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Wu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Wei T, Peng Q, Wang J, Liu Z, Zhu Y, Shao X. Diverse amdoparvoviruses infection of farmed Asian badgers (Meles meles). Arch Virol 2024; 169:139. [PMID: 38849620 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Amdoparvoviruses infect various carnivores, including mustelids, canids, skunks, and felids. Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) belongs to the prototypical species Amdoparvovirus carnivoran1. Here, we identified a novel amdoparvovirus in farmed Asian badgers (Meles meles), and we named this virus "Meles meles amdoparvovirus" (MMADV). A total of 146 clinical samples were collected from 134 individual badgers, and 30.6% (41/134) of the sampled badgers tested positive for amdoparvovirus by PCR. Viral DNA was detected in feces, blood, spleen, liver, lung, and adipose tissue from these animals. Viral sequences from eight samples were determined, five of which represented nearly full-length genome sequences (4,237-4,265 nt). Six serum samples tested positive by PCR, CIEP, and IAT, four of which had high antibody titers (> 512) against AMDV-G. Twenty-six of the 41 amdoparvovirus-positive badgers showed signs of illness, and necropsy revealed lesions in their organs. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of the viral NS1 and VP2 genes of these badger amdoparvoviruses showed that their NS1 proteins shared 62.6%-88.8% sequence identity with known amdoparvoviruses, and they clustered phylogenetically into two related clades. The VP2 proteins shared 76.6%-97.2% identity and clustered into two clades, one of which included raccoon dog and arctic fox amdoparvovirus (RFAV), and the other of which did not include other known amdoparvoviruses. According to the NS1-protein-based criterion for parvovirus species demarcation, the MMADV isolate from farm YS should be classified as a member of a new species of the genus Amdoparvovirus. In summary, we have discovered a novel MMADV and other badger amdoparvoviruses that naturally infect Asian badgers and are possibly pathogenic in badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wu
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin Province, 132101, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130112, China
| | - Xiuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130112, China
| | - Tao Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130112, China
| | - Qianwen Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130112, China
| | - Jianke Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071001, China
| | - Zongyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130112, China
| | - Yanzhu Zhu
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin Province, 132101, China
| | - Xiqun Shao
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin Province, 132101, China.
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Alex CE, Kvapil P, Busch MDM, Jensen T, Conley K, Jackson K, Stubbs EL, Gjeltema J, Garner MM, Kubiski SV, Pesavento PA. Amdoparvovirus-associated disease in red pandas ( Ailurus fulgens). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:269-278. [PMID: 37681307 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231196860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The roster of amdoparvoviruses (APVs) in small carnivores is growing rapidly, but in most cases, the consequences of infection are poorly understood. Red panda amdoparvovirus (RPAV) is highly prevalent in zoo-housed red pandas and has been detected in both healthy and sick animals. Clarifying the clinical impact of RPAV in this endangered species is critical, and zoological collections offer a unique opportunity to examine viral disease association in carefully managed populations. We evaluated the potential impact of RPAV in captive red pandas with a combination of prospective and retrospective analyses. First, we collected feces from 2 healthy animals from one collection over a 6-year period and detected virus in 72/75 total samples, suggesting that RPAV can be a long-term subclinical infection. We next investigated the infections using a retrospective study of infection status and tissue distribution in a cohort of necropsied animals. We performed polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization on 43 necropsy cases from 4 zoo collections (3 from the United States, 1 from Europe, 1997-2022). RPAV was present in these populations for at least 2 decades before its discovery and is detectable in common and significant lesions of zoo-housed red pandas, including myocarditis (3/3 cases), nephritis (9/10), and interstitial pneumonia (2/4). RPAV is also detectable in sporadic lesions, including multisystemic pyogranulomatous inflammation, oral/pharyngeal mucosal inflammation, and dermatitis. The colocalization of virus with lesions supports a role in causation, suggesting that despite the apparently persistent and subclinical carriage of most infections, RPAV may have a significant impact in zoo collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Alex
- University of California, Davis, CA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | - Trine Jensen
- Aalborg Zoo/Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Conley
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Lake Buena Vista, FL
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Kuhar U, Tomášek O, Sós E, Mede J, Kastelic M, Jež N, Petrikova M, Jensen TH, Alex CE, Jamnikar-Ciglenecki U, Kvapil P. Prevalence of red panda amdoparvovirus infection in European zoos. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276248. [PMID: 37954668 PMCID: PMC10634534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Red panda amdoparvovirus (RPAV) was first described in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) at a zoo in the United States in 2018. Subsequently, the prevalence of infection in zoos in the United States was reported to be 50%; however, RPAV prevalence outside the United States remains unstudied. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of RPAV in 134 red pandas from zoos in Europe. Overall, RPAV was detected with PCR in 21 of 62 zoos (33.9%), and the virus prevalence among individuals was estimated to be 24.2% (95% confidence interval, 17.4%-32.0%). Remarkably, adult females tested positive for RPAV more frequently than adult males. Zoos where RPAV was detected reported a significantly higher occurrence of alopecia (and clinical signs in general), whereas other commonly reported problems (fecal disorders and dental disease) showed no difference. A repeated pooled sampling of two positive individuals further showed that RPAV excretion in feces is intermittent, with the viral DNA being only detected on 8 out of 14 sampling days. The intermittent nature of excretion implies that RPAV prevalence may be higher than the estimated value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Kuhar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Oldřich Tomášek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Endre Sós
- Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden/Budapest University of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jana Mede
- Veterinary Department of the Ljubljana Zoo, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Kastelic
- Veterinary Department of the Ljubljana Zoo, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nuša Jež
- Veterinary Department of the Ljubljana Zoo, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michaela Petrikova
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Charles Everett Alex
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Urška Jamnikar-Ciglenecki
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed, and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pavel Kvapil
- Veterinary Department of the Ljubljana Zoo, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Vahedi SM, Salek Ardestani S, Banabazi MH, Clark F. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of Aleutian disease caused by Aleutian mink disease virus: A literature review with a perspective of genomic breeding for disease control in American mink (Neogale vison). Virus Res 2023; 336:199208. [PMID: 37633597 PMCID: PMC10474236 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Aleutian disease (AD) is a multi-systemic infectious disease in American mink (Neogale vison) caused by the Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). Commonly referred to as mink plasmacytosis, AD is an economically significant disease in mink-breeding countries. Aleutian disease mainly induces weight loss, lower fertility, and dropped pelt quality in adults and can result in acute interstitial pneumonia with high mortality rates in kits. In this review, we employed the scientific literature on AD over the last 70 years to discuss the historical and contemporary status of AD outbreaks and seroprevalence in mink farming countries. We also explained different forms of AD and the differences between the pathogenicity of the virus in kits and adults. The application of the available AD serological tests in AD control strategies was argued. We explained how selection programs could help AD control and proposed different approaches to selecting animals for building AD-tolerant herds. The advantages of genomic selection for AD tolerance over traditional breeding strategies were discussed in detail. We also explained how genomic selection could help AD control by selecting tolerant animals for the next generation based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) data and the challenges of implementing genomic selection for AD tolerance in the mink industry. This review collected the information required for designing successful breeding programs for AD tolerance. Examples of the application of information are presented, and data gaps are highlighted. We showed that AD tolerance is necessary to be among the traits that animals are selected for in the mink industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Milad Vahedi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Bible Hill, NS B2N5E3, Canada
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Banabazi
- Department of animal breeding and genetics (HGEN), Centre for Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (VHC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 75007, Sweden; Department of Biotechnology, Animal Science Research Institute of IRAN (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 3146618361, Iran.
| | - Fraser Clark
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Bible Hill, NS B2N5E3, Canada.
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Cui X, Yang Y, Wang F, Luo J, Zhang P, Chen H, Zhao L, Ge J. Genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Aleutian mink disease virus identified in a sudden death mink case. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 101:102052. [PMID: 37651788 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease (AMD) is one of the most serious diseases in minks worldwide, it brings tremendous financial losses in mink farming. AMD virus (AMDV) has unusually high genetic diversity, its genomic structure remains unclear. In 2014, sudden death of breeding minks was occurred in northeast China. After clinical signs evaluation and virus isolation, AMDV was identified in all sudden death minks, we investigated the complete genomic sequence of AMDV-LM isolated from the sudden death case. The full-genome sequence of AMDV-LM was 7 nucleotides (nts) or 8 nts longer than isolates AMDV-BJ and AMDV-G. AMDV-LM contained two unique nucleotide changes in VP2 (G79T, T710C), which led to two amino acid changes G27W and L237S. For NS1, some unique point mutations, such as A374C, A428C, A463C, and T476A were found and resulted in four unique amino acid mutations at N24V, H125P, V143P, K155Q, and V159N, respectively. The predicted secondary structure of the 5' terminal of AMDV-LM formed a large bubble formation near the 5' end, which affected the stability of the U-shaped hairpin. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that AMDV-LM was closely related to Chinese isolates and confirmed that AMDV strains circulating in China had different origins of ancestors. This study was first to investigate the association of sudden death of adult breeding minks with AMDV infection. Our findings provide useful suggestions for evaluation of the pathogenic potential of AMDV, additional details on AMDV genome characterization were also presented. Future work should focus on the importance of AMDV-LM strain in mink infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyang Cui
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jilong Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China.
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Gola C, Kvapil P, Kuhar U, Diaz-Delgado J, Alex CE, Shotton J, Smith SJ, Fingerhood S. Fatal cerebrovascular accident in a captive red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) with concurrent amdoparvovirus infection. J Comp Pathol 2023; 205:11-16. [PMID: 37506667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the pathological and molecular findings in an adult male Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) whose death was attributed to parenchymal brain haemorrhage (PBH) of the thalamus. Post-mortem examination revealed severe, acute PBH and intraventricular haemorrhage with major involvement of the thalamus, as well as scattered chronic microinfarctions. Vascular disease in the brain and other organs was suggestive of systemic hypertension. Histological lesions included arteriolar hyalinosis and varying degrees of arteriosclerosis, arterial tunica media hypertrophy and hyperplasia and infiltration of arterial walls by lipid-laden macrophages. Other relevant findings included marked myocardial fibrosis, lymphoplasmacytic tubulointerstitial nephritis, lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis and chronic mitral valve degeneration. The changes in the cerebral vasculature were consistent with hypertensive encephalopathy and a cerebrovascular accident, specifically PBH, which has not been previously reported in this species. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction analysis for red panda amdoparvovirus (RPAV) was positive in the brain and kidneys. Preceded by hypertensive vascular changes and brain microinfarctions, sudden death in this animal likely resulted from fatal PBH with intraventricular haemorrhage. The clinicopathological role of RPAV infection is unknown in this case, although its contribution to the chronic renal disease is considered possible in the context of our current understanding of RPAV-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gola
- Veterinary Pathology Centre, University of Surrey, Francis Crick Road, Guildford GU2 7AQ, Surrey, UK
| | - Pavel Kvapil
- Veterinary Department, Ljubljana Zoo, Večna Pot 70, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urska Kuhar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Josué Diaz-Delgado
- Veterinary Pathology Centre, University of Surrey, Francis Crick Road, Guildford GU2 7AQ, Surrey, UK
| | - Charles E Alex
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Justine Shotton
- Veterinary Department, Marwell Wildlife Zoological Park, Thompson's Lane, Colden Common, Winchester S021 1HJ, Hampshire, UK
| | - Sarah J Smith
- Veterinary Department, Marwell Wildlife Zoological Park, Thompson's Lane, Colden Common, Winchester S021 1HJ, Hampshire, UK
| | - Sai Fingerhood
- Veterinary Pathology Centre, University of Surrey, Francis Crick Road, Guildford GU2 7AQ, Surrey, UK.
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Kaiser FK, de le Roi M, Jo WK, Gerhauser I, Molnár V, Osterhaus ADME, Baumgärtner W, Ludlow M. First Report of Skunk Amdoparvovirus (Species Carnivore amdoparvovirus 4) in Europe in a Captive Striped Skunk ( Mephitis mephitis). Viruses 2023; 15:v15051087. [PMID: 37243173 DOI: 10.3390/v15051087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Skunk amdoparvovirus (Carnivore amdoparvovirus 4, SKAV) is closely related to Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) and circulates primarily in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in North America. SKAV poses a threat to mustelid species due to reported isolated infections of captive American mink (Neovison vison) in British Columbia, Canada. We detected SKAV in a captive striped skunk in a German zoo by metagenomic sequencing. The pathological findings are dominated by lymphoplasmacellular inflammation and reveal similarities to its relative Carnivore amdoparvovirus 1, the causative agent of Aleutian mink disease. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome demonstrated 94.80% nucleotide sequence identity to a sequence from Ontario, Canada. This study is the first case description of a SKAV infection outside of North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska K Kaiser
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Madeleine de le Roi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wendy K Jo
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Kamani J, González-Miguel J, Msheliza EG, Goldberg TL. Straw-Colored Fruit Bats ( Eidolon helvum) and Their Bat Flies ( Cyclopodia greefi) in Nigeria Host Viruses with Multifarious Modes of Transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:545-552. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kamani
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Emmanuel G. Msheliza
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Blank A, Foksiński P, Małaczewska J, Blank M, Rzepka A, Siwicki AK, Wójcik R, Kaczorek-Łukowska E. Does Aleutian Disease Occur among Domestic Ferrets in Poland? Results of Preliminary Studies Conducted in Two Regions of Poland. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192673. [PMID: 36230414 PMCID: PMC9559279 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ferrets are becoming increasingly popular as companion animals, their population in households is still far lower compared to cats or dogs. This results in a much smaller number of ferret specialists, and thus poorer diagnosis of various diseases, including the Aleutian disease. Aleutian disease is a slowly progressing viral disease which can cause different symptoms in these animals. The virus can also cause symptoms in different species of animals, but in the case of ferrets, there is relatively less information on about both the prevalence and symptoms of this disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the presence of antibodies and the virus itself in ferrets from two regions of Poland. Blood samples and rectal swabs were obtained from 61 domestic ferrets from Mazowieckie and Dolnośląskie voivodships. The presence of antibodies was determined using serological methods and real-time PCR analysis was performed to determine presence of viral DNA. Serological analyses demonstrated that 49% (n = 30) of the ferrets had antibodies against Aleutian disease virus (ADV). No relationship was observed between the prevalence of antibodies and age, sex, habitual residence or origin of ferrets. The real-time PCR did not confirm DNA of the ADV in any of the blood and rectal swab samples. Obtained results suggest that ADV circulates in the analyzed population of ferrets, therefore further studies in this direction should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Blank
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (E.K.-Ł.); Tel.: +48-(089)-523-32-17 (A.B. & E.K.-Ł.)
| | - Paweł Foksiński
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Małaczewska
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mirosława Blank
- Association of Friends of Ferrets, Mickiewicza 18a/4, 01-517 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Rzepka
- PULSVET Specialist Veterinary Clinic, Alternatywy 7/U8, 02-775 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Krzysztof Siwicki
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Roman Wójcik
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Edyta Kaczorek-Łukowska
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (E.K.-Ł.); Tel.: +48-(089)-523-32-17 (A.B. & E.K.-Ł.)
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Long-term antibody production and viremia in American mink (Neovison vison) challenged with Aleutian mink disease virus. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:364. [PMID: 36192746 PMCID: PMC9531452 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selecting American mink (Neovison vison) for tolerance to Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) has gained popularity in recent years, but data on the outcomes of this activity are scant. The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term changes in viremia, seroconversion and survival in infected mink. Mink were inoculated intranasally with a local isolate of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) over 4 years (n = 1742). The animals had been selected for tolerance to AMDV for more than 20 years (TG100) or were from herds free of AMDV (TG0). The progenies of TG100 and TG0, and their crosses with 25, 50 and 75% tolerance ancestry were also used. Blood samples were collected from each mink up to 14 times until 1211 days post-inoculation (dpi) and were tested for viremia by PCR and for anti-AMDV antibodies by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). Viremia and CIEP status were not considered when selecting replacements. Low-performing animals were pelted and the presence of antibodies in their blood and antibody titer were measured by CIEP, and viremia and viral DNA in seven organs (n = 936) were tested by PCR. Results The peak incidences of viremia (66.7%) and seropositivity (93.5%) were at 35 dpi. The incidence of viremia decreased over time while the incidence of seroconversion increased. The least-squares means of the incidence of PCR positive of lymph node (0.743) and spleen (0.656) were significantly greater than those of bone marrow, liver, kidneys, lungs and small intestine (0.194 to 0.342). Differences in tolerant ancestry were significant for every trait measured. Incidences of viremia over time, terminal viremia, seropositivity over time, AMDV DNA in organs and antibody titer were highest in the susceptible groups (TG0 or TG25) and lowest in the tolerant groups (TG100 or TG75). Conclusion Previous history of selection for tolerance resulted in mink with reduced viral replication and antibody titer. Viremia had a negative effect and antibody production had a positive effect on survival and productivity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03462-7.
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Grassi L, Menandro ML, Obber F, Drigo M, Legnardi M, Pasotto D, Tucciarone CM, Faustini G, Citterio C, Cecchinato M, Franzo G. Investigation of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and Amdoparvovirus infections in red fox populations of the Italian Dolomites. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:1291-1295. [PMID: 35916969 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of the family Parvoviridae are well recognized infectious agents of companion, livestock and wild animals as well, whose relevance on production, health, welfare and conservation is often high. Nevertheless, the knowledge of their epidemiology in wild populations is scarce or fragmentary. In this study, the presence and features of two parvoviruses, Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and Amdoparvovirus, were evaluated in the red fox population resident in the Dolomites area, Northern Italy, and compared with the scenario of other countries and Italian regions. Six out of 117 spleen samples (5.13%: 95CI: 1.91-10.83%) tested positive to Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and were molecularly characterized as Canine parvovirus (CPV). Infection frequency was comparable with that observed in wild carnivore populations present in Southern Italian regions, although in that case, Feline parvovirus (FPV) was predominant. No evidence of infection-related clinical signs was reported and viral loads were invariably low, suggesting the subclinical nature of the infection, the persistent carrier status or the detection of traces of viral DNA. No samples tested positive to Amdoparvovirus genus-specific PCR. The present study provides the first evidence of CPV circulation in the Northern Italy fox population. Unfortunately, the inevitable convenience nature of the sampling prevents definitive conclusions. Therefore, a more coordinated and standardized approach should be applied, at least in neighbouring geographic areas, to study these viral infections and their relevance in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grassi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Menandro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Federica Obber
- O.U. of Ecopathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), SCT2, 32100, Belluno, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Pasotto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giulia Faustini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Citterio
- O.U. of Ecopathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), SCT2, 32100, Belluno, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
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12
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Canuti M, Pénzes JJ, Lang AS. A new perspective on the evolution and diversity of the genus Amdoparvovirus (family Parvoviridae) through genetic characterization, structural homology modeling, and phylogenetics. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac056. [PMID: 35783582 PMCID: PMC9242002 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amdoparvoviruses (genus Amdoparvovirus, family Parvoviridae) are primarily viruses of carnivorans, but recent studies have indicated that their host range might also extend to rodents and chiropterans. While their classification is based on the full sequence of the major nonstructural protein (NS1), several studies investigating amdoparvoviral diversity have been focused on partial sequences, leading to difficulties in accurately determining species demarcations and leaving several viruses unclassified. In this study, while reporting the complete genomic sequence of a novel amdoparvovirus identified in an American mink (British Columbia amdoparvovirus, BCAV), we studied the phylogenetic relationships of all amdoparvovirus-related sequences and provide a comprehensive reevaluation of their diversity and evolution. After excluding recombinant sequences, phylogenetic and pairwise sequence identity analyses allowed us to define fourteen different viruses, including the five currently classified species, BCAV, and four additional viruses that fulfill the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses criteria to be classified as species. We show that the group of viruses historically known as Aleutian mink disease virus (species Carnivore amdoparvovirus 1) should be considered as a cluster of at least four separate viral species that have been co-circulating in mink farms, facilitating the occurrence of inter-species recombination. Genome organization, splicing donor and acceptor sites, and protein sequence motifs were surprisingly conserved within the genus. The sequence of the major capsid protein virus protein 2 (VP2) was significantly more conserved between and within species compared to NS1, a phenomenon possibly linked to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Homology models suggest a remarkably high degree of conservation of the spikes located near the icosahedral threefold axis of the capsid, comprising the surface region associated with ADE. A surprisingly high number of divergent amino acid positions were found in the luminal threefold and twofold axes of the capsid, regions of hitherto unknown function. We emphasize the importance of complete genome analyses and, given the marked phylogenetic inconsistencies across the genome, advise to obtain the complete coding sequences of divergent strains. Further studies on amdoparvovirus biology and structure as well as epidemiological and virus discovery investigations are required to better characterize the ecology and evolution of this important group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John’s NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Judit J Pénzes
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, 174 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John’s NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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13
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Alex CE, Canuti M, Schlesinger MS, Jackson KA, Needle D, Jardine C, Nituch L, Bourque L, Lang AS, Pesavento PA. Natural disease and evolution of an amdoparvovirus endemic in striped skunks (
Mephitis mephitis
). Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1758-e1767. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Alex
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California‐Davis Davis CA USA
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
| | - Maya S. Schlesinger
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California‐Davis Davis CA USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California‐Davis Davis CA USA
| | - David Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture University of New Hampshire Durham NH USA
| | - Claire Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - Larissa Nituch
- Ontario Ministry of Northern Development Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry Peterborough ON Canada
| | - Laura Bourque
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative – Atlantic Region University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Ave Charlottetown PE C1A4P3 Canada
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
| | - Patricia A. Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California‐Davis Davis CA USA
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14
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Canuti M, Fry K, Dean Cluff H, Mira F, Fenton H, Lang AS. Co‐circulation of five species of dog parvoviruses and canine adenovirus type 1 among gray wolves (
Canis lupus
) in northern Canada. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1417-e1433. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
| | - Kelsi Fry
- Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
| | - H. Dean Cluff
- Environment and Natural Resources ‐ North Slave Region Government of the Northwest Territories Yellowknife Canada
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri” Palermo Italy
| | - Heather Fenton
- Environment and Natural Resources ‐ North Slave Region Government of the Northwest Territories Yellowknife Canada
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
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15
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Jager MC, Tomlinson JE, Lopez-Astacio RA, Parrish CR, Van de Walle GR. Small but mighty: old and new parvoviruses of veterinary significance. Virol J 2021; 18:210. [PMID: 34689822 PMCID: PMC8542416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result in fatal or debilitating infections. In recent years, advances in metagenomic viral discovery techniques have dramatically increased the identification of novel parvoviruses in both diseased and healthy individuals. While some of these discoveries have solved etiologic mysteries of well-described diseases in animals, many of the newly discovered parvoviruses appear to cause mild or no disease, or disease associations remain to be established. With the increased use of animal parvoviruses as vectors for gene therapy and oncolytic treatments in humans, it becomes all the more important to understand the diversity, pathogenic potential, and evolution of this diverse family of viruses. In this review, we discuss parvoviruses infecting vertebrate animals, with a special focus on pathogens of veterinary significance and viruses discovered within the last four years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason C Jager
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert A Lopez-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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16
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Seroprevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of Aleutian Disease in Various Countries during 1972-2021: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102975. [PMID: 34679996 PMCID: PMC8533000 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aleutian disease is caused by the Aleutian mink disease virus and is one of the most serious infectious diseases that affect the family Mustelidae, including the American mink, wild European mink, weasels, badgers and other animal species, such as skunks, raccoons, dogs, cats and mice, as well as humans. Effective treatments and vaccines against Aleutian disease have not been developed to date. Prophylactic programs that focus on the identification and elimination of infected mink are one of the methods of controlling the negative outcomes of Aleutian disease. This article analyses the seroprevalence of Aleutian mink disease virus infections in American and European mink and other species around the world, and reviews recent knowledge relating to the molecular epidemiology of the Aleutian mink disease virus. Abstract Aleutian disease (AD) poses a serious threat to both free-ranging and farmed mink around the world. The disease is caused by the Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), which also poses a health risk for other members of the family Mustelidae, including wild mink, weasels, badgers and other animal species. This article analyses the seroprevalence of AMDV infections in mink and other species around the world, and reviews recent knowledge relating to the molecular epidemiology of the AMDV. Depending on the applied diagnostic technique and the country, the prevalence of anti-AMDV antibodies or AMDV DNA was established at 21.60–100.00% in farmed American mink, 0.00–93.30% in free-ranging American mink and 0.00–25.00% in European mink. Anti-AMDV antibodies or AMDV DNA were also detected in other free-living fur-bearing animals in Europe and Canada, where their prevalence was determined at 0.00–32.00% and 0.00–70.50%, respectively. This may indicate a potential threat to various animal species. AMDV strains are not clustered into genotypes based on the geographic origin, year of isolation or pathogenicity. The isolates that were identified on mink farms around the world originated from North America because American mink were introduced to Europe and Asia for breeding purposes and to restock natural populations.
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17
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Canuti M, Bouchard É, Rodrigues B, Whitney HG, Hopson M, Gilroy C, Stenson G, Dufour SC, Lang AS, Verhoeven JTP. Newlavirus, a Novel, Highly Prevalent, and Highly Diverse Protoparvovirus of Foxes ( Vulpes spp.). Viruses 2021; 13:1969. [PMID: 34696399 PMCID: PMC8537079 DOI: 10.3390/v13101969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Protoparvovirus (family Parvoviridae) includes several viruses of carnivores. We describe a novel fox protoparvovirus, which we named Newlavirus as it was discovered in samples from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Analysis of the full non-structural protein (NS1) sequence indicates that this virus is a previously uncharacterized species. Newlavirus showed high prevalence in foxes from both the mainland (Labrador, 54/137, 39.4%) and the island of Newfoundland (22/50, 44%) but was not detected in samples from other carnivores, including coyotes (n = 92), lynx (n = 58), martens (n = 146), mink (n = 47), ermines (n = 17), dogs (n = 48), and ringed (n = 4), harp (n = 6), bearded (n = 6), and harbor (n = 2) seals. Newlavirus was found at similar rates in stool and spleen (24/80, 30% vs. 59/152, 38.8%, p = 0.2) but at lower rates in lymph nodes (2/37, 5.4%, p < 0.01). Sequencing a fragment of approximately 750 nt of the capsid protein gene from 53 samples showed a high frequency of co-infection by more than one strain (33.9%), high genetic diversity with 13 genotypes with low sequence identities (70.5-87.8%), and no geographic segregation of strains. Given the high prevalence, high diversity, and the lack of identification in other species, foxes are likely the natural reservoir of Newlavirus, and further studies should investigate its distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial, University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (H.G.W.); (S.C.D.); (J.T.P.V.)
| | - Émilie Bouchard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Bruce Rodrigues
- Wildlife Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries, Forestry, and Agriculture, PO Box 2007, Corner Brook, NL A2H 7S1, Canada;
| | - Hugh G. Whitney
- Department of Biology, Memorial, University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (H.G.W.); (S.C.D.); (J.T.P.V.)
| | - Marti Hopson
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Cornelia Gilroy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Garry Stenson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Government of Canada, P.O. Box 5667, St. John’s, NL A1C 5X1, Canada;
| | - Suzanne C. Dufour
- Department of Biology, Memorial, University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (H.G.W.); (S.C.D.); (J.T.P.V.)
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial, University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (H.G.W.); (S.C.D.); (J.T.P.V.)
| | - Joost T. P. Verhoeven
- Department of Biology, Memorial, University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; (H.G.W.); (S.C.D.); (J.T.P.V.)
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18
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Virtanen J, Zalewski A, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Brzeziński M, Smura T, Sironen T. Diversity and transmission of Aleutian mink disease virus in feral and farmed American mink and native mustelids. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab075. [PMID: 34548930 PMCID: PMC8449508 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), which causes Aleutian disease, is widely spread both in farmed mink and wild mustelids. However, only limited data are available on the role of wild animals in AMDV transmission and spread. Our aim was to shed light on AMDV transmission among wild mustelids and estimate the effect of intense farming practices on the virus circulation by studying AMDV prevalence and genetic diversity among wild mustelids in Poland. We compared AMDV seroprevalence and proportion of PCR-positive individuals in American mink, polecats, otters, stone martens, and pine martens and used the phylogenetic analysis of the NS1 region to study transmission. In addition, we used a metagenomic approach to sequence complete AMDV genomes from tissue samples. In eastern Poland, AMDV seroprevalence in wild mustelids varied from 22 per cent in otters to 62 per cent and 64 per cent in stone martens and feral mink, respectively. All studied antibody-positive mink were also PCR positive, whereas only 10, 15, and 18 per cent of antibody-positive polecats, pine martens, and stone martens, respectively, were PCR positive, suggesting lower virus persistence among these animal species as compared to feral mink. In phylogenetic analysis, most sequences from feral mink formed region-specific clusters that have most likely emerged through multiple introductions of AMDV to feral mink population over decades. However, virus spread between regions was also observed. Virus sequences derived from farmed and wild animals formed separate subclusters in the phylogenetic tree, and no signs of recent virus transmission between farmed and wild animals were observed despite the frequent inflow of farmed mink escapees to wild populations. These results provide new information about the role of different mustelid species in AMDV transmission and about virus circulation among the wild mustelids. In addition, we pinpoint gaps of knowledge, where more studies are needed to achieve a comprehensive picture of AMDV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcin Brzeziński
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, Warszawa 02-096, Poland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki 00790, Finland
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki 00290, Finland
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19
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Markarian NM, Abrahamyan L. AMDV Vaccine: Challenges and Perspectives. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091833. [PMID: 34578415 PMCID: PMC8472842 DOI: 10.3390/v13091833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is known to cause the most significant disease in the mink industry. It is globally widespread and manifested as a deadly plasmacytosis and hyperglobulinemia. So far, measures to control the viral spread have been limited to manual serological testing for AMDV-positive mink. Further, due to the persistent nature of this virus, attempts to eradicate Aleutian disease (AD) have largely failed. Therefore, effective strategies to control the viral spread are of crucial importance for wildlife protection. One potentially key tool in the fight against this disease is by the immunization of mink against AMDV. Throughout many years, several researchers have tried to develop AMDV vaccines and demonstrated varying degrees of protection in mink by those vaccines. Despite these attempts, there are currently no vaccines available against AMDV, allowing the continuation of the spread of Aleutian disease. Herein, we summarize previous AMDV immunization attempts in mink as well as other preventative measures with the purpose to shed light on future studies designing such a potentially crucial preventative tool against Aleutian disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Markarian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Research Group on Infectious Diseases of Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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20
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Impact of viral features, host jumps and phylogeography on the rapid evolution of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). Sci Rep 2021; 11:16464. [PMID: 34385578 PMCID: PMC8360955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is one the most relevant pathogens of domestic mink, where it can cause significant economic losses, and wild species, which are considered a threat to mink farms. Despite their relevance, many aspects of the origin, evolution, and geographic and host spreading patterns of AMDV have never been investigated on a global scale using a comprehensive biostatistical approach. The present study, benefitting from a large dataset of sequences collected worldwide and several phylodynamic-based approaches, demonstrates the ancient origin of AMDV and its broad, unconstrained circulation from the initial intercontinental spread to the massive among-country circulation, especially within Europe, combined with local persistence and evolution. Clear expansion of the viral population size occurred over time until more effective control measures started to be applied. The role of frequent changes in epidemiological niches, including different hosts, in driving the high nucleotide and amino acid evolutionary rates was also explored by comparing the strengths of selective pressures acting on different populations. The obtained results suggest that the viral passage among locations and between wild and domesticated animals poses a double threat to farm profitability and animal welfare and health, which is particularly relevant for endangered species. Therefore, further efforts must be made to limit viral circulation and to refine our knowledge of factors enhancing AMDV spread, particularly at the wild-domestic interface.
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21
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Lu T, Zhang H, Zhou J, Ma Q, Yan W, Zhao L, Wu S, Chen H. Aptamer-targeting of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) can be an effective strategy to inhibit virus replication. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4649. [PMID: 33633317 PMCID: PMC7907208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease (AMD), which is caused by Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), is an important contagious disease for which no effective vaccine is yet available. AMD causes major economic losses for mink farmers globally and threatens some carnivores such as skunks, genets, foxes and raccoons. Aptamers have exciting potential for the diagnosis and/or treatment of infectious viral diseases, including AMD. Using a magnetic beads-based systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) approach, we have developed aptamers with activity against AMDV after 10 rounds of selection. After incubation with the ADVa012 aptamer (4 μM) for 48 h, the concentration of AMDV in the supernatant of infected cells was 47% lower than in the supernatant of untreated cells, whereas a random library of aptamers has no effect. The half-life of ADVa012 was ~ 32 h, which is significantly longer than that of other aptamers. Sequences and three dimensions structural modeling of selected aptamers indicated that they fold into similar stem-loop structures, which may be a preferred structure for binding to the target protein. The ADVa012 aptamer was shown to have an effective and long-lasting inhibitory effect on viral production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeng Lu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Shuguang Wu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
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Zalewski A, Virtanen JME, Brzeziński M, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Jankow W, Sironen T. Aleutian mink disease: Spatio-temporal variation of prevalence and influence on the feral American mink. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2556-2570. [PMID: 33197283 PMCID: PMC8359164 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens are one of the factors driving wildlife population dynamics. The spread of pathogens in wildlife is currently highly related to the transmission of pathogens from farmed animals, which has increased with the constant development of farming. Here, we analysed the spatio‐temporal variation in the prevalence of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) antibodies in feral American mink (Neovison vison) populations in Poland (1,153 individuals from nine sites) in relation to mink farming intensity. AMDV was detected in feral mink at all study sites and the prevalence ranged from 0.461 in the northern region to 0.826 in the western region. Mink males and adults were infected more often than females and subadults; the infection was also more frequent during the mink breeding season than during non‐breeding. The prevalence of AMDV changed non‐linearly in consecutive years and the peak of prevalence was every 3–4 years. The predicted AMDV prevalence was low at sites where the number of farmed mink was also low and increased linearly with the increase in the number of mink kept on farms. The predicted AMDV prevalence at sites with low mink farming intensity strongly varied between years, whereas at sites with high mink farming intensity, the predicted prevalence did not change significantly. AMDV infection affected the mink's body condition and caused an increase in the size of the spleen, liver and kidneys. This study shows that Aleutian mink disease strongly affects feral mink but the spatio‐temporal variation of its prevalence is complex and partly related to the transmission of the virus from farmed mink to feral populations. The study highlights the complexity of AMDV circulation in feral mink populations and implicates a potential spillover of the virus to native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Jenni M E Virtanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Władysław Jankow
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Canuti M, McDonald E, Graham SM, Rodrigues B, Bouchard É, Neville R, Pitcher M, Whitney HG, Marshall HD, Lang AS. Multi-host dispersal of known and novel carnivore amdoparvoviruses. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa072. [PMID: 36158990 PMCID: PMC9492287 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amdoparvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are ssDNA viruses that cause an immune complex-mediated wasting syndrome in carnivores. They are multi-host pathogens and cross-species infection is facilitated by the fact that viral entry is mediated by cellular Fc receptors recognizing antibody-coated viruses. We developed a pan-amdoparvovirus PCR and screened tissue samples from 666 wild carnivores (families Felidae, Canidae, and Mustelidae) from Newfoundland or Labrador (Canada) and molecularly characterized the identified strains. Fifty-four out of 666 (8.1%) animals were amdoparvovirus-positive. Infection rate was the highest in American mink (34/47, 72.3%), followed by foxes (Arctic and red foxes, 13/311, 4.2%), lynx (2/58, 3.5%), and American martens (5/156, 3.4%). No virus was detected in samples from 87 coyotes and 17 ermines. Viruses from Newfoundland were classified as Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). Mink harvested near AMDV-affected fur farms had higher prevalence (24/24, 100%) than other mink (10/23, 43.5%; P < 0.001) and their viruses were phylogenetically closely related to those from farms, while most viruses from other mink were in other clades. Strains from three foxes and two lynx were highly related to mink strains. This proves that farms disperse AMDV that subsequently spreads among wild mink (maintenance host) and transmits to other spillover carnivore hosts. In Labrador two novel viruses were identified, Labrador amdoparvovirus 1 (LaAV-1) found in foxes (9/261, 3.5%) and martens (5/156, 3.4%), and LaAV-2 found in one fox (0.4%). LaAV-1 fulfills all requirements to be classified as a novel species. LaAV-1 was most similar to viruses of mink and skunks (AMDV and skunk amdoparvovirus (SKAV)) while LaAV-2 was more closely related to other viruses infecting canids. LaAV-1 capsid proteins were almost indistinguishable from those of AMDV in some regions, suggesting that LaAV-1 could be a virus of mustelids that can infect foxes. While intensive farming practices provide occasions for inter-species transmission in farms, niche overlap or predation could explain cross-species transmission in the wild, but competition among sympatric species reduces the chances of direct contacts, making this an infrequent event. Pan-amdoparvovirus detection methods in wide epidemiological investigations can play a crucial role in defining amdoparvoviral ecology and evolution and discovering novel viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Emily McDonald
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Graham
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Bruce Rodrigues
- Wildlife Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries, Forestry, and Agriculture, PO Box 2007, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador A2H 7S1 Canada
| | - Émilie Bouchard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Richard Neville
- Wildlife Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries, Forestry, and Agriculture, PO Box 3014, Stn. B, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador A0P 1E0, Canada
| | - Mac Pitcher
- Wildlife Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries, Forestry, and Agriculture, PO Box 2007, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador A2H 7S1 Canada
| | - Hugh G Whitney
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - H Dawn Marshall
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
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Prieto A, Fernández-Antonio R, López-Lorenzo G, Díaz-Cao JM, López-Novo C, Remesar S, Panadero R, Díaz P, Morrondo P, Díez-Baños P, Fernández G. Molecular epidemiology of Aleutian mink disease virus causing outbreaks in mink farms from Southwestern Europe: a retrospective study from 2012 to 2019. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e65. [PMID: 32735101 PMCID: PMC7402935 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) causes major economic losses in fur-bearing animal production. The control of most AMDV outbreaks is complex due to the difficulties of establishing the source of infection based only on the available on-farm epidemiological data. In this sense, phylogenetic analysis of the strains present in a farm may help elucidate the origin of the infection and improve the control and biosecurity measures. OBJECTIVES This study had the following aims: characterize the AMDV strains from most outbreaks produced at Spanish farms between 2012-2019 at the molecular level, and assess the utility of the combined use of molecular and epidemiological data to track the possible routes of infection. METHODS Thirty-seven strains from 17 farms were partially sequenced for the NS1 and VP2 genes and analyzed phylogenetically with other strains described worldwide. RESULTS Spanish AMDV strains are clustered in four major clades that generally show a good geographical correlation, confirming that most had been established in Spain a long time ago. The combined study of phylogenetic results and epidemiological information of each farm suggests that most of the AMDV outbreaks since 2012 had been produced by within-farm reservoirs, while a few of them may have been due to the introduction of the virus through international trade. CONCLUSIONS The combination of phylogenetic inference, together with epidemiological data, helps assess the possible origin of AMDV infections in mink farms and improving the control and prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Ricardo Fernández-Antonio
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.,Galician Association of Mink Breeders (AGAVI), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cao
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Susana Remesar
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Lu T, Wang Y, Wu Y, Zhao L, Wu S, Chen H. Development of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Aleutian mink disease virus. Arch Virol 2020; 166:83-90. [PMID: 33068192 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease (AMD), caused by Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), is a very important infectious disease of mink. Currently, elimination of antibody- or antigen-positive animals is the most successful strategy for eradicating AMD, but the claw-cutting method of blood sampling is difficult to perform and painful for the animal. In this study, we aimed to establish an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) method for the efficient detection of AMDV antigens using fecal samples. A purified mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used as the capture antibody, and a rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb) was used as the detection antibody. The assay was optimized by adjusting a series of parameters. Using a cutoff value of 0.205, the limit of detection of the AC-ELISA for strain AMDV-G antigen was 2 μg/mL, and there was no cross-reaction with other mink viruses. The intra- and inter-assay standard deviations were below 0.046, and the correlation of variance (CV) values were 1.24-7.12% when testing fecal samples. Compared with conventional PCR results, the specificity and sensitivity were 91.5% and 90.6%, respectively, and the concordance rate between the two methods was 91.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeng Lu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yanjun Wu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Shuguang Wu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, China.
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27
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Canuti M, Todd M, Monteiro P, Van Osch K, Weir R, Schwantje H, Britton AP, Lang AS. Ecology and Infection Dynamics of Multi-Host Amdoparvoviral and Protoparvoviral Carnivore Pathogens. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020124. [PMID: 32075256 PMCID: PMC7168296 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amdoparvovirus and Protoparvovirus are monophyletic viral genera that infect carnivores. We performed surveillance for and sequence analyses of parvoviruses in mustelids in insular British Columbia to investigate parvoviral maintenance and cross-species transmission among wildlife. Overall, 19.1% (49/256) of the tested animals were parvovirus-positive. Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) was more prevalent in mink (41.6%, 32/77) than martens (3.1%, 4/130), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) was more prevalent in otters (27.3%, 6/22) than mink (5.2%, 4/77) or martens (2.3%, 3/130), and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) was found in one mink, one otter, and zero ermines (N = 27). Viruses were endemic and bottleneck events, founder effects, and genetic drift generated regional lineages. We identified two local closely related AMDV lineages, one CPV-2 lineage, and five FPV lineages. Highly similar viruses were identified in different hosts, demonstrating cross-species transmission. The likelihood for cross-species transmission differed among viruses and some species likely represented dead-end spillover hosts. We suggest that there are principal maintenance hosts (otters for FPV, raccoons for CPV-2/FPV, mink for AMDV) that enable viral persistence and serve as sources for other susceptible species. In this multi-host system, viral and host factors affect viral persistence and distribution, shaping parvoviral ecology and evolution, with implications for insular carnivore conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.L.); Tel.: +1-709-864-8761 (M.C.); +1-709-864-7517 (A.S.L.)
| | - Melissa Todd
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Area Research Section, Suite 103-2100 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9, Canada; (M.T.); (P.M.); (K.V.O.)
| | - Paige Monteiro
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Area Research Section, Suite 103-2100 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9, Canada; (M.T.); (P.M.); (K.V.O.)
| | - Kalia Van Osch
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Area Research Section, Suite 103-2100 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9, Canada; (M.T.); (P.M.); (K.V.O.)
| | - Richard Weir
- British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, PO Box 9338 STN Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9M2, Canada;
| | - Helen Schwantje
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Wildlife Health Program, Wildlife and Habitat Branch, 2080 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6J9, Canada;
| | - Ann P. Britton
- Animal Health Center, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, 1767 Angus Campbell Rd., Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3, Canada;
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.L.); Tel.: +1-709-864-8761 (M.C.); +1-709-864-7517 (A.S.L.)
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Mink Aleutian disease seroprevalence in China during 1981–2017: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 139:103908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Duplex PCR for Detection of Aleutian Disease Virus from Biological and Environmental Samples. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2019-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aleutian disease is one of the most serious disease entities affecting mink farms. The disease causes significant economic losses in mink breeding countries. The aim of the study was to optimize a diagnostic test based on duplex PCR to enable detection of Aleutian disease virus in biological and environmental samples.
Blood (n = 40) and spleen (n = 40) samples from animals with suspected infection, and swabs from cages in which infected animals were kept (n = 20) were used for analysis. DNA was isolated from the samples, followed by optimization of the duplex PCR reaction targeting sequences coding NS1 and VP2 proteins. The qPCR method was used to determine the sensitivity of the reaction. The specificity of the analysis was confirmed by the sequencing results.
Optimized duplex PCR enabled detection of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus (AMDV) genetic material in biological and environmental samples. Testing of the sensitivity of the method indicated clear amplification for both primer pairs at 102 copies of viral DNA in a reaction. Sequencing confirmed the specificity of the reaction, which in the case of both primer pairs indicated an over 90% agreement between the isolates and the variants of the virus from the databases.
The use of duplex PCR to detect two regions of the AMDV genome may increase the sensitivity and specificity of the method and significantly expand the possibilities of further analysis based on sequencing.
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30
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Wu YH, Wei T, Zhang XT, Zhao YQ, Wang JK, Cong L, Xu BZ, Shao XQ. Development and evaluation of a direct TaqMan qPCR assay for the rapid detection of diverse carnivore amdoparvoviruses. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 48:101448. [PMID: 31521579 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Amdoparvoviruses infect carnivore species, including mink, raccoon dog, fox, skunk, and red panda. Amdoparvovirus infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in farmed minks. Here, we developed a direct TaqMan qPCR assay for detection and quantification of carnivore amdoparvoviruses by using three primers and one probe based on the conserved VP2 gene. The detection limit for Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) and Raccoon dog and arctic fox amdoparvovirus (RFAV) were 4.06 × 101 copies/μl and 2.93 × 101 copies/μl, respectively. Both intra- and inter-assay variability were less than 2%. Among 74 carnivore samples, the positive rates for amdoparvoviruses were 62.2% (46/74) by direct TaqMan qPCR, while only 40.5% (30/74) by SYBR Green I qPCR. This result suggests that the direct TaqMan qPCR was more sensitive than the SYBR Green I qPCR. Additionally, the direct TaqMan qPCR is a rapid and sensitive method for liquid samples at microliter level as the assay employed the direct alkaline lysis method to obtain viral DNA and, therefore, eliminated the cumbersome steps in extracting DNA. Overall, the direct TaqMan qPCR assay possessed high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, indicating that it can be used as a powerful tool for detection and quantification of various carnivore amdoparvoviruses in epidemiological and pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Tao Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Xiu-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Jian-Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Li Cong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Bao-Zeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
| | - Xi-Qun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
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Virtanen J, Smura T, Aaltonen K, Moisander-Jylhä AM, Knuuttila A, Vapalahti O, Sironen T. Co-circulation of highly diverse Aleutian mink disease virus strains in Finland. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:227-236. [PMID: 30526739 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is the causative agent of Aleutian disease (AD), which affects mink of all genotypes and also infects other mustelids such as ferrets, martens and badgers. Previous studies have investigated diversity in Finnish AMDV strains, but these studies have been restricted to small parts of the virus genome, and mostly from newly infected farms and free-ranging mustelids. Here, we investigated the diversity and evolution of Finnish AMDV strains by sequencing the complete coding sequences of 31 strains from mink originating from farms differing in their virus history, as well as from free-ranging mink. The data set was supplemented with partial genomes obtained from 26 strains. The sequences demonstrate that the Finnish AMDV strains have considerable diversity, and that the virus has been introduced to Finland in multiple events. Frequent recombination events were observed, as well as variation in the evolutionary rate in different parts of the genome and between different branches of the phylogenetic tree. Mink in the wild carry viruses with high intra-host diversity and are occasionally even co-infected by two different strains, suggesting that free-ranging mink tolerate chronic infections for extended periods of time. These findings highlight the need for further sampling to understand the mechanisms playing a role in the evolution and pathogenesis of AMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Virtanen
- 1Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- 2Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Aaltonen
- 1Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Moisander-Jylhä
- 1Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Knuuttila
- 1Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,†Present address: Anna Knuuttila, Fimmic Oy, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- 1Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,2Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- 1Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,2Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
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Pénzes JJ, Marsile-Medun S, Agbandje-McKenna M, Gifford RJ. Endogenous amdoparvovirus-related elements reveal insights into the biology and evolution of vertebrate parvoviruses. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey026. [PMID: 30443409 PMCID: PMC6232428 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amdoparvoviruses (family Parvoviridae: genus Amdoparvovirus) infect carnivores, and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in farmed animals. In this study, we systematically screened animal genomes to identify endogenous parvoviral elements (EPVs) disclosing a high degree of similarity to amdoparvoviruses, and investigated their genomic, phylogenetic and protein structural features. We report the first examples of full-length, amdoparvovirus-derived EPVs in the genome of the Transcaucasian mole vole (Ellobius lutescens). We also identify four EPVs in mammal and reptile genomes that are intermediate between amdoparvoviruses and their sister genus (Protoparvovirus) in terms of their phylogenetic placement and genomic features. In particular, we identify a genome-length EPV in the genome of a pit viper (Protobothrops mucrosquamatus) that is more similar to a protoparvovirus than an amdoparvovirus in terms of its phylogenetic placement and the structural features of its capsid protein (as revealed by homology modeling), yet exhibits characteristically amdoparvovirus-like genome features including: (1) a putative middle ORF gene; (2) a capsid gene that lacks a phospholipase A2 domain; (3) a genome structure consistent with an amdoparvovirus-like mechanism of capsid gene expression. Our findings indicate that amdoparvovirus host range extends to rodents, and that parvovirus lineages possessing a mixture of proto- and amdoparvovirus-like characteristics have circulated in the past. In addition, we show that EPV sequences in the mole vole and pit viper encode intact, expressible replicase genes that have potentially been co-opted or exapted in these host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit J Pénzes
- University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, 1149 Newell Dr, Gainesville, USA
| | - Soledad Marsile-Medun
- Agrocampus Ouest, 65 Rue de Saint-Brieuc, Rennes, France
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Robert James Gifford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
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Lesser housefly (Fannia canicularis) as possible mechanical vector for Aleutian mink disease virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:90-93. [PMID: 29981714 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Flies are known vectors for a variety of infectious diseases in animals. In fur mink farming, one of the most severe diseases is Aleutian disease, which is caused by the Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). The presence of large fly populations is a frequent issue in mink farms; however, no studies assessing their role as AMDV carrier vectors have been conducted to-date. In order to determine the presence of AMDV in aerial flies from an infected mink farm, flies (n = 254) and environmental swab samples (n = 4) were collected from two farm barns. Fannia canicularis (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) represented more than 99% of the fly population. One hundred and fifty specimens of this species were divided into pools of ten flies and analysed by qPCR, and positive samples were further sequenced. All fly pools and environmental samples tested positive for AMDV, and sequence analysis revealed identical genotypes in both types of samples. This is the first report of AMDV contamination in flies from mink farms, suggesting that F. canicularis may act as an AMDV vector. These results may be of interest for epidemiological studies and also for the improvement of control measures against this virus in mink farms.
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de Souza WM, Dennis T, Fumagalli MJ, Araujo J, Sabino-Santos G, Maia FGM, Acrani GO, Carrasco ADOT, Romeiro MF, Modha S, Vieira LC, Ometto T, Queiroz LH, Durigon EL, Nunes MRT, Figueiredo LTM, Gifford RJ. Novel Parvoviruses from Wild and Domestic Animals in Brazil Provide New Insights into Parvovirus Distribution and Diversity. Viruses 2018; 10:E143. [PMID: 29565808 PMCID: PMC5923437 DOI: 10.3390/v10040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are small, single-stranded DNA viruses. Many parvoviral pathogens of medical, veterinary and ecological importance have been identified. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to investigate the diversity of parvoviruses infecting wild and domestic animals in Brazil. We identified 21 parvovirus sequences (including twelve nearly complete genomes and nine partial genomes) in samples derived from rodents, bats, opossums, birds and cattle in Pernambuco, São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul states. These sequences were investigated using phylogenetic and distance-based approaches and were thereby classified into eight parvovirus species (six of which have not been described previously), representing six distinct genera in the subfamily Parvovirinae. Our findings extend the known biogeographic range of previously characterized parvovirus species and the known host range of three parvovirus genera (Dependovirus, Aveparvovirus and Tetraparvovirus). Moreover, our investigation provides a window into the ecological dynamics of parvovirus infections in vertebrates, revealing that many parvovirus genera contain well-defined sub-lineages that circulate widely throughout the world within particular taxonomic groups of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Marciel de Souza
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Tristan Dennis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Marcílio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jansen Araujo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Gonçalves Motta Maia
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Marilia Farignoli Romeiro
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sejal Modha
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Luiz Carlos Vieira
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Ometto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luzia Helena Queiroz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil.
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes
- Center for Technological Innovations, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo,14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Leng X, Liu D, Li J, Shi K, Zeng F, Zong Y, Liu Y, Sun Z, Zhang S, Liu Y, Du R. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Aleutian mink disease virus isolates in north-east China. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1241-1251. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus is the type species in the genus Amdoparvovirus, and in mink and other Mustelidae can cause either subclinical disease or fatal chronic immune stimulation and immune complex disease. The authors describe a novel amdoparvovirus in the endangered red panda ( Ailurus fulgens), discovered using viral metagenomics. The authors analyzed the prevalence, tissue distribution, and disease association by PCR, in situ hybridization, electron microscopy, and histology in a group of 6 red pandas from a single zoological collection. The study incorporates a fecal shedding survey and analysis of tissues from 4 necropsied animals over a 12-year span. The tentatively named red panda amdoparvovirus (RpAPV) was detected in the feces and/or tissues of all animals tested. At necropsy of 1 geriatric animal, infection was associated with pyogranulomatous peritonitis, pancreatitis, and myocarditis. Other animals had detectable low-level viral nucleic acid in lymph nodes and both oral and intestinal epithelium at the time of necropsy. Full-length genome sequences of RpAPV strains from 2 animals had 12% sequence divergence, demonstrating genetic diversity even among in-contact animals. RpAPV is a persistent infection in this cohort of red pandas, and has variable clinical expression.
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Lu T, Wang Y, Ge J, Ma Q, Yan W, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Chen H. Identification and characterization of a novel B-cell epitope on Aleutian Mink Disease virus capsid protein VP2 using a monoclonal antibody. Virus Res 2017; 248:74-79. [PMID: 29278728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease is caused by a highly contagious parvovirus (Aleutian mink disease virus, AMDV). This disease is one of the most commercially important infectious disease worldwide and causes considerable economic losses to mink farmers. The capsid protein VP2 is the major immunogenic antigenic protein of AMDV, and is involved in viral tropism, pathogenicity, and host selection. However, few reports have described the use of VP2-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in B-cell epitope identification and immunological detection. In this study, we produced a specific mAb, 1G5, against AMDV VP2 protein (amino acids: 200 ∼ 588) and characterized its specificity and relative affinity. Six partially overlapping truncated recombinant proteins and seven synthetized peptides were used to identify the epitopes recognized by 1G5. The results indicate that mAb 1G5 can distinguish AMDV, MEV and CPV2 with high affinity (Ka = 5.37 × 109), and the minimal linear epitope is located in amino acid residues 459EEEGWPAASGTHFED473. Sequence alignments demonstrated that the linear epitope was completely conserved among most Amdoparvoviruses except the bat parvovirus, where three substitutions (463W-463F, 466A-466G and 471F-471Y) were noted. Our results reveal that the identified epitope might be a common B-cell epitope of AMDV antibodies, and the 1G5 mAb can be used to identify the cleavage of the capsid proteins during AMDV infection. This is also the first report of a B-cell epitope on AMDV capsid protein VP2 (VP2: 459-473) using a mAb. These findings have potential applications in the development of new diagnostic tools for AMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeng Lu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Ge
- Veterinary Department, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Ma
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhuo Yan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin, 150069, People's Republic of China.
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Canuti M, Doyle HE, P Britton A, Lang AS. Full genetic characterization and epidemiology of a novel amdoparvovirus in striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e30. [PMID: 28487558 PMCID: PMC5520478 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amdoparvovirus is a newly defined parvoviral genus that contains four species (Carnivore amdoparvovirus 1-4), including the well-known Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). Amdoparvoviruses cause an immune-associated and often lethal wasting syndrome in Mustelidae and Caninae hosts. In this study, we molecularly investigated amdoparvoviruses detected in 44 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) found dead in and around Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Some of the animals exhibited pathological changes compatible with amdoparvovirus-associated disease. The nearly complete genomic sequence was obtained for seven different strains and our analyses show how this virus, which we named skunk amdoparvovirus (SKAV), should be classified as a separate species within the genus (proposed Carnivore amdoparvovirus 5). We detected co-infections, recombinant genomes, at least three separate viral lineages, and preliminary evidence for geographic segregation of lineages. Furthermore, we proved that similar viruses, only partially characterized in previous studies and labeled as AMDV, circulate in skunks from other distant areas of North America (Ontario and California) and found evidence for spillover events in mink (Neovison vison). Although SKAVs are capable of causing disease in infected animals, a high proportion of sub-clinical infections has been observed, suggesting these animals might act as asymptomatic carriers and pose a threat to wild and captive carnivores. Finally, we highlight the need for more specific diagnostic tests and further molecular investigations to clarify the epidemiology and host- and geographical distributions of amdoparvoviruses in terrestrial carnivores, especially because the whole spectrum of viral diversity in this group is likely still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL A1B3X9, Canada
| | - Hillary E Doyle
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL A1B3X9, Canada
| | - Ann P Britton
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, BC V3G2M3, Canada
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL A1B3X9, Canada
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Prieto A, Fernández-Antonio R, Díaz-Cao JM, López G, Díaz P, Alonso JM, Morrondo P, Fernández G. Distribution of Aleutian mink disease virus contamination in the environment of infected mink farms. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:59-63. [PMID: 28532807 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Control and eradication of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus (AMDV) are a major concern for fur-bearing animal production. Despite notably reducing disease prevalence, current control programs are unable to prevent the reinfection of farms, and environmental AMDV persistence seems to play a major role regarding this issue. In this study 114 samples from different areas and elements of seven infected mink farms were analyzed by qPCR in order to evaluate the environmental distribution of AMDV load. Samples were classified into nine categories, depending on the type of sample and degree of proximity to the animals, the main source of infection. Two different commercial DNA extraction kits were employed in parallel for all samples. qPCR analysis showed 69.3% positive samples with one kit and 81.6% with the other, and significant differences between the two DNA extraction methods were found regarding AMDV DNA recovery. Regarding sample categorization, all categories showed a high percentage of AMDV positive samples (31%-100%). Quantification of positive samples showed a decrease in AMDV load from animal barns to the periphery of the farm. In addition, those elements in direct contact with animals, the street clothes and vehicles of farm workers and personal protective equipment used for sampling showed a high viral load, and statistical analysis revealed significant differences in AMDV load between the first and last categories. These results indicate high environmental contamination of positive farms, which is helpful for future considerations about cleaning and disinfection procedures and biosecurity protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - R Fernández-Antonio
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; Galician Association of Mink Breeders (AGAVI), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J M Díaz-Cao
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - G López
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - P Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - J M Alonso
- Deparment of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis and Optimization, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - P Morrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - G Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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McCormick C, Grandvaux N. 1st Workshop of the Canadian Society for Virology. Viruses 2017; 9:v9030054. [PMID: 28335511 PMCID: PMC5371809 DOI: 10.3390/v9030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1st Workshop of the Canadian Society for Virology (CSV2016) was a Special Workshop of the 35th Annual Meeting for the American Society for Virology, held on 18 June 2016 on the beautiful Virginia Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia. The workshop provided a forum for discussion of recent advances in the field, in an informal setting conducive to interaction with colleagues. CSV2016 featured two internationally-renowned Canadian keynote speakers who discussed translational virology research; American Society for Virology President Grant McFadden (then from University of Florida, now relocated to Arizona State University) who presented his studies of oncolytic poxviruses, while Matthew Miller (McMaster University) reviewed the prospects for a universal influenza vaccine. The workshop also featured a variety of trainee oral and poster presentations, and a panel discussion on the topic of the future of the CSV and virus research in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
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Canuti M, O’Leary KE, Hunter BD, Spearman G, Ojkic D, Whitney HG, Lang AS. Driving forces behind the evolution of the Aleutian mink disease parvovirus in the context of intensive farming. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew004. [PMID: 27774297 PMCID: PMC4989880 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) causes plasmacytosis, an immune complex-associated syndrome that affects wild and farmed mink. The virus can also infect other small mammals (e.g., ferrets, skunks, ermines, and raccoons), but the disease in these hosts has been studied less. In 2007, a mink plasmacytosis outbreak began on the Island of Newfoundland, and the virus has been endemic in farms since then. In this study, we evaluated the molecular epidemiology of AMDV in farmed and wild animals of Newfoundland since before the beginning of the outbreak and investigated the epidemic in a global context by studying AMDV worldwide, thereby examining its diffusion and phylogeography. Furthermore, AMDV evolution was examined in the context of intensive farming, where host population dynamics strongly influence viral evolution. Partial NS1 sequences and several complete genomes were obtained from Newfoundland viruses and analyzed along with numerous sequences from other locations worldwide that were either obtained as part of this study or from public databases. We observed very high viral diversity within Newfoundland and within single farms, where high rates of co-infection, recombinant viruses and polymorphisms were observed within single infected individuals. Worldwide, we documented a partial geographic distribution of strains, where viruses from different countries co-exist within clades but form country-specific subclades. Finally, we observed the occurrence of recombination and the predominance of negative selection pressure on AMDV proteins. A surprisingly low number of immunoepitopic sites were under diversifying pressure, possibly because AMDV gains no benefit by escaping the immune response as viral entry into target cells is mediated through interactions with antibodies, which therefore contribute to cell infection. In conclusion, the high prevalence of AMDV in farms facilitates the establishment of co-infections that can favor the occurrence of recombination and enhance viral diversity. Viruses are then exchanged between different farms and countries and can be introduced into the wild, with the rapidly evolving viruses producing many parallel lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Kimberly E. O’Leary
- Animal Health Division, Forestry and Agrifoods Agency, P.O. Box 7400, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1E 3Y5, Canada
| | - Bruce D. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Grant Spearman
- Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Laboratory, 65 River Rd., Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3, Canada and
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, 419 Gordon Street, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hugh G. Whitney
- Animal Health Division, Forestry and Agrifoods Agency, P.O. Box 7400, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1E 3Y5, Canada
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X9, Canada
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