Influence of Inflammation in the Process of T Lymphocyte Differentiation: Proliferative, Metabolic, and Oxidative Changes

Cellucalst enzyme-assisted extraction of Sargassum horneri enhances the immunomodulation by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB pathway in murine splenocytes with or without Concanavalin A

Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is an edible species of large brown algae inhabiting along the coasts of northeastern Asia. The study focuses on the impact of celluclast enzyme extract of S. hoeneri (SHC) on various immune cell populations in splenocytes including granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes. SHC alone increased the population of granulocytes and macrophages and the secretion of M1 macrophage-derived cytokines (TNF-α, IL-22), and M2 macrophage-derived cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). Interestingly, however, SHC suppressed the concanavalin A (Con A)-expanded populations of macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, T and B cells, and Con A-promoted secretion of M1-macrophage derived cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22) and M2-macrophage derived cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β). SHC further restrained the Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell responses through attenuating the expression of respective transcription factors T-bet, Gata3, and Rorγt. The anti-inflammatory property of SHC is highlighted through its influence on cytokine production, particularly in the NF-κB pathway, and the attenuation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. The results reveal that SHC acts as both an immunostimulator and an inhibitor of hyperimmune reactions, showcasing its potential therapeutic applications in conditions involving dysregulated immune responses such as autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders. This positions SHC as a promising candidate for the development of functional ingredients with diverse applications encompassing the realms of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Rapid progression of CD8 and CD4 T cells to cellular exhaustion and senescence during SARS-CoV2 infection

Risk factors for the development of severe COVID-19 include several comorbidities, but age was the most striking one since elderly people were disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among the reasons for this markedly unfavorable response in the elderly, immunosenescence and inflammaging appear as major drivers of this outcome. A finding that was also notable was that hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 have an accumulation of senescent T cells, suggesting that immunosenescence may be aggravated by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present work was designed to examine whether these immunosenescence changes are characteristic of COVID-19 and whether it is dependent on disease severity using cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Our cross-sectional data show that COVID-19, but not other respiratory infections, rapidly increased cellular senescence and exhaustion in CD4 and CD8 T cells during early infection. In addition, longitudinal analyses with patients from Brazil and Portugal provided evidence of increased frequencies of senescent and exhausted T cells over a 7-d period in patients with mild/moderate and severe COVID-19. Altogether, the study suggests that accelerated immunosenescence in CD4 and especially CD8 T-cell compartments may represent a common and unique outcome of SARS-CoV2 infection.

Predictive role of the peripheral blood inflammation indices neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immunoinflammatory index (SII) for age-related cataract risk

The novel inflammatory markers neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immunoinflammatory index (SII) have not yet been used in the study of age-related cataracts. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationships between the NLR, PLR, and SII and age-related cataracts. In the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cross-sectional surveys, we collected complete information on blood counts, whether cataract surgery had been performed, and baseline information for adults. We investigated the independent interactions between the inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, and SII and age-related cataracts via weighted multivariate regression analyses and subgroup analyses. Smoothed curve fitting was performed to identify nonlinear associations and saturation effects between inflammation indices and cataract risk. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for factors significantly associated with the development of cataracts to identify the optimal diagnostic inflammation index. This study included 8887 participants without cataracts and 935 participants with cataracts. Multivariate logistic regression analyses after adjusting for covariates revealed that a high SII (OR = 1.000, 95% CI = 1.000-1.000; P = 0.017) and high NLR (OR = 1.065, 95% CI = 1.000-1.134; P = 0.048) were independent risk factors for cataracts. Subgroup analyses did not reveal interactions between the SII, NLR, or cataract and covariates. Smoothed curve fits of the relationships between the SII or NLR and cataracts did not show positive significant saturating effect values for any of the variables. The ROC curve revealed some diagnostic value for cataracts for both the SII (AUC = 0.549, P < 0.001) and the NLR (AUC = 0.603, P < 0.001), but both had weak diagnostic value. Our study suggests that the SII and NLR are independent risk factors for cataracts in U.S. adults, but no such associations was identified between the PLR and cataracts.

The immune landscape of the inflamed joint defined by spectral flow cytometry

Cellular phenotype and function are altered in different microenvironments. For targeted therapies it is important to understand site-specific cellular adaptations. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is characterized by autoimmune joint inflammation, with frequent inadequate treatment responses. To comprehensively assess the inflammatory immune landscape, we designed a 37-parameter spectral flow cytometry panel delineating mononuclear cells from JIA synovial fluid (SF) of autoimmune inflamed joints, compared to JIA and healthy control blood. Synovial monocytes and NK cells (CD56bright) lack Fc-receptor CD16, suggesting antibody-mediated targeting may be ineffective. B cells and DCs, both in small frequencies in SF, undergo maturation with high 4-1BB, CD71, CD39 expression, supporting T-cell activation. SF effector and regulatory T cells were highly active with newly described co-receptor combinations that may alter function, and suggestion of metabolic reprogramming via CD71, TNFR2, and PD-1. Most SF effector phenotypes, as well as an identified CD4-Foxp3+ T-cell population, were restricted to the inflamed joint, yet specific SF-predominant CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg subpopulations were increased in blood of active but not inactive JIA, suggesting possible recirculation and loss of immunoregulation at distal sites. This first comprehensive dataset of the site-specific inflammatory landscape at protein level will inform functional studies and the development of targeted therapeutics to restore immunoregulatory balance and achieve remission in JIA.

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Sambucus nigra on superficial digital flexor tendon repair in rabbit by ultrasonography and histopathology

BACKGROUND

Adult tendon tissue has limited and slow regenerative capacity. Sambucus nigra plant possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of this plant's fruit on superficial digital flexor tendon repair in rabbits (SDFT).

METHODS

Twenty-five male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 1.5-2 kg were selected, quarantined and randomly divided into four groups of six. By performing a partial left posterior limb tenotomy, differentiating the SDFT and creating multiple scrapes were performed. During 3 consecutive days post-surgery, the positive control group was injected with 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone, whereas the treatment groups received extract doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The negative control group did not receive any medication. Evaluation of sonographic and histopathological parameters was conducted on days 0, 7 and 28 post-surgeries. Findings were analysed and compared using SPSS22.

RESULTS

Both treatment groups showed significant differences in echogenicity, and collagen fibre alignment compared to the control and positive control groups, in sonographic evaluation. Histopathological examination revealed fewer inflammatory cells and increased collagen fibre formation in the treatment groups compared to the other two groups. No significant difference in angiogenesis was observed among the groups on days 7 and 28 (p value <0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that the S. nigra fruit extract, by stimulating collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation, effectively accelerates the healing process of injured tendons.

Serum Procalcitonin, Hematology Parameters, and Cell Morphology in Multiple Clinical Conditions and Sepsis

BACKGROUND

The clinical value of procalcitonin (PCT) in infection diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum PCT and different clinical conditions as well as other infectious/inflammatory parameters in different septic patients in order to elucidate the value of PCT detection in infection management.

METHODS

Chemiluminescence immunoassay was used for serum PCT analysis. Hematology analysis was used for complete blood cell count. Digital automated cell morphology analysis was used for blood cell morphology examination. Blood, urine, and stool cultures were performed according to routine clinical laboratory standard operating procedures. C-reactive protein (CRP) was analyzed by immunoturbidimetry. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate test was performed using natural sedimentation methods.

RESULTS

Outpatients, ICU patients, and patients under 2 years of age with respiratory infections had higher serum PCT levels. Septic patients had the highest-serum PCT levels and other infection indexes. PCT levels in the blood, urine, and stool culture-positive patients were significantly higher than in culture-negative patients. The neutrophil granulation and reactive lymphocytes were observed together with the PCT-level increments in different septic patients, and these alterations were lessened after treatment. There was no significant change in monocyte morphology between pre- and posttreatment septic patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum PCT is associated with neutrophil cytotoxicity and lymphocyte morphology changes in sepsis; thus, the combination of neutrophil and lymphocyte digital cell morphology evaluations with PCT detection may be a useful examination for guiding the clinical management of sepsis.

Comprehensive modulatory effects of whole grain consumption on immune-mediated inflammation in middle-aged and elderly community residents: A real-world randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Whole grain consumption is widely recognized as a vital component of a balanced diet. Dietary fiber has been well-documented to play a crucial role in these health benefits attributed to whole grain intake. However, population-based evidence directly linking whole grain consumption to anti-inflammatory effects, especially in the context of immune-mediated inflammation, remains limited. We hypothesized that whole grain consumption promotes health by modulating immune-mediated inflammation.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study was designed as a real-world, population-based randomized controlled trial. We compared the effects of whole grain versus refined grain consumption on immune-mediated inflammation through staple food substitution, while participants maintained their usual dietary practices. The results demonstrated that whole grain consumption significantly reduced circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-22 and IL-23 compared to refined grain consumption. These reductions were associated with optimized short-chain fatty acid profiles and changes in CD4+ T cell subset distributions.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of whole grain consumption in middle-aged and elderly populations are mediated by targeting specific CD4+ T cell subsets, in addition to modulating both upstream short-chain fatty acid composition and downstream expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-22 and IL-23.

Regulatory T lymphocytes as a treatment method for rheumatoid arthritis - Superiority of allogeneic to autologous cells

Cellular therapies utilizing regulatory T cells (Tregs) have flourished in the autoimmunity space as a new pillar of medicine. These cells have shown a great promise in the treatment of such devastating conditions as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and graft versus host disease (GVHD). Novel treatment protocols, which utilize Tregs-mediated suppressive mechanisms, are based on the two main strategies: administration of immunomodulatory factors affecting Tregs or adoptive cell transfer (ACT). ACT involves extraction, in vitro expansion and subsequent administration of Tregs that could be either of autologous or allogeneic origin. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is another autoimmune candidate where this treatment approach is being considered. RA remains an especially challenging adversary since it is one of the most frequent and debilitating conditions among all autoaggressive disorders. Noteworthy, Tregs circulating in RA patients' blood have been proven defective and unable to suppress inflammation and joint destruction. With this knowledge, adoptive transfer of compromised autologous Tregs in the fledgling clinical trials involving RA patients should be reconsidered. In this article we hypothesize that incorporation of healthy donor allogeneic Tregs may provide more lucid and beneficial results.

Targeting Yezo Virus Structural Proteins for Multi-Epitope Vaccine Design Using Immunoinformatics Approach

A novel tick-borne orthonairovirus called the Yezo virus (YEZV), primarily transmitted by the Ixodes persulcatus tick, has been recently discovered and poses significant threats to human health. The YEZV is considered endemic in Japan and China. Clinical symptoms associated with this virus include thrombocytopenia, fatigue, headache, leukopenia, fever, depression, and neurological complications ranging from mild febrile illness to severe outcomes like meningitis and encephalitis. At present, there is no treatment or vaccine readily accessible for this pathogenic virus. Therefore, this research employed an immunoinformatics approach to pinpoint potential vaccine targets within the YEZV through an extensive examination of its structural proteins. Three structural proteins were chosen using specific criteria to pinpoint T-cell and B-cell epitopes, which were subsequently validated through interferon-gamma induction. Six overlapping epitopes for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), helper T-lymphocytes (HTL), and linear B-lymphocytes (LBL) were selected to construct a multi-epitope vaccine, achieving a 92.29% coverage of the global population. These epitopes were then fused with the 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 adjuvant to improve protection against international strains. The three-dimensional structure of the designed vaccine construct underwent an extensive evaluation through structural analysis. Following molecular docking studies, the YEZV vaccine construct emerged as a candidate for further investigation, showing the lowest binding energy (-78.7 kcal/mol) along with favorable physiochemical and immunological properties. Immune simulation and molecular dynamics studies demonstrated its stability and potential to induce a strong immune response within the host cells. This comprehensive analysis indicates that the designed vaccine construct could offer protection against the YEZV. It is crucial to conduct additional in vitro and in vivo experiments to verify its safety and effectiveness.

The predictive value of hematological inflammatory markers for severe oral mucositis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during intensity-modulated radiation therapy: A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

This study aims to investigate the predictive value of the circulating blood cell count, including neutro-philto-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR), and thesystemic inflammation index (SII) for the development of severe oral mucositis (SOM) induced by radiation in patients undergoing radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

METHODS

In this retrospective study, 142 NPC patients were screened, and based on mucositis toxicity grade, they were categorized into two groups: SOM and nonSOM. Peripheral blood cell counts were conducted prior to Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). Associations between blood cell count, NLR, PLR, SII, and SOM occurrence were examined.

RESULTS

Revealed elevated NLR and SII levels, along with reduced lymphocyte (LYM), eosinophil (EOS), and basophil (BAS) in patients with SOM. LYM, EOS, BAS, NLR, and SII were effective predictors of the severity of radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM) in NPC patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence of SOM was strongly linked to the hematological status at the start of Radiation Therapy (RT). Integrating BAS count and NLR into comprehensive risk prediction models could prove valuable for predicting SOM in NPC patients.

Effects of Combined Treatment with Sodium Dichloroacetate and Sodium Valproate on the Genes in Inflammation- and Immune-Related Pathways in T Lymphocytes from Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection with Pneumonia: Sex-Related Differences

The study presents data on the anti-inflammatory effects of a combination of sodium dichloroacetate and sodium valproate (DCA-VPA) on the expression of inflammation- and immune response-related genes in T lymphocytes of SARS-CoV-2 patients. The study aimed to assess the effects of DCA-VPA on the genes of cytokine activity, chemokine-mediated signaling, neutrophil chemotaxis, lymphocyte chemotaxis, T-cell chemotaxis, and regulation of T-cell proliferation pathways. The study included 21 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pneumonia: 9 male patients with a mean age of 68.44 ± 15.32 years and 12 female patients with a mean age of 65.42 ± 15.74 years. They were hospitalized between December 2022 and March 2023. At the time of testing, over 90% of sequences analyzed in Lithuania were found to be of the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. The T lymphocytes from patients were treated with 5 mmol DCA and 2 mmol VPA for 24 h in vitro. The effect of the DCA-VPA treatment on gene expression in T lymphocytes was analyzed via gene sequencing. The study shows that DCA-VPA has significant anti-inflammatory effects and apparent sex-related differences. The effect is more potent in T cells from male patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pneumonia than in females.

Clonal haematopoiesis across the age spectrum of vasculitis patients with Takayasu's arteritis, ANCA-associated vasculitis and giant cell arteritis

OBJECTIVES

Ageing and inflammation are associated with clonal haematopoiesis (CH), the emergence of somatic mutations in haematopoietic cells. This study details CH in patients with systemic vasculitis in association with clinical, haematological and immunological parameters.

METHODS

Patients with three forms of vasculitis were screened for CH in peripheral blood by error-corrected sequencing. Relative contributions of age and vasculitis on CH prevalence were calculated using multivariable logistic regression. Clonal hierarchies were assessed by proteogenomic single-cell DNA sequencing, and functional experiments were performed in association with CH status.

RESULTS

Patients with Takayasu's arteritis (TAK; n=70; mean age=33.2 years), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV; n=47; mean age=55.3 years) and giant cell arteritis (GCA; n=59; mean age=71.2 years) were studied. CH, most commonly in DNMT3A and TET2, was detected in 34% (60/176) of patients versus 18% (28/151) of age-matched controls (p<0.01). Prevalence of CH was independently associated with age (standardised B=0.96, p<0.01) and vasculitis (standardised B=0.46, p<0.01), occurring in 61%, 32% and 13% of patients with GCA, AAV and TAK, respectively. Both branched and linear clonal trajectories showed myeloid-lineage bias, and CH was associated with markers of cellular activation. In GCA, mutations were detected in temporal artery biopsies, and clinical relapse correlated with CH in a dose-dependent relationship with clone size.

CONCLUSIONS

Age was more strongly associated with CH prevalence than inflammation in systemic vasculitis. Clonal profile was dominated by DNMT3A mutations which were associated with relapse in GCA. CH is not likely a primary causal factor in systemic vasculitis but may contribute to inflammation.

Oxygen Delivery Biomaterials in Wound Healing Applications

Oxygen (O2 ) delivery biomaterials have attracted great interest in the treatment of chronic wounds due to their potential applications in local and continuous O2 generation and delivery, improving cell viability until vascularization occurs, promoting structural growth of new blood vessels, simulating collagen synthesis, killing bacteria and reducing hypoxia-induced tissue damage. Therefore, different types of O2 delivery biomaterials including thin polymer films, fibers, hydrogels, or nanocomposite hydrogels have been developed to provide controlled, sufficient and long-lasting O2 to prevent hypoxia and maintain cell viability until the engineered tissue is vascularized by the host system. These biomaterials are made by various approaches, such as encapsulating O2 releasing molecules into hydrogels, polymer microspheres and 3D printed hydrogel scaffolds and adsorbing O2 carrying reagents into polymer films of fibers. In this article, different O2 generating sources such as solid inorganic peroxides, liquid peroxides, and photosynthetic microalgae, and O2 carrying perfluorocarbons and hemoglobin are presented and the applications of O2 delivery biomaterials in promoting wound healing are discussed. Furthermore, challenges encountered and future perspectives are highlighted.

Improved physical disability and nutritional status by bovine colostrum supplementation in adults with traumatic peri-trochanteric femoral fracture: A randomized, controlled, clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

Patients with femur fracture after surgery are at risk of malnutrition, weight loss, disability, and mobility complications. In the present study the role of colostrum supplementation on physical disability, and some nutritional variables after surgery has been investigated.

RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES

Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. The intervention group received 45 g colostrum and the control group received 15 g whey protein daily for 21 days (each containing 12 g of protein). The trend comparison during 30 days of variables including weight, appetite, serum albumin level, hemoglobin and lymphocytes between the two groups was modeled with the generalized estimation equation. Moreover, the trend comparison during 90 days of Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) between the two groups was calculated.

RESULTS

The basic characteristics were the same between the two groups (colostrum, n = 46; control, n = 48). Protein intake was the same in both groups during the study period. There was a significant difference in weight gain (ß = 0.32, 95 % CI: 0.09-0.54; P = 0.005) within 30 days after operation between the colostrum and control groups in favor of the increase in the colostrum group. Compared to the control group, patients in the colostrum group had a 0.31 score more appetite (P < 0.001), 0.17 g/dL higher serum albumin level (P = 0.001), 0.5 mg/dL higher hemoglobin level and 440 more blood lymphocytes (P < 0.001) during the 30 days of intervention. Regarding physical function disability, patients in the colostrum group had about 4 ODI scores lower than the control group during the study period.

CONCLUSION

Colostrum supplement can increase appetite, hemoglobin, serum albumin level and the number of blood lymphocytes more than the control group. It can also accelerate weight gain and physical performance after surgery.

Static electric field inhibits the proliferation and secretion functions of splenic lymphocytes in mice

In recent years, the effects of static electric field (SEF) generated by ultra-high voltage (UHV) direct current (DC) transmission lines on health has drawn public attention. To study the effects of SEF on the spleen, mice were exposed to 56.3 ± 1.4 kV/m SEF. Results showed that on the 28th day of SEF exposure, the contents of IL-10 and IFN-γ in the supernatant of homogenate, the proliferation levels of lymphocytes and the content of intracellular ROS decreased significantly, while the activity of SOD increased significantly. Meanwhile, the rupture of cellular membrane, the deficiency of mitochondrial cristae and the vacuolization of mitochondria appeared in lymphocytes. Analysis showed that the rupture of the cellular membrane caused the death of T lymphocytes, which would lead to the reduction of IL-10 and IFN-γ secretions. The damage of mitochondria could reduce the production of ATP and the content of ROS, which could inhibit the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes.

Enhanced Th17 responses in the appendix of children with complex compared to simple appendicitis are associated with microbial dysbiosis

Introduction

Appendicitis is one of the most common causes of acute abdominal surgery in children. The clinical course of appendicitis ranges from simple to complex appendicitis. The mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity of appendicitis in children remain largely unclear. Dysregulated T cell responses play an important role in several inflammatory diseases of the intestine, but the extend of T cell dysregulation in appendicitis in children is less well known.

Methods

To characterize appendiceal T cells in simple and complex appendicitis we performed in-depth immunophenotyping of appendiceal-derived T cells by flow cytometry and correlated this to appendiceal-derived microbiota analyses of the same patient.

Results

Appendix samples of twenty children with appendicitis (n = 8 simple, n = 12 complex) were collected. T cells in complex appendicitis displayed an increased differentiated phenotype compared to simple appendicitis, including a loss of both CD27 and CD28 by CD4+ T cells and to a lesser extent by CD8+ T cells. Frequencies of phenotypic tissue-resident memory CD69+CD4+ T cells and CD69+CD8+ T cells were decreased in children with complex compared to simple appendicitis, indicating disruption of local tissue-resident immune responses. In line with the increased differentiated phenotype, cytokine production of in particular IL-17A by CD4+ T cells was increased in children with complex compared to simple appendicitis. Furthermore, frequencies of IL-17A+ CD4+ T cells correlated with a dysregulation of the appendiceal microbiota in children with complex appendicitis.

Conclusion

In conclusion, disruption of local T cell responses, and enhanced pro-inflammatory Th17 responses correlating to changes in the appendiceal microbiota were observed in children with complex compared to simple appendicitis. Further studies are needed to decipher the role of a dysregulated network of microbiota and Th17 cells in the development of complex appendicitis in children.

Emerging drug delivery systems with traditional routes - A roadmap to chronic inflammatory diseases

Inflammation is prevalent and inevitable in daily life but can generally be accommodated by the immune systems. However, incapable self-healing and persistent inflammation can progress to chronic inflammation, leading to prevalent or fatal chronic diseases. This review comprehensively covers the topic of emerging drug delivery systems (DDSs) for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs). First, we introduce the basic biology of the chronic inflammatory process and provide an overview of the main CIDs of the major organs. Next, up-to-date information on various DDSs and the associated strategies for ensuring targeted delivery and stimuli-responsiveness applied to CIDs are discussed extensively. The implementation of traditional routes of drug administration to maximize their therapeutic effects against CIDs is then summarized. Finally, perspectives on future DDSs against CIDs are presented.

Metal transporter SLC39A14/ZIP14 modulates regulation between the gut microbiome and host metabolism

Metal transporter SLC39A14/ZIP14 is localized on the basolateral side of the intestine, functioning to transport metals from blood to intestine epithelial cells. Deletion of Slc39a14/Zip14 causes spontaneous intestinal permeability with low-grade chronic inflammation, mild hyperinsulinemia, and greater body fat with insulin resistance in adipose. Importantly, antibiotic treatment reverses the adipocyte phenotype of Slc39a14/Zip14 knockout (KO), suggesting a potential gut microbial role in the metabolic alterations in the Slc39a14/Zip14 KO mice. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that increased intestinal permeability and subsequent metabolic alterations in the absence of Zip14 could be in part due to alterations in gut microbial composition. Dietary metals have been shown to be involved in the regulation of gut microbial diversity and composition. However, studies linking the action of intestinal metal transporters to gut microbial regulation are lacking. We showed the influence of deletion of metal transporter Slc39a14/Zip14 on gut microbiome composition and how ZIP14-linked changes to gut microbiome community composition are correlated with changes in host metabolism. Deletion of Slc39a14/Zip14 generated Zn-deficient epithelial cells and luminal content in the entire intestinal tract, a shift in gut microbial composition that partially overlapped with changes previously associated with obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), increased the fungi/bacteria ratio in the gut microbiome, altered the host metabolome, and shifted host energy metabolism toward glucose utilization. Collectively, our data suggest a potential predisease microbial susceptibility state dependent on host gene Slc39a14/Zip14 that contributes to intestinal permeability, a common trait of IBD, and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Metal dyshomeostasis, intestinal permeability, and gut dysbiosis are emerging signatures of chronic disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, type-2 diabetes, and obesity. Studies in reciprocal regulations between host intestinal metal transporters genes and gut microbiome are scarce. Our research revealed a potential predisease microbial susceptibility state dependent on the host metal transporter gene, Slc39a14/Zip14, that contributes to intestinal permeability providing new insight into understanding host metal transporter gene-microbiome interactions in developing chronic disease.

Acute inflammation alters lung lymphocytes and potentiates innate-like behavior in young mouse lung CD8 T cells, resembling lung CD8 T cells from old mice

Inflammation plays a significant role in lung infection including that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in which both adaptive and innate lymphocytes can affect infection control. How inflammation affects infection is understood in a broad sense, including inflammaging (chronic inflammation) seen in the elderly, but the explicit role that inflammation can play in regulation of lymphocyte function is not known. To fill this knowledge gap, we used an acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in young mice and studied lymphocyte responses, focusing on CD8 T cell subsets. LPS treatment decreased the total numbers of T cells in the lungs of LPS mice while also increasing the number of activated T cells. We demonstrate that lung CD8 T cells from LPS mice became capable of an antigen independent innate-like IFN-γ secretion, dependent on IL-12p70 stimulation, paralleling innate-like IFN-γ secretion of lung CD8 T cells from old mice. Overall, this study provides information on how acute inflammation can affect lymphocytes, particularly CD8 T cells, which could potentially affect immune control of various disease states.

Proteome analysis, bioinformatic prediction and experimental evidence revealed immune response down-regulation function for serum-starved human fibroblasts

Emerging evidence indicates that fibroblasts play pivotal roles in immunoregulation by producing various proteins under health and disease states. In the present study, for the first time, we compared the proteomes of serum-starved human skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using Nano-LC-ESI-tandem mass spectrometry. This analysis contributes to a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of chronic inflammation and cancer, which are intrinsically accompanied by growth factor deficiency.The proteomes of starved fibroblasts and PBMCs consisted of 307 and 294 proteins, respectively, which are involved in lymphocyte migration, complement activation, inflammation, acute phase response, and immune regulation. Starved fibroblasts predominantly produced extracellular matrix-related proteins such as collagen/collagenase, while PBMCs produced focal adhesion-related proteins like beta-parvin and vinculin which are involved in lymphocyte migration. PBMCs produced a more diverse set of inflammatory molecules like heat shock proteins, while fibroblasts produced human leukocytes antigen-G and -E that are known as main immunomodulatory molecules. Fifty-four proteins were commonly found in both proteomes, including serum albumin, amyloid-beta, heat shock cognate 71 kDa, and complement C3. GeneMANIA bioinformatic tool predicted 418 functions for PBMCs, including reactive oxygen species metabolic processes and 241 functions for starved fibroblasts such as antigen processing and presentation including non-classical MHC -Ib pathway, and negative regulation of the immune response. Protein-protein interactions network analysis indicated the immunosuppressive function for starved fibroblasts-derived human leucocytes antigen-G and -E. Moreover, in an in vitro model of allogeneic transplantation, the immunosuppressive activity of starved fibroblasts was experimentally documented.

Conclusion

Under serum starvation-induced metabolic stress, both PBMCs and fibroblasts produced molecules like heat shock proteins and amyloid-beta, which can have pathogenic roles in auto-inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, aging, and cancer. However, starved fibroblasts showed immunosuppressive activity in an in vitro model of allogeneic transplantation, suggesting their potential to modify such adverse reactions by down-regulating the immune system.

Curcumin alleviates spleen immunotoxicity induced by decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209) by improving immune function and inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis in broilers

This study was conducted to assess the mitigating effects of curcumin (Cur) on immunotoxicity in the spleen of broilers induced by the polybrominated diphenyl ether BDE-209. Eighty one-day-old broilers were allocated to the following four groups: control group, BDE-209 (0.4 g/kg) group, BDE-209 (0.4 g/kg) + Cur (0.3 mg/kg) group, and Cur (0.3 mg/kg) group. Growth performance, immunological function, inflammation, and apoptosis were assessed after 42 days of treatment. The findings demonstrate that firstly, Cur restored spleen damage caused by BDE-209 by increasing body weight, decreasing feed-to-gain ratio, correcting the spleen index, and improving the histopathological structure of the spleen. Secondly, Cur relieved BDE-209-induced immunosuppression by increasing the levels of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA in the serum, as well as the levels of white blood cells and lymphocytes. The levels at which GATA binding protein 3, T-box expressed in T cells, interferon-γ, and interleukin (IL)- 4 are expressed were controlled. The ratio of T helper (Th) type 1 (Th1) to Th2 cells in the spleen of broilers was also controlled. Thirdly, Cur reduced the expression of Toll like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, IL-8, IL-6, and IL-1β, which alleviated BDE-209-induced inflammation in broilers. Cur reduced BDE-209-induced apoptosis by increasing the expression of the bcl-2 protein, decreasing the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and bax proteins, decreasing the bax/bcl-2 protein ratio, and decreasing the mean optical density of TUNEL. These results suggest that Cur protects broiler spleens from BDE-209-induced immunotoxicity via modulating humoral immunity, the equilibrium between Th1 and Th2 cells, the TLRs/NF-κB inflammatory pathway, and the apoptotic pathway.

Obesity Is Associated with Immunometabolic Changes in Adipose Tissue That May Drive Treatment Resistance in Breast Cancer: Immune-Metabolic Reprogramming and Novel Therapeutic Strategies

White adipose tissue (WAT) represents an endocrinologically and immunologically active tissue whose primary role is energy storage and homeostasis. Breast WAT is involved in the secretion of hormones and proinflammatory molecules that are associated with breast cancer development and progression. The role of adiposity and systemic inflammation in immune responses and resistance to anti-cancer treatment in breast cancer (BC) patients is still not clear. Metformin has demonstrated antitumorigenic properties both in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Nevertheless, its immunomodulating properties in BC are largely unknown. This review aims to evaluate the emerging evidence on the crosstalk between adiposity and the immune-tumour microenvironment in BC, its progression and treatment resistance, and the immunometabolic role of metformin in BC. Adiposity, and by extension subclinical inflammation, are associated with metabolic dysfunction and changes in the immune-tumour microenvironment in BC. In oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast tumours, it is proposed that these changes are mediated via a paracrine interaction between macrophages and preadipocytes, leading to elevated aromatase expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in the breast tissue in patients who are obese or overweight. In HER2+ breast tumours, WAT inflammation has been shown to be associated with resistance to trastuzumab mediated via MAPK or PI3K pathways. Furthermore, adipose tissue in patients with obesity is associated with upregulation of immune checkpoints on T-cells that is partially mediated via immunomodulatory effects of leptin and has been paradoxically associated with improved responses to immunotherapy in several cancers. Metformin may play a role in the metabolic reprogramming of tumour-infiltrating immune cells that are dysregulated by systemic inflammation. In conclusion, evidence suggests that body composition and metabolic status are associated with patient outcomes. To optimise patient stratification and personalisation of treatment, prospective studies are required to evaluate the role of body composition and metabolic parameters in metabolic immune reprogramming with and without immunotherapy in patients with BC.

The effect of neonatal vaccination for bovine respiratory disease in the face of a dual challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus and Mannheimia hemolytica

Bovine respiratory disease is the greatest threat to calf health. In this study, colostrum-fed dairy X beef calves were vaccinated at ∼30 days of age with an adjuvanted parenteral vaccine containing modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 and type 2, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (PI3V) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) andM. haemolyticatoxoid (Group 1), or intranasal temperature-sensitive BHV-1, BRSV and PI3V concurrently witha parenteral vaccine containing modified live BVDV type 1 and type 2 andM. haemolyticatoxoid (Group 2) or a placebo (Group 3). The calves were challenged ∼150 days post vaccination intranasally with BVDV 1b and then 7 days later intratracheally withM. haemolytica. The calves wereeuthanized 6 days after theM. haemolyticachallenge. Clinical signs following BVDV infection were similar in all groups. There was increased rectal temperatures in the Groups 2 and 3 on day 3 and in Group 3 on days 8-13. Group 1 animals had a slight leukopenia following BVDV infection while Groups 2 and 3 had greater leukopenia. BVDV type 1 and 2 serum titers increased in Group 1 following vaccination while these titers waned in Groups 2 and 3. There were higher levels of BVDV in the buffy coats and nasal samples in Group 2 and Group 3 versus Group 1 (p < 0.01). Interferon-gamma response was higher (p < 0.01) in Group 1 animals than Groups 2 and 3. Group 1 had the lowest percent pneumonic tissue (1.6%) while Group 2 vaccinates had 3.7% and the control Group 3 was 5.3%. Vaccination in the face of maternal antibody with a parenteral adjuvanted vaccine resulted in better protection than the regimen of an intranasal vaccine anda parenteral adjuvanted BVDV andM haemolyticacombination vaccine in a BVDV-M. haemolyticadual challenge.

COVID-19 Disease in Under-5 Children: Current Status and Strategies for Prevention including Vaccination

Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic hit the globe in early 2020, we have steadily gained insight into its pathogenesis; thereby improving surveillance and preventive measures. In contrast to other respiratory viruses, neonates and young children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have a milder clinical presentation, with only a small proportion needing hospitalization and intensive care support. With the emergence of novel variants and improved testing services, there has been a higher incidence of COVID-19 disease reported among children and neonates. Despite this, the proportion of young children with severe disease has not increased. Key mechanisms that protect young children from severe COVID-19 disease include the placental barrier, differential expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors, immature immune response, and passive transfer of antibodies via placenta and human milk. Implementing mass vaccination programs has been a major milestone in reducing the global disease burden. However, considering the lower risk of severe COVID-19 illness in young children and the limited evidence about long-term vaccine safety, the risk-benefit balance in children under five years of age is more complex. In this review, we do not support or undermine vaccination of young children but outline current evidence and guidelines, and highlight controversies, knowledge gaps, and ethical issues related to COVID-19 vaccination in young children. Regulatory bodies should consider the individual and community benefits of vaccinating younger children in their local epidemiological setting while planning regional immunization policies.

Glomerella fusarioides-catalyzed structural transformation of steroidal drugs mesterolone and methasterone, and anti-inflammatory activity of resulting derivatives

Transformation of steroidal drug mesterolone (1) with Glomerella fusarioides yielded two new (17α-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3-one-11α-yl acetate (2) and 15α-hydroxy-1-methyl-5α-androstan-1-en-3,17-dione (3)), and four known derivatives (15α,17β-dihydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3-one (4), 15α-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3,17-dione (5), 1α-methyl-androsta-4-en-3,17-dione (6) and 15α,17β-dihydroxy-1-methyl-5α-androstan-1-en-3-one (7). Similarly, G. fusarioides-catalyzed transformation of steroidal drug methasterone (8) afforded four new metabolites, 11α,17β-dihydroxy-2,17α-dimethylandrosta-1,4-diene-3-one (9), 3a,11α,17β-trihydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane (10), 1β,3β,17β-trihydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane (11), and 11α,17β-dihydroxy-2,17α-dimethylandrosta-1,4-diene-3-one (12). Structures of new derivatives were determined by using 1D-, and 2D-NMR, HREI-MS, and IR spectroscopic data. New derivative 3 was identified as a potent inhibitor of NȮ production with the IC₅₀ value of 29.9 ± 1.8 μM, in comparison to the standard l-NMMA (IC₅₀ = 128.2 ± 0.8 µM) in vitro. In addition, methasterone (8) (IC₅₀ = 83.6 ± 0.22 µM) also showed a significant activity comparable to new derivative 12 (IC₅₀ = 89.8 ± 1.2 µM). New derivatives 2 (IC₅₀ = 102.7 ± 0.5 µM), 9 (IC₅₀ = 99.6 ± 5.7 µM), 10 (IC₅₀ = 123.5 ± 5.7 µM), and 11 (IC₅₀ = 170.5 ± 5.0 µM) showed a moderate activity. N^G-MonomethylL-arginine acetate (IC₅₀ = 128.2 ± 0.8 µM) was used as standared NO^⋅- free radicals have an important role in the regulation of immune responses and cellular events. Their overproduction is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous ailments, such as Alzheimer's cardiac disorders, cancer, diabetes, and degenerative diseases. Therefore, inhibition of NȮ production can help in the treatment of chronic inflammation and associated disorders. All derivatives were found to be non-cytotoxic to human fibroblast (BJ) cell line. The results presented here form the basis of further research for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents with improved efficacy through biotransformation approaches.

Oxidative stress and neuroimmune proteins in a mouse model of autism

Oxidative stress including decreased antioxidant enzyme activities, elevated lipid peroxidation, and accumulation of advanced glycation end products in the blood from children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been reported. The mechanisms affecting the development of ASD remain unclear; however, toxic environmental exposures leading to oxidative stress have been proposed to play a significant role. The BTBRT+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) strain provides a model to investigate the markers of oxidation in a mouse strain exhibiting ASD-like behavioral phenotypes. In the present study, we investigated the level of oxidative stress and its effects on immune cell populations, specifically oxidative stress affecting surface thiols (R-SH), intracellular glutathione (iGSH), and expression of brain biomarkers that may contribute to the development of the ASD-like phenotypes that have been observed and reported in BTBR mice. Lower levels of cell surface R-SH were detected on multiple immune cell subpopulations from blood, spleens, and lymph nodes and for sera R-SH levels of BTBR mice compared to C57BL/6 J (B6) mice. The iGSH levels of immune cell populations were also lower in the BTBR mice. Elevated protein expression of GATA3, TGM2, AhR, EPHX2, TSLP, PTEN, IRE1α, GDF15, and metallothionein in BTBR mice is supportive of an increased level of oxidative stress in BTBR mice and may underpin the pro-inflammatory immune state that has been reported in the BTBR strain. Results of a decreased antioxidant system suggest an important oxidative stress role in the development of the BTBR ASD-like phenotype.

Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells: Heralding a new treatment for periodontitis?

Periodontitis, as a complex inflammatory disorder, is characterized by continuous destruction of the teeth-supporting components, like alveolar bone and periodontal ligament, and affects a great percentage of individuals over the world. Also, this oral disease is linked with multiple serious illnesses, e.g., cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and oral cancer; thus, exerting efficient therapy for periodontitis is necessary. Unfortunately, the current therapies for the disease (e.g., surgical and nonsurgical methods) have not reflected enough effectiveness against periodontitis. At present, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based remedy has created new hope for curating different diseases; however, MSCs have no capability to engraft into the chosen tissue, and the tumorigenic influences of MSCs are still the main concern. Interestingly, documents have revealed that MSC-derived mediators, like exosomes, which their exploitation is more feasible than intact MSCs, can be an effective therapeutic candidate for periodontitis. Therefore, in this study, we will review evidence in conjunction with their possible curative impacts on periodontitis cases.

Gluten Exorphins Promote Cell Proliferation through the Activation of Mitogenic and Pro-Survival Pathways

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic and systemic autoimmune disorder that affects preferentially the small intestine of individuals with a genetic predisposition. CD is promoted by the ingestion of gluten, a storage protein contained in the endosperm of the seeds of wheat, barley, rye, and related cereals. Once in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, gluten is enzymatically digested with the consequent release of immunomodulatory and cytotoxic peptides, i.e., 33mer and p31-43. In the late 1970s a new group of biologically active peptides, called gluten exorphins (GEs), was discovered and characterized. In particular, these short peptides showed a morphine-like activity and high affinity for the δ-opioid receptor (DOR). The relevance of GEs in the pathogenesis of CD is still unknown. Recently, it has been proposed that GEs could contribute to asymptomatic CD, which is characterized by the absence of symptoms that are typical of this disorder. In the present work, GEs cellular and molecular effects were in vitro investigated in SUP-T1 and Caco-2 cells, also comparing viability effects with human normal primary lymphocytes. As a result, GEs treatments increased tumor cell proliferation by cell cycle and Cyclins activation as well as by induction of mitogenic and pro-survival pathways. Finally, a computational model of GEs interaction with DOR is provided. Altogether, the results might suggest a possible role of GEs in CD pathogenesis and on its associated cancer comorbidities.

Clinical Significance and Diagnostic Utility of NLR, LMR, PLR and SII in the Course of COVID-19: A Literature Review

Nowadays, society is increasingly struggling with infectious diseases that are characterized by severe course and even death. Recently, the whole world has faced the greatest epidemiological threat, which is COVID-19 caused by SARS CoV-2 virus. SARS CoV-2 infection is often accompanied by severe inflammation, which can lead to the development of different complications. Consequently, clinicians need easily interpreted and effective markers of inflammation that can predict the efficacy of the treatment and patient prognosis. Inflammation is associated with changes in many biochemical and hematological parameters, including leukocyte counts and their populations. In COVID-19, changes in leukocytes count populations such as neutrophils, lymphocytes or monocytes are observed. The numerous research confirm that indicators like neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic inflammatory index (SII) may prove effective in assessment patient prognosis and choosing optimal therapy. Therefore, in this review, we would like to summarize the latest knowledge about the diagnostic utility of systemic inflammatory ratios - NLR, LMR, PLR and SII in patients with COVID-19. We focused on the papers evaluating the diagnostic utility of inflammatory ratios using ROC curve published in the recent 3 years. Identification of biomarkers associated with inflammation would help the selection of patients with severe course of COVID-19 and high risk of death.

Molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effects of plant essential oils: A systematic review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Plant essential oils (PEOs) extracted from aromatic compounds of the plant contain complex mixtures of volatile and lipophilic bioactive compounds. In ancient Egypt, Arabia, Greece, and China, PEOs were traditional used in aromatherapy for various health disorders, including pain and inflammation.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this review, we provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of PEOs and the underlying mechanisms associated with anti-inflammatory effects using in vitro and in vivo models. Further, clinical trials associated with PEOs were explored.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The literature search was performed using various web-based tools and databases like Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI and SCOPUS. The keywords used for conducting the literature review were general terms like "essential oils" followed by (AND) the subject of interest like "in vitro and/or in vivo anti-inflammatory models," "inflammatory response," "inflammatory indicators," "pro-inflammatory cytokines," "signaling pathway," "anti-inflammatory mechanism," "toxicology and side effects" and "clinical trials." The articles selected were published between 2017 and 2022. The articles prior to 2017 were only considered if they were associated with molecular mechanisms or signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory responses.

RESULTS

In vitro and in vivo inflammation models have been used to study the anti-inflammatory effects of 48 PEOs. Studies have reported that PEOs targets and inhibit multiple dysregulated signaling pathways associated with inflammation, including Toll-like receptors, nuclear transcription factor-κ B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, and auxiliary pathways like the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

PEOs extracted from different plant materials had varied qualitative and quantitative compositions of biologically active compounds. Different anti-inflammatory potentials and different molecular signal transduction have been attributed to PEOs-derived bioactive compounds with different chemical structures. The data on therapeutic efficacy and the long-term side effects of PEOs as an anti-inflammatory drug are still unknown due to the lack of clinical trials on PEOs. There is still insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on anti-inflammatory properties of PEOs without promising outcomes from clinical trials.

Higher lymphocyte count associated with larger hippocampal volume and fewer depressive symptoms in drug-na ïve first-episode psychosis

Circulating white blood cells (leucocytes), which form the peripheral immune system, are crucial in inflammatory processes but their role in brain structural change in schizophrenia has been scarcely studied. With this study we want to determine how and which type of white blood cells are associated with hippocampal volume (as a key structure in schi- zophrenia etiopathology) in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Moreover, to determine the association between white blood cells and clinical symptomatology, including positive and negative symptoms, cognition and depression. For this purpose fifty drug-naïve FEP were included in this study. All patients underwent an assessment at baseline and at 1 year follow-up, including sociodemographic and clinical variables (substance use, DUP, PANSS, GAF and CDSS). Fasting blood samples were obtained before administering any medication at baseline. Structural T1 MRI was performed at baseline and brain volumes were quantified. In the present study, higher lymphocyte count was associated with larger right hippocampal volume at baseline in FEP drug-naive patients. Higher lymphocyte count was associated with lower depressive symptomatology measured with CDSS and Marder depressive factor from PANSS at baseline and 1-year follow -up. These results suggest that lymphocytes may have a protective effect in hippocampal volume at baseli- ne in antipsychotic naïve FEP and also, are associated with a better depressive course over follow up. These results open the door to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for patients with schizophrenia.

An Interplay between Oxidative Stress (Lactate Dehydrogenase) and Inflammation (Anisocytosis) Mediates COVID-19 Severity Defined by Routine Clinical Markers

Viral infections activate the innate immune response and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. They also alter oxidative stress markers, which potentially can have an involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of this research was to study the role of the oxidative stress process assessed through lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on the severity of COVID-19 measured by oxygen saturation (SaO₂) and the putative interaction with inflammation. The investigation enrolled 1808 patients (mean age of 68 and 60% male) with COVID-19 from the HM Hospitals database. To explore interactions, a regression model and mediation analyses were performed. The patients with lower SaO₂ presented lymphopenia and higher values of neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio and on the anisocytosis coefficient. The regression model showed an interaction between LDH and anisocytosis, suggesting that high levels of LDH (>544 U/L) and an anisocytosis coefficient higher than 10% can impact SaO₂ in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, analysis revealed that LDH mediated 41% (p value = 0.001) of the effect of anisocytosis on SaO₂ in this cohort. This investigation revealed that the oxidative stress marker LDH and the interaction with anisocytosis have an important role in the severity of COVID-19 infection and should be considered for the management and treatment of the oxidative phenomena concerning this within a precision medicine strategy.

Nutraceuticals as Potential Therapeutic Modulators in Immunometabolism

Nutraceuticals act as cellular and functional modulators, contributing to the homeostasis of physiological processes. In an inflammatory microenvironment, these functional foods can interact with the immune system by modulating or balancing the exacerbated proinflammatory response. In this process, immune cells, such as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), identify danger signals and, after interacting with T lymphocytes, induce a specific effector response. Moreover, this conditions their change of state with phenotypical and functional modifications from the resting state to the activated and effector state, supposing an increase in their energy requirements that affect their intracellular metabolism, with each immune cell showing a unique metabolic signature. Thus, nutraceuticals, such as polyphenols, vitamins, fatty acids, and sulforaphane, represent an active option to use therapeutically for health or the prevention of different pathologies, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. To regulate the inflammation associated with these pathologies, intervention in metabolic pathways through the modulation of metabolic energy with nutraceuticals is an attractive strategy that allows inducing important changes in cellular properties. Thus, we provide an overview of the link between metabolism, immune function, and nutraceuticals in chronic inflammatory processes associated with obesity and diabetes, paying particular attention to nutritional effects on APC and T cell immunometabolism, as well as the mechanisms required in the change in energetic pathways involved after their activation.

Assessing the association of leukocyte telomere length with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Background

Telomere length shortening can cause senescence and apoptosis in various immune cells, resulting in immune destabilization and ageing of the organism. In this study, we aimed to systematically assess the causal relationship of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using a Mendelian randomization study.

Methods

LTL (n=472174) was obtained from the UK Biobank genome-wide association study pooled data. AS (n=229640), RA (n=212472) were obtained from FinnGen database. MR-Egger, inverse variance weighting, and weighted median methods were used to estimate the effects of causes. Cochran's Q test, MR Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plots were used to look at sensitivity, heterogeneity, and multiple effects. Forward MR analysis considered LTL as the exposure and AS, RA as the outcome. Reverse MR analysis considered AS, RA as the exposure and LTL as the outcome.

Results

In the forward MR analysis, inverse variance-weighted and weighted median analysis results indicated that longer LTL might be associated with increased risk of AS (IVW: OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.14-2.11, p = 0.006). MR Egger regression analysis showed no pleiotropy between instrumental variables (IVs) (Egger intercept= 0.008, p = 0.294). The leave-one-out analysis showed that each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of AS was robust to each outcome. No significant causal effects were found between AS, RA and LTL in the reverse MR analysis.

Conclusion

Longer LTL may be related with an increased risk of developing AS, and these findings provide a foundation for future clinical research on the causal association between LTL and AS.

Inflammation markers and the risk of hypertension in people living with HIV

Background

The incidence of hypertension is high in people living with HIV (PLWH). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio (NMR) are considered economic and convenient parameters that reflect the levels of inflammation in patients. Our aim was to explore whether indirect inflammation markers are associated with hypertension in PLWH.

Methods

This was a case-control study. The case group (hypertension) comprised PLWH with hypertension, and the control group (non-hypertension) comprised sex- and age-(± 3 years)-matched PLWH without hypertension. Demographic parameters, hsCRP, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune- inflammation index (SII), SIRI, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet-to-neutrophil ratio (PNR), platelet-to-monocyte ratio (PMR), NMR, time to HIV diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy (ART) duration, recent CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cell counts, recent CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, recent HIV viral load (HIV-RNA),and recent ART regimen were obtained from the patients' electronic medical records. A t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed to compare differences between the two groups, and conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of hypertension. Correlations between inflammation markers and CD4⁺ cell counts, CD8⁺ cell counts, and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio were analyzed using Spearman's correlation.

Results

In the hypertension group, body mass index (BMI), hsCRP, NLR, SII, SIRI, NMR, time to HIV diagnosis, ART duration, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cell counts, and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, the ratio of HIV-RNA < 100 copies/mL were all higher than those in the non-hypertension group, while the PNR was lower than that in the non-hypertension group. ART duration, CD4⁺ cell counts, HIV-RNA < 100 copies/mL, hsCRP, SIRI, and NMR were positively associated with hypertensive risk in PLWH. CD8⁺ cell counts and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio was negatively associated with hypertensive risk in PLWH. SIRI was negatively correlated with CD4⁺ cell counts and CD8⁺ cell counts, but positively correlated with CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio.

Conclusions

We identified positive associations between inflammation markers hsCRP, SIRI, NMR and hypertensive risk in PLWH. Alleviating inflammation may help control or delay the occurrence of hypertension in PLWH.

Prognostic Value of the Lung Immune Prognostic Index for Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: A Chinese Cohort Study

Background

Most cancer-related deaths around the globe are caused by lung cancer. The present treatments for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) are cytotoxic chemotherapy (CCT), targeted therapy (TT) and immunotherapy, but the benefit of the same regime varies greatly. Hence, it is important to identify biomarkers to predict the efficacy of modalities. Previous literature suggested certain parameters might be predictive factors. Nevertheless, the utility of these parameters is limited due to the types of solid tumors.

Purpose

The study aimed to examine whether the lung immune prognostic index (LIPI) was related to outcomes of CCT, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and TT for mNSCLC patients.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective cohort study between September 2012 and May 2020 was conducted on 350 Chinese mNSCLC patients, including 147 patients receiving ICIs, 103 TT, and 100 CCT. The data were examined to analyze the prognostic value of LIPI among various treatments.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The associations between PFS and good, intermediate, or poor prognostic LIPI scores in ICIs, TT, and CCT were determined, respectively.

Results

In univariable analyses, there was a relevance between a good LIPI score and better PFS among patients receiving ICIs (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.44-1.51), TT (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.16-1.74), and CCT (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.19-0.80). In multivariable analyses, the intermediate LIPI score was linked to better PFS only in patients receiving TT (HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17-0.92) rather than ICIs (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.66-2.45) or CCT (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.49-4.55).

Conclusion

Baseline LIPI value is an important prognostic biomarker for mNSCLC patients treated with TT. Shorter PFS with TT was associated with poor baseline LIPI. Poor LIPI score may be considered as a promising indicator showing which patients are unlikely to respond well to TT. The prognostic value of LIPI can be more clearly determined through prospective clinical study.

Different Types of Chronic Inflammation Engender Distinctive Immunosenescent Profiles in Affected Patients

Immunosenescence encompasses a spectrum of lymphocyte phenotypic alterations. The aim of the study was to evaluate immunosenescent effect of two different forms of chronic inflammation, Systemic Lupus Erythematosous (SLE), a systemic autoimmune disease, and End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD), a chronic inflammatory disorder. Certain lymphocyte surface molecules, including CD31, CD45RA, CCR7, CD28, CD57, for T, and IgD, CD27 for B lymphocytes, were analyzed by flow cytometry in 30 SLE and 53 ESKD patients on hemodialysis (HD), and results were compared to 31 healthy controls (HC) of similar age, gender, and nationality. Significant Lymphopenia was evident in both SLE and ESKD-HD patients, compared to HC, affecting B cells 75.4 (14.4−520.8), 97 (32−341), and 214 (84−576) cells/μL, respectively, p < 0.0001, and CD4 cells 651.2 (71.1−1478.2), 713 (234−1509), and 986 (344−1591) cells/μL, respectively, p < 0.0001. The allocation of B cell subpopulations was remarkably different between SLE and ESKD-HD patients. SLE showed a clear shift to senescence (CD19IgD-CD27−) cells, compared to ESKD-HD and HC, 11.75 (10)% vs. 8 (6) vs. 8.1 (10), respectively. Regarding T lymphocytes, Central Memory CD8 cells predominated in both SLE and ESKD-HD patients compared to HC, 53 (50)%, 52 (63), and 24 (64)%, respectively, while ESKD-HD but not SLE patients also had increased expression of CD4CD28− and CD8CD28− cells. In conclusion, both diseases are followed by significant lymphopenia; however, the senescent phenomenon affects the B lymphocyte compartment in SLE patients and T lymphocytes in ESKD-HD patients.

Exhausted but Not Senescent T Lymphocytes Predominate in Lupus Nephritis Patients

Lupus nephritis (LN), a chronic inflammatory disease, is characterized by the substantial disruption of immune homeostasis. This study examines its effects on the T lymphocyte phenotype and, particularly, its senescence- and exhaustion-related immune alterations. T cell subpopulations were determined with flow cytometry in 30 LN patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs), according to the expression of senescence- (CD45RA, CCR7, CD31, CD28, CD57), and exhaustion- (PD1) related markers. The immune phenotype was associated with disease activity and renal histology. LN patients were characterized by pronounced lymphopenia, mainly affecting the CD4 compartment, with a concurrent reduction in the naïve, central and effector memory subsets compared to the HCs. In the CD8 compartment, the naïve subsets were significantly lower than that of the HCs, but a shift in the T cells occurred towards the central memory population. CD4+PD1+ and CD8+PD1+ cells were increased in the LN patients compared to the HCs. However, in CD4 T cells, the increase was limited to CD45RA+, whereas in CD8 T cells, both CD45RA+ and CD45RA- subsets were affected. Disease activity was correlated with CD4+PD1+ and highly differentiated CD4+CD28-CD57+ cells. Histology was only associated with CD4 T cell disturbances, with stage IV presenting reduced naïve and increased senescent subsets. Exhausted T lymphocyte subpopulations predominate within LN patients, while the T cell phenotype varies depending on disease activity.

Advances in T Cells Based on Inflammation in Metabolic Diseases

With the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases year by year and their impact on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases have attracted great attention as a major health care problem, but there is still no effective treatment. Oxidative stress and inflammation are the main mechanisms leading to metabolic diseases. T cells are involved in the inflammatory response, which can also regulate the development of metabolic diseases, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells are mainly responsible for the role. Th1 and Th17 differentiated from CD4+ T promote inflammation, while Th2 and Treg inhibit inflammation. CD8+ T cells also contribute to inflammation. The severity and duration of inflammatory reactions can also lead to different degrees of progression of metabolic diseases. Moreover, mTOR, PI3K-Akt, and AMPK signaling pathways play unique roles in the regulation of T cells, which provide a new direction for the treatment of metabolic diseases in the future. In this review, we will elaborate on the role of T cells in regulating inflammation in various metabolic diseases, the signaling pathways that regulate T cells in metabolic diseases, and the latest research progress.

Immunosenescence in Aging-Related Vascular Dysfunction

The immunosenescence-related disproportion in T lymphocytes may have important consequences for endothelial dysfunction, which is a key event in vascular aging. The study was designed to assess the prognostic values of the inflammatory-immune profile to better predict and prevent vascular diseases associated with old age. Eighty individuals aged 70.9 ± 5.3 years were allocated to a low- (LGI) or high-grade inflammation (HGI) group based on CRP (<3 or ≥3 mg/L) as a conventional risk marker of cardiovascular diseases. Significant changes in inflammatory and endothelium-specific variables IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, oxLDL, H2O2, NO, 3-nitrotyrosine, and endothelial progenitor cells (OR 7.61, 95% CI 2.56−29.05, p < 0.0001), confirmed their interplay in vascular inflammation. The flow-cytometry analysis demonstrated a high disproportion in T lymphocytes CD4+ and CD8+ between LGI and HGI groups. CRP was <3 mg/mL for the CD4/CD8 ratio within the reference values ≥ 1 or ≤2.5, unlike for the CD4/CD8 ratio < 1 and >2.5. The odds ratios for the distribution of CD4+ (OR 5.98, 95% CI 0.001−0.008, p < 0.001), CD8+ (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08−0.59, p < 0.01), and CD8CD45RO+ T naïve cells (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.097−0.695, p < 0.01) and CD4/CD8 (OR 5.69, 95% CI 2.07−17.32, p < 0.001) indicated a potential diagnostic value of T lymphocytes for clinical prognosis in aging-related vascular dysfunction.

The immune synapses reveal aberrant functions of CD8 T cells during chronic HIV infection

Chronic HIV infection causes persistent low-grade inflammation that induces premature aging of the immune system including senescence of memory and effector CD8 T cells. To uncover the reasons of gradually diminished potency of CD8 T cells from people living with HIV, here we expose the T cells to planar lipid bilayers containing ligands for T-cell receptor and a T-cell integrins and analyze the cellular morphology, dynamics of synaptic interface formation and patterns of the cellular degranulation. We find a large fraction of phenotypically naive T cells from chronically infected people are capable to form mature synapse with focused degranulation, a signature of a differentiated T cells. Further, differentiation of aberrant naive T cells may lead to the development of anomalous effector T cells undermining their capacity to control HIV and other pathogens that could be contained otherwise.

Peripheral mononuclear cells composition in platelet-rich fibrin in canines with chronic conditions

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a hot research topic because of its regenerative effect in humans. However, data reporting about its application in companion animals is lacking. The study aimed to supplement currently available data on PRF cell composition in canine patients by isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), namely T cells, matured B cells, monocytes and macrophages, and adapting current protocols of cell flow cytometry for PRF analysis. The canine patient population was divided into three subgroups: animals with periodontitis only, animals with neoplasia and periodontitis, and healthy controls. Individual clinical parameters of the patients and evaluation of the wound healing quality were included in the research. In the present study, canine PRF cell composition was analyzed for the first-time using cell flow cytometry protocol. A higher proportion of PBMC cells related to wound healing (CD3+, CD3+ CD4+ CD8-, CD14+) were found in the PRF of control, periodontitis and neoplasia groups compared to the respective blood samples, which implies a positive outcome associated with clinical PRF usage in canine patients. Proportions of monocytes and macrophages were higher in PRF samples compared to the blood of healthy patients and periodontitis-affected patients. However, inflammatory and neoplastic processes do not affect the distribution of PBMC.

Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has numerous risk factors leading to severe disease with high mortality rate. Oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels seems to be a common pathway associated with the high COVID-19 mortality. GSH is a unique small but powerful molecule paramount for life. It sustains adequate redox cell signaling since a physiologic level of oxidative stress is fundamental for controlling life processes via redox signaling, but excessive oxidation causes cell and tissue damage. The water-soluble GSH tripeptide (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is present in the cytoplasm of all cells. GSH is at 1-10 mM concentrations in all mammalian tissues (highest concentration in liver) as the most abundant non-protein thiol that protects against excessive oxidative stress. Oxidative stress also activates the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 to regulate the expression of genes that control antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses, facilitating GSH activity. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms. Reduced GSH is the prevailing form accounting for >98% of total GSH. The concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell and its alteration is related to various human pathological processes including COVID-19. Oxidative stress plays a prominent role in SARS-CoV-2 infection following recognition of the viral S-protein by angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor and pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and activation of transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B, that subsequently activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) expression succeeded by ROS production. GSH depletion may have a fundamental role in COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of COVID-19 disease and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue the disease. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.

No evidence that circulating HIV-specific immune responses contribute to persistent inflammation and immune activation in persons on long-term ART

OBJECTIVE

People with HIV (PWH) have persistently elevated levels of inflammation and immune activation despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), with specific biomarkers showing associations with non-AIDS-defining morbidities and mortality. We investigated the potential role of the HIV-specific adaptive immune response, which also persists under ART, in driving levels of these clinically relevant biomarkers.

DESIGN

Cohort-based study.

METHODS

HIV-specific IFN-γ-producing T-cell responses and antibody concentrations were measured in blood at study entry in the ACTG A5321 cohort, following a median of 7 years of suppressive ART. HIV persistence measures including cell-associated (CA)-DNA, CA-RNA, and plasma HIV RNA (single-copy assay) were also assessed at study entry. Plasma inflammatory biomarkers and T-cell activation and cycling were measured at a pre-ART time point and at study entry.

RESULTS

Neither the magnitudes of HIV-specific T-cell responses nor HIV antibody levels were correlated with levels of the inflammatory or immune activation biomarkers, including hs-CRP, IL-6, neopterin, sCD14, sCD163, TNF-α, %CD38 + HLA-DR + CD8 + and CD4 + cells, and %Ki67 + CD8 + and CD4 + cells - including after adjustment for pre-ART biomarker level. Plasma HIV RNA levels were modestly correlated with CD8 + T-cell activation ( r  = 0.25, P  = 0.027), but other HIV persistence parameters were not associated with these biomarkers. In mediation analysis, relationships between HIV persistence parameters and inflammatory biomarkers were not influenced by either HIV-specific T-cell responses or antibody levels.

CONCLUSION

Adaptive HIV-specific immune responses do not appear to contribute to the elevated inflammatory and immune activation profile in persons on long-term ART.

A model-informed approach to assess the risk of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced autoimmune myocarditis

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as a novel immunotherapy, are designed to modulate the immune system to attack malignancies. Despite their promising benefits, immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) may occur, and incidences are bound to increase with surging demand of this class of drugs in treating cancer. Myocarditis, although rare compared to other IRAEs, has a significantly higher fatal frequency. Due to the overwhelming complexity of the immune system, this condition is not well understood, despite the significant research efforts devoted to it. To better understand the development and progression of autoimmune myocarditis and the roles of ICIs therein, we suggest a new approach: mathematical modelling. Mathematical modelling of myocarditis has enormous potential to determine which parts of the immune system are critical to the development and progression of the disease, and therefore warrant further investigation. We provide the immunological background needed to develop a mathematical model of this disease and review relevant existing models of immunology that serve as the mathematical inspiration needed to develop this field.

Anti-inflammatory effect evaluation of naringenin and its incorporation into a chitosan-based film for transdermal delivery

Naringenin is a bioflavonoid mainly found in citrus fruits. It presents many pharmacological benefits, including a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, but its oral bioavailability is poor. To overcome this drawback, this work proposes a transdermal administration of such bioflavonoid, considering its use in the chronic treatment of inflammatory conditions. For this, it aims to develop a chitosan-based film that guarantees a consistent transdermal delivery of the drug. First, naringenin's in vitro anti-inflammatory effect on T-cell proliferation was evaluated, followed by research on the modulation of gene expression for inflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Chitosan films were then prepared and characterized. Afterward, naringenin release profile from a selected film was determined as well as the drug permeation across porcine skin provided by the film. Naringenin induced the expression of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β1 while inhibiting the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and limiting T-cell proliferation. The chitosan film was successfully developed, and the drug was progressively released to the physiological media following both first order and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics. When topically applied, the chitosan film guaranteed a constant and continuous diffusion of naringenin across the skin over 72 h. Indeed, the permeation flux of naringenin was 0.30 ± 0.01 µg/cm²/h, which means a concentration in the receptor solution 14-fold (p < 0.05) higher than that provided by the drug solution. Thus, the chitosan film represents a promising transdermal alternative for the long-term treatment of inflammatory conditions using naringenin.

New inflammatory biomarkers (lymphocyte and monocyte percentage to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and lymphocyte to monocyte percentage ratio) and their association with some cardiometabolic diseases : Results from a large Kurdish cohort study in Iran

BACKGROUND

The incidence of metabolic heart diseases has increased significantly in Middle Eastern countries such as Iran. The present study aimed to investigate the association between monocyte percentage to high-density cholesterol ratio (MHR), lymphocyte percentage to high-density cholesterol ratio (LHR), and lymphocyte to monocyte percentage ratio (LMR) and cardiometabolic diseases in a Kurdish population in the west of Iran.

METHODS

This study recruited 9803 individuals, 4728 (48.2%) were male and 5084 (51.8%) were female from Ravansar, Iran. All biomarkers were analyzed by the standard methods.

RESULTS

The prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases was higher in overweight/obese participants and increased with age. MHR and LHR increased significantly in cardiometabolic individuals compared with healthy controls. Individuals in the fourth quartiles of LHR and MHR had higher odds ratio (ORs) for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus (DM) than the first quartiles. The LMR had a statistical association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ORs and FLI. Besides, all these associations were stronger for females, and increased physical activity decreased inflammatory biomarkers.

CONCLUSION

The present study showed MHR and LHR had significant associations with ORs of MetS and DM. Also, MHR and LHR had a significant positive correlation with cardiometabolic risk factors. The LMR only had a statistical association with NAFLD and fatty liver index (FLI). Besides, the strong correlation between inflammatory biomarkers and cardiometabolic risk factors in females might be relevant to higher fat accumulation and metabolic inflammation background, and lower physical activity.

Analysis of post COVID-19 condition and its overlap with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

BACKGROUND

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) triggers the development of numerous pathologies and infection-linked complications and exacerbates existing pathologies in nearly all body systems. Aside from the primarily targeted respiratory organs, adverse SARS-CoV-2 effects were observed in nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal/metabolic, immune, and other systems in COVID-19 survivors. Long-term effects of this viral infection have been recently observed and represent distressing sequelae recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a distinct clinical entity defined as post-COVID-19 condition. Considering the pandemic is still ongoing, more time is required to confirm post COVID-19 condition diagnosis in the COVID-19 infected cohorts, although many reported post COVID-19 symptoms overlap with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).

AIMS OF REVIEW

In this study, COVID-19 clinical presentation and associated post-infection sequelae (post-COVID-19 condition) were reviewed and compared with ME/CFS symptomatology.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

The onset, progression, and symptom profile of post COVID-19 condition patients have considerable overlap with ME/CFS. Considering the large scope and range of pro-inflammatory effects of this virus, it is reasonable to expect development of post COVID-19 clinical complications in a proportion of the affected population. There are reports of a later debilitating syndrome onset three months post COVID-19 infection (often described as long-COVID-19), marked by the presence of fatigue, headache, cognitive dysfunction, post-exertional malaise, orthostatic intolerance, and dyspnoea. Acute inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), have been reported in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Longitudinal monitoring of post COVID-19 patients is warranted to understand the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathomechanism of post COVID-19 condition.

Investigating circulating miRNA in transition dairy cows: What miRNAomics tells about metabolic adaptation

In the current study, we investigated dairy cows’ circulating microRNA (miRNA) expression signature during several key time points around calving, to get insights into different aspects of metabolic adaptation. In a trial with 32 dairy cows, plasma samples were collected on days −21, 1, 28, and 63 relative to calving. Individually extracted total RNA was subjected to RNA sequencing using NovaSeq 6,000 (Illumina, CA) on the respective platform of IGA Technology Services, Udine, Italy. MiRDeep2 was used to identify known and novel miRNA according to the miRbase collection. Differentially expressed miRNA (DEM) were assessed at a threshold of fold-change &gt; 1.5 and false discovery rate &lt; 0.05 using the edgeR package. The MiRWalk database was used to predict DEM targets and their associated KEGG pathways. Among a total of 1,692 identified miRNA, 445 known miRNA were included for statistical analysis, of which 84, 59, and 61 DEM were found between days −21 to 1, 1 to 28, and 28 to 63, respectively. These miRNA were annotated to KEGG pathways targeting the insulin, MAPK, Ras, Wnt, Hippo, sphingolipid, T cell receptor, and mTOR signaling pathways. MiRNA-mRNA network analysis identified miRNA as master regulators of the biological process including miR-138, miR-149-5p, miR-2466-3p, miR-214, miR-504, and miR-6523a. This study provided new insights into the miRNA signatures of transition to the lactation period. Calving emerged as a critical time point when miRNA were most affected, while the following period appeared to be recovering from massive parturition changes. The primarily affected pathways were key signaling pathways related to establishing metabolic and immune adaptations.