves histone deacetylases and DCP1A, attenuating the immune defense of the interferon-stimulated genes. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102990. [PMID: 36758802 PMCID: PMC9907797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019, constitutes an emerging human pathogen of zoonotic origin. A critical role in protecting the host against invading pathogens is carried out by interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), the primary effectors of the type I interferon (IFN) response. All coronaviruses studied thus far have to first overcome the inhibitory effects of the IFN/ISG system before establishing efficient viral replication. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 evades IFN antiviral immunity by manipulating ISG activation remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) significantly suppresses the expression and transcription of downstream ISGs driven by IFN-stimulated response elements in a dose-dependent manner, and similar negative regulations were observed in two mammalian epithelial cell lines (simian Vero E6 and human A549). Our analysis shows that to inhibit the ISG production, Mpro cleaves histone deacetylases (HDACs) rather than directly targeting IFN signal transducers. Interestingly, Mpro also abolishes the activity of ISG effector mRNA-decapping enzyme 1a (DCP1A) by cleaving it at residue Q343. In addition, Mpro from different genera of coronaviruses has the protease activity to cleave both HDAC2 and DCP1A, even though the alphacoronaviruse Mpro exhibits weaker catalytic activity in cleaving HDAC2. In conclusion, our findings clearly demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 Mpro constitutes a critical anti-immune effector that modulates the IFN/ISG system at multiple levels, thus providing a novel molecular explanation for viral immune evasion and allowing for new therapeutic approaches against coronavirus disease 2019 infection.
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13
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Suzuki Y. Interferon-induced restriction of Chikungunya virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105487. [PMID: 36657882 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped RNA virus that causes Chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitos. Although CHIKVF had been regarded as an endemic disease in limited regions of Africa and Asia, the recent global reemergence of CHIKV heightened awareness of this infectious disease, and CHIKV infection is currently considered an increasing threat to public health. However, no specific drug or licensed vaccine is available for CHIKV infection. As seen in other RNA virus infections, CHIKV triggers the interferon (IFN) response that plays a central role in host defense against pathogens. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that control of CHIVK replication by the IFN response is achieved by antiviral effector molecules called interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose expressions are upregulated by IFN stimulation. This review details the molecular basis of the IFN-mediated suppression of CHIKV, particularly the ISGs restricting CHIKV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.
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14
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How Different Pathologies Are Affected by IFIT Expression. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020342. [PMID: 36851555 PMCID: PMC9963598 DOI: 10.3390/v15020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The type-I interferon (IFN) system represents the first line of defense against viral pathogens. Recognition of the virus initiates complex signaling pathways that result in the transcriptional induction of IFNs, which are then secreted. Secreted IFNs stimulate nearby cells and result in the production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines and antiviral factors. Of particular note, IFN-induced tetratricopeptide repeat (IFIT) proteins have been thoroughly studied because of their antiviral activity against different viral pathogens. Although classically studied as an antiviral protein, IFIT expression has recently been investigated in the context of nonviral pathologies, such as cancer and sepsis. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), IFIT1 and IFIT3 promote metastasis, while IFIT2 exhibits the opposite effect. The role of IFIT proteins during bacterial/fungal sepsis is still under investigation, with studies showing conflicting roles for IFIT2 in disease severity. In the setting of viral sepsis, IFIT proteins play a key role in clearing viral infection. As a result, many viral pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, employ mechanisms to inhibit the type-I IFN system and promote viral replication. In cancers that are characterized by upregulated IFIT proteins, medications that decrease IFIT expression may reduce metastasis and improve survival rates. Likewise, in cases of viral sepsis, therapeutics that increase IFIT expression may improve viral clearance and reduce the risk of septic shock. By understanding the effect of IFIT proteins in different pathologies, novel therapeutics can be developed to halt disease progression.
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15
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Castello A, Iselin L. Viral RNA Is a Hub for Critical Host-Virus Interactions. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:365-385. [PMID: 38159234 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
RNA is a central molecule in the life cycle of viruses, acting not only as messenger (m)RNA but also as a genome. Given these critical roles, it is not surprising that viral RNA is a hub for host-virus interactions. However, the interactome of viral RNAs remains largely unknown. This chapter discusses the importance of cellular RNA-binding proteins in virus infection and the emergent approaches developed to uncover and characterise them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Castello
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Louisa Iselin
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Xu F, Dang W, Li T, Wang Y, Yang F, Zheng H. IFIT3 mediated the type I interferon antiviral response by targeting Senecavirus A entry, assembly and release pathways. Vet Microbiol 2022; 275:109594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Lu Y, Michel HA, Wang PH, Smith GL. Manipulation of innate immune signaling pathways by SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1027015. [PMID: 36478862 PMCID: PMC9720297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1027015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, induces an unbalanced immune response in the host. For instance, the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the response to it, which act as a front-line defense against virus invasion, are inhibited during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine, is upregulated in COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms. Studies on the closely related betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV, showed that viral proteins such as Nsp1, Orf6 and nucleocapsid protein inhibit IFN-β production and responses at multiple steps. Given the conservation of these proteins between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, it is not surprising that SARS-CoV-2 deploys similar immune evasion strategies. Here, we carried out a screen to examine the role of individual SARS-CoV-2 proteins in regulating innate immune signaling, such as the activation of transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB and the response to type I and type II IFN. In addition to established roles of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we report that SARS-CoV-2 proteins Nsp6 and Orf8 inhibit the type I IFN response but at different stages. Orf6 blocks the translocation of STAT1 and STAT2 into the nucleus, whereas ORF8 inhibits the pathway in the nucleus after STAT1/2 translocation. SARS-CoV-2 Orf6 also suppresses IRF3 activation and TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik A. Michel
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Geoffrey L. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Nowacka M, Latoch P, Izert MA, Karolak NK, Tomecki R, Koper M, Tudek A, Starosta AL, Górna M. A cap 0-dependent mRNA capture method to analyze the yeast transcriptome. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e132. [PMID: 36259646 PMCID: PMC9825183 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the protein coding transcriptome by the RNA sequencing requires either enrichment of the desired fraction of coding transcripts or depletion of the abundant non-coding fraction consisting mainly of rRNA. We propose an alternative mRNA enrichment strategy based on the RNA-binding properties of the human IFIT1, an antiviral protein recognizing cap 0 RNA. Here, we compare for Saccharomyces cerevisiae an IFIT1-based mRNA pull-down with yeast targeted rRNA depletion by the RiboMinus method. IFIT1-based RNA capture depletes rRNA more effectively, producing high quality RNA-seq data with an excellent coverage of the protein coding transcriptome, while depleting cap-less transcripts such as mitochondrial or some non-coding RNAs. We propose IFIT1 as a cost effective and versatile tool to prepare mRNA libraries for a variety of organisms with cap 0 mRNA ends, including diverse plants, fungi and eukaryotic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matylda A Izert
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Natalia K Karolak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Rafal Tomecki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Warsaw 02-106, Poland,Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Michał Koper
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tudek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Agata L Starosta
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Agata L. Starosta. Tel: +48 22 592 33 41;
| | - Maria W Górna
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +48 22 55 26 685;
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19
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Wang S, Wan L, Ren H, Xie Z, Xie L, Huang J, Deng X, Xie Z, Luo S, Li M, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Screening of interferon-stimulated genes against avian reovirus infection and mechanistic exploration of the antiviral activity of IFIT5. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:998505. [PMID: 36187980 PMCID: PMC9520478 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.998505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) infection can lead to severe immunosuppression, complications, and secondary diseases, causing immense economic losses to the poultry industry. In-depth study of the mechanism by which the innate immune system combats ARV infection, especially the antiviral effect mediated by interferon, is needed to prevent and contain ARV infection. In this study, ARV strain S1133 was used to artificially infect 7-day-old specific pathogen–free chickens. The results indicated that ARV rapidly proliferated in the immune organs, including the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus. The viral load peaked early in the infection and led to varying degrees of pathological damage to tissues and organs. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the mRNA levels of interferon and multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus were upregulated to varying degrees in the early stage of infection. Among the ISGs, IFIT5, and Mx were the most upregulated in various tissues and organs, suggesting that they are important ISGs for host resistance to ARV infection. Further investigation of the role of IFIT5 in ARV infection showed that overexpression of the IFIT5 gene inhibited ARV replication, whereas inhibition of the endogenously expressed IFIT5 gene by siRNA promoted ARV replication. IFIT5 may be a positive feedback regulator of the innate immune signaling pathways during ARV infection and may induce IFN-α production by promoting the expression of MAD5 and MAVS to exert its antiviral effect. The results of this study help explain the innate immune regulatory mechanism of ARV infection and reveal the important role of IFIT5 in inhibiting ARV replication, which has important theoretical significance and practical application value for the prevention and control of ARV infection.
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20
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Wu Y, Song X, Cui D, Zhang T. IFIT3 and IFIT5 Play Potential Roles in Innate Immune Response of Porcine Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells to Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091919. [PMID: 36146725 PMCID: PMC9505468 DOI: 10.3390/v14091919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has demonstrated that porcine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) are susceptible to highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV). The innate immune response of MVECs infected with HP-PRRSV would play important roles in controlling virus proliferation, resisting cellular injury, and preventing the virus from spreading to other tissues and organs. Type I interferon is one of the most effective antiviral cytokines in the innate immune response, and interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are members of interferon-stimulated genes induced by viruses and other pathogens, which are crucial in inhibiting virus proliferation and regulating the innate immune response. However, their effects on HP-PRRSV-induced innate immunity in porcine pulmonary MVECs remain unclear. Here, the roles of IFITs in porcine pulmonary MVECs infected with the HP-PRRSV HN strain were investigated, and the effects of astragalus polysaccharides (APS), a widely used traditional Chinese herbal ingredient with the immunopotentiating effect, on them were studied. The results showed that more autophagosomes were observed in HP-PRRSV-infected MVECs, and the expression of IFN-α, IFIT3, and IFIT5 decreased or increased at different time points after infection. When silencing the genes of IFIT3 or IFIT5, the HP-PRRSV replication in MVECs was significantly increased. The expression of IFIT3 and IFIT5 could be upregulated by APS, whose inhibitory effects on the HP-PRRSV replication significantly declined when the genes of IFIT3 or IFIT5 were silenced. The results suggest that IFIT3 and IFIT5 play an important role in inhibiting the HP-PRRSV replication in porcine pulmonary MVECs, and APS suppress the multiplication of HP-PRRSV by upregulating their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tao Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-15501166246
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21
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Caccuri F, Messali S, Bortolotti D, Di Silvestre D, De Palma A, Cattaneo C, Bertelli A, Zani A, Milanesi M, Giovanetti M, Campisi G, Gentili V, Bugatti A, Filippini F, Scaltriti E, Pongolini S, Tucci A, Fiorentini S, d’Ursi P, Ciccozzi M, Mauri P, Rizzo R, Caruso A. Competition for dominance within replicating quasispecies during prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection in an immunocompromised host. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac042. [PMID: 35706980 PMCID: PMC9129230 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) emerge for their capability to better adapt to the human host aimed and enhance human-to-human transmission. Mutations in spike largely contributed to adaptation. Viral persistence is a prerequisite for intra-host virus evolution, and this likely occurred in immunocompromised patients who allow intra-host long-term viral replication. The underlying mechanism leading to the emergence of variants during viral persistence in the immunocompromised host is still unknown. Here, we show the existence of an ensemble of minor mutants in the early biological samples obtained from an immunocompromised patient and their dynamic interplay with the master mutant during a persistent and productive long-term infection. In particular, after 222 days of active viral replication, the original master mutant, named MB610, was replaced by a minor quasispecies (MB61222) expressing two critical mutations in spike, namely Q493K and N501T. Isolation of the two viruses allowed us to show that MB61222 entry into target cells occurred mainly by the fusion at the plasma membrane (PM), whereas endocytosis characterized the entry mechanism used by MB610. Interestingly, coinfection of two human cell lines of different origin with the SARS-CoV-2 isolates highlighted the early and dramatic predominance of MB61222 over MB610 replication. This finding may be explained by a faster replicative activity of MB61222 as compared to MB610 as well as by the capability of MB61222 to induce peculiar viral RNA-sensing mechanisms leading to an increased production of interferons (IFNs) and, in particular, of IFN-induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) and IFITM2. Indeed, it has been recently shown that IFITM2 is able to restrict SARS-CoV-2 entry occurring by endocytosis. In this regard, MB61222 may escape the antiviral activity of IFITMs by using the PM fusion pathway for entry into the target cell, whereas MB610 cannot escape this host antiviral response during MB61222 coinfection, since it has endocytosis as the main pathway of entry. Altogether, our data support the evidence of quasispecies fighting for host dominance by taking benefit from the cell machinery to restrict the productive infection of competitors in the viral ensemble. This finding may explain, at least in part, the extraordinary rapid worldwide turnover of VOCs that use the PM fusion pathway to enter into target cells over the original pandemic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Serena Messali
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi, 201, Segrate 20054, Italy
| | - Antonella De Palma
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi, 201, Segrate 20054, Italy
| | - Chiara Cattaneo
- Department of Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Anna Bertelli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Alberto Zani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Maria Milanesi
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, V.le Europa, 11, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Campisi
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Federica Filippini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Erika Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, Str. dei Mercati, 13a, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, Str. dei Mercati, 13a, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tucci
- Department of Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Simona Fiorentini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Pasqualina d’Ursi
- Institute of Technologies in Biomedicine, National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi, 201, Segrate 20054, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi, 201, Segrate 20054, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
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22
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Lewin TD, Fouladi-Nashta AA, Holland PWH. PRD-class homeobox genes in bovine early embryos: function, evolution and overlapping roles. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6581424. [PMID: 35512670 PMCID: PMC9117796 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutherian Totipotent Cell Homeobox (ETCHbox) genes are mammalian-specific PRD-class homeobox genes with conserved expression in the preimplantation embryo but fast-evolving and highly divergent sequences. Here, we exploit an ectopic expression approach to examine the role of bovine ETCHbox genes and show that ARGFX and LEUTX homeodomain proteins upregulate genes normally expressed in the blastocyst; the identities of the regulated genes suggest that, in vivo, the ETCHbox genes play a role in coordinating the physical formation of the blastocyst structure. Both genes also downregulate genes expressed earlier during development and genes associated with an undifferentiated cell state, possibly via the JAK/STAT pathway. We find evidence that bovine ARGFX and LEUTX have overlapping functions, in contrast to their antagonistic roles in humans. Finally, we characterize a mutant bovine ARGFX allele which eliminates the homeodomain and show that homozygous mutants are viable. These data support the hypothesis of functional overlap between ETCHbox genes within a species, roles for ETCHbox genes in blastocyst formation and the change of their functions over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Lewin
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Ali A Fouladi-Nashta
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Peter W H Holland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
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23
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Metz-Zumaran C, Kee C, Doldan P, Guo C, Stanifer ML, Boulant S. Increased Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 to Type III Interferon in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0170521. [PMID: 35262371 PMCID: PMC9006957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01705-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 caused the COVID-19 global pandemic leading to 5.3 million deaths worldwide as of December 2021. The human intestine was found to be a major viral target which could have a strong impact on virus spread and pathogenesis since it is one of the largest organs. While type I interferons (IFNs) are key cytokines acting against systemic virus spread, in the human intestine type III IFNs play a major role by restricting virus infection and dissemination without disturbing homeostasis. Recent studies showed that both type I and III IFNs can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it is not clear whether one IFN controls SARS-CoV-2 infection of the human intestine better or with a faster kinetics. In this study, we could show that type I and III IFNs both possess antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in human intestinal epithelial cells (hIECs); however, type III IFN is more potent. Shorter type III IFN pretreatment times and lower concentrations were required to efficiently reduce virus load compared to type I IFNs. Moreover, type III IFNs significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 even 4 h postinfection and induced a long-lasting antiviral effect in hIECs. Importantly, the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 to type III IFNs was virus specific since type III IFN did not control VSV infection as efficiently. Together, these results suggest that type III IFNs have a higher potential for IFN-based treatment of SARS-CoV-2 intestinal infection compared to type I IFNs. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 infection is not restricted to the respiratory tract and a large number of COVID-19 patients experience gastrointestinal distress. Interferons are key molecules produced by the cell to combat virus infection. Here, we evaluated how two types of interferons (type I and III) can combat SARS-CoV-2 infection of human gut cells. We found that type III interferons were crucial to control SARS-CoV-2 infection when added both before and after infection. Importantly, type III interferons were also able to produce a long-lasting effect, as cells were protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection up to 72 h posttreatment. This study suggested an alternative treatment possibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Metz-Zumaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmon Kee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Group “Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection,” German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricio Doldan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Group “Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection,” German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cuncai Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan L. Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Group “Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection,” German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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24
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Koliński M, Kałużna E, Piwecka M. RNA–protein interactomes as invaluable resources to study RNA viruses: Insights from SARS CoV‐2 studies. WIRES RNA 2022; 13:e1727. [PMID: 35343064 PMCID: PMC9111084 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection is essential for the successful development of therapeutic strategies against the COVID‐19 pandemic. Numerous studies have focused on the identification of host factors and cellular pathways involved in the viral replication cycle. The speed and magnitude of hijacking the translation machinery of host mRNA, and shutting down host transcription are still not well understood. Since SARS‐CoV‐2 relies on host RNA‐binding proteins for the infection progression, several efforts have been made to define the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA‐bound proteomes (RNA–protein interactomes). Methodologies that enable the systemic capture of protein interactors of given RNA in vivo have been adapted for the identification of the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA interactome. The obtained proteomic data aided by genome‐wide and targeted CRISPR perturbation screens, revealed host factors with either pro‐ or anti‐viral activity and highlighted cellular processes and factors involved in host response. We focus here on the recent studies on SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA–protein interactomes, with regard to both the technological aspects of RNA interactome capture methods and the obtained results. We also summarize several related studies, which were used in the interpretation of the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA–protein interactomes. These studies provided the selection of host factors that are potentially suitable candidates for antiviral therapy. Finally, we underscore the importance of RNA–protein interactome studies in regard to the effective development of antiviral strategies against current and future threats. This article is categorized under:RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Koliński
- Department of Non‐Coding RNAs Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Poznan Poland
| | - Ewelina Kałużna
- Department of Non‐Coding RNAs Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Poznan Poland
| | - Monika Piwecka
- Department of Non‐Coding RNAs Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Poznan Poland
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25
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Ding L, Gao Q, Xu Z, Cai L, Chen S, Zhang X, Cao P, Chen G. An Inter-Supplementary Biohybrid System Based on Natural Killer Cells for the Combinational Immunotherapy and Virotherapy of Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103470. [PMID: 34747156 PMCID: PMC8805568 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) have gained great attention in cancer therapy because they cause direct cytolytic infection and indirectly induce antitumor immunity. However, their efficacy is compromised by host antiviral immune response, poor tumor delivery, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated Ad delivery system (Ad@NK) is generated by harnessing the merits of the two components for combinational immunotherapy and virotherapy of cancer. In this biohybrid system, NK cells with a tumor-homing tropism act as bioreactors and shelters for the loading, protection, replication, amplification, and release of Ads, thereby leading to a highly efficient systemic tumor-targeted delivery. As feedback, Ad infection offers NK cells an enhanced antitumor immunity by activating type I interferon signaling in a STAT4-granzyme B-dependent manner. Moreover, it is found that the Ad@NK system can relieve immunosuppression in the TME by promoting the maturation of dendritic cells and the polarization of macrophages to M1 phenotype. Both in vitro and in vivo data indicate the excellent antitumor and antimetastatic functions of Ad@NKs by destroying tumor cells, inducing immunogenic cell death, and immunomodulating TME. This work provides a clinical basis for improved oncolytic virotherapy in combination with NK cell therapy based on the inter-supplementary biohybrid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Zhuobin Xu
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Institute of Translational MedicineMedical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsu210023P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
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26
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Iselin L, Palmalux N, Kamel W, Simmonds P, Mohammed S, Castello A. Uncovering viral RNA-host cell interactions on a proteome-wide scale. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:23-38. [PMID: 34509361 PMCID: PMC9187521 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses interact with a wide range of cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) during their life cycle. The prevalence of these host-virus interactions has been highlighted by new methods that elucidate the composition of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). Applied to 11 viruses so far, these approaches have revealed hundreds of cellular RBPs that interact with viral (v)RNA in infected cells. However, consistency across methods is limited, raising questions about methodological considerations when designing and interpreting these studies. Here, we discuss these caveats and, through comparing available vRNA interactomes, describe RBPs that are consistently identified as vRNP components and outline their potential roles in infection. In summary, these novel approaches have uncovered a new universe of host-virus interactions holding great therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Iselin
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK
| | - Natasha Palmalux
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, (UK)
| | - Wael Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, (UK)
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK; Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, (UK).
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27
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Das A, Chauhan KS, Kumar H, Tailor P. Mutation in Irf8 Gene ( Irf8R294C ) Impairs Type I IFN-Mediated Antiviral Immune Response by Murine pDCs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758190. [PMID: 34867997 PMCID: PMC8635750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the key producers of type I interferons (IFNs), thus playing a central role in initiating antiviral immune response. Besides robust type I IFN production, pDCs also act as antigen presenting cells post immunogenic stimulation. Transcription factor Irf8 is indispensable for the development of both pDC and cDC1 subset. However, the mechanism underlying the differential regulation by IRF8 in cDC1- and pDC-specific genomic architecture of developmental pathways still remains to be fully elucidated. Previous studies indicated that the Irf8R294C mutation specifically abrogates development of cDC1 without affecting that of pDC. In the present study using RNA-seq based approach, we have found that though the point mutation Irf8R294C did not affect pDC development, it led to defective type I IFN production, thus resulting in inefficient antiviral response. This observation unraveled the distinctive roles of IRF8 in these two subpopulations—regulating the development of cDC1 whereas modulating the functionality of pDCs without affecting development. We have reported here that Irf8R294C mutation also caused defect in production of ISGs as well as defective upregulation of costimulatory molecules in pDCs in response to NDV infection (or CpG stimulation). Through in vivo studies, we demonstrated that abrogation of type I IFN production was concomitant with reduced upregulation of costimulatory molecules in pDCs and increased NDV burden in IRF8R294C mice in comparison with wild type, indicating inefficient viral clearance. Further, we have also shown that Irf8R294C mutation abolished the activation of type I IFN promoter by IRF8, justifying the low level of type I IFN production. Taken together, our study signifies that the single point mutation in Irf8, Irf8R294C severely compromised type I IFN-mediated immune response by murine pDCs, thereby causing impairment in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annesa Das
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Himanshu Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Prafullakumar Tailor
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Special Centre for Systems Medicine (SCSM), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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28
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Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are one of the hallmarks of host antiviral immunity. IFNs exert their antiviral activities through the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and antiviral proteins; however, the mechanism by which ISGs inhibit adenovirus (Ad) replication is not clearly understood. IFNs repress Ad immediate early gene expression and, consequently, all subsequent aspects of the viral life cycle. In this study, we found that IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3, IFIT3 (ISG60), restricts Ad replication. IFIT3 repressed Ad E1A immediate early gene expression but did not alter Ad genome entry into the nucleus. Expression of IFIT3 led to phosphorylation of TBK1, IRF3, and STAT1; increased expression of IFNβ and ISGs; and required IFIT1 and IFIT2 partner proteins. During RNA virus infections, it is known that IFIT3 stimulates IFN production through mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)-mediated activation of TBK1 which synergizes activation of IRF3 and NF-κB. MAVS or TBK1 depletion in cells expressing IFIT3 blocked IFN signaling and reversed the Ad replication restriction. In addition, STING depletion phenocopied the effect suggesting that IFIT3 activates the STING pathway with cross talk to the MAVS pathway. This occurs independently of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These results demonstrate that the expression of a single ISG, IFIT3, activates IFN signaling and establishes a cellular antiviral state independent of viral PAMPs. IMPORTANCE IFITs belong to a family of IFN-induced proteins that have broad antiviral functions, primarily studied with RNA viruses leaving a gap of knowledge on the effects of these proteins on DNA viruses. In this study we show that IFIT3, with its partner proteins IFIT1 and IFIT2, specifically restricts replication of human Ad, a DNA virus, by stimulating IFNβ production via the STING and MAVS pathways. This effect enhanced the IFN response and is independent of viral PAMPs. These results reveal a novel mechanism of activation of IFN signaling to enhance cellular antiviral responses.
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29
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Chai B, Tian D, Zhou M, Tian B, Yuan Y, Sui B, Wang K, Pei J, Huang F, Wu Q, Lv L, Yang Y, Wang C, Fu Z, Zhao L. Murine Ifit3 restricts the replication of Rabies virus both in vitro and in vivo. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34269675 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) infection can initiate the host immune defence response and induce an antiviral state characterized by the expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs), among which the family of genes of IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (Ifits) are prominent representatives. Herein, we demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of Ifit1, Ifit2 and Ifit3 were highly increased in cultured cells and mouse brains after RABV infection. Recombinant RABV expressing Ifit3, designated rRABV-Ifit3, displayed a lower pathogenicity than the parent RABV in C57BL/6 mice after intramuscular administration, and Ifit3-deficient mice exhibited higher susceptibility to RABV infection and higher mortality during RABV infection. Moreover, compared with their individual expressions, co-expression of Ifit2 and Ifit3 could more effectively inhibit RABV replication in vitro. These results indicate that murine Ifit3 plays an essential role in restricting the replication and reducing the pathogenicity of RABV. Ifit3 acts synergistically with Ifit2 to inhibit RABV replication, providing further insight into the function and complexity of the Ifit family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dayong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Bin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yueming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jie Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yaping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Caiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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30
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Brezgin S, Kostyusheva A, Bayurova E, Volchkova E, Gegechkori V, Gordeychuk I, Glebe D, Kostyushev D, Chulanov V. Immunity and Viral Infections: Modulating Antiviral Response via CRISPR-Cas Systems. Viruses 2021; 13:1373. [PMID: 34372578 PMCID: PMC8310348 DOI: 10.3390/v13071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause a variety of acute and chronic human diseases, sometimes resulting in small local outbreaks, or in some cases spreading across the globe and leading to global pandemics. Understanding and exploiting virus-host interactions is instrumental for identifying host factors involved in viral replication, developing effective antiviral agents, and mitigating the severity of virus-borne infectious diseases. The diversity of CRISPR systems and CRISPR-based tools enables the specific modulation of innate immune responses and has contributed impressively to the fields of virology and immunology in a very short time. In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of CRISPR systems for basic and translational studies of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Elena Volchkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Immunobiological Drugs, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dieter Glebe
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Rojas JM, Avia M, Martín V, Sevilla N. Inhibition of the IFN Response by Bluetongue Virus: The Story So Far. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692069. [PMID: 34168637 PMCID: PMC8217435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the prototypical orbivirus that belongs to the Reoviridae family. BTV infection produces a disease in ruminants, particularly in sheep, that results in economic losses through reduced productivity. BTV is transmitted by the bite of Culicoides spp. midges and is nowadays distributed globally throughout subtropical and even temperate regions. As most viruses, BTV is susceptible to the IFN response, the first line of defense employed by the immune system to combat viral infections. In turn, BTV has evolved strategies to counter the IFN response and promote its replication. The present review we will revise the works describing how BTV interferes with the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Addison R, Weatherhead SC, Pawitri A, Smith GR, Rider A, Grantham HJ, Cockell SJ, Reynolds NJ. Therapeutic wavelengths of ultraviolet B radiation activate apoptotic, circadian rhythm, redox signalling and key canonical pathways in psoriatic epidermis. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101924. [PMID: 33812333 PMCID: PMC8050411 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) exerts pleiotropic effects on human skin. DNA damage response and repair pathways are activated by UVB; if damage cannot be repaired, apoptosis ensues. Although cumulative UVB exposure predisposes to skin cancer, UVB phototherapy is widely used as an effective treatment for psoriasis. Previous studies defined the therapeutic action spectrum of UVB and showed that psoriasis is resistant to apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate early molecular responses within psoriasis plaques following irradiation with single equi-erythemogenic doses of clinically-effective (311 nm, narrow-band) compared to clinically-ineffective (290 nm) UVB. Forty-eight micro-dissected epidermal samples from 20 psoriatic patients were analyzed using microarrays. Our bioinformatic analysis compared gene expression between 311 nm irradiated, 290 nm irradiated and control psoriasis epidermis to specifically identify 311 nm UVB differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their upstream regulatory pathways. Key DEGs and pathways were validated by immunohistochemical analysis. There was a dynamic induction and repression of 311 nm UVB DEGs between 6 h and 18 h, only a limited number of DEGs maintained their designated expression status between time-points. Key disease and function pathways included apoptosis, cell death, cell migration and leucocyte chemotaxis. DNA damage response pathways, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response and P53 signalling were key nodes, interconnecting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Interferon signalling, dendritic cell maturation, granulocyte adhesion and atherosclerotic pathways were also differentially regulated. Consistent with these findings, top transcriptional regulators of 311 nm UVB DEGs related to: a) apoptosis, DNA damage response and cell cycle control; b) innate/acquired immune regulation and inflammation; c) hypoxia/redox response and angiogenesis; d) circadian rhythmicity; f) EGR/AP1 signalling and keratinocyte differentiation; and g) mitochondrial biogenesis. This research provides important insights into the molecular targets of 311 nm UVB, underscoring key roles for apoptosis and cell death. These and the other key pathways delineated may be central to the therapeutic effects of 311 nm in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Addison
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sophie C Weatherhead
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anandika Pawitri
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Graham R Smith
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ashley Rider
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Henry J Grantham
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon J Cockell
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nick J Reynolds
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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Zhang N, Shi H, Yan M, Liu G. IFIT5 Negatively Regulates the Type I IFN Pathway by Disrupting TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 Signalosome and Degrading IRF3 and IKKε. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2184-2197. [PMID: 33858962 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs), known as canonical IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), play critical roles in regulating immune responses against pathogens and maintaining homeostasis. How the IFIT5 regulates innate immune responses is rarely reported and remains enigmatic. In this study, we discover that human IFIT5 (hIFIT5) functions as a negative regulator of the type I IFN (IFN) pathway in HEK293T cell lines. Our data illustrated that hIFIT5 inhibited the promotor activities of IFN-β induced by IRF3 and its upstream factors but not by IRF3-5D (activated form of IRF3), suggesting that IRF3 might be a target of hIFIT5. Further investigations revealed that hIFIT5 downregulated the phosphorylation of IRF3 and IKKε and blocked the IRF3 nuclear translocation. Moreover, hIFIT5 impaired the IRF3-TBK1-IKKε complex, accompanied by IRF3 and IKKε degradation. In conclusion, these findings indicate that hIFIT5 is a negative modulator in the type I IFN signaling pathway, opening additional avenues for preventing hyperactivation and maintaining immunity homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Han Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Miaomiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Dicker K, Järvelin AI, Garcia-Moreno M, Castello A. The importance of virion-incorporated cellular RNA-Binding Proteins in viral particle assembly and infectivity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 111:108-118. [PMID: 32921578 PMCID: PMC7482619 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA is a central molecule in RNA virus biology due to its dual function as messenger and genome. However, the small number of proteins encoded by viral genomes is insufficient to enable virus infection. Hence, viruses hijack cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to aid replication and spread. In this review we discuss the 'knowns' and 'unknowns' regarding the contribution of host RBPs to the formation of viral particles and the initial steps of infection in the newly infected cell. Through comparison of the virion proteomes of ten different human RNA viruses, we confirm that a pool of cellular RBPs are typically incorporated into viral particles. We describe here illustrative examples supporting the important functions of these RBPs in viral particle formation and infectivity and we propose that the role of host RBPs in these steps can be broader than previously anticipated. Understanding how cellular RBPs regulate virus infection can lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Dicker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Manuel Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
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35
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Guo R, Wang W, Yu L, Zhu Z, Tu P. Different regulatory effects of CD40 ligand and B-cell activating factor on the function of B cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107337. [PMID: 33401206 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) play important roles in the function of B cells. However, the difference of their regulatory effects remains obscure. In this study, we used anti-CD40 to imitate CD40L and investigated the different regulatory effects of CD40L and BAFF on the function of B cells. In the functional analyses, both anti-CD40 and BAFF significantly enhanced the survival and differentiation of B cells, and slightly increased the activation and proliferation. However, in the transcriptome analysis, anti-CD40 and BAFF exerted very different regulation on the gene expression profile of B cells. Anti-CD40 upregulated the expression of genes related to the adaptive immune function of B cells, but BAFF enhanced the genes associated with the innate immune function. Furthermore, the effect analysis of the combination of anti-CD40 or BAFF with anti-IgM also demonstrated that anti-CD40 could cooperate with anti-IgM to promote the proliferation of B cells, but BAFF could not do it. The mechanism study revealed that the different effects of anti-CD40 and BAFF on B cells were resulting from the different modulation on NF-кB, ERK1/2, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Collectively, the results suggest that CD40L mainly promotes adaptive immune function of B cells, but BAFF primarily enhances innate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Guo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lanzhi Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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36
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Yang E, Li MMH. All About the RNA: Interferon-Stimulated Genes That Interfere With Viral RNA Processes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605024. [PMID: 33362792 PMCID: PMC7756014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) signaling induces the expression of a wide array of genes, collectively referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that generally function to inhibit viral replication. RNA viruses are frequently targeted by ISGs through recognition of viral replicative intermediates and molecular features associated with viral genomes, or the lack of molecular features associated with host mRNAs. The ISGs reviewed here primarily inhibit viral replication in an RNA-centric manner, working to sense, degrade, or repress expression of viral RNA. This review focuses on dissecting how these ISGs exhibit multiple antiviral mechanisms, often through use of varied co-factors, highlighting the complexity of the type I IFN response. Specifically, these ISGs can mediate antiviral effects through viral RNA degradation, viral translation inhibition, or both. While the OAS/RNase L pathway globally degrades RNA and arrests translation, ISG20 and ZAP employ targeted RNA degradation and translation inhibition to block viral replication. Meanwhile, SHFL targets translation by inhibiting -1 ribosomal frameshifting, which is required by many RNA viruses. Finally, a number of E3 ligases inhibit viral transcription, an attractive antiviral target during the lifecycle of negative-sense RNA viruses which must transcribe their genome prior to translation. Through this review, we aim to provide an updated perspective on how these ISGs work together to form a complex network of antiviral arsenals targeting viral RNA processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Yang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Melody M. H. Li
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Das Sarma J, Burrows A, Rayman P, Hwang MH, Kundu S, Sharma N, Bergmann C, Sen GC. Ifit2 deficiency restricts microglial activation and leukocyte migration following murine coronavirus (m-CoV) CNS infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009034. [PMID: 33253295 PMCID: PMC7738193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced tetratricopeptide repeat protein (Ifit2) protects mice from lethal neurotropic viruses. Neurotropic coronavirus MHV-RSA59 infection of Ifit2-/- mice caused pronounced morbidity and mortality accompanied by rampant virus replication and spread throughout the brain. In spite of the higher virus load, induction of many cytokines and chemokines in the brains of infected Ifit2-/- mice were similar to that in wild-type mice. In contrast, infected Ifit2-/- mice revealed significantly impaired microglial activation as well as reduced recruitment of NK1.1 T cells and CD4 T cells to the brain, possibly contributing to the lack of viral clearance. These two deficiencies were associated with a lower level of microglial expression of CX3CR1, the receptor of the CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) chemokine, which plays a critical role in both microglial activation and leukocyte recruitment. The above results uncovered a new potential role of an interferon-induced protein in immune protection. Interferons (IFNs) are known to protect from virus dissemination and pathogenesis. Several IFN stimulated genes (ISG) regulate neuropathogenesis but the mechanisms underlying the antiviral effects are not clearly understood. IFN induced tetratricopeptide repeats (Ifit) are a class of ISGs. Among the Ifits, Ifit2 is known to play a beneficial role in restricting neurotropic viral replication. To provide better cellular insights into the protective mechanisms of Ifit2 functions, using a neurotropic coronavirus infection in Ifit2 depleted mice we report that in the absence of Ifit2, viral replication is dramatically increased and mice develop severe clinical signs and symptoms of neurological deficit. Despite the enormous viral load, Ifit2 deficient mice are impaired in microglial activation and recruitment of peripheral leukocytes into the CNS. This impaired leuocyte infiltration in Ifit2 deficient mice was also associated with reduced expression of a novel chemokine receptor CX3CR1,which is important for viral induced microglial activation and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy Burrows
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patricia Rayman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mi-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Soumya Kundu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cornelia Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
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SAHA Overcomes 5-FU Resistance in IFIT2-Depleted Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123527. [PMID: 33256074 PMCID: PMC7761248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary IFIT2 depletion is associated with increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. The main aim of our study was to understand the link between drug resistance and IFIT2 depletion. In this study, we confirmed resistance to multiple common therapeutic drugs, particularly 5-FU, which showed especially high resistance in IFIT2-depleted cells. Interestingly, combination of SAHA and 5-FU overcame 5-FU resistance in IFIT2-depleted cells. Hence, our findings suggest that IFIT2 expression may be used as a biomarker to decide whether to undergo 5-FU treatment, but also the SAHA and 5-FU combination may be a potential new treatment regimen to augment 5-FU therapy in patients with thymidylate synthase-mediated drug-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma. Abstract Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (IFIT2) is a member of the interferon-stimulated gene family that contains tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs), which mediate protein–protein interactions in various biological systems. We previously showed the depletion of IFIT2 enhanced cell migration and metastatic activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells via the activation of atypical PKC signaling. In this study, we found that IFIT2-knockdown cells displayed higher resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) than control cells. The comet assay and annexin V analysis showed decreased DNA damage and cell death in IFIT2-knockdown cells compared to control cells treated with 5-FU. Cell cycle progression was also perturbed by 5-FU treatment, with the accumulation of IFIT2-depleted cells in S phase in a time-dependent manner. We further observed the overexpression of thymidylate synthase (TS) and thymidine kinase (TK) in IFIT2-knockdown cells. Inhibition of TS alone or double inhibition of TS and TK1 using the siRNA technique increased susceptibility to 5-FU in IFIT2-knockdown cells. We further identified that suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) treatment decreased the expression of TS in IFIT2-knockdown cells and demonstrated that pretreatment with SAHA sensitized IFIT2-knockdown cells to 5-FU in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, IFIT2 knockdown enhances TS expression, which mediates 5-FU resistance, and SAHA pretreatment suppresses TS expression and hence sensitizes cells to 5-FU. SAHA will be an effective strategy for the treatment of OSCC patients with 5-FU resistance.
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Transcriptome analysis of chicken intraepithelial lymphocyte natural killer cells infected with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18348. [PMID: 33110122 PMCID: PMC7591896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute immunosuppressive viral disease that significantly affects the economics of the poultry industry. The IBD virus (IBDV) was known to infect B lymphocytes and activate macrophage and T lymphocytes, but there are limited studies on the impact of IBDV infection on chicken intraepithelial lymphocyte natural killer (IEL-NK) cells. This study employed an mRNA sequencing approach to investigate the early regulation of gene expression patterns in chicken IEL-NK cells after infection with very virulent IBDV strain UPM0081. A total of 12,141 genes were expressed in uninfected chicken IEL-NK cells, and most of the genes with high expression were involved in the metabolic pathway, whereas most of the low expressed genes were involved in the cytokine-cytokine receptor pathway. A total of 1,266 genes were differentially expressed (DE) at 3 day-post-infection (dpi), and these DE genes were involved in inflammation, antiviral response and interferon stimulation. The innate immune response was activated as several genes involved in inflammation, antiviral response and recruitment of NK cells to the infected area were up-regulated. This is the first study to examine the whole transcriptome profile of chicken NK cells towards IBDV infection and provides better insight into the early immune response of chicken NK cells.
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40
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Viral pathogen-induced mechanisms to antagonize mammalian interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1423-1444. [PMID: 33084946 PMCID: PMC7576986 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral responses of interferons (IFNs) are crucial in the host immune response, playing a relevant role in controlling viralw infections. Three types of IFNs, type I (IFN-α, IFN-β), II (IFN-γ) and III (IFN-λ), are classified according to their receptor usage, mode of induction, biological activity and amino acid sequence. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of type I IFN responses and different mechanisms that viruses employ to circumvent this response. In the first part, we will give an overview of the different induction and signaling cascades induced in the cell by IFN-I after virus encounter. Next, highlights of some of the mechanisms used by viruses to counteract the IFN induction will be described. And finally, we will address different mechanism used by viruses to interference with the IFN signaling cascade and the blockade of IFN induced antiviral activities.
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41
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Bela-Ong DB, Greiner-Tollersrud L, Andreas van der Wal Y, Jensen I, Seternes OM, Jørgensen JB. Infection and microbial molecular motifs modulate transcription of the interferon-inducible gene ifit5 in a teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 111:103746. [PMID: 32445651 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are involved in antiviral defense. Members of this protein family contain distinctive multiple structural motifs comprising tetratricopeptides that are tandemly arrayed or dispersed along the polypeptide. IFIT-encoding genes are upregulated by type I interferons (IFNs) and other stimuli. IFIT proteins inhibit virus replication by binding to and regulating the functions of cellular and viral RNA and proteins. In teleost fish, knowledge about genes and functions of IFITs is currently limited. In the present work, we describe an IFIT5 orthologue in Atlantic salmon (SsaIFIT5) with characteristic tetratricopeptide repeat motifs. We show here that the gene encoding SsaIFIT5 (SsaIfit5) was ubiquitously expressed in various salmon tissues, while bacterial and viral challenge of live fish and in vitro stimulation of cells with recombinant IFNs and pathogen mimics triggered its transcription. The profound expression in response to various immune stimulation could be ascribed to the identified IFN response elements and binding sites for various immune-relevant transcription factors in the putative promoter of the SsaIfit5 gene. Our results establish SsaIfit5 as an IFN-stimulated gene in A. salmon and strongly suggest a phylogenetically conserved role of the IFIT5 protein in antimicrobial responses in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Berbulla Bela-Ong
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linn Greiner-Tollersrud
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yorick Andreas van der Wal
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway; Vaxxinova Research &Development GmBH, Münster, Germany
| | - Ingvill Jensen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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42
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Soday L, Lu Y, Albarnaz JD, Davies CTR, Antrobus R, Smith GL, Weekes MP. Quantitative Temporal Proteomic Analysis of Vaccinia Virus Infection Reveals Regulation of Histone Deacetylases by an Interferon Antagonist. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1920-1933.e7. [PMID: 31067474 PMCID: PMC6518873 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) has numerous immune evasion strategies, including multiple mechanisms of inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Here, we use highly multiplexed proteomics to quantify ∼9,000 cellular proteins and ∼80% of viral proteins at seven time points throughout VACV infection. A total of 265 cellular proteins are downregulated >2-fold by VACV, including putative natural killer cell ligands and IFN-stimulated genes. Two-thirds of these viral targets, including class II histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), are degraded proteolytically during infection. In follow-up analysis, we demonstrate that HDAC5 restricts replication of both VACV and herpes simplex virus type 1. By generating a protein-based temporal classification of VACV gene expression, we identify protein C6, a multifunctional IFN antagonist, as being necessary and sufficient for proteasomal degradation of HDAC5. Our approach thus identifies both a host antiviral factor and a viral mechanism of innate immune evasion. Temporal proteomic analysis quantifies host and viral dynamics during vaccinia infection Host protein families are proteasomally degraded over the course of vaccinia infection Vaccinia protein C6 targets HDAC5 for proteasomal degradation HDAC5 is a host antiviral factor that restricts different families of DNA viruses
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Soday
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Jonas D Albarnaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Colin T R Davies
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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Wu X, Liu K, Jia R, Pan Y, Wang M, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D, Zhao X, Wu Y, Yang Q, Zhang S, Huang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Tian B, Pan L, Yu Y, Ur Rehman M, Yin Z, Jing B, Cheng A. Duck IFIT5 differentially regulates Tembusu virus replication and inhibits virus-triggered innate immune response. Cytokine 2020; 133:155161. [PMID: 32531745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats family proteins (IFITs) play important roles in host innate immune response to viruses. Recently, studies have shown that IFIT from poultry also plays a crucial part in antiviral function. This study first reports the regulation of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) replication by IFIT5 and the effect of duck IFIT5 (duIFIT5) on the innate immune response after DTMUV infection. Firstly, duIFIT5 was obviously increased in duck embryo fibroblast cells (DEFs) infected with DTMUV. Compared to the negative control, we found that in the duIFIT5-overexpressing group, the DTMUV titer at 24 h post infection (hpi) was significantly reduced, but the viral titer was strikingly increased at 48 hpi. Moreover, overexpression of duIFIT5 could significantly inhibit IFN-β transcription and IFN-β promoter activation at indicated time points after DTMUV infection. Further, in DTMUV-infected or poly(I:C)-stimulated DEFs, overexpression of duIFIT5 also significantly inhibited the activation of NF-κB and IRF7 promoters, as well as the activation of downstream IFN induced the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter. Meanwhile, the transcription level of antiviral protein Mx, but not OASL, was obviously decreased at various time points. The opposite results were obtained by knockdown of duIFIT5 in DTMUV-infected or poly(I:C)-stimulated DEFs. Compared to the negative control, knockdown of duIFIT5 promoted DTMUV titer and DTMUV envelope (E) protein expression at 24 hpi, but DTMUV titer and E protein expression was markedly decreased at 48 hpi. Additionally, the promoters of IFN-β, NF-κB, IRF7 and ISRE were significantly activated in the duIFIT5 knockdown group. Collectively, duIFIT5 differentially regulates DTMUV replication and inhibits virus-triggered innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Wu
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Yuhong Pan
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Centre of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
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44
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Idso JM, Lao S, Schloemer NJ, Knipstein J, Burns R, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Entinostat augments NK cell functions via epigenetic upregulation of IFIT1-STING-STAT4 pathway. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1799-1815. [PMID: 32499867 PMCID: PMC7244011 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are an emerging cancer therapy; however, their effect on natural killer (NK) cell-mediated anti-tumor responses remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the impact of a benzamide HDACi, entinostat, on human primary NK cells as well as tumor cell lines. Entinostat significantly upregulated the expression of NKG2D, an essential NK cell activating receptor. Independently, entinostat augmented the expression of ULBP1, HLA, and MICA/B on both rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Additionally, entinostat increased both cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production in human NK cells following coculture with these tumor cells. Mechanistically, entinostat treatment resulted in increased chromatin accessibility to the promoter region for interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) gene and thereby increasing the transcript and protein levels of IFIT1 that augmented the IFIT1-mediated IRF1, STAT4, and STING pathways. Corresponding transcriptome analysis revealed enrichment of IRF1 and STAT4 and gene sets responsible for NK cell-mediated IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity, respectively. Our results show a novel mechanism by which entinostat initiates an IFIT1-STING-mediated potentiation of STAT4 via IRF1 to augment NK cell-mediated anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Idso
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shunhua Lao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nathan J Schloemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey Knipstein
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Bioinformatics Core, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Co-senior authors
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Divson of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Co-senior authors
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45
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Ashley CL, Abendroth A, McSharry BP, Slobedman B. Interferon-Independent Innate Responses to Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2751. [PMID: 31921100 PMCID: PMC6917592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of interferons (IFNs) in mediating the innate immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is well established. However, in recent years the functional importance of the IFN-independent antiviral response has become clearer. IFN-independent, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) regulation in the context of CMV infection was first documented 20 years ago. Since then several IFN-independent, IRF3-dependent ISGs have been characterized and found to be among the most influential in the innate response to CMV. These include virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated IFN-inducible (viperin), ISG15, members of the interferon inducible protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) family, interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins and myxovirus resistance proteins A and B (MxA, MxB). IRF3-independent, IFN-independent activation of canonically IFN-dependent signaling pathways has also been documented, such as IFN-independent biphasic activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) during infection of monocytes, differential roles of mitochondrial and peroxisomal mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), and the ability of human CMV (HCMV) immediate early protein 1 (IE1) protein to reroute IL-6 signaling and activation of STAT1 and its associated ISGs. This review examines the role of identified IFN-independent ISGs in the antiviral response to CMV and describes pathways of IFN-independent innate immune response induction by CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Ashley
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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46
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Lundberg R, Melén K, Westenius V, Jiang M, Österlund P, Khan H, Vapalahti O, Julkunen I, Kakkola L. Zika Virus Non-Structural Protein NS5 Inhibits the RIG-I Pathway and Interferon Lambda 1 Promoter Activation by Targeting IKK Epsilon. Viruses 2019; 11:E1024. [PMID: 31690057 PMCID: PMC6893776 DOI: 10.3390/v11111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and an important human pathogen. Most pathogenic viruses encode proteins that interfere with the activation of host innate immune responses. Like other flaviviruses, ZIKV interferes with the expression of interferon (IFN) genes and inhibits IFN-induced antiviral responses. ZIKV infects through epithelial barriers where IFN-λ1 is an important antiviral molecule. In this study, we analyzed the effects of ZIKV proteins on the activation of IFN-λ1 promoter. All ZIKV proteins were cloned and transiently expressed. ZIKV NS5, but no other ZIKV protein, was able to interfere with the RIG-I signaling pathway. This inhibition took place upstream of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) resulting in reduced phosphorylation of IRF3 and reduced activation of IFN-λ1 promoter. Furthermore, we showed that ZIKV NS5 interacts with the protein kinase IKKε, which is likely critical to the observed inhibition of phosphorylation of IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Lundberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Krister Melén
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Veera Westenius
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Miao Jiang
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hira Khan
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
- Turku University Central Hospital, Clinical microbiology, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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47
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Barik S. In silico structure analysis of alphaviral RNA genomes shows diversity in the evasion of IFIT1-mediated innate immunity. J Biosci 2019; 44:79. [PMID: 31502557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The IFIT (interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats) family constitutes a major arm of the antiviral function of type I interferon (IFN). Human IFIT1, the earliest discovered member of this family, inhibits several viruses of positivestrand RNA genome. IFIT1 specifically recognizes single-stranded RNAwith canonical 7-methylguanylate cap at the 50 end (Cap0), and inhibits their translation by competing with eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E), an essential factor for 50Cap recognition. Recently, a novel viral mechanism of IFIT1 suppression was reported, in which an RNA hairpin in the 50 untranslated region (50UTR) of the viral genome prevented recognition by IFIT1 and enhanced virus growth. Here, I have analyzed the in silico predicted structures in the 50UTR of the genomes of the Alphaviruses, a large group of enveloped RNA virus with positive-sense single-stranded genome. The results uncovered a large ensemble of RNA secondary structures of diverse size and shape in the different viruses, which showed little correspondence to the phylogeny of the viruses. Unexpectedly, the 50UTR of several viral genomes in this family did not fold into any structure, suggesting either their extreme sensitivity to IFIT1 or the existence of alternative viral mechanisms of subverting IFIT1 function.
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48
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In silico structure analysis of alphaviral RNA genomes shows diversity in the evasion of IFIT1-mediated innate immunity. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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49
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Reisländer T, Lombardi EP, Groelly FJ, Miar A, Porru M, Di Vito S, Wright B, Lockstone H, Biroccio A, Harris A, Londoño-Vallejo A, Tarsounas M. BRCA2 abrogation triggers innate immune responses potentiated by treatment with PARP inhibitors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3143. [PMID: 31316060 PMCID: PMC6637138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous germline mutations in BRCA2 predispose to breast and ovarian cancer. Contrary to non-cancerous cells, where BRCA2 deletion causes cell cycle arrest or cell death, tumors carrying BRCA2 inactivation continue to proliferate. Here we set out to investigate adaptation to loss of BRCA2 focusing on genome-wide transcriptome alterations. Human cells in which BRCA2 expression is inhibited for 4 or 28 days are subjected to RNA-seq analyses revealing a biphasic response to BRCA2 abrogation. The early, acute response consists of downregulation of genes involved in cell cycle progression, DNA replication and repair and is associated with cell cycle arrest in G1. Surprisingly, the late, chronic response consists predominantly of upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Activation of the cGAS-STING-STAT pathway detected in these cells further substantiates the concept that BRCA2 abrogation triggers cell-intrinsic immune signaling. Importantly, we find that treatment with PARP inhibitors stimulates the interferon response in cells and tumors lacking BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Reisländer
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Emilia Puig Lombardi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3244, F-75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3244, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Florian J Groelly
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ana Miar
- Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Manuela Porru
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vito
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics Core, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen Lockstone
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics Core, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Adrian Harris
- Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Arturo Londoño-Vallejo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3244, F-75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3244, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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50
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Abstract
In the absence of an intact interferon (IFN) response, mammals may be susceptible to lethal viral infection. IFNs are secreted cytokines that activate a signal transduction cascade leading to the induction of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Remarkably, approximately 10% of the genes in the human genome have the potential to be regulated by IFNs. What do all of these genes do? It is a complex question without a simple answer. From decades of research, we know that many of the protein products encoded by these ISGs work alone or in concert to achieve one or more cellular outcomes, including antiviral defense, antiproliferative activities, and stimulation of adaptive immunity. The focus of this review is the antiviral activities of the IFN/ISG system. This includes general paradigms of ISG function, supported by specific examples in the literature, as well as methodologies to identify and characterize ISG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
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