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Rashid F, Xie Z, Wei Y, Xie Z, Xie L, Li M, Luo S. Biological features of fowl adenovirus serotype-4. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1370414. [PMID: 38915924 PMCID: PMC11194357 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1370414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is highly pathogenic to broilers aged 3 to 5 weeks and has caused considerable economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. FAdV-4 is the causative agent of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) or hydropericardium syndrome (HPS). The virus targets mainly the liver, and HPS symptoms are observed in infected chickens. This disease was first reported in Pakistan but has now spread worldwide, and over time, various deletions in the FAdV genome and mutations in its major structural proteins have been detected. This review provides detailed information about FAdV-4 genome organization, physiological features, epidemiology, coinfection with other viruses, and host immune suppression. Moreover, we investigated the role and functions of important structural proteins in FAdV-4 pathogenesis. Finally, the potential regulatory effects of FAdV-4 infection on ncRNAs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Rashid
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - You Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
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Hou X, Wang L, Zhang R, Liu G, Wang T, Wen B, Chang W, Han S, Han J, Fang J, Qi X, Wang J. Differential innate immune responses to fowl adenovirus serotype 4 infection in Leghorn male hepatocellular and chicken embryo fibroblast cells. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103741. [PMID: 38670055 PMCID: PMC11066554 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) infections result in substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. Recent findings have revealed that FAdV-4 significantly suppresses the host immune response upon infection; however, the specific viral and host factors contributing to this immunomodulatory activity remain poorly characterized. Moreover, diverse cell types exhibit differential immune responses to FAdV-4 infection. To elucidate cell-specific host responses, we performed transcriptomic analysis of FAdV-4 infected leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) and chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. Although FAdV-4 replicated more efficiently in LMH cells, it provoked limited interferon-stimulated gene induction. In contrast, FAdV-4 infection triggered robust antiviral responses in CEF cells, including upregulation of cytosolic DNA sensing and interferon-stimulated genes. Knockdown of key cytosolic DNA sensing molecules enhanced FAdV-4 replication in LMH cells while reducing interferon-stimulated gene expression. Our findings reveal cell-specific virus-host interactions that provide insight into FAdV-4 pathogenesis while identifying factors that mediate antiviral immunity against FAdV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Riteng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gen Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenchi Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuizhong Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinjie Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junyang Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Tan Y, Raheem MA, Rahim MA, Xin H, Zhou Y, Hu X, Dai Y, Ataya FS, Chen F. Isolation, characterization, evaluation of pathogenicity, and immunomodulation through interferon production of duck adenovirus type-3 (DAdV-3). Poult Sci 2024; 103:103411. [PMID: 38215507 PMCID: PMC10825357 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Duck adenovirus type-3 (DAdV-3) is a poorly characterized duck virus. A comprehensive analysis of the DAdV-3 pathogenicity and host immune response could be a valuable addition. Herein, DAdV-3 was isolated from Muscovy duck and virus-specific genes were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The obtained gene fragments were sequenced and compared with the reference sequence. Results confirmed that the clinically isolated virus was DAdV-3, named as HF-AN-2020. To evaluate DAdV-3 host immune response, the expression levels of MDA5, STING, IRF7, MAVS, and NF-κB, and inflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-1β) were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression levels of IFN-β and IFN-γ were 32.6- and 28.6-fold, respectively, higher (P < 0.01) than the control group. It was found that the upregulation of STING and NF-κB pathways was directly involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-1β). Furthermore, the gene regulation pathways consecutively upregulated the expression levels of MDA5, STING, IRF7, MAVS, and NF-κB up to 31.6, 10.5, 31.4, 2.2, and 2.6-fold, respectively, higher (P < 0.01) than the control group. The TCID50 of DAdV-3 for Muscovy duck and chicken was 10-3.24/0.1 mL with 0% mortality, indicating low pathogenicity in both Muscovy ducks and chickens, but DAdV-3 can induce higher expression of interferons. Genome analysis showed mutations in 4 amino acids located in ORF19B (Ser to Thr), ORF66 (Leu to Phe, Ile to Leu), and ORF67 (Gly to stop codon). This study provides essential and basic information for further research on the mechanism of the cellular immune responses against adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China
| | - Muhammad Akmal Raheem
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Tsinghua- Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ajwad Rahim
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China
| | - Huang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xuerui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yin Dai
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China
| | - Farid Shokry Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China.
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Lee R, Yoon BI, Hunter CA, Kwon HM, Sung HW, Park J. Short chain fatty acids facilitate protective immunity by macrophages and T cells during acute fowl adenovirus-4 infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17999. [PMID: 37865711 PMCID: PMC10590440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are major gut metabolites that are involved in the regulation of dysfunction in immune responses, such as autoimmunity and cytokine storm. Numerous studies have reported a protective action of SCFAs against infectious diseases. This study investigated whether SCFAs have protective effect for immunity during fowl adenovirus-4 (FAdV-4) infection. We examined whether SCFA mixture (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) administration could protect against intramuscular challenge of a virulent viral strain. SCFA treatment promoted MHCII-expressing monocytes, the active form of T cells, and effector molecules in both peripheral and lymphoid tissues. It also boosted the production of immune molecules involved in pathogen elimination by intraepithelial lymphocytes and changed the intestinal microbial composition. We suggest that gut metabolites influence the gut microbial environment, and these changes stimulate macrophages and T cells to fight against the intramuscular challenge of FAdV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangyeon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyuk Moo Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
- Multidimensional Genomics Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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Wei Y, Xie Z, Fan Q, Xie Z, Deng X, Luo S, Li X, Zhang Y, Zeng T, Huang J, Ruan Z, Wang S. Pathogenicity and molecular characteristics of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 with moderate virulence in Guangxi Province, China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1190126. [PMID: 37215467 PMCID: PMC10196193 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1190126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The GX2020-019 strain of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) was isolated from the liver of chickens with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome in Guangxi Province, China, and was purified by plaque assay three times. Pathogenicity studies showed that GX2020-019 can cause typical FAdV-4 pathology, such as hydropericardium syndrome and liver yellowing and swelling. Four-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens inoculated with the virus at doses of 103 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), 104 TCID50, 105 TCID50, 106 TCID50, and 107 TCID50 had mortality rates of 0, 20, 60, 100, and 100%, respectively, which were lower than those of chickens inoculated with other highly pathogenic Chinese isolates, indicating that GX2020-019 is a moderately virulent strain. Persistent shedding occurred through the oral and cloacal routes for up to 35 days postinfection. The viral infection caused severe pathological damage to the liver, kidney, lung, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen. The damage to the liver and immune organs could not be fully restored 21 days after infection, which continued to affect the immune function of chickens. Whole genome analysis indicated that the strain belonged to the FAdV-C group, serotype 4, and had 99.7-100% homology with recent FAdV-4 strains isolated from China. However, the amino acid sequences encoded by ORF30 and ORF49 are identical to the sequences found in nonpathogenic strains, and none of the 32 amino acid mutation sites that appeared in other Chinese isolates were found. Our research expands understanding of the pathogenicity of FAdV-4 and provides a reference for further studies.
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Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 52/55k protein triggers PKR degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome system to evade effective innate immunity. Vet Microbiol 2023; 278:109660. [PMID: 36657343 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pro- and inflammatory cytokines fail to effectively inhibit FAdV-4, which has always puzzled us. In the current study, the data determined that the mRNA levels of interferons were significantly enhanced in the livers and LMH cells from 24 h to 72 h post FAdV-4 infection. But the viral load of FAdV-4 was still significantly increased, which meant that FAdV-4 evaded innate immune response. We additionally revealed that the protein levels not mRNA levels of PKR were degraded in host cell at 48 h post FAdV-4 infection. Moreover, the results of over expression and silent expression of PKR revealed that PKR could inhibit FAdV-4 proliferation. These results indicated that FAdV-4 degraded the protein levels of PKR to evade innate immune response. We also found that the protein degradation levels of PKR induced by FAdV-4 were recovery in LHM cells after treatment with proteasome inhibitor MG132, and ubiquitin-specific proteases inhibitor DUB-IN-1. Furthermore, our current data presented that FAdV-4 52/55 K protein directly interacted with PKR and degraded it determined by Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. We also determined that 52/55 K protein triggered PKR degradation, and the degradation of PKR could be recovery in LHM cells after treatment with MG132, or DUB-IN-1, respectively. Finally, our data demonstrated that 52/55 K protein was a ubiquitylase that could directly degrade PKR protein in host cells via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Therefore, the current study firstly revealed that FAdV-4 52/55 K protein played the key role in triggering PKR degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome system pathway to escape from innate immunity response.
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Jia Z, Pan X, Zhi W, Chen H, Bai B, Ma C, Ma D. Probiotics Surface-Delivering Fiber2 Protein of Fowl Adenovirus 4 Stimulate Protective Immunity Against Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome in Chickens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919100. [PMID: 35837390 PMCID: PMC9273852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesHepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) caused by Fowl adenoviruses serotype 4 (FAdV-4) leads to severe economic losses to the poultry industry. Although various vaccines are available, vaccines that effectively stimulate intestinal mucosal immunity are still deficient. In the present study, novel probiotics that surface-deliver Fiber2 protein, the major virulence determiner and efficient immunogen for FAdV-4, were explored to prevent this fecal–oral-transmitted virus, and the induced protective immunity was evaluated after oral immunization.MethodsThe probiotic Enterococcus faecalis strain MDXEF-1 and Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 were used as host strains to deliver surface-anchoring Fiber2 protein of FAdV-4. Then the constructed live recombinant bacteria were orally vaccinated thrice with chickens at intervals of 2 weeks. Following each immunization, immunoglobulin G (IgG) in sera, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in jejunum lavage, immune-related cytokines, and T-cell proliferation were detected. Following challenge with the highly virulent FAdV-4, the protective effects of the probiotics surface-delivering Fiber2 protein were evaluated by verifying inflammatory factors, viral load, liver function, and survival rate.ResultsThe results demonstrated that probiotics surface-delivering Fiber2 protein stimulated humoral and intestinal mucosal immune responses in chickens, shown by high levels of sIgA and IgG antibodies, substantial rise in mRNA levels of cytokines, increased proliferative ability of T cells in peripheral blood, improved liver function, and reduced viral load in liver. Accordingly, adequate protection against homologous challenges and a significant increase in the overall survival rate were observed. Notably, chickens orally immunized with E. faecalis/DCpep-Fiber2-CWA were completely protected from the FAdV-4 challenge, which is better than L. lactis/DCpep-Fiber2-CWA.ConclusionThe recombinant probiotics surface-expressing Fiber2 protein could evoke remarkable humoral and cellular immune responses, relieve injury, and functionally damage target organs. The current study indicates a promising method used for preventing FAdV-4 infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinghui Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Zhi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bingrong Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunli Ma
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Chunli Ma, ; Dexing Ma,
| | - Dexing Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Chunli Ma, ; Dexing Ma,
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Xiang S, Huang R, He Q, Xu L, Wang C, Wang Q. Arginine regulates inflammation response-induced by Fowl Adenovirus serotype 4 via JAK2/STAT3 pathway. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:189. [PMID: 35590365 PMCID: PMC9118595 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fowl Adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) infection causes severe inflammatory response leading to hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in poultry. As an essential functional amino acid of poultry, arginine plays a critical role in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress. Results In this study, the differential expression genes (DEGs) were screened by transcriptomic techniques, and the DEGs in gene networks of inflammatory response-induced by FAdV-4 in broiler’s liver were analyzed by Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment. The results showed that the cytokines pathway and JAK/STAT pathway were significantly enriched, in which the DEGs levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-α, JAK and STAT were significantly up-regulated after FAdV-4 infection. It was further verified with real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time qPCR) and Western blotting (WB) in vitro and in vivo. The findings demonstrated that FAdV-4 induced inflammatory response and activated JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Furthermore, we investigated whether arginine could alleviate the liver inflammation induced by FAdV-4. After treatment with 1.92% arginine level diet to broilers or 300 μg/mL arginine culture medium to LMH cell line with FAdV-4 infection at the same time, we found that the mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-α and the protein levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3 were down-regulated, compared with FAdV-4 infection group. Furthermore, we confirmed that the inflammation induced by FAdV-4 was ameliorated by pre-treatment with JAK inhibitor AG490 in LMH cells, and it was further alleviated in LMH cells treatment with AG490 and ARG. Conclusions These above results provide new insight that arginine protects hepatocytes against inflammation induced by FAdV-4 through JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03282-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silin Xiang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Ruiling Huang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Qing He
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Lihui Xu
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Changkang Wang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China.
| | - Quanxi Wang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China. .,University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univesity, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China.
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The Role of Hexon Amino Acid 188 Varies in Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Strains with Different Virulence. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0149322. [PMID: 35587634 PMCID: PMC9241812 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01493-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) induced by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) has caused huge economic losses to poultry industries. The key genes responsible for different virulence of FAdV-4 strains are not fully elucidated. Previous studies indicated that hexon of pathogenic FAdV-4 has a conserved arginine (R) at position 188, and a conserved isoleucine (I) is present at this position in reported nonpathogenic FAdV-4. Recently, it was reported that R188 of hexon is the determinant site for pathogenicity of the emerging Chinese FAdV-4 strain. However, the role of hexon amino acid 188 (aa188) has not been examined in the nonpathogenic FAdV-4 strain. In this study, three recombinant FAdV-4 viruses, H/H/R188I, O/O/I188R, and H/O/I188R, were constructed by mutating hexon aa188 of FAdV-4 pathogenic strain CH/HNJZ/2015 (H) and nonpathogenic strain ON1 (O), and pathogenicity was assessed in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Consistent with previous findings, H/O/I188R exhibited pathogenicity similar to that of CH/HNJZ/2015, yet H/H/R188I induced no mortality. Unexpectedly, all chickens infected with O/O/I188R survived. Postmortem examination of O/O/I188R-infected chickens showed typical lesions of inclusion body hepatitis rather than HHS. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines in CH/HNJZ/2015- and H/O/I188R-infected chickens was significantly higher than that in H/H/R188I-, ON1-, and O/O/I188R-infected chickens. Analysis of predicted hexon protein structures indicated that aa188 mutation leads to conformational changes in the L1 loop of HNJZ-hexon but not in ON1-hexon. In summary, the present study demonstrated that the role of hexon aa188 in the virulence of FAdV-4 varies between different strains. Induction of HHS requires factors aside from hexon aa188 in the emerging Chinese FAdV-4 strain. IMPORTANCE HHS induced by FAdV-4 has caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry. The key determinants for the different virulence of FAdV-4 have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the role of hexon aa188 in FAdV-4 strains with different virulence and showed that the role of hexon aa188 varies in FAdV-4 strains with different genetic contents. The hexon R188 may be the key amino acid for causing inclusion body hepatitis by the pathogenic FAdV-4 strain, and induction of HHS by FAdV-4 may need other viral cofactors. Moreover, the hexon R188I mutation greatly affected the expression of proinflammatory cytokines induced by the pathogenic strain CH/HNJZ/2015, but no significant difference was observed between the nonpathogenic strain ON1 and ON1 with hexon I188R mutation. We found that hexon aa188 mutation induced conformational changes to hexon protein in CH/HNJZ/2015 but not in ON1, which might be the underlying reason for the changing virulence.
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Cytokine Responses to Adenovirus and Adenovirus Vectors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050888. [PMID: 35632630 PMCID: PMC9145601 DOI: 10.3390/v14050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of cytokines and chemokines in response to adenovirus infection is tightly regulated by the innate immune system. Cytokine-mediated toxicity and cytokine storm are known clinical phenomena observed following naturally disseminated adenovirus infection in immunocompromised hosts as well as when extremely high doses of adenovirus vectors are injected intravenously. This dose-dependent, cytokine-mediated toxicity compromises the safety of adenovirus-based vectors and represents a critical problem, limiting their utility for gene therapy applications and the therapy of disseminated cancer, where intravenous injection of adenovirus vectors may provide therapeutic benefits. The mechanisms triggering severe cytokine response are not sufficiently understood, prompting efforts to further investigate this phenomenon, especially in clinically relevant settings. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cytokine and chemokine activation in response to adenovirus- and adenovirus-based vectors and discuss the underlying mechanisms that may trigger acute cytokine storm syndrome. First, we review profiles of cytokines and chemokines that are activated in response to adenovirus infection initiated via different routes. Second, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that lead to cytokine and chemokine transcriptional activation. We further highlight how immune cell types in different organs contribute to synthesis and systemic release of cytokines and chemokines in response to adenovirus sensing. Finally, we review host factors that can limit cytokine and chemokine expression and discuss currently available and potential future interventional approaches that allow for the mitigation of the severity of the cytokine storm syndrome. Effective cytokine-targeted interventional approaches may improve the safety of systemic adenovirus delivery and thus broaden the potential clinical utility of adenovirus-based therapeutic vectors.
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Tang X, Qi J, Sun L, Zhao J, Zhang G, Zhao Y. Pathological effect of different avian infectious bronchitis virus strains on the bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:339-348. [PMID: 35404721 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2063710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). As well as the typical clinical respiratory symptoms, such as dyspnoea and tracheal rales, QX genotype strains can also cause damage to the urinary system and reproductive system. Our previous studies found that chickens infected with QX-type IBV also displayed damage to the bursa of Fabricius. To investigate the effects of different genotypes of IBV on the bursa of Fabricius, we challenged one-week-old SPF chickens with Mass, QX and TW genotype IBV strains and compared the clinical symptoms, gross lesions, histopathological damage, viral loads and expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ß, IFN-α, ß, γ and TNF-α). The results showed that all three strains caused tissue damage, while significant temporal variations in the viral loads of the different infected groups were detected. IBV infection seriously interfered with the natural immune response mediated by inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-ß, IL-6 and IFN-γ) in chickens. Our results suggested that IBV has potential immunological implications for chickens that may lead to poor production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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12
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High Phenotypic Variation between an In Vitro-Passaged Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 1 (FAdV-1) and Its Virulent Progenitor Strain despite Almost Complete Sequence Identity of the Whole Genomes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020358. [PMID: 35215948 PMCID: PMC8880033 DOI: 10.3390/v14020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral gizzard erosion is an emerging disease with negative impact on health and production of chickens. In this study, we compared in vitro and in vivo characteristics of a fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1), attenuated by 53 consecutive passages in primary chicken embryo liver (CEL) cell cultures (11/7127-AT), with the virulent strain (11/7127-VT). Whole genome analysis revealed near-complete sequence identity between the strains. However, a length polymorphism in a non-coding adenine repeat sequence (11/7127-AT: 11 instead of 9) immediately downstream of the hexon open reading frame was revealed. One-step growth kinetics showed delayed multiplication of 11/7127-AT together with significantly lower titers in cell culture (up to 4 log10 difference), indicating reduced replication efficiency in vitro. In vivo pathogenicity and immunogenicity were determined in day-old specific pathogen-free layer chicks inoculated orally with the respective viruses. In contrast to birds infected with 11/7127-VT, birds infected with 11/7127-AT did not exhibit body weight loss or severe pathological lesions in the gizzard. Virus detection rates, viral load in organs and virus excretion were significantly lower in birds inoculated with 11/7127-AT. Throughout the experimental period, these birds did not develop measurable neutralizing antibodies, prevalent in birds in response to 11/7127-VT infection. Differences in pathogenicity between the virulent FAdV-1 and the attenuated strain could not be correlated to prominently discriminate genomic features. We conclude that differential in vitro growth profiles indicate that attenuation is linked to modulation of viral replication during interaction of the virus with the host cells. Thus, hosts would be unable to prevent the rapid replication of virulent FAdV leading to severe tissue damage, a phenomenon broadly applicable to further FAdV serotypes, considering the substantial intra-serotype virulence differences of FAdVs and the variation of diseases.
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13
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Pathogenicity and virus shedding ability of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 to ducks. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109302. [PMID: 34922147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the pathogen causing hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in broilers. Since June 2015, it has emerged as one of the leading causes of economic losses in the poultry industry in China. Although most studies on FAdV-4 have focused on its pathogenicity to broilers, limited studies have been performed on other natural hosts such as ducks and geese. In this study, we assessed the pathogenicity of FAdV-4 to ducks of different ages through intramuscular injection and found that infected ducks showed severe growth depression. The infected ducks also suffered from extensive organ damage and had histopathological changes in the liver, spleen, and kidney. Although the virus infection caused lymphocyte necrosis of immune organs and the development of the bursa of Fabricius (bursa) was inhibited, the humoral immune response of infected ducks to FAdV-4 remained strong. The infected ducks also had high viral load in tissues and shed virus after the challenge. Overall, our research demonstrates that FAdV-4 can infect ducks and adversely affect the productivity of animals. And the viruses shed by infected ducks can pose a potential risk to the same or other poultry flocks.
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14
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The pros and cons of cytokines for fowl adenovirus serotype 4 infection. Arch Virol 2021; 167:281-292. [PMID: 34839444 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), has spread on chicken farms worldwide, causing huge economic losses. Currently, the exact mechanism of pathogenesis of FAdV-4 remains unknown. Despite the severe inflammatory damage observed in chickens infected with pathogenic FAdV-4, few studies have focused on the host immune system-virus interactions and cytokine secretion. Host immunity acts as one of the most robust defense mechanisms against infection by pathogens, and cytokines are important in their elimination. However, excessive inflammatory cytokine secretion could contribute to the pathogenesis of FAdV-4. Understanding of the roles of cytokines produced during FAdV-4 infection is important for the study of pathogenicity and for developing strategies to control FAdV-4. Several previous studies have addressed the immune responses to FAdV-4 infection, but there has not been a systematic review of this work. The present review provides a detailed summary of the current findings on cytokine production induced by FAdV-4 infection to accelerate our understanding of FAdV-4 pathogenesis.
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15
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Shi X, Zhang X, Sun H, Wei C, Liu Y, Luo J, Wang X, Chen Z, Chen H. Isolation and pathogenic characterization of duck adenovirus 3 mutant circulating in China. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101564. [PMID: 34823175 PMCID: PMC8628010 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck adenoviruses (DAdVs) include serotype 1 (DAdV-1) in the genus Atadenovirus and serotypes 2-4 (DAdV-2, 3, and 4) in the genus Aviadenovirus. DAdV-3 was initially isolated from Chinese Muscovy ducks in 2014, whereby the infected ducks exhibited yellowing and hemorrhaging in the liver, along with slight pericardial effusion, swelling, and hemorrhaging in the kidneys. In recent years, duck adenovirus infections have appeared in Muscovy duck farms in Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangdong, and other places in China. They have an incidence rate of 40 to 55% and a mortality rate of 35 to 43%, resulting in great losses to the duck breeding industry. In this study, 7 DAdV-3 strains, designated as TZ193, FJPT20161124, GX20170519, FJZZ, GDMM, AHAQ, and GDHS were isolated from Muscovy ducks in different provinces of China during 2016-2019, and their complete genomics were sequenced. Their genomes all exhibited significant deletions in ORF67, which also had G to A transitions at the 41st and 977th nt positions, resulting in a stop codon. The pathogenicity of TZ193, a novel isolate of DAdV-3, was investigated in Muscovy ducks. TZ193 caused characteristic lesions of swelling as well as hemorrhagic liver and kidney in the infected ducklings. Moreover, the mortality rate of TZ193 in 5-day-old domestic ducks was 100%. Our data provide concrete evidence for the identification of the DAdV-3 novel variant mutant in China, which effects increased mortality in ducks. This highlights the necessity for monitoring the specific molecular epidemiology of novel DAdV-3 mutants and the development of new vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjin Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 200295, China
| | - Haiwei Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Changqing Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiguan Luo
- Shandong Sinder Biotechnology Company, Zhucheng, 262200 China
| | - Xuebo Wang
- Shandong Sinder Biotechnology Company, Zhucheng, 262200 China
| | - Zongyan Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai 200241, China
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16
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Yin D, He L, Zhu E, Fang T, Yue J, Wen M, Wang K, Cheng Z. A fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) Fiber2 subunit vaccine candidate provides complete protection against challenge with virulent FAdV-4 strain in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109250. [PMID: 34649009 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypervirulent fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4)-induced hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) with high mortality causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. However, commercially available vaccines against FAdV-4 infection remain scarce. Here, we prepared a subunit vaccine candidate derived from the bacterially expressed recombinant Fiber2 protein (termed as rFiber2 subunit vaccine) of FAdV-4 GZ-QL strain (a hypervirulent strain isolated in Guizhou province) and a recombinant plasmid pVAX1-Fiber2 as DNA vaccine candidate (termed as Fiber2 DNA vaccine). The immune effects of different dosages (50, 100, and 150 μg) of these were evaluated through immunization and challenge studies in chickens. Three injections of the rFiber2 subunit vaccine or the Fiber2 DNA vaccine induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses in chickens, which was assessed based on the secretion of high-level neutralizing antibodies, Th1- (IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-4, IL-6). Importantly, the efficacy of the rFiber2 subunit vaccine was significantly higher (80 %-100 %) compared with the Fiber2 DNA vaccine (50 %-60 %) and a commercial inactivated vaccine (80 %). Collectively, these results suggest that the rFiber2 subunit and Fiber2 DNA vaccine candidate induced remarkable humoral and cellular immune responses, while the rFiber2 subunit vaccine candidate possesses better potential in the fight against FAdV-4 infection, laying foundations for the effective control of HHS in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejing Yin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Erpeng Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tian Fang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jun Yue
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Ming Wen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Kaigong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhentao Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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17
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Guo M, Liu D, Chen X, Wu Y, Zhang X. Pathogenicity and innate response to Avibacterium paragallinarum in chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101523. [PMID: 34784516 PMCID: PMC8591499 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious coryza (IC) is an acute infectious upper respiratory disease in chickens. Recently, the prevalence of IC has increased in China. In this study, to clarify the pathogenic mechanism and innate immune response of Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum), an infection experiment with A. paragallinarum was conducted. Our results showed that the whole course of IC was approximately 7 d. The clinical signs score was highest at 3 dpi and decreased from 5 dpi. A large amount of mucus and exudates was found in the infraorbital sinuses and nasal cavity. The A. paragallinarum contents in blood remained the highest, reaching 9.16 × 105 CFU/g at 5 dpi, which indicated that A. paragallinarum could rapidly invade the host, replicate in the blood and cause bacteremia. A. paragallinarum targets the upper respiratory tract. The infiltration of inflammatory cells, macrophages, and heterophilic granulocytes was only observed in the nasal cavity and infraorbital sinus. The Tlr4 and Nod1 pathways were activated and induced proinflammatory responses in chickens after infection with A. paragallinarum. The expression of Il1β and Il6 in the nasal cavity was significantly higher than that in the spleen, and it was consistent with the gross lesions and pathological changes. In particular, the expression of Il6 increased 229.07-fold at 1 dpi in the nasal cavity and increased 3.12-fold in the spleen. The high level of proinflammatory cytokines in the nasal cavity at an early stage of infection may be the main factor related to acute upper respiratory inflammation in chickens. These findings provide a reference for the occurrence and development of diseases mediated by A. paragallinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufang Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Su Q, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Semen-Derived Exosomes Mediate Immune Escape and Transmission of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735280. [PMID: 34659223 PMCID: PMC8517439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes immune-suppression disease in poultry, leading to a significant economic burden worldwide. Recent evidence demonstrated that the REV can enter the semen and then induce artificial insemination, but how the virus gets into semen was little known. Accumulating studies indicated that exosomes serve as vehicles for virus transmission, but the role of exosomes in viral shedding through the semen remains unclear. In this study, exosomes purified from the REV-positive semen were shown with reverse transcription-PCR and mass spectrometry to contain viral genomic RNA and viral proteins, which could also establish productive infections both in vivo and in vitro and escape from the REV-specific neutralizing antibodies. More importantly, compared with the infection caused by free virions, the exosome is more efficient for the virus to ensure effective infection and replication, which can also help the REV compromise the efficacy of the host immune response. In summary, this study demonstrated that semen-derived exosomes can medicate the transmission and immune escape of REV, implicating a novel mechanism for REV entering the semen and leading to vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
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19
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Hu J, Li G, Wang X, Cai L, Rong M, Li H, Xie M, Zhang Z, Rong J. Development of a subunit vaccine based on fiber2 and hexon against fowl adenovirus serotype 4. Virus Res 2021; 305:198552. [PMID: 34454971 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) is widespread in China and causes high chicken mortality that results in great economic losses. A safe and effective vaccine is needed, and a subunit vaccine has potential for development. In this study, a truncated region of the FAdV-4 fiber 2 fused with coding sequence of one epitope of hexon was expressed in a prokaryotic expression system, and the immune protective effects of different doses of recombinant fiber 2 subunit vaccine on SPF chickens were compared. The recombinant fiber2 (Gly275- Pro479 aa)-hexon (Met21-Val51 aa) protein (rFH) obtained in Escherichia coli showed good solubility. The chicken survival rate at the lowest dose (2.5 μg/bird) was 75% (6/8), and at higher doses (≥5 μg/bird) was 100% (8/8) in challenge experiment. Two chickens in the 2.5 μg/bird treatment showed severe lesions, while birds in the higher dose treatments showed no obvious tissue damage as determined by histopathologic analysis of liver and spleen. Absolute quantitative real-time PCR showed no viral load in the ≥5 μg/bird treatments, but two chickens in the 2.5 μg/bird treatment had high viral loads. The challenge experience demonstrated that the rFH vaccine provided 100% protection at ≥5 μg/bird. These results suggested that rFH protein as an effective vaccine to protect against FAdV-4 and provided a new idea for the development of vaccine against HHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiong Hu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, No. 88 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, PR China
| | - Guopan Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, No. 88 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- Jingzhou Changxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, PR China
| | - Lianshen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine, Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266000, PR China
| | - Mingxuan Rong
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, No. 88 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, No. 88 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, PR China
| | - Ming Xie
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, No. 88 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, No. 88 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, PR China
| | - Jun Rong
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, No. 88 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine, Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266000, PR China.
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20
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The fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) induce cellular pathway in chickens to produce interferon and antigen-presented molecules (MHCI/II). Poult Sci 2021; 100:101406. [PMID: 34428643 PMCID: PMC8385439 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
FAdV-4 is the major strain of adenovirus that responsible for hydro-pericardial syndrome (HPS) in poultry. In this study, the virus's specific gene fragments were isolated from clinically suspected cases and amplified by PCR. Finally, after a viral infection to investigate the immune response of the host, the gene expression of MHC (major histo-compatible) molecules (MHCIα, MHCIIβ), Ii (Invariant Chain) gene, inflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-1β), and transcription factors (MDA5, STING, IRF7, and NF-kB) were detected by real-time PCR (fluorescence technology). The results of sequence comparison showed that the clinically isolated virus was 100% homologous to a virulent strain of avian adenovirus group C serotype 4 (FAdV-4), which were named AH-FAdV-4. The TCID50 and pathogenicity of the virus were determined that was 106.52/0.1 mL with a mortality rate of 100% in chickens and 0% in ducks. Furthermore, results showed that the expression level of MHCIα, MHCIIβ, and Ii genes in chicken embryo kidney cells significantly (P < 0.01) upregulated (increased) after infection, which was 43, 5.2, and 2.5 times higher than the control group. With the addition of PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-kB, then the expression level of MHCIα, MHCIIβ, and Ii was decreased significantly (P < 0.01) than the control group. The transcription levels of these genes were decreased 0.64, 0.27, and 0.26 respectively. Simultaneously, the expression levels of IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-1β were also significantly (P < 0.01) up-regulated (increased) 7.8, 22.7, and 5 times higher than the control group. It was found that up-regulation of STING and NF-κB pathways are directly involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-1β), MHC molecules (MHCIα, MHCIIβ), and Ii gene. The results also showed that the gene regulation pathways consecutively increased the expression levels of MDA5, STING, IRF7, and NF-kB. It is conducted that the expression levels of cytokines, MHC molecules, and li gene were increased by STING and NF-kB pathways.
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21
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Wu N, Yang B, Wen B, Li W, Guo J, Qi X, Wang J. Pathogenicity and Immune Responses in Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens During Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Infection. Avian Dis 2021; 64:315-323. [PMID: 33205176 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome, a recently emerged disease of chickens, is caused by some strains of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4). However, the relationship between the immune response and cytokine expression during FAdV-4 infection is largely unknown. In this study, our data showed that all chickens exhibited typical clinical signs and lesions and that the viral load was significantly increased in both the liver and thymus following FAdV-4 infection. We also found that the appearance of tissue lesions in the liver and thymus was consistent with the viral copy numbers, indicating that virus replication in systemic organs closely correlated with disease progression. In addition, the effects of FAdV-4 infection on the transcription of some avian cytokines were studied in vivo. In general, expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β in the liver and thymus was strongly upregulated. Interestingly, the expression of IL-2 was the most highly upregulated. Expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and TGF-β2, were also upregulated. Moreover, we investigated both the humoral and cellular immune responses in chickens infected with FAdV-4. Compared to those in the noninfected chickens, the antibody levels in chickens infected with FAdV-4 were significantly increased within 30 days postinfection. In addition, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells was decreased in FAdV-4-infected chickens. Taken together, these findings increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of FAdV-4 in chickens and provide a foundation for additional pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaona Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Xu AH, Sun L, Tu KH, Teng QY, Xue J, Zhang GZ. Experimental co-infection of variant infectious bursal disease virus and fowl adenovirus serotype 4 increases mortality and reduces immune response in chickens. Vet Res 2021; 52:61. [PMID: 33926543 PMCID: PMC8082832 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) cause infectious bursal disease (IBD) and hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome, respectively. Recently, studies have reported co-infections of poultry with IBDV and FAdV-4, which is an important problem in the poultry industry. Here, the variant IBDV strain ZD-2018-1 and FAdV-4 isolate HB1501 were used to assess the pathogenicity of co-infection in 1-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Compared with chickens infected with only FAdV-4, those coinfected with IBDV and FAdV-4 showed enhanced clinical symptoms, higher mortality, more severe tissue lesions, and higher biochemical index levels. Furthermore, the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and interferon-γ mRNAs in the IBDV-FAdV-4 coinfected chickens was delayed, and the antibody response levels were significantly lower in those birds compared with the FAdV-4-infected chickens. These results indicate that co-infection with variant IBDV ZD-2018-1 and FAdV-4 HB1501 could significantly promote the pathogenicity of FAdV-4 and reduce the immune response in chickens. This study provides the foundation for further investigation of the interaction mechanism in IBDV and FAdV-4 co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kai-Hang Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Guo-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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23
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Wibowo MH, Sahesty A, Mahardika BK, Purwanto B, Lestariningsih CL, Kade Suardana IB, Oka Winaya IB, Irine I, Suryanggono J, Jonas M, Murwijati T, Mahardika GN. Epizootiology, Clinical Signs, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fowl Adenovirus in Chicken Farms in Indonesia from 2018 to 2019. Avian Dis 2020; 63:619-624. [PMID: 31865676 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) infection is an emerging problem in the world poultry industry, especially in broilers, as the causal agent of inclusion body hepatitis or hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome. From December 2017 to January 2019, we recorded 116 cases of suspected hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in chicken farms throughout Indonesia. Necropsy was done on each farm site with three to five freshly dead birds per farm. Tissue samples were collected in virus transport medium and frozen at -20 C. The virus was cultivated in 9-day-old fertilized specific-pathogenic-free chicken eggs. FAdV was detected using polymerase chain reaction with a published primer set. The polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced and subjected to a BLAST search. The phylogeny was inferred using the neighbor-joining method and tested using the bootstrap test. FadV-D and -E are present in Indonesia and confirmed in 40 of 116 suspected cases. The affected chicken ages were 27.27 ± 8.94 days. Most affected farms were raising broiler chickens. The only typical clinical sign was unusual daily mortality of >1%, while the three most frequent pathologic lesions were swelling and hemorrhage of kidney and liver, as well as hydropericardium. To reduce economic loss, a vaccine should be developed immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haryadi Wibowo
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Gajah Mada University, Yogjakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Aprilla Sahesty
- Research and Development Department, PT Medion Farma Jaya, Bandung 40552, Indonesia
| | - Bayu K Mahardika
- The Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Udayana University of Bali, Denpasar 80223, Indonesia
| | - Budi Purwanto
- Research and Development Department, PT Medion Farma Jaya, Bandung 40552, Indonesia
| | | | - Ida Bagus Kade Suardana
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Denpasar 80113, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Oka Winaya
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University of Bali, Denpasar 80113, Indonesia
| | - Ine Irine
- Research and Development Department, PT Medion Farma Jaya, Bandung 40552, Indonesia
| | - Jodi Suryanggono
- Research and Development Department, PT Medion Farma Jaya, Bandung 40552, Indonesia
| | - Melina Jonas
- Research and Development Department, PT Medion Farma Jaya, Bandung 40552, Indonesia
| | - Theresia Murwijati
- Research and Development Department, PT Medion Farma Jaya, Bandung 40552, Indonesia
| | - Gusti Ngurah Mahardika
- The Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Udayana University of Bali, Denpasar 80223, Indonesia, .,Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University of Bali, Denpasar 80113, Indonesia,
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24
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Del Valle FP, Camba SI, Umali DV, Sasai K, Shirota K, Katoh H, Tajima T. Research Note: Molecular and pathologic characterization of avian adenovirus isolated from the oviducts of laying hens in eastern Japan. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2459-2468. [PMID: 32359581 PMCID: PMC7597548 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of poor egg production were investigated in 2 layer farms from Ibaraki Prefecture in eastern Japan. To identify any microbial agents that may have caused the problem, necropsy, bacterial isolation, histopathology, and virus detection were performed. Members of the avian adenoviruses was detected by PCR in oviduct samples from both farms; chicken anemia virus coinfection was also confirmed in one of the farms. Avian adenovirus was isolated from the oviducts of the affected chickens on each farm. Inoculation into chick embryos showed tropism for the chorio-allantoic membrane. Stunting and hemorrhaging was observed in all infected embryos, as well as death in a few. Inoculation of 1-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks, and 400-day-old commercial hens, did not result in any significant findings. The isolated viruses were analyzed by sequencing of the hexon gene and were confirmed as fowl adenovirus type-c serotype-4 (FAdV-4). The 2 virus strains were found to be 99.29% similar to each other. One of the strains, Japan/Ibaraki/Y-H6/2016, was 99.15% similar to the KR5 strain. The other, Japan/Ibaraki/M-HB2/2016, was 99.57% similar to the KR5 strain. Fiber-2 gene analysis confirmed the identity as FAdV-4 that is closely related to nonpathogenic strains. Although nonpathogenic to chicks and laying hens, this infection can possibly cause economic damage. Perhaps the bigger concern is the effect on infected breeder operations. Because the virus is fatal to 9.09% of infected embryos, this could translate to a considerable loss in chick production owing to embryonic death. This is the first report of detection and isolation of FAdV-4 from the chicken oviduct; however, further studies are needed to elucidate its impact on both layer and breeder flocks. Indeed, FAdV-4 has negative effects on the avian reproductive tract as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher P Del Valle
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan; Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sherwin I Camba
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan; Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Dennis V Umali
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan; Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shirota
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Katoh
- Poultry Products Quality Control, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0062, Japan; Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Tomoko Tajima
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
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Fowl adenoviruse-4 infection induces strong innate immune responses in chicken. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101404. [PMID: 31874355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV), as the causative agent of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), poses a significant threat to the poultry industry in China in recent years. In this study, we investigated the immunopathogenesis of a FAdV-4 strain HN/151025 in 60-day-old chickens. The virus was highly virulent in chickens, with a broader tissue tropism in chickens, causing 60 % mortality. Postmortem findings of dead chickens showed mild HHS and liver degeneration and necrosis. Importantly, FAdV-4 infection induced significant upregulation of genes encoding most toll-like receptors, some cytokines (interleukin-1β, 2, 6, 8, and 18, and interferon-γ), most of avian β-defensins, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, in tissues of infected chicken, especially in spleen and bursa of Fabricius. There was also a significant positive correlation between FAdV-4 genome load and the mRNA expression levels of most of these factors in specific infected tissues. The results indicated the potential role of these proteins in host immune response against FAdV-4 infection. However, overexpression of these proteins might contribute to tissue damage of FAdV-4 infected chickens, and eventually lead to chicken death.
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26
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Characterization and pathogenicity of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 isolated from eastern China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:373. [PMID: 31660972 PMCID: PMC6816224 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fowl adenovirus outbreaks have occurred in China since June 2015. This virus is an emerging infectious disease that causes hydropericardium syndrome and inclusion body hepatitis (HPS-IBH), resulting in significant economic loss to poultry farmers. Five fowl adenovirus (FAdV) strains (HN, AQ, AH726, JS07 and AH712) were isolated from Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five isolates belonged to species C fowl adenovirus serotype 4. An 11 amino-acid deletion in ORF29, relative to an older viral isolate, JSJ13, was observed for all five strains described here. In chicken experiments, 80-100% birds died after intramuscular inoculation and displayed lesions characteristic of HPS-IBH. The viral DNA copies were further detected by hexon-probe based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the chicken samples. The viral loads and cytokine profiles were recorded in all the organs after infections. Despite minor genetic differences, the 5 strains displayed significantly different tissue tropisms and cytokine profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our data enhance the current understanding some of the factors involved in the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of the FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) in China. Our work provides theoretical support for the prevention and control of HPS-IBH in chickens.
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27
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Wang Z, Zhao J. Pathogenesis of Hypervirulent Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4: The Contributions of Viral and Host Factors. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080741. [PMID: 31408986 PMCID: PMC6723092 DOI: 10.3390/v11080741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, severe outbreaks of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), caused by hypervirulent fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), have emerged in several provinces in China, posing a great threat to poultry industry. So far, factors contributing to the pathogenesis of hypervirulent FAdV-4 have not been fully uncovered. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of FAdV-4 will facilitate the development of effective FAdV-4 vaccine candidates for the control of HHS and vaccine vector. The interaction between pathogen and host defense system determines the pathogenicity of the pathogen. Therefore, the present review highlights the knowledge of both viral and host factors contributing to the pathogenesis of hypervirulent FAdV-4 strains to facilitate the related further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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28
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Identification, Pathogenicity of Novel Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 SDJN0105 in Shandong, China and Immunoprotective Evaluation of the Newly Developed Inactivated Oil-emulsion FAdV-4 Vaccine. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070627. [PMID: 31288442 PMCID: PMC6669483 DOI: 10.3390/v11070627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since mid-2015, numerous outbreaks of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS), which is caused by a novel fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), have been reported in chickens in parts of China, thereby causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Thus, an effective vaccine to control the further spread of infections with this hyper-virulent FAdV-4 is imperative. In this study, we isolated a novel FAdV-4 strain SDJN0105 from a broiler farm with HHS disease in Shandong Province. Pathogenicity was evaluated by the observation of clinical symptoms, necropsy changes, and pathological tissue sections after oral and intramuscular (IM) infection of Specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. The chickens infected by IM injection all died within three days, and chickens infected via the oculonasal route died within five days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological examination revealed that the pathology was confined to heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and particularly the liver. Irrespective of the inoculation route, the highest viral DNA copy numbers were detected in the livers of infected chickens. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFNs, TNF-α, Mx, and OASL were significantly upregulated during the viral infection. In addition, an inactivated oil-emulsion FAdV-4 vaccine was developed. The vaccine could provide full protection for SPF chickens against a lethal dose of the FAdV-4 strain SDJN0105 and a high level of antibodies. These results improve our understanding of the innate immune responses in chickens infected with FAdV-4 and the pathogenesis of FAdV-4 caused by host factors, and the developed FAdV-4 vaccine is promising as a drug candidate for the prevention and reduction of the spread of HHS in poultry in China.
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29
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Shen Z, Xiang B, Li S, Ren X, Hong Y, Liao J, Yu D, Ren T, Liao M, Xu C. Genetic characterization of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 isolates in Southern China reveals potential cross-species transmission. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103928. [PMID: 31226331 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) outbreaks associated with Fowl adenovirus 4 (FAdV-4) have been confirmed in several provinces of China since 2015, mainly affecting 3-5-week-old broiler chicks, resulting in significant losses to the poultry industry. However, little is currently known regarding the molecular epidemiology and host specificity of FAdV-4 associated with HHS in Southern China. In the present study, we isolated 37 FAdV-4 strains from 52 suspected cases of HHS (33 from broilers, one from a layer, two from ducks, and one from a mandarin duck) from Guangdong province during 2016 to 2017. All 37 FAdV-4 strains obtained showed 100% identity of hexon genes at the nucleotide level, and also showed 100% nucleotide sequence identities with strains obtained from other provinces such as Shandong, Zhejiang, and Anhui, which grouped into a FAdV-C cluster. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of an FAdV-4 strain (GZ1) from a mandarin duck with HHS. Experimental infection of the GZ1 strain via intramuscular injection led to a 100% mortality rate in 21-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens. These data indicate the possibility of the cross-species transmission of FAdV-4, highlighting the need for implementing strict biosecurity measures to avoid the mixing of different bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujie Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shibin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xingxing Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yanfen Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jiayu Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Deshui Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, PR China.
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30
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Gao J, Zhao M, Duan X, Wang Y, Cao H, Li X, Zheng SJ. Requirement of Cellular Protein CCT7 for the Replication of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 (FAdV-4) in Leghorn Male Hepatocellular Cells Via Interaction with the Viral Hexon Protein. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020107. [PMID: 30691230 PMCID: PMC6410038 DOI: 10.3390/v11020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) causes hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), leading to severe economic losses in the poultry industry. Although the pathogenesis of FAdV-4 infection has caused much attention, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identified chaperonin containing TCP-1 subunit eta (CCT7) as an interacting partner of the FAdV-4 capsid protein hexon. We found that ectopic expression of CCT7 in leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) cells enhanced hexon expression in pRK5-flag-hexon transfected cells. On the contrary, knockdown of cellular CCT7 by RNAi markedly reduced hexon expression in FAdV-4-infected cells and suppressed viral replication. These data suggest that CCT7 is required for FAdV-4 replication and may serve as a potential target for controlling FAdV-4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Mingliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xueyan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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