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Ma Y, Yang X, Ning K, Guo H. M1/M2 macrophage-targeted nanotechnology and PROTAC for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Life Sci 2024; 352:122811. [PMID: 38862062 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages play key roles in atherosclerosis progression, and an imbalance in M1/M2 macrophages leads to unstable plaques; therefore, M1/M2 macrophage polarization-targeted treatments may serve as a new approach in the treatment of atherosclerosis. At present, there is little research on M1/M2 macrophage polarization-targeted nanotechnology. Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, a targeted protein degradation technology, mediates the degradation of target proteins and has been widely promoted in preclinical and clinical applications as a novel therapeutic modality. This review summarizes the recent studies on M1/M2 macrophage polarization-targeted nanotechnology, focusing on the mechanism and advantages of PROTACs in M1/M2 macrophage polarization as a new approach for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Ma
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ke Ning
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Haidong Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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2
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Snijckers RPM, Foks AC. Adaptive immunity and atherosclerosis: aging at its crossroads. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1350471. [PMID: 38686373 PMCID: PMC11056569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity plays a profound role in atherosclerosis pathogenesis by regulating antigen-specific responses, inflammatory signaling and antibody production. However, as we age, our immune system undergoes a gradual functional decline, a phenomenon termed "immunosenescence". This decline is characterized by a reduction in proliferative naïve B- and T cells, decreased B- and T cell receptor repertoire and a pro-inflammatory senescence associated secretory profile. Furthermore, aging affects germinal center responses and deteriorates secondary lymphoid organ function and structure, leading to impaired T-B cell dynamics and increased autoantibody production. In this review, we will dissect the impact of aging on adaptive immunity and the role played by age-associated B- and T cells in atherosclerosis pathogenesis, emphasizing the need for interventions that target age-related immune dysfunction to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda C. Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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3
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Rentz T, Dorighello GG, dos Santos RR, Barreto LM, Freitas IN, Lazaro CM, Razolli DS, Cazita PM, Oliveira HCF. CETP Expression in Bone-Marrow-Derived Cells Reduces the Inflammatory Features of Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1556. [PMID: 37892238 PMCID: PMC10605246 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CETP activity reduces plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations, a correlate of an increased risk of atherosclerotic events. However, our recent findings suggest that CETP expression in macrophages promotes an intracellular antioxidant state, reduces free cholesterol accumulation and phagocytosis, and attenuates pro-inflammatory gene expression. To determine whether CETP expression in macrophages affects atherosclerosis development, we transplanted bone marrow from transgenic mice expressing simian CETP or non-expressing littermates into hypercholesterolemic LDL-receptor-deficient mice. The CETP expression did not change the lipid-stained lesion areas but decreased the macrophage content (CD68), neutrophil accumulation (LY6G), and TNF-α aorta content of young male transplanted mice and decreased LY6G, TNF-α, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in aged female transplanted mice. These findings suggest that CETP expression in bone-marrow-derived cells reduces the inflammatory features of atherosclerosis. These novel mechanistic observations may help to explain the failure of CETP inhibitors in reducing atherosclerotic events in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Rentz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Gabriel G. Dorighello
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Renata R. dos Santos
- Division of Radiotherapy, Medical School Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil;
| | - Lohanna M. Barreto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Israelle N. Freitas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Carolina M. Lazaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Daniela S. Razolli
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-864, SP, Brazil;
| | - Patricia M. Cazita
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Helena C. F. Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-864, SP, Brazil;
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4
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Li M, Zhang Z, Li M, Chen Z, Tang W, Cheng X. NR4A1 as a potential therapeutic target in colon adenocarcinoma: a computational analysis of immune infiltration and drug response. Front Genet 2023; 14:1181320. [PMID: 37564873 PMCID: PMC10410285 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1181320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a common malignancy with high morbidity and mortality rates. The immune system plays a crucial role in CRC development and progression, making it a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we analyzed transcriptomic data from CRC patients to investigate immune infiltration and identify potential therapeutic targets. Method and results: we used CIBERSORT to analyze the immune infiltration in COAD samples and found that the high infiltration of M2 macrophages and neutrophils was associated with poor prognosis. Next, we identified NR4A1 as a potential therapeutic target based on its protective effect in two predict models. Using cancer therapeutics response analysis, we found that high expression levels of NR4A1 were sensitive to OSI-930, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-tumor effects. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that targeting NR4A1 with OSI-930 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for COAD patients with high levels of immune infiltration. However, further studies are needed to investigate the clinical efficacy of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, Yiling Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | | | - Xiang Cheng
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yan C, Ma X, Lam SM, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Dong Y, Su L, Shui G, Feng Y. Exendin-4 attenuates atherosclerosis progression via controlling hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell proliferation. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad014. [PMID: 36866528 PMCID: PMC10478625 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond glycemic control, applications of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1r) agonists (GLP-1 RAs) inhibit inflammation and plaque development in murine atherosclerotic models. However, whether they modulate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) to prohibit skewed myelopoiesis in hypercholesteremia remains unknown. In this study, GLP-1r expression in fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-sorted wild-type HSPCs was determined by capillary western blotting. Bone marrow cells (BMCs) of wild-type or GLP-1r-/- mice were transplanted into lethally irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLr-/-) recipients followed by high-fat diet (HFD) for chimerism analysis by FACS. In parallel, LDLr-/- mice were placed on HFD for 6 weeks and then treated with saline or Exendin-4 (Ex-4) for another 6 weeks. HSPC frequency and cell cycle were analyzed by FACS, and intracellular metabolite levels were assessed by targeted metabolomics. The results demonstrated that HSPCs expressed GLP-1r and transplantation of GLP-1r-/- BMCs resulted in skewed myelopoiesis in hypercholesterolemic LDLr-/- recipients. In vitro, Ex-4 treatment of FACS-purified HSPCs suppressed cell expansion and granulocyte production induced by LDL. In vivo, Ex-4 treatment inhibited plaque progression, suppressed HSPC proliferation, and modified glycolytic and lipid metabolism in HSPCs of hypercholesteremic LDLr-/- mice. In conclusion, Ex-4 could directly inhibit HSPC proliferation induced by hypercholesteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Yan
- Department of Science and Development, Beijing Youan hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuejie Zhang
- Department of Science and Development, Beijing Youan hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Science and Development, Beijing Youan hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Science and Development, Beijing Youan hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Su
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingmei Feng
- Department of Science and Development, Beijing Youan hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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6
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Kong L, Liang C, Li P, Zhang Y, Feng S, Zhang D, Yao R, Yang L, Hao Z, Zhang H, Tian X, Guo C, Du B, Dong J, Zhang Y. Myotubularin‐Related Protein14 Prevents Neointima Formation and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting Polo‐Like Kinase1. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026174. [DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background
Restenosis is one of the main bottlenecks in restricting the further development of cardiovascular interventional therapy. New signaling molecules involved in the progress have continuously been discovered; however, the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. MTMR14 (myotubularin‐related protein 14) is a novel phosphoinositide phosphatase that has a variety of biological functions and is involved in diverse biological processes. However, the role of MTMR14 in vascular biology remains unclear. Herein, we addressed the role of MTMR14 in neointima formation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation after vessel injury.
Methods and Results
Vessel injury models were established using SMC‐specific conditional MTMR14‐knockout and ‐transgenic mice. Neointima formation was assessed by histopathological methods, and VSMC proliferation and migration were assessed using fluorescence ubiquitination‐based cell cycle indicator, transwell, and scratch wound assay. Neointima formation and the expression of MTMR14 was increased after injury. MTMR14 deficiency accelerated neointima formation and promoted VSMC proliferation after injury, whereas MTMR14 overexpression remarkably attenuated this process. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that MTMR14 suppressed the activation of PLK1 (polo‐like kinase 1) by interacting with it, which further leads to the inhibition of the activation of MEK/ERK/AKT (mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase/protein kinase B), thereby inhibiting the proliferation of VSMC from the medial to the intima and thus preventing neointima formation.
Conclusions
MTMR14 prevents neointima formation and VSMC proliferation by inhibiting PLK1. Our findings reveal that MTMR14 serves as an inhibitor of VSMC proliferation and establish a link between MTMR14 and PLK1 in regulating VSMC proliferation. MTMR14 may become a novel potential therapeutic target in the treatment of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling‐Yao Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Cui Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Peng‐Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Yi‐Wei Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine Southern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Sheng‐Dong Feng
- Department of Cardiology The 7th People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou Zhengzhou China
| | - Dian‐Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Rui Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Lu‐Lu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Zheng‐Yang Hao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Union Hospital Wuhan China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Union Hospital Wuhan China
| | - Xiao‐Xu Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Chen‐Ran Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Bin‐Bin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Jian‐Zeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- Department of Cardiology Beijing Anzhen Hospital Capital Medical University National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases Beijing China
| | - Yan‐Zhou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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7
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Gerasimova EV, Popkova TV, Gerasimova DA, Kirichenko TV. Macrophage Dysfunction in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094513. [PMID: 35562903 PMCID: PMC9102949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the problems of modern medical science is cardiovascular pathology caused by atherosclerotic vascular lesions in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). The similarity between the mechanisms of the immunopathogenesis of ARD and chronic low-grade inflammation in atherosclerosis draws attention. According to modern concepts, chronic inflammation associated with uncontrolled activation of both innate and acquired immunity plays a fundamental role in all stages of ARDs and atherosclerotic processes. Macrophage monocytes play an important role among the numerous immune cells and mediators involved in the immunopathogenesis of both ARDs and atherosclerosis. An imbalance between M1-like and M2-like macrophages is considered one of the causes of ARDs. The study of a key pathogenetic factor in the development of autoimmune and atherosclerotic inflammation-activated monocyte/macrophages will deepen the knowledge of chronic inflammation pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Gerasimova
- Department of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases, V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Kashirskoe Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.G.); (T.V.P.)
| | - Tatiana V. Popkova
- Department of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases, V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Kashirskoe Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.G.); (T.V.P.)
| | - Daria A. Gerasimova
- Chair of Organization and Economy of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, A.P. Nelyubina, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 96k1 Ave. Vernadsky, 119526 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana V. Kirichenko
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15-a Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute for Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa St., 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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8
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M1 Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Angiogenesis and Myocardial Regeneration Following Myocardial Infarction via the MALAT1/MicroRNA-25-3p/CDC42 Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9959746. [PMID: 34745428 PMCID: PMC8570847 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9959746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a severe cardiovascular disease. Some M1 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the inhibition of angiogenesis and acceleration dysfunction during MI. However, the potential mechanism of M1 phenotype bone marrow-derived macrophages- (BMMs-) EVs (M1-BMMs-EVs) in MI is largely unknown. This study sought to investigate whether M1-BMMs-EVs increased CDC42 expression and activated the MEK/ERK pathway by carrying lncRNA MALAT1 and competitively binding to miR-25-3p, thus inhibiting angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration after MI. After EV treatment, the cardiac function, infarct size, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and myocardial regeneration of MI mice and the viability, proliferation and angiogenesis of oxygen-glucose deprivation- (OGD-) treated myocardial microvascular endothelial cells (MMECs) were assessed. MALAT1 expression in MI mice, cells, and EVs was detected. MALAT1 downstream microRNAs (miRs), genes, and pathways were predicted and verified. MALAT1 and miR-25-3p were intervened to evaluate EV effects on OGD-treated cells. In MI mice, EV treatment aggravated MI and inhibited angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration. In OGD-treated cells, EV treatment suppressed cell viability, proliferation, and angiogenesis. MALAT1 was highly expressed in MI mice, OGD-treated MMECs, M1-BMMs, and EVs. Silencing MALAT1 weakened the inhibition of EV treatment on OGD-treated cells. MALAT1 sponged miR-25-3p to upregulate CDC42. miR-25-3p overexpression promoted OGD-treated cell viability, proliferation, and angiogenesis. The MEK/ERK pathway was activated after EV treatment. Collectively, M1-BMMs-EVs inhibited angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration following MI via the MALAT1/miR-25-3p/CDC42 axis and the MEK/ERK pathway activation.
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9
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Igel E, Haller A, Wolfkiel PR, Orr-Asman M, Jaeschke A, Hui DY. Distinct pro-inflammatory properties of myeloid cell-derived apolipoprotein E2 and E4 in atherosclerosis promotion. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101106. [PMID: 34425108 PMCID: PMC8437825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene are risk factors for chronic inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis. The gene product apoE is synthesized in many cell types and has both lipid transport–dependent and lipid transport–independent functions. Previous studies have shown that apoE expression in myeloid cells protects against atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic ApoE−/− mice. However, the mechanism of this protection is still unclear. Using human APOE gene replacement mice as models, this study showed that apoE2 and apoE4 expressed endogenously in myeloid cells enhanced the inflammatory response via mechanisms independent of plasma lipoprotein transport. The data revealed that apoE2-expressing myeloid cells contained higher intracellular cholesterol levels because of impaired efflux, causing increasing inflammasome activation and myelopoiesis. In contrast, intracellular cholesterol levels were not elevated in apoE4-expressing myeloid cells, and its proinflammatory property was found to be independent of inflammasome signaling and related to enhanced oxidative stress. When ApoE−/− mice were reconstituted with bone marrow from various human APOE gene replacement mice, effective reduction of atherosclerosis was observed with marrow cells obtained from APOE3 but not APOE2 and APOE4 gene replacement mice. Taken together, these results documented that apoE2 and apoE4 expression in myeloid cells promotes inflammation via distinct mechanisms and promotes atherosclerosis in a plasma lipoprotein transport–independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Igel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - April Haller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick R Wolfkiel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa Orr-Asman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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10
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Bonacina F, Pirillo A, Catapano AL, Norata GD. HDL in Immune-Inflammatory Responses: Implications beyond Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051061. [PMID: 33947039 PMCID: PMC8146776 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) are heterogeneous particles composed by a vast array of proteins and lipids, mostly recognized for their cardiovascular (CV) protective effects. However, evidences from basic to clinical research have contributed to depict a role of HDL in the modulation of immune-inflammatory response thus paving the road to investigate their involvement in other diseases beyond those related to the CV system. HDL-C levels and HDL composition are indeed altered in patients with autoimmune diseases and usually associated to disease severity. At molecular levels, HDL have been shown to modulate the anti-inflammatory potential of endothelial cells and, by controlling the amount of cellular cholesterol, to interfere with the signaling through plasma membrane lipid rafts in immune cells. These findings, coupled to observations acquired from subjects carrying mutations in genes related to HDL system, have helped to elucidate the contribution of HDL beyond cholesterol efflux thus posing HDL-based therapies as a compelling interventional approach to limit the inflammatory burden of immune-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, 20092 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico L. Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (G.D.N.)
| | - Giuseppe D. Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, 20092 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (G.D.N.)
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11
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Martín-Sanz P, Castrillo A, Boscá L. Contribution of Extramedullary Hematopoiesis to Atherosclerosis. The Spleen as a Neglected Hub of Inflammatory Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586527. [PMID: 33193412 PMCID: PMC7649205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) incidence is becoming higher. This fact is promoted by metabolic disorders such as obesity, and aging. Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of most of these pathologies. It is a chronic inflammatory disease that begins with the progressive accumulation of lipids and fibrotic materials in the blood-vessel wall, which leads to massive leukocyte recruitment. Rupture of the fibrous cap of the atherogenic cusps is responsible for tissue ischemic events, among them myocardial infarction. Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), or blood cell production outside the bone marrow (BM), occurs when the normal production of these cells is impaired (chronic hematological and genetic disorders, leukemia, etc.) or is altered by metabolic disorders, such as hypercholesterolemia, or after myocardial infarction. Recent studies indicate that the main EMH tissues (spleen, liver, adipose and lymph nodes) complement the hematopoietic function of the BM, producing circulating inflammatory cells that infiltrate into the atheroma. Indeed, the spleen, which is a secondary lymphopoietic organ with high metabolic activity, contains a reservoir of myeloid progenitors and monocytes, constituting an important source of inflammatory cells to the atherosclerotic lesion. Furthermore, the spleen also plays an important role in lipid homeostasis and immune-cell selection. Interestingly, clinical evidence from splenectomized subjects shows that they are more susceptible to developing pathologies, such as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis due to the loss of immune selection. Although CVDs represent the leading cause of death worldwide, the mechanisms involving the spleen-atherosclerosis-heart axis cross-talk remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina, (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM) and Universidad de Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina, (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM) and Universidad de Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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12
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Kramer F, Martinson AM, Papayannopoulou T, Kanter JE. Myocardial Infarction Does Not Accelerate Atherosclerosis in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:2133-2143. [PMID: 32694213 PMCID: PMC7506833 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to increasing the risk of an initial myocardial infarction (MI), diabetes increases the risk of a recurrent MI. Previous work suggests that an experimental MI can accelerate atherosclerosis via monocytosis. To test whether diabetes and experimental MI synergize to accelerate atherosclerosis, we performed ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce experimental MI or sham surgery in nondiabetic and diabetic mice with preexisting atherosclerosis. All mice subjected to experimental MI had significantly reduced left ventricular function. In our model, in comparisons with nondiabetic sham mice, neither diabetes nor MI resulted in monocytosis. Neither diabetes nor MI led to increased atherosclerotic lesion size, but diabetes accelerated lesion progression, exemplified by necrotic core expansion. The necrotic core expansion was dependent on monocyte recruitment, as mice with myeloid cells deficient in the adhesion molecule integrin α4 were protected from necrotic core expansion. In summary, diabetes, but not MI, accelerates lesion progression, suggesting that the increased risk of recurrent MI in diabetes is due to a higher lesional burden and/or elevated risk factors rather than the acceleration of the underlying pathology from a previous MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Kramer
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Amy M Martinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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13
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Morgan PK, Fang L, Lancaster GI, Murphy AJ. Hematopoiesis is regulated by cholesterol efflux pathways and lipid rafts: connections with cardiovascular diseases. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:667-675. [PMID: 31471447 PMCID: PMC7193969 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are highly ordered regions of the plasma membrane that are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids and play important roles in many cells. In hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), lipid rafts house receptors critical for normal hematopoiesis. Lipid rafts also can bind and sequester kinases that induce negative feedback pathways to limit proliferative cytokine receptor cycling back to the cell membrane. Modulation of lipid rafts occurs through an array of mechanisms, with optimal cholesterol efflux one of the major regulators. As such, cholesterol homeostasis also regulates hematopoiesis. Increased lipid raft content, which occurs in response to changes in cholesterol efflux in the membrane, can result in prolonged receptor occupancy in the cell membrane and enhanced signaling. In addition, certain diseases, like diabetes, may contribute to lipid raft formation and affect cholesterol retention in rafts. In this review, we explore the role of lipid raft-related mechanisms in hematopoiesis and CVD (specifically, atherosclerosis) and discuss how defective cholesterol efflux pathways in HSPCs contribute to expansion of lipid rafts, thereby promoting myelopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. We also discuss the utility of cholesterol acceptors in contributing to lipid raft regulation and disruption, and highlight the potential to manipulate these pathways for therapeutic gain in CVD as well as other disorders with aberrant hematopoiesis.jlr;61/5/667/F1F1f1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooranee K Morgan
- Division of Immunometabolism,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Life Sciences,La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Longhou Fang
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration,Houston Methodist, Houston, TX
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Division of Immunometabolism,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Life Sciences,La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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14
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Al-Sharea A, Lee MKS, Purton LE, Hawkins ED, Murphy AJ. The haematopoietic stem cell niche: a new player in cardiovascular disease? Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:277-291. [PMID: 30590405 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoiesis, the process of blood production, can be altered during the initiation or progression of many diseases. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been shown to be heavily influenced by changes to the haematopoietic system, including the types and abundance of immune cells produced. It is now well established that innate immune cells are increased in people with CVD, and the mechanisms contributing to this can be vastly different depending on the risk factors or comorbidities present. Many of these changes begin at the level of the haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that reside in the bone marrow (BM). In general, the HSPCs and downstream myeloid progenitors are expanded via increased proliferation in the setting of atherosclerotic CVD. However, HSPCs can also be encouraged to leave the BM and colonise extramedullary sites (i.e. the spleen). Within the BM, HSPCs reside in specialized microenvironments, often referred to as a niche. To date in depth studies assessing the damage or dysregulation that occurs in the BM niche in varying CVDs are scarce. In this review, we provide a general overview of the complex components and interactions within the BM niche and how they influence the function of HSPCs. Additionally, we discuss the main findings regarding changes in the HSPC niche that influence the progression of CVD. We hypothesize that understanding the influence of the BM niche in CVD will aid in delineating new pathways for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annas Al-Sharea
- Division of Immunometabolism, Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Man Kit Sam Lee
- Division of Immunometabolism, Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Kanter JE, Hsu CC, Bornfeldt KE. Monocytes and Macrophages as Protagonists in Vascular Complications of Diabetes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 32118048 PMCID: PMC7033616 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, vascular complications of diabetes are also on the rise. Diabetes results in an increased risk of macrovascular complications, with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) being the leading cause of death in adults with diabetes. The exact mechanisms for how diabetes promotes CVD risk are still unclear, although it is evident that monocytes and macrophages are key players in all stages of atherosclerosis both in the absence and presence of diabetes, and that phenotypes of these cells are altered by the diabetic environment. Evidence suggests that at least five pro-atherogenic mechanisms involving monocytes and macrophages contribute to the accelerated atherosclerotic lesion progression and hampered lesion regression associated with diabetes. These changes include (1) increased monocyte recruitment to lesions; (2) increased inflammatory activation; (3) altered macrophage lipid accumulation and metabolism; (4) increased macrophage cell death; and (5) reduced efferocytosis. Monocyte and macrophage phenotypes and mechanisms have been revealed mostly by different animal models of diabetes. The roles of specific changes in monocytes and macrophages in humans with diabetes remain largely unknown. There is an ongoing debate on whether the changes in monocytes and macrophages are caused by altered glucose levels, insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, lipid abnormalities, or combinations of these factors. Current research in humans and mouse models suggests that reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants is one important mechanism whereby diabetes adversely affects macrophages and promotes atherosclerosis and CVD risk. Although monocytes and macrophages readily respond to the diabetic environment and can be seen as protagonists in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis, they are likely not instigators of the increased CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Kanter
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cheng-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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16
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Yan Y, Song D, Wu J, Wang J. Long Non-Coding RNAs Link Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein With the Inflammatory Response of Macrophages in Atherogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:24. [PMID: 32082313 PMCID: PMC7003668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized as a chronic inflammatory response to cholesterol deposition in arteries. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), especially the oxidized form (ox-LDL), plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis by inducing endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, attracting monocyte-derived macrophages, and promoting chronic inflammation. However, the mechanisms linking cholesterol accumulation with inflammation in macrophage foam cells are poorly understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of non-protein-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides and are found to regulate the progress of atherosclerosis. Recently, many lncRNAs interfering with cholesterol deposition or inflammation were identified, which might help elucidate their underlying molecular mechanism or be used as novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize and highlight the role of lncRNAs linking cholesterol (mainly ox-LDL) accumulation with inflammation in macrophages during the process of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junnan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Pardali E, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM, Rieger MA. Clonal hematopoiesis, aging, and cardiovascular diseases. Exp Hematol 2019; 83:95-104. [PMID: 31891750 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Many studies have provided evidence that both genetic and environmental factors induce atherosclerosis, leading thus to cardiovascular complications. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and aging is strongly associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Recent experimental evidence suggests that clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiac dysfunction and exacerbates cardiovascular diseases. CH is caused by somatic mutations in recurrent genes in hematopoietic stem cells, leading to the clonal expansion of mutated blood cell clones. Many of the mutated genes are known in the context of myeloid neoplasms. However, only some individuals carrying CH mutations develop hematologic abnormalities. CH is clearly age dependent and is not rare: at least 10%-20% of people >70 years old carry CH. The newly discovered association between myeloid leukemia-driver mutations and the progression of CVDs has raised medical interest. In this review, we summarize the current view on the contribution of CH in different cardiovascular diseases, CVD risk assessment, patient stratification, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Pardali
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany.
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18
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Sirtori CR, Ruscica M, Calabresi L, Chiesa G, Giovannoni R, Badimon JJ. HDL therapy today: from atherosclerosis, to stent compatibility to heart failure. Ann Med 2019; 51:345-359. [PMID: 31729238 PMCID: PMC7877888 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2019.1694695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologically, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels have been inversely associated to cardiovascular (CV) events, although a Mendelian Randomisation Study had failed to establish a clear causal role. Numerous atheroprotective mechanisms have been attributed to HDL, the main being the ability to promote cholesterol efflux from arterial walls; anti-inflammatory effects related to HDL ligands such as S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate), resolvins and others have been recently identified. Experimental studies and early clinical investigations have indicated the potential of HDL to slow progression or induce regression of atherosclerosis. More recently, the availability of different HDL formulations, with different phospholipid moieties, has allowed to test other indications for HDL therapy. Positive reports have come from studies on coronary stent biocompatibility, where the use of HDL from different sources reduced arterial cell proliferation and thrombogenicity. The observation that low HDL-C levels may be associated with an enhanced risk of heart failure (HF) has also suggested that HDL therapy may be applied to this condition. HDL infusions or apoA-I gene transfer were able to reverse heart abnormalities, reduce diastolic resistance and improve cardiac metabolism. HDL therapy may be effective not only in atherosclerosis, but also in other conditions, of relevant impact on human health.Key messagesHigh-density lipoproteins have as a major activity that of removing excess cholesterol from tissues (particularly arteries).Knowledge on the activity of high-density lipoproteins on health have however significantly widened.HDL-therapy may help to improve stent biocompatibility and to reduce peripheral arterial resistance in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Sirtori
- Dyslipidemia Center, A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - M Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L Calabresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - R Giovannoni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - J J Badimon
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Schultze JL, Mass E, Schlitzer A. Emerging Principles in Myelopoiesis at Homeostasis and during Infection and Inflammation. Immunity 2019; 50:288-301. [PMID: 30784577 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelopoiesis ensures the steady state of the myeloid cell compartment. Technological advances in fate mapping and genetic engineering, as well as the advent of single cell RNA-sequencing, have highlighted the heterogeneity of the hematopoietic system and revealed new concepts in myeloid cell ontogeny. These technologies are also shedding light on mechanisms of myelopoiesis at homeostasis and at different phases of infection and inflammation, illustrating important feedback loops between affected tissues and the bone marrow. We review these findings here and revisit principles in myelopoiesis in light of the evolving understanding of myeloid cell ontogeny and heterogeneity. We argue for the importance of system-wide evaluation of changes in myelopoiesis and discuss how even after the resolution of inflammation, long-lasting alterations in myelopoiesis may play a role in innate immune memory or trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim L Schultze
- Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, 53175 Bonn, Germany; Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Innate Immune System, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Myeloid Cell Biology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Choi B, Shin MK, Kim EY, Park JE, Lee H, Kim SW, Song JK, Chang EJ. Elevated Neuropeptide Y in Endothelial Dysfunction Promotes Macrophage Infiltration and Smooth Muscle Foam Cell Formation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1701. [PMID: 31379881 PMCID: PMC6657015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction has been linked to vascular inflammation and foam cell formation but the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. We sought to define the factors inducing inflammation and smooth muscle foam cell formation under endothelial dysfunction using endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-deficient mice. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from eNOS-deficient mice displayed increased expression of macrophage-related genes and elevated lipid uptake. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was upregulated in the aorta from the eNOS-deficient mice and promoted macrophage chemotaxis toward VSMCs while enhancing the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-3. Notably, NPY induced lipid uptake in VSMCs, facilitating smooth muscle foam cell formation, in association with enhanced expression of genes related to modified low-density lipoprotein uptake and macrophages. NPY was augmented by inflammatory pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in VSMCs. PTX3 enhanced macrophage migratory capacity through the NPY/neuropeptide Y receptor axis and this effect was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition with a receptor-specific antagonist. These observations suggest that endothelial dysfunction leads to the elevation of NPY that amplifies vascular inflammation by increasing inflammatory cell chemotaxis and triggers smooth muscle foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Halim Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Song
- Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, Research Institute for Valvular Heart Disease University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Neupane R, Jin X, Sasaki T, Li X, Murohara T, Cheng XW. Immune Disorder in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease - Clinical Implications of Using Circulating T-Cell Subsets as Biomarkers. Circ J 2019; 83:1431-1438. [PMID: 31092769 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is an inflammatory phenomenon that leads to structural abnormality in the vascular lumen due to the formation of atheroma by the deposition of lipid particles and inflammatory cytokines. There is a close interaction between innate immune cells (neutrophils, monocyte, macrophages, dendritic cells) and adaptive immune cells (T and B lymphocytes) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. According to novel insights into the role of adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis, the activation of CD4+T cells in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein-antigen initiates the formation and facilitates the propagation of atheroma, whereas CD8+T cells cause the rupture of a developed atheroma by their cytotoxic nature. Peripheral CD4+and CD8+T-cell counts were altered in patients with other cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, on evaluation of the feasibility of immune cells as a diagnostic tool, the blood CD4+(helper), CD8+(cytotoxic), and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+(regulatory) T cells and the ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells hold promise as biomarkers of coronary artery disease and their subtypes. T cells also could be a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this review was therefore to summarize the available information regarding immune disorders in ACVD with a special focus on the clinical implications of circulating T-cell subsets as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Neupane
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Xiongjie Jin
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital.,Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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22
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Yoshida K, French B, Yoshida N, Hida A, Ohishi W, Kusunoki Y. Radiation exposure and longitudinal changes in peripheral monocytes over 50 years: the Adult Health Study of atomic‐bomb survivors. Br J Haematol 2019; 185:107-115. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biosciences Radiation Effects Research FoundationHiroshima Japan
| | - Benjamin French
- Department of Statistics Radiation Effects Research FoundationHiroshima Japan
| | - Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Pathology Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume Fukuoka
| | - Ayumi Hida
- Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation Nagasaki Japan
| | - Waka Ohishi
- Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kusunoki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences Radiation Effects Research FoundationHiroshima Japan
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23
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Disordered haematopoiesis and cardiovascular disease: a focus on myelopoiesis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1889-1899. [PMID: 30185612 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD) are primarily caused by atherosclerotic vascular disease. Atherogenesis is mainly driven by recruitment of leucocytes to the arterial wall, where macrophages contribute to both lipid retention as well as the inflammatory milieu within the vessel wall. Consequently, diseases which present with an enhanced abundance of circulating leucocytes, particularly monocytes, have also been documented to accelerate CVD. A host of metabolic and inflammatory diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hypercholesteraemia, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have been shown to alter myelopoiesis to exacerbate atherosclerosis. Genetic evidence has emerged in humans with the discovery of clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), resulting in a disordered haematopoietic system linked to accelerated atherogenesis. CHIP, caused by somatic mutations in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), consequently provide a proliferative advantage over native HSPCs and, in the case of Tet2 loss of function mutation, gives rise to inflammatory plaque macrophages (i.e. enhanced interleukin (IL)-1β production). Together with the recent findings of the CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study) trial that revealed blocking IL-1β using Canakinumab reduced CV events, these studies collectively have highlighted a pivotal role of IL-1β signalling in a population of people with atherosclerotic CVD. This review will explore how haematopoiesis is altered by risk-factors and inflammatory disorders that promote CVD. Further, we will discuss some of the recent genetic evidence of disordered haematopoiesis in relation to CVD though the association with CHIP and suggest that future studies should explore what initiates HSPC mutations, as well as how current anti-inflammatory agents affect CHIP-driven atherosclerosis.
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24
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Karalis I, Jukema JW. HDL Mimetics Infusion and Regression of Atherosclerosis: Is It Still Considered a Valid Therapeutic Option? Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:66. [PMID: 29926215 PMCID: PMC6010501 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review aims to summarize and discuss the recent findings in the field of using HDL mimetics for the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. Recent Findings Following the largely disappointing results with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, focus moved to HDL functionality rather than absolute HDL cholesterol values. A number of HDL/apoA-I mimicking molecules were developed, aiming to enhance reverse cholesterol transport that has been associated with an atheroprotective effect. Three HDL mimetics have made the step from bench-testing to clinical trials in humans and are discussed here: apoA-I Milano, CSL-112, and CER-001. Unfortunately, with the exception of CSL-112 where the results of the clinical trial are not yet known, none of the agents was able to demonstrate a clinical benefit. Summary HDL mimetics have failed to date to prove a beneficial effect in clinical practice. Reverse cholesterol transport remains a challenging therapeutic pathway to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Karalis
- Department of Cardiology C5-P, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology C5-P, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Dragoljevic D, Kraakman MJ, Nagareddy PR, Ngo D, Shihata W, Kammoun HL, Whillas A, Lee MKS, Al-Sharea A, Pernes G, Flynn MC, Lancaster GI, Febbraio MA, Chin-Dusting J, Hanaoka BY, Wicks IP, Murphy AJ. Defective cholesterol metabolism in haematopoietic stem cells promotes monocyte-driven atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:2158-2167. [PMID: 29905812 PMCID: PMC6001889 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an approximately two-fold elevated risk of cardiovascular (CV)-related mortality. Patients with RA present with systemic inflammation including raised circulating myeloid cells, but fail to display traditional CV risk-factors, particularly dyslipidaemia. We aimed to explore if increased circulating myeloid cells is associated with impaired atherosclerotic lesion regression or altered progression in RA. Methods and results Using flow cytometry, we noted prominent monocytosis, neutrophilia, and thrombocytosis in two mouse models of RA. This was due to enhanced proliferation of the haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow and the spleen. HSPCs expansion was associated with an increase in the cholesterol content, due to a down-regulation of cholesterol efflux genes, Apoe, Abca1, and Abcg1. The HSPCs also had enhanced expression of key myeloid promoting growth factor receptors. Systemic inflammation was found to cause defective cellular cholesterol metabolism. Increased myeloid cells in mice with RA were associated with a significant impairment in lesion regression, even though cholesterol levels were equivalent to non-arthritic mice. Lesions from arthritic mice exhibited a less stable phenotype as demonstrated by increased immune cell infiltration, lipid accumulation, and decreased collagen formation. In a progression model, we noted monocytosis, enhanced monocytes recruitment to lesions, and increased plaque macrophages. This was reversed with administration of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL). Furthermore, RA patients have expanded CD16+ monocyte subsets and a down-regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1. Conclusion Rheumatoid arthritis impairs atherosclerotic regression and alters progression, which is associated with an expansion of myeloid cells and disturbed cellular cholesterol handling, independent of plasma cholesterol levels. Infusion of rHDL prevented enhanced myelopoiesis and monocyte entry into lesions. Targeting cellular cholesterol defects in people with RA, even if plasma cholesterol is within the normal range, may limit vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Dragoljevic
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Human Nutrition, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Centre, Columbia University, New York, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, 10032 NY, USA
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, 35294 AL, USA
| | - Devi Ngo
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Waled Shihata
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Wellington Road, 3800 Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helene L Kammoun
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Whillas
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Man Kit Sam Lee
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annas Al-Sharea
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerard Pernes
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle C Flynn
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism, Division of Diabetes & Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, 2010 Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jaye Chin-Dusting
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Wellington Road, 3800 Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beatriz Y Hanaoka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, 35294 AL, USA
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Rheumatology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, 3050 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Laboratory, Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, 3004 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Wall VZ, Barnhart S, Kanter JE, Kramer F, Shimizu-Albergine M, Adhikari N, Wight TN, Hall JL, Bornfeldt KE. Smooth muscle glucose metabolism promotes monocyte recruitment and atherosclerosis in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. JCI Insight 2018; 3:96544. [PMID: 29875324 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome contributes to cardiovascular disease partly through systemic risk factors. However, local processes in the artery wall are becoming increasingly recognized to exacerbate atherosclerosis both in mice and humans. We show that arterial smooth muscle cell (SMC) glucose metabolism markedly synergizes with metabolic syndrome in accelerating atherosclerosis progression, using a low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mouse model. SMCs in proximity to atherosclerotic lesions express increased levels of the glucose transporter GLUT1. Cytokines, such as TNF-α produced by lesioned arteries, promote GLUT1 expression in SMCs, which in turn increases expression of the chemokine CCL2 through increased glycolysis and the polyol pathway. Furthermore, overexpression of GLUT1 in SMCs, but not in myeloid cells, accelerates development of larger, more advanced lesions in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome, which also exhibits elevated levels of circulating Ly6Chi monocytes expressing the CCL2 receptor CCR2. Accordingly, monocyte tracing experiments demonstrate that targeted SMC GLUT1 overexpression promotes Ly6Chi monocyte recruitment to lesions. Strikingly, SMC-targeted GLUT1 overexpression fails to accelerate atherosclerosis in mice that do not exhibit the metabolic syndrome phenotype or monocytosis. These results reveal a potentially novel mechanism whereby arterial smooth muscle glucose metabolism synergizes with metabolic syndrome to accelerate monocyte recruitment and atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Z Wall
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shelley Barnhart
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Farah Kramer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Masami Shimizu-Albergine
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Neeta Adhikari
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Benaroya Research Institute, Matrix Biology Program, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hall
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,American Heart Association Institute for Precision Cardiovascular Medicine, Dallas, Texas USA
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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27
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Regulation of macrophage immunometabolism in atherosclerosis. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:526-537. [PMID: 29777212 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After activation, cells of the myeloid lineage undergo robust metabolic transitions, as well as discrete epigenetic changes, that can dictate both ongoing and future inflammatory responses. In atherosclerosis, in which macrophages play central roles in the initiation, growth, and ultimately rupture of arterial plaques, altered metabolism is a key feature that dictates macrophage function and subsequent disease progression. This Review explores how factors central to the plaque microenvironment (for example, altered cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress, hypoxia, apoptotic and necrotic cells, and hyperglycemia) shape the metabolic rewiring of macrophages in atherosclerosis as well as how these metabolic shifts in turn alter macrophage immune-effector and tissue-reparative functions. Finally, this overview offers insight into the challenges and opportunities of harnessing metabolism to modulate aberrant macrophage responses in disease.
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28
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Wen G, An W, Chen J, Maguire EM, Chen Q, Yang F, Pearce SWA, Kyriakides M, Zhang L, Ye S, Nourshargh S, Xiao Q. Genetic and Pharmacologic Inhibition of the Neutrophil Elastase Inhibits Experimental Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008187. [PMID: 29437605 PMCID: PMC5850208 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate whether neutrophil elastase (NE) plays a causal role in atherosclerosis, and the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods and Results NE genetic–deficient mice (Apolipoprotein E−/−/NE−/− mice), bone marrow transplantation, and a specific NE inhibitor (GW311616A) were employed in this study to establish the causal role of NE in atherosclerosis. Aortic expression of NE mRNA and plasma NE activity was significantly increased in high‐fat diet (HFD)–fed wild‐type (WT) (Apolipoprotein E−/−) mice but, as expected, not in NE‐deficient mice. Selective NE knockout markedly reduced HFD‐induced atherosclerosis and significantly increased indicators of atherosclerotic plaque stability. While plasma lipid profiles were not affected by NE deficiency, decreased levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory monocytes (Ly6Chi/CD11b+) were observed in NE‐deficient mice fed with an HFD for 12 weeks as compared with WT. Bone marrow reconstitution of WT mice with NE−/− bone marrow cells significantly reduced HFD‐induced atherosclerosis, while bone marrow reconstitution of NE−/− mice with WT bone marrow cells restored the pathological features of atherosclerotic plaques induced by HFD in NE‐deficient mice. In line with these findings, pharmacological inhibition of NE in WT mice through oral administration of NE inhibitor GW311616A also significantly reduced atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that NE promotes foam cell formation by increasing ATP‐binding cassette transporter ABCA1 protein degradation and inhibiting macrophage cholesterol efflux. Conclusions We outlined a pathogenic role for NE in foam cell formation and atherosclerosis development. Consequently, inhibition of NE may represent a potential therapeutic approach to treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanmei Wen
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwei An
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiangyong Chen
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Eithne M Maguire
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qishan Chen
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Stuart W A Pearce
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kyriakides
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu Ye
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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29
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The Therapeutic Potential of Anti-Inflammatory Exerkines in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061260. [PMID: 28608819 PMCID: PMC5486082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many cardiovascular (CVD) medications, such as antithrombotics, statins, and antihypertensives, have been identified to treat atherosclerosis, at most, many of these therapeutic agents only delay its progression. A growing body of evidence suggests physical exercise could be implemented as a non-pharmacologic treatment due to its pro-metabolic, multisystemic, and anti-inflammatory benefits. Specifically, it has been discovered that certain anti-inflammatory peptides, metabolites, and RNA species (collectively termed “exerkines”) are released in response to exercise that could facilitate these benefits and could serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. However, much of the relationship between exercise and these exerkines remains unanswered, and there are several challenges in the discovery and validation of these exerkines. This review primarily highlights major anti-inflammatory exerkines that could serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. To provide some context and comparison for the therapeutic potential of exerkines, the anti-inflammatory, multisystemic benefits of exercise, the basic mechanisms of atherosclerosis, and the limited efficacies of current anti-inflammatory therapeutics for atherosclerosis are briefly summarized. Finally, key challenges and future directions for exploiting these exerkines in the treatment of atherosclerosis are discussed.
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30
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Sica A, Strauss L. Energy metabolism drives myeloid-derived suppressor cell differentiation and functions in pathology. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:325-334. [PMID: 28223316 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4mr1116-476r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with major regulatory functions has been described in cancer and other pathologic conditions and ultimately defined as MDSCs. Most of the early work on the origins and functions of MDSCs has been in murine and human tumor bearers in which MDSCs are known to be immunosuppressive and to result in both reduced immune surveillance and antitumor cytotoxicity. More recent studies, however, suggest that expansion of these immature myeloid cells may be linked to most, if not all, chronic and acute inflammatory processes. The universal expansion to inflammatory stimuli of MDSCs suggests that these cells may be more of a normal component of the inflammatory response (emergency myelopoiesis) than simply a pathologic response to a growing tumor. Instead of an adverse immunosuppressive response, expansion of these immature myeloid cell populations may result from a complex balance between increased immune surveillance and dampened adaptive immune responses that are common to many inflammatory responses. Within this scenario, new pathways of metabolic reprogramming are emerging as drivers of MDSC differentiation and functions in cancer and inflammatory disorders, crucially linking metabolic syndrome to inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Novara, Italy; .,Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Strauss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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He H, Ghosh S, Yang H. Nanomedicines for dysfunctional macrophage-associated diseases. J Control Release 2017; 247:106-126. [PMID: 28057522 PMCID: PMC5360184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play vital functions in host inflammatory reaction, tissue repair, homeostasis and immunity. Dysfunctional macrophages have significant pathophysiological impacts on diseases such as cancer, inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease), metabolic diseases (atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity) and major infections like human immunodeficiency virus infection. In view of this common etiology in these diseases, targeting the recruitment, activation and regulation of dysfunctional macrophages represents a promising therapeutic strategy. With the advancement of nanotechnology, development of nanomedicines to efficiently target dysfunctional macrophages can strengthen the effectiveness of therapeutics and improve clinical outcomes. This review discusses the specific roles of dysfunctional macrophages in various diseases and summarizes the latest advances in nanomedicine-based therapeutics and theranostics for treating diseases associated with dysfunctional macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang He
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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32
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Zheng KH, Stroes ESG. HDL infusion for the management of atherosclerosis: current developments and new directions. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:592-596. [PMID: 27653220 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Because human genetic studies and large clinical trials have demonstrated that HDL-cholesterol levels are not causally related to cardiovascular disease risk, attention has shifted toward the functional properties of HDL. Infusion of HDL mimetics containing apolipoprotein A-I remains a potential strategy to exploit the atheroprotective effects of HDL. RECENT FINDINGS Three HDL mimetic drugs are under development and currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Upon infusion, these drugs increase cholesterol efflux capacity. Although proof-of-concept studies are promising, large outcome studies are awaited. Alternatively, HDL particles may be used for targeted drug delivery in a nanomedicine approach. Finally, links between cholesterol efflux and myelopoeisis may prove to be a target for HDL infusion in the future. SUMMARY Clinical studies are currently ongoing to evaluate the potential of several HDL mimetic drugs. Novel nanomedicinal approaches and emerging pathophysiological insights may further expand the relevance of HDL infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang H Zheng
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Kaul S, Xu H, Zabalawi M, Maruko E, Fulp BE, Bluemn T, Brzoza-Lewis KL, Gerelus M, Weerasekera R, Kallinger R, James R, Zhang YS, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG. Lipid-Free Apolipoprotein A-I Reduces Progression of Atherosclerosis by Mobilizing Microdomain Cholesterol and Attenuating the Number of CD131 Expressing Cells: Monitoring Cholesterol Homeostasis Using the Cellular Ester to Total Cholesterol Ratio. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004401. [PMID: 27821400 PMCID: PMC5210328 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder whose development is inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein concentration. Current therapies involve pharmaceuticals that significantly elevate plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Our studies were conducted to investigate the effects of low-dose lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) on chronic inflammation. The aims of these studies were to determine how subcutaneously injected lipid-free apoA-I reduces accumulation of lipid and immune cells within the aortic root of hypercholesterolemic mice without sustained elevations in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS Ldlr-/- and Ldlr-/- apoA-I-/- mice were fed a Western diet for a total of 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, a subset of mice from each group received subcutaneous injections of 200 μg of lipid-free human apoA-I 3 times a week, while the other subset received 200 μg of albumin, as a control. Mice treated with lipid-free apoA-I showed a decrease in cholesterol deposition and immune cell retention in the aortic root compared with albumin-treated mice, regardless of genotype. This reduction in atherosclerosis appeared to be directly related to a decrease in the number of CD131 expressing cells and the esterified cholesterol to total cholesterol content in several immune cell compartments. In addition, apoA-I treatment altered microdomain cholesterol composition that shifted CD131, the common β subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor, from lipid raft to nonraft fractions of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-I treatment reduced lipid and immune cell accumulation within the aortic root by systemically reducing microdomain cholesterol content in immune cells. These data suggest that lipid-free apoA-I mediates beneficial effects through attenuation of immune cell lipid raft cholesterol content, which affects numerous types of signal transduction pathways that rely on microdomain integrity for assembly and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kaul
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elisa Maruko
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brian E Fulp
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Theresa Bluemn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kristina L Brzoza-Lewis
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mark Gerelus
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Rachel Kallinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Roland James
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yi Sherry Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Krishack PA, Sontag TJ, Getz GS, Reardon CA. Serum amyloid A regulates monopoiesis in hyperlipidemic Ldlr(-/-) mice. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2650-60. [PMID: 27339627 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that feeding a Western-type diet (WTD) to Ldlr(-/-) mice lacking serum amyloid A (SAA) (Saa(-/-) Ldlr(-/-) mice), the level of total blood monocytes was higher than in Ldlr(-/-) mice. In this investigation we demonstrate that higher levels of bone marrow monocytes and macrophage-dendritic cell progenitor (MDP) cells were found in WTD-fed Saa(-/-) Ldlr(-/-) mice compared to Ldlr(-/-) mice and lower levels of GMP cells and CMP cells in Ldlr(-/-) mice. These data indicate that SAA regulates the level of bone marrow monocytes and their myeloid progenitors in hyperlipidemic Ldlr(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette A Krishack
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Godfrey S Getz
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL, USA
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Al-Sharea A, Lee MKS, Moore XL, Fang L, Sviridov D, Chin-Dusting J, Andrews KL, Murphy AJ. Native LDL promotes differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages with an inflammatory phenotype. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:762-72. [PMID: 26676845 DOI: 10.1160/th15-07-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of monocytes in atherosclerosis is dependent upon increased levels of plasma lipoproteins which accumulate in the blood vessel wall. The extracellular milieu can influence the phenotype of monocyte subsets (classical: CD14++CD16-, intermediate: CD14+CD16+ and non-classical: CD14dimCD16++) and macrophages (M1 or M2) and consequently the initiation, progression and/or regression of atherosclerosis. However, it is not known what effect lipoproteins, in particular native low-density lipoproteins (nLDL), have on the polarisation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages in the presence of nLDL. nLDL increased gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in macrophages polarised towards the M1 phenotype while decreasing the M2 surface markers, CD206 and CD200R and the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGFβ and IL-10. Compared to the classical and intermediate subsets, the non-classical subset-derived macrophages had a reduced ability to respond to M1 stimuli (LPS and IFNγ). nLDL enhanced the TNFα and IL-6 gene expression in macrophages from all monocyte subsets, indicating an inflammatory effect of nLDL. Further, the classical and intermediate subsets both responded to M2 stimuli (IL-4) with upregulation of TGFβ and SR-B1 mRNA; an effect, which was reduced by nLDL. In contrast, the non-classical subset failed to respond to IL-4 or nLDL, suggesting it may be unable to polarise into M2 macrophages. Our data suggests that monocyte interaction with nLDL significantly affects macrophage polarisation and that this interaction appears to be subset dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Murphy
- Dr. Andrew J. Murphy, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, St Kilda Road central, Melbourne, VIC 8008, Australia, Tel.: +61 3 8532 1292, Fax: +61 3 8532 1100, E-mail:
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Tang C, Liu Y, Yang W, Storey C, McMillen TS, Houston BA, Heinecke JW, LeBoeuf RC. Hematopoietic ABCA1 deletion promotes monocytosis and worsens diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:100-8. [PMID: 26531812 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced insulin resistance. ABCA1 is essential for reverse cholesterol transport and HDL synthesis, and protects against macrophage inflammation. In the present study, the effects of ABCA1 deficiency in hematopoietic cells on diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance were tested in vivo using bone marrow transplanted (BMT)-WT and BMT-ABCA1(-/-) mice. When challenged with a high-fat high-carbohydrate diabetogenic diet with added cholesterol (HFHSC), BMT-ABCA1(-/-) mice displayed enhanced insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance as compared with BMT-WT mice. The worsened insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in BMT-ABCA1(-/-) mice were accompanied by increased macrophage accumulation and inflammation in adipose tissue and liver. Moreover, BMT-ABCA1(-/-) mice had significantly higher hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, myeloid cell expansion, and monocytosis when challenged with the HFHSC diet. In vitro studies indicated that macrophages from ABCA1(-/-) mice showed significantly increased inflammatory responses induced by saturated fatty acids. Taken together, these studies point to an important role for hematopoietic ABCA1 in modulating a feed-forward mechanism in obesity such that inflamed tissue macrophages stimulate the production of more monocytes, leading to an exacerbation of inflammation and associated disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongren Tang
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Yuhua Liu
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Wendy Yang
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Carl Storey
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Tim S McMillen
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Barbara A Houston
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Renee C LeBoeuf
- Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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Ahmadsei M, Lievens D, Weber C, von Hundelshausen P, Gerdes N. Immune-mediated and lipid-mediated platelet function in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:438-48. [PMID: 26270811 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis, the main underlying disease of CVD, will enable improved preventive and therapeutic options, thus potentially limiting the burden of vascular disease in aging societies. A large body of evidence illustrates the contribution of platelets to processes beyond their traditionally recognized role as mediators in thrombosis and hemostasis. Recent advances in molecular biology help to understand the complexity of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS This article outlines the role of platelets as modulators of immune responses in the context of atherosclerosis. It provides a short overview of interactions between platelets and endothelial cells or immune cells via direct cell contact or soluble factors during atherogenesis. By means of some well examined, exemplary pathways (e.g. CD40/CD40L dyad), this article will discuss recent discoveries in immune-related function of platelets. We also focus on the relationship between platelets and the lipid metabolism highlighting potential consequences to atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. SUMMARY A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of platelet-related immune activity allows their utilization as powerful diagnostic tools or targets of therapeutic intervention. Those findings might help to develop new classes of drugs which may supplement or replace classical anticoagulants and help clinicians to tackle CVD more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiwand Ahmadsei
- aInstitute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany bDZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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van der Vorst EPC, Döring Y, Weber C. MIF and CXCL12 in Cardiovascular Diseases: Functional Differences and Similarities. Front Immunol 2015; 6:373. [PMID: 26257740 PMCID: PMC4508925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) as part of the cardiovascular diseases is a pathology caused by atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall characterized by a massive invasion of lipids and inflammatory cells into the inner vessel layer (intima) leading to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions; their constant growth may cause complications such as flow-limiting stenosis and plaque rupture, the latter triggering vessel occlusion through thrombus formation. Pathophysiology of CAD is complex and over the last years many players have entered the picture. One of the latter being chemokines (small 8-12 kDa cytokines) and their receptors, known to orchestrate cell chemotaxis and arrest. Here, we will focus on the chemokine CXCL12, also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and the chemokine-like function chemokine, macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF). Both are ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved proteins and play an important role in cell homeostasis, recruitment, and arrest through binding to their corresponding chemokine receptors CXCR4 (CXCL12 and MIF), ACKR3 (CXCL12), and CXCR2 (MIF). In addition, MIF also binds to the receptor CD44 and the co-receptor CD74. CXCL12 has mostly been studied for its crucial role in the homing of (hematopoietic) progenitor cells in the bone marrow and their mobilization into the periphery. In contrast to CXCL12, MIF is secreted in response to diverse inflammatory stimuli, and has been associated with a clear pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic role in multiple studies of patients and animal models. Ongoing research on CXCL12 points at a protective function of this chemokine in atherosclerotic lesion development. This review will focus on the role of CXCL12 and MIF and their differences and similarities in CAD of high risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P C van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany ; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands
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Krishack PA, Bhanvadia CV, Lukens J, Sontag TJ, De Beer MC, Getz GS, Reardon CA. Serum Amyloid A Facilitates Early Lesion Development in Ldlr-/- Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:JAHA.115.001858. [PMID: 26187995 PMCID: PMC4608070 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.001858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder, and several studies have demonstrated a positive association between plasma serum amyloid A (SAA) levels and cardiovascular disease risk. The aim of the study was to examine whether SAA has a role in atherogenesis, the underlying basis of most cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice globally deficient in acute-phase isoforms Saa1 and Saa2 (Saa(-/-)) were crossed to Ldlr(-/-) mice (Saa(-/-)Ldlr(-/-)). Saa(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice demonstrated a 31% reduction in lesional area in the ascending aorta but not in the aortic root or innominate artery after consuming a high-fat, high-cholesterol Western-type diet for 6 weeks. The lesions were predominantly macrophage foam cells. The phenotype was lost in more mature lesions in mice fed a Western-type diet for 12 weeks, suggesting that SAA is involved in early lesion development. The decreased atherosclerosis in the Saa(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice occurred despite increased levels of blood monocytes and was independent of plasma lipid levels. SAA is produced predominantly by hepatocytes and macrophages. To determine which source of SAA may have a dominant role in lesion development, bone marrow transplantation was performed. Ldlr(-/-) mice that received bone marrow from Saa(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice had slightly reduced ascending aorta atherosclerosis compared with Saa(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice receiving bone marrow from Ldlr(-/-) mice, indicating that the expression of SAA by macrophages may have an important influence on atherogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that SAA produced by macrophages promotes early lesion formation in the ascending aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette A Krishack
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Chicago, IL (P.A.K., C.A.R.)
| | - Clarissa V Bhanvadia
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL (C.V.B., J.L., T.J.S., G.S.G., C.A.R.)
| | - John Lukens
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL (C.V.B., J.L., T.J.S., G.S.G., C.A.R.)
| | - Timothy J Sontag
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL (C.V.B., J.L., T.J.S., G.S.G., C.A.R.)
| | - Maria C De Beer
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Science, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY (M.C.D.B.) Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY (M.C.D.B.)
| | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL (C.V.B., J.L., T.J.S., G.S.G., C.A.R.)
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Chicago, IL (P.A.K., C.A.R.) Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL (C.V.B., J.L., T.J.S., G.S.G., C.A.R.)
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Tabas I, García-Cardeña G, Owens GK. Recent insights into the cellular biology of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:13-22. [PMID: 25869663 PMCID: PMC4395483 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis occurs in the subendothelial space (intima) of medium-sized arteries at regions of disturbed blood flow and is triggered by an interplay between endothelial dysfunction and subendothelial lipoprotein retention. Over time, this process stimulates a nonresolving inflammatory response that can cause intimal destruction, arterial thrombosis, and end-organ ischemia. Recent advances highlight important cell biological atherogenic processes, including mechanotransduction and inflammatory processes in endothelial cells, origins and contributions of lesional macrophages, and origins and phenotypic switching of lesional smooth muscle cells. These advances illustrate how in-depth mechanistic knowledge of the cellular pathobiology of atherosclerosis can lead to new ideas for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Guillermo García-Cardeña
- Program in Human Biology and Translational Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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Transcriptional programming of human macrophages: on the way to systems immunology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:589-97. [PMID: 25877862 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many of the major common diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, numerous autoimmune diseases, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and many cancer types are characterised by a chronic inflammatory component termed sterile inflammation. Myeloid cells, particularly macrophages, are an important cellular component of chronic inflammation in these diseases. For almost all of these disease conditions, previous reports suggested that macrophages can exert either so-called pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions, thereby either fighting or feeding the disease. This apparent dichotomy of reactions of macrophages led to a dichotomous definition of macrophage activation classified as macrophage polarisation. However, analysis of large transcriptomics data derived from human and murine macrophages show that macrophage functions are shaped in a very tissue- and signal-input specific manner, allowing these cells to develop extremely specific functional programmes. Integrating global views on macrophage activation on the transcriptome, the epigenome, the proteome or the metabolome will finally lead to a data-driven approach to understand macrophage biology in context of major diseases. We are indeed on the way to a systems immunology approach that integrates -omics data with mathematical and bioinformatical modelling as the pre-requisite to generate data-driven hypotheses. This approach opens completely new avenues for the development of tailored diagnostics and therapies targeting macrophages in sterile inflammations of the major common diseases. I will also discuss some of the next developments that will be necessary to reach these important goals.
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Mills CD, Lenz LL, Ley K. Macrophages at the fork in the road to health or disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:59. [PMID: 25762997 PMCID: PMC4329822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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