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Peretz A, Azrad M, Ken-Dror S, Strauss M, Sagas D, Parizada M, Loewnthal S, Amichay D, Ben Horin N, Shenhar Y, Sagi O, Bazarsky E, Amit S, Schwartz E. The epidemiology of intestinal protozoa in the Israeli population based on molecular stool test: a nationwide study. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0061624. [PMID: 39012121 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00616-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Stool examination using microscopy was the traditional method for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Recently, the use of molecular tests to identify stool protozoa has become the main tool used in most clinical laboratories in Israel. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Israel and to compare this prevalence in laboratories that use molecular tests vs a laboratory that uses microscopy. Samples collected from January to October 2021 at seven laboratories were analyzed by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) or by microscopy. The multiplex panel included the following pathogens: Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Blastocystis spp. Overall, 138,415 stool samples were tested by RT-PCR and 6,444 by microscopy. At least one protozoa species was identified in 28.4% of the PCR-tested samples compared to 4.6% of the microscopy-tested samples. D. fragilis was the most common PCR-identified species (29%). D. fragilis, G. lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. were mainly found in pediatric population, while Blastocystis spp. was most prevalent among adults (P < 0.001). In a sub-cohort of 21,480 samples, co-infection was found in 4,113 (19.15%) samples, with Blastocystis spp. and D. fragilis being the most common (14.9%) pair. Molecular stool testing proved more sensitive compared to microscopy. D. fragilis was the most commonly detected pathogen. The above profile was identified during the COVID pandemic when traveling was highly restricted and most likely represents the locally circulating protozoa. IMPORTANCE This study sheds light on the prevalence of stool parasites in Israel. Additionally, this study indicates that the shift from microscope analysis to molecular tests improved protozoa diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Peretz
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tzafon Medical Center, Poriya, Israel, affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel, Safed
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Tiberias, Israel
| | - Maya Azrad
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tzafon Medical Center, Poriya, Israel, affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel, Safed
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Tiberias, Israel
| | - Shifra Ken-Dror
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Central Laboratories Haifa and Western Galilee, Clalit Health Services, Nesher, Israel
| | - Merav Strauss
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel
| | - Dana Sagas
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel
| | - Miriam Parizada
- Maccabi Health Services, Central Laboratories, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Doron Amichay
- Central Laboratories, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Orli Sagi
- Microbiology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Faculty of health science, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elina Bazarsky
- Microbiology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sharon Amit
- Clinical Microbiology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eliezer Schwartz
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Luo C, Xu Y, Zhang J, Tian Q, Guo Y, Li N, Feng Y, Xu R, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium parvum disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier in neonatal mice through downregulation of cell junction molecules. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012212. [PMID: 38787872 PMCID: PMC11156435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. cause watery diarrhea in humans and animals, especially in infants and neonates. They parasitize the apical surface of the epithelial cells in the intestinal lumen. However, the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium-induced diarrhea is not fully understood yet. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we infected C57BL/6j neonatal mice with C. parvum IIa and IId subtypes, and examined oocyst burden, pathological changes, and intestinal epithelial permeability during the infection. In addition, transcriptomic analyses were used to study the mechanism of diarrhea induced by the C. parvum IId subtype. The neonatal mice were sensitive to both C. parvum IIa and IId infection, but the IId subtype caused a wide oocyst shedding window and maintained the high oocyst burden in the mice compared with the IIa subtype. In addition, the mice infected with C. parvum IId resulted in severe intestinal damage at the peak of infection, leading to increased permeability of the epithelial barrier. The KEGG, GO and GSEA analyses revealed that the downregulation of adherens junction and cell junction molecules at 11 dpi. Meanwhile, E-cadherin, which is associated with adherens junction, was reduced at the protein level in mouse ileum at peak and late infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE C. parvum IId infection causes more severe pathological damage than C. parvum IIa infection in neonatal mice. Furthermore, the impairment of the epithelial barrier during C. parvum IId infection results from the downregulation of intestinal junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Jiménez-Meléndez A, Shakya R, Markussen T, Robertson LJ, Myrmel M, Makvandi-Nejad S. Gene expression profile of HCT-8 cells following single or co-infections with Cryptosporidium parvum and bovine coronavirus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22106. [PMID: 38092824 PMCID: PMC10719361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the causative agents of neonatal diarrhoea in calves, two of the most prevalent are bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and the intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Although several studies indicate that co-infections are associated with greater symptom severity, the host-pathogen interplay remains unresolved. Here, our main objective was to investigate the modulation of the transcriptome of HCT-8 cells during single and co-infections with BCoV and C. parvum. For this, HCT-8 cells were inoculated with (1) BCoV alone, (2) C. parvum alone, (3) BCoV and C. parvum simultaneously. After 24 and 72 h, cells were harvested and analyzed using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Following differential expression analysis, over 6000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in virus-infected and co-exposed cells at 72 hpi, whereas only 52 DEGs were found in C. parvum-infected cells at the same time point. Pathway (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that DEGs in the virus-infected and co-exposed cells were mostly associated with immune pathways (such as NF-κB, TNF-α or, IL-17), apoptosis and regulation of transcription, with a more limited effect exerted by C. parvum. Although the modulation observed in the co-infection was apparently dominated by the virus, over 800 DEGs were uniquely expressed in co-exposed cells at 72 hpi. Our findings provide insights on possible biomarkers associated with co-infection, which could be further explored using in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Ruchika Shakya
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Turhan Markussen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences (PARAFAG), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Shokouh Makvandi-Nejad
- Research Group Animal Health, Vaccinology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
- Nykode Therapeutics ASA, Oslo Science Park, Oslo, Norway
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Konadu E, Essuman MA, Amponsah A, Agroh WXK, Badu-Boateng E, Gbedema SY, Boakye YD. Enteric Protozoan Parasitosis and Associated Factors among Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus in a Teaching Hospital in Ghana. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:5569262. [PMID: 38105772 PMCID: PMC10725318 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5569262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enteric protozoa infections (EPIs) could worsen clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus and therefore requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and attention. This study aimed to determine the burden of EPIs and their associated factors among patients with and without diabetics at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Ghana. Again, the diagnostic performance of parasitological techniques routinely used for diagnosis was assessed. Methods A total of 240 participants (made up of 140 patients with diabetes and 100 patients without diabetes) were recruited into the study by simple random sampling from November 2020 to May 2021. Stool samples of participants were collected, along with their demographic information, and examined using the saline direct wet mount (DWM), formol-ether concentration (FEC), and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining (ZNS) techniques for the presence of enteric protozoans. Results Enteric protozoa were found among 62/140 (44.3%) diabetic patients and 13/100 (13.0%) nondiabetic patients. The predominant protozoa identified were Cryptosporidium spp. (17.86%) among patients with diabetes and Blastocystis hominis (7.0%) among patients without diabetes. EPI was associated with diabetes mellitus status (AOR = 3.48, 95% CI, 1.55-7.79), having diabetes for more than five years (AOR = 3.83, 95% CI, 1.65-8.86) and having comorbidity (AOR = 2.93, 95% CI, 1.33-6.45). The FEC technique had the highest sensitivity (100.0%), specificity 94.3% (95% CI, 91.35-97.22), and accuracy 95.0% (95% CI, 88.54-98.13) when compared to other techniques for diagnosis. Conclusion EPIs are a significant health problem among patients with diabetes at KATH, and therefore antiparasitic drugs should be included in their treatment protocols for better health outcomes. Again, the FEC technique has demonstrated better performance in detecting EPIs and is therefore recommended to achieve early and accurate diagnosis of EPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Konadu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology Laboratory Unit, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Mainprice Akuoko Essuman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA
| | - Angela Amponsah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Wisdom Xoese Kwadzo Agroh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ernest Badu-Boateng
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology Laboratory Unit, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephen Yao Gbedema
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Duah Boakye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Chae JB, Shin SU, Kim S, Jo YM, Roh H, Chae H, Kim WG, Chae JS, Song H, Kang JW. The First Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum Virus-1 (CSpV1) in Hanwoo ( Bos taurus coreanae) Calves in Korea. Vet Sci 2023; 10:633. [PMID: 37999455 PMCID: PMC10674401 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an obligate coccidian parasite that causes enteric diseases in bovine species. A double-stranded RNA virus associated with C. parvum oocysts, Cryptosporidium parvum virus-1 (CSpV1), has been characterized. However, the relationship between the abovementioned coccidian parasite and the virus has not been studied in the context of the known clinical outcomes. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and molecular traits of CSpV1 in diarrheal feces of Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) calves. Of the 140 fecal samples previously tested for C. parvum, which were obtained from Hanwoo calves aged 60 days, 70 tested positive and 70 tested negative. These samples were included in this study. By using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis targeting the RdRp gene of CSpV1, we detected CSpV1 in 28 samples (20.0%), with infection rates of 31.4% (22/70) in C. parvum-positive and 8.6% (6/70) in C. parvum-negative samples. CSpV1 samples detected in the same farm were clustered together. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the prevalence and molecular characteristics of CSpV1 in Hanwoo calves in the Republic of Korea, providing important insights into the relationship between C. parvum and CSpV1 in bovine hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Centre, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Serim Kim
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Young-Mi Jo
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Hyunsoo Roh
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Hansong Chae
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Won-Gyeong Kim
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Centre, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Technology, Konkuk Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung-Won Kang
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
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Sena F, Cancela S, Bollati-Fogolín M, Pagotto R, Francia ME. Exploring Toxoplasma gondii´s Biology within the Intestinal Epithelium: intestinal-derived models to unravel sexual differentiation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1134471. [PMID: 37313339 PMCID: PMC10258352 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of intestinal-derived culture systems have been developed to mimic in vivo cell behavior and organization, incorporating different tissue and microenvironmental elements. Great insight into the biology of the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, has been attained by using diverse in vitro cellular models. Nonetheless, there are still processes key to its transmission and persistence which remain to be elucidated, such as the mechanisms underlying its systemic dissemination and sexual differentiation both of which occur at the intestinal level. Because this event occurs in a complex and specific cellular environment (the intestine upon ingestion of infective forms, and the feline intestine, respectively), traditional reductionist in vitro cellular models fail to recreate conditions resembling in vivo physiology. The development of new biomaterials and the advances in cell culture knowledge have opened the door to a next generation of more physiologically relevant cellular models. Among them, organoids have become a valuable tool for unmasking the underlying mechanism involved in T. gondii sexual differentiation. Murine-derived intestinal organoids mimicking the biochemistry of the feline intestine have allowed the generation of pre-sexual and sexual stages of T. gondii for the first time in vitro, opening a window of opportunity to tackling these stages by "felinizing" a wide variety of animal cell cultures. Here, we reviewed intestinal in vitro and ex vivo models and discussed their strengths and limitations in the context of a quest for faithful models to in vitro emulate the biology of the enteric stages of T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Sena
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Biology, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Saira Cancela
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Molecular, Cellular, and Animal Technology Program (ProTeMCA), Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariela Bollati-Fogolín
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Molecular, Cellular, and Animal Technology Program (ProTeMCA), Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Pagotto
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María E. Francia
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Biology, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Wang L, Cao L, Chang Y, Fu Y, Wang Y, Zhang K, Zhang S, Zhang L. Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis of the Impacts of Cryptosporidium muris Infection in BALB/C Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0217522. [PMID: 36533947 PMCID: PMC9927150 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02175-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of diarrheal disease and mortality in young children worldwide. Cryptosporidium invades small intestinal epithelial cells and forms a unique intracellular niche, a process that may alter gut microbes and their production metabolites. However, the mechanism of interactions between gut microbes, metabolites, and parasites is poorly understood. Here, we first characterized the impacts of Cryptosporidium infection on gut microbiota using a microbiome-to-metabolome association study. BALB/c mice were gavaged with Cryptosporidium muris, and fecal samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection (dpi) to observe changes in the intestinal microbes of the body during parasite infection. The infected group had a significantly increased relative abundance of bacterial taxa, such as Lachnospiraceae and Prevotella (P < 0.05), associated with the biosynthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Metabolites related to the metabolic pathways, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathway were upregulated at 7 dpi, indicating that related metabolites in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids may be essential for C. muris reproduction in vivo. The metabolites involved in metabolic pathways, bile secretion, and primary bile acid biosynthesis were upregulated at 14 dpi, and we speculate that these metabolites may be critical to the growth and development of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the host. Correlation analysis revealed that Firmicutes bacteria are significantly associated with α-linolenic acid metabolism pathways (P< 0.05). The gut microbiota changes dynamically, and the metabolites involved in fatty acid and bile acid biosynthesis may play important roles during cryptosporidiosis. Details of the gut microbiota and the metabolome after infection with Cryptosporidium may aid in the discovery of specific diagnostic markers and help us understand the changes in parasite metabolic pathways. IMPORTANCE Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. Control and treatment of the disease is challenging due to the lack of sensitive diagnostic tools and effective chemotherapy. The dynamics of gut microbiota and metabolites during Cryptosporidium infection may be the key to finding drugs and targets for parasite infection control. Our results indicate that C. muris infection can disrupt gut microbiota and metabolites, resulting in decreased bacterial abundance at the parasitic site. Unsaturated fatty acid pathway biosynthesis-related metabolites are significantly elevated at the patent period. Interestingly, the metabolite pathway that significantly elevated during peak parasite growth was bile acid, the metabolites of which may be important for the circulation of infection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the host. The enhancing effects of short-chain fatty acid and bile acid metabolism on the growth and development of Cryptosporidium proposed in this study may provide a theoretical basis for future research on novel drugs and vaccines against this intestinal parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Letian Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yankai Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuexin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaihui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
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Obaid HM, Saleh SS, Boundenga L. Pharmaceutical activity of a synthetic heterocyclic (C15H12N5OCL) compound on Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2023. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-pao-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract:
Background: Intestinal parasites are among the most important infectious agents with an impact on human health. Indeed, in the lack of an available treatment option, these parasites could constitute a real health problem in the population.
Aim: In the present study, we investigated the effect of a synthetic heterocyclic compound on two intestinal parasites (Entamoeda histolytica and Gardia lamblia).
Methods: The parasite isolates tested were collected from outpatients at the General Pediatric Hospital in Kirkuk, Iraq, between September 2019 and January 2020. Thus, we studied the in vivo and in vitro pharmaceutical activity of the ingredient on both parasites. The toxicological effects of the substance on some blood parameters and liver and kidney function tests were also studied.
Results: After five days of treatment, the drug's in vivo action on G. lamblia resulted in an inhibition rate of 88.2 percent at a dose of 1 mg/kg. On the other hand, we observed that the influence of this synthetic substance on cultured E. histolytica was very close to the metronidazole effect. The maximum result was at a concentration of 1 g/ml and was obtained after 72 hours of incubation with an inhibition rate of 89.4%. The substance did not affect the blood parameters or the studied liver and kidney functions.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that this substance is highly effective against both E. histolytica and G. lamblia, and that it has no toxic effects on the studied parameters. Therefore, it could be a promising pharmacophore for intestinal protozoan parasites including E. histolytica and G. lamblia and an alternative or competitor to the current medications available.
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Liu H, Ni H, Liu S, Shen Y, Wang R, Cao J, Yin J. First report on occurrence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis from diarrheal outpatients in Ningbo, Southeast China. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105952. [PMID: 36528327 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis are three important zoonotic pathogens which were a major cause of foodborne or waterborne intestinal diseases in humans and animals. However, very little data about occurrence and genotypes of the three parasites in Ningbo in the south wing of the Yangtze River Delta, China, which is important for a tourist city. In the present study, molecular characterization of E. bieneusi, C. cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples from 489 diarrheal outpatients were carried out. As a result, a total of 35 (7.16%, 35/489) and three (0.61%, 3/489) samples were positive for E. bieneusi and C. cayetanensis respectively. No Cryptosporidium-positive sample or mixed-infections were detected. Four known E. bieneusi genotypes (Type IV, D, I and CHN4) and 8 novel genotypes (NBH1-NBH8) were identified with type IV was the dominant genotype (n = 14), followed by genotypes D (n = 5), NBH8 (n = 5) and NBH7 (n = 3). The remaining genotypes were found in one sample each, and these genotypes were belonged to the previously described high-potential zoonotic group 1. One novel sequence named NBC315, and the other two sequences (NBC30 and NBC370) identical with the reported sequence were detected. Therefore, the existence and importance of zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi and C. cayetanensis in diarrheal outpatients in Ningbo indicates the public health threats, and more investigations should be carried out in human populations, animals and other environmental sources from the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongxia Ni
- Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, China
| | - Shike Liu
- Ninghai County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315699, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Aboelsoued D, Abdullah HHAM, Megeed KNA, Hassan SE, Toaleb NI. Evaluation of a vaccine candidate isolated from Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in mice. Vet World 2022; 15:2772-2784. [PMID: 36718331 PMCID: PMC9880841 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2772-2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrheal disease worldwide and is an animal and public health burden. This study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of affinity-purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst antigen as a vaccine candidate according to fecal oocyst shedding, humoral and cellular immune responses, histopathological changes, and the number of parasite developmental stages in ileal and hepatic tissues. Materials and Methods We isolated oocysts from naturally infected buffalo calves and identified them molecularly as C. parvum isolates (GenBank: ON730707 and ON730708) by targeting the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene. We propagated the C. parvum oocysts in mice. In addition, we prepared crude antigen from the isolated oocysts by purification using cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography coupled with rabbit hyperimmune serum. Then, we divided 81 parasite-free mice into three groups: (1) non-vaccinated non-infected mice, (2) mice orally infected with 1 × 105 C. parvum oocysts on week 4 of the experiment, and (3) mice immunized twice with 40 μg/kg of the purified fraction at 2-week intervals. Then, we challenged the vaccinated group with C. parvum oocysts after 2 weeks, and the positive control group was infected at the same time. Results We observed a prolonged prepatent period and decreased oocyst shedding in the vaccinated infected mice compared with the non-vaccinated infected mice (t < 0.001). The vaccinated mice had significantly higher immunoglobulin G levels than those in the other two groups at all examined weeks. In addition, the production of cytokines interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and IL-15 was activated post-vaccination. After the challenge, all tested cytokines were significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the two infected groups compared with the non-vaccinated non-infected group, with the highest levels in the vaccinated infected group. Vaccinated infected mice exhibited significantly fewer pathological lesions in the ileum and liver than non-vaccinated infected mice, which showed prominent histopathological lesions. Endogenous developmental stages of C. parvum indicated that the ileum was more parasitized than the liver and that vaccination resulted in a lower number of oocysts in ileal and hepatic tissues (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our prepared affinity-purified vaccine candidate could be promising in protecting against cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt,Corresponding author: Dina Aboelsoued, e-mail: Co-authors: HHAMA: , KNAM: , SEH: , NIT:
| | - Hend H. A. M. Abdullah
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kadria N. Abdel Megeed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Soad E. Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nagwa I. Toaleb
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Abdelmaksoud HF, Osman EEA, Abdel-Hameed SS, Aboushousha T, Naggar HME. In vivo evaluation of anticryptosporidial effects of wheat germ extracts in immunocompromised mice. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:833-844. [PMID: 36091283 PMCID: PMC9458818 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species is a prime cause of diarrheal disease in individuals with competent immunity. In patients with compromised immunity, infections are more severe particularly in developing countries. Wheat germ oil was described to have antiparasitic effect. This study was done to evaluate the possible role of wheat germ extracts in Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) infected immunocompromised mice. Thirty white albino mice were classified into six groups as follow: four study groups, all immunosuppressed and infected with C. parvum oocysts. These four groups received treatments as follow: Group (I): treated with nitazoxanide. Group (II): treated with wheat germ oil. Group (III): treated with wheat germ extracted by hexane. Group (IV): treated with wheat germ extracted by ethanol. The remaining two groups were immunosuppressed control groups as follow: Group (V): only infected with C. parvum oocysts (Positive control). Group (VI): non-infected (Negative control). Stool samples were collected and examined to detect oocyst and the ileocecal region was subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Wheat germ extracts showed a statistically significant effect against C. parvum specially wheat germ oil with P value: < 0.001, this effect was also confirmed by pathological and immunohistochemical examinations. C. parvum has an influence on human health by its effect in diarrheal disease. Wheat germ oil and its extracts has proved to be a reliable herb for C. parvum. treatment confirmed by different methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezzat E. A. Osman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Theodor Bilharz Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Tarek Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba M. El Naggar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Souza JB, Tsantarlis K, Tonelli RR. Oxygen-dependent regulation of permeability in low resistance intestinal epithelial cells infected with Giardia lamblia. Exp Parasitol 2022; 240:108329. [PMID: 35868574 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) reside in a highly anaerobic environment that is subject to daily fluctuations in partial oxygen pressure (pO2), depending on intestinal tissue perfusion. This condition, known as physiological hypoxia, has a major impact on the maintenance of gut homeostasis, such as effects on the integrity and function of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Giardia lamblia is a microaerophilic protozoan parasite that infects and colonizes the small intestine of its host, causing watery diarrhea. The disease, known as giardiasis, is associated with enhanced intestinal permeability and disruption or reorganization of tight junction (TJ) proteins between IECs. Given the central role of oxygen in gut homeostasis, in this study, we aimed to evaluate whether pO2 affects intestinal permeability (flux of ions and macromolecules) and TJ protein expression in human IECs during G. lamblia infection. Using human cell lines HuTu-80 and Caco-2 as models of "loose" (low resistance) and "tight" (high resistance) intestines, respectively, we elucidated that low pO2 drives intestinal barrier dysfunction in IECs infected with trophozoites through dephosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC α/β II). Additionally, we demonstrated that IECs infected with trophozoites in the presence of a pharmacological PKC activator (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) partially restored the barrier function, which was correlated with increased protein expression levels of zonula occludens (ZO)-2 and occludin. Collectively, these results support the emerging theory that molecular oxygen impacts gut homeostasis during Giardia infection via direct host signaling pathways. These findings further our knowledge regarding Giardia-host interactions and the pathophysiological mechanisms of human giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bizarri Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katherine Tsantarlis
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Rosito Tonelli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Nipa NJ, Aktar N, Hira HM, Akter F, Jahan D, Islam S, Etando A, Abdullah A, Chowdhury K, Ahmad R, Haq A, Haque M. Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh With Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e26927. [PMID: 35865179 PMCID: PMC9293268 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are one of the global health concerns in developing countries like Bangladesh. Among them, Cryptosporidium spp. plays an essential role in causing diarrhea, malnutrition, and poor cognitive function, especially in children. This study was conducted to identify the frequency of Cryptosporidium cases and other parasitic agents. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 219 hospitalized children with diarrhea. The conventional microscopic technique was applied for parasitic detection. Particular staining (modified Ziehl-Neelsen) procedure was performed to identify oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the SSU rRNA and gp60 gene of Cryptosporidium. Results Cysts of Giardia duodenalis (2.3%), ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%,), Trichuris trichiura (0.5%), and both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura (0.9%) were identified in samples through wet mount preparation. The distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. as detected by the staining method and nested PCR was 1.4% and 4.1%, respectively. Conclusion Factors independently associated with Cryptosporidium infection are unsafe water, lack of regular hand washing, and insufficiency of exclusive breastfeeding. This study reports, presumably for the first time, the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in Chattogram metropolitan city of Bangladesh.
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The Antioxidant Effect of Natural Antimicrobials in Shrimp Primary Intestinal Cells Infected with Nematopsis messor. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050974. [PMID: 35624838 PMCID: PMC9137680 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematopsis messor infections severely impact on shrimp’s health with devastating economic consequences on shrimp farming. In a shrimp primary intestinal cells (SGP) model of infection, a sub-inhibitory concentration (0.5%) of natural antimicrobials (Aq) was able to reduce the ability of N. messor to infect (p < 0.0001). To prevent N. messor infection of SGP cells, Aq inhibits host actin polymerization and restores tight junction integrity (TEER) and the expression of Zo-1 and occluding. The oxidative burst, caused by N. messor infection, is attenuated by Aq through the inhibition of NADPH-produced H2O2. Simultaneous to the reduction in H2O2 released, the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also significantly increase (p < 0.0001). The antimicrobial mixture inactivates the ERK signal transduction pathway by tyrosine dephosphorylation and reduces the expression of DCR2, ALF-A, and ALF-C antimicrobial peptides. The observed in vitro results were also translated in vivo, whereby the use of a shrimp challenge test, we show that in N. messor infected shrimp the mortality rate was 68% compared to the Aq-treated group where the mortality rate was maintained at 14%. The significant increase in CAT and SOD activity in treated and infected shrimp suggested an in vivo antioxidant role for Aq. In conclusion, our study shows that Aq can efficiently reduce N. messor colonization of shrimp’s intestinal cells in vitro and in vivo and the oxidative induced cellular damage, repairs epithelial integrity, and enhances gut immunity.
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15
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Witkop EM, Wikfors GH, Proestou DA, Lundgren KM, Sullivan M, Gomez-Chiarri M. Perkinsus marinus suppresses in vitro eastern oyster apoptosis via IAP-dependent and caspase-independent pathways involving TNFR, NF-kB, and oxidative pathway crosstalk. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:104339. [PMID: 34998862 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus causes Dermo disease in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and can suppress apoptosis of infected hemocytes using incompletely understood mechanisms. This study challenged hemocytes in vitro with P. marinus for 1 h in the presence or absence of caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK or Inhibitor of Apoptosis protein (IAP) inhibitor GDC-0152. Hemocytes exposure to P. marinus significantly reduced granulocyte apoptosis, and pre-incubation with Z-VAD-FMK did not affect P. marinus-induced apoptosis suppression. Hemocyte pre-incubation with GDC-0152 prior to P. marinus challenge further reduced apoptosis of granulocytes with engulfed parasite, but not mitochondrial permeabilization. This suggests P. marinus-induced apoptosis suppression may be caspase-independent, affect an IAP-involved pathway, and occur downstream of mitochondrial permeabilization. P. marinus challenge stimulated hemocyte differential expression of oxidation-reduction, TNFR, and NF-kB pathways. WGCNA analysis of P. marinus expression in response to hemocyte exposure revealed correlated protease, kinase, and hydrolase expression that could contribute to P. marinus-induced apoptosis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Witkop
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, 120 Flagg Rd, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT, USA
| | - Dina A Proestou
- USDA ARS NEA NCWMAC Shellfish Genetics Program, 120 Flagg Rd, Kingston, RI, USA
| | | | - Mary Sullivan
- USDA ARS NEA NCWMAC Shellfish Genetics Program, 120 Flagg Rd, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Marta Gomez-Chiarri
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, 120 Flagg Rd, Kingston, RI, USA.
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16
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Adkins PRF. Cryptosporidiosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:121-131. [PMID: 35219480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a common cause of diarrhea among preweaned dairy calves. In the United States, the most common species of Cryptosporidium found in dairy calves is Cryptosporidium parvum, an important zoonotic species. Cryptosporidiosis is spread by fecal-oral transmission. Calves begin shedding the oocysts as early as 2 days of age, with peak shedding occurring at 14 days of age. Diarrhea generally starts 3 to 4 days after ingestion of the oocysts. Risk factors for the disease include large dairy farms, summer months, feeding of milk replacer, and early feeding of starter grain. Concrete flooring and appropriate cleaning of feeding utensils decreases the risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, 900 E Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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17
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Umarao P, Rath PP, Gourinath S. Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding Containing Effector Proteins in Unicellular Protozoans With Reference to Human Host: Locks of the Rho Signaling. Front Genet 2022; 13:781885. [PMID: 35186026 PMCID: PMC8847673 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.781885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are the key to actin cytoskeleton signaling, which opens the lock of effector proteins to forward the signal downstream in several cellular pathways. Actin cytoskeleton assembly is associated with cell polarity, adhesion, movement and other functions in eukaryotic cells. Rho proteins, specifically Cdc42 and Rac, are the primary regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in higher and lower eukaryotes. Effector proteins, present in an inactive state gets activated after binding to the GTP bound Cdc42/Rac to relay a signal downstream. Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) motif is an essential conserved sequence found in effector proteins to interact with Cdc42 or Rac. A diverse range of Cdc42/Rac and their effector proteins have evolved from lower to higher eukaryotes. The present study has identified and further classified CRIB containing effector proteins in lower eukaryotes, focusing on parasitic protozoans causing neglected tropical diseases and taking human proteins as a reference point to the highest evolved organism in the evolutionary trait. Lower eukaryotes’ CRIB containing proteins fall into conventional effector molecules, PAKs (p21 activated kinase), Wiskoit-Aldrich Syndrome proteins family, and some have unique domain combinations unlike any known proteins. We also highlight the correlation between the effector protein isoforms and their selective specificity for Cdc42 or Rac proteins during evolution. Here, we report CRIB containing effector proteins; ten in Dictyostelium and Entamoeba, fourteen in Acanthamoeba, one in Trypanosoma and Giardia. CRIB containing effector proteins that have been studied so far in humans are potential candidates for drug targets in cancer, neurological disorders, and others. Conventional CRIB containing proteins from protozoan parasites remain largely elusive and our data provides their identification and classification for further in-depth functional validations. The tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites lack combinatorial drug targets as effective paradigms. Targeting signaling mechanisms operative in these pathogens can provide greater molecules in combatting their infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Umarao
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragyan Parimita Rath
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Abo-Zaid MA, Hamdi AA. Evaluation of Immune Response and Haematological Parameters in Infected Male Albino Rats by Giardiasis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12908. [PMID: 35104007 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to study the effects of G. lamblia infection on immunological, haematological studies and to evaluate immunoglobulins and some cytokines. Fifty male albino rats were divided into six groups. The control group including 20 rats and the infected group includes 30 rats. All the estimations were checked all over five checkpoints (CP) (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post-infection). Serum levels of IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE. Cytokines INF-γ, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-10, and haematological parameters were determined. Cyst and trophozoite were counted. A considerable increase in the level of immunoglobulins and cytokines in all infected groups compared to the control group was documented. Furthermore, a significant decrease in red blood corpuscles, haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration levels, whereas substantial increases in mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and platelets were observed. Moreover, infected rats had a substantial rise in WBCs, lymphocytes, and eosinophil counts compared to the control group, whereas neutrophils and monocytes had a significant decrease. Number of trophozoites and cysts were significantly increased in infected groups before diminishing after day 28. The current results showed that Th1 and Th2 immune responses, which are characterized by the production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10, are important for protection against Giardia infections and also verified the balance between these cytokines and the timing of their production was crucial in G. lamblia immune response. Giardia lamblia, Immunity, Antibodies, cytokines, eosinophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouk A Abo-Zaid
- Biology department faculty of science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah Ali Hamdi
- Biology department faculty of science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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TORRE GERWINLOUISTDELA, BUNGAY ALICEALMAC. Lactobacillus acidophilus BIOTECH 1900 decreases the transepithelial mucosal-to-serosal transport of colchicine in an ex vivo non-everted gut sac model. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210766. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Tight Junctions as a Key for Pathogens Invasion in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052506. [PMID: 33801524 PMCID: PMC7958858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions play a major role in maintaining the integrity and impermeability of the intestinal barrier. As such, they act as an ideal target for pathogens to promote their translocation through the intestinal mucosa and invade their host. Different strategies are used by pathogens, aimed at directly destabilizing the junctional network or modulating the different signaling pathways involved in the modulation of these junctions. After a brief presentation of the organization and modulation of tight junctions, we provide the state of the art of the molecular mechanisms leading to permeability breakdown of the gut barrier as a consequence of tight junctions’ attack by pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
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Hadjilouka A, Tsaltas D. Cyclospora Cayetanensis-Major Outbreaks from Ready to Eat Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Foods 2020; 9:E1703. [PMID: 33233660 PMCID: PMC7699734 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoan that causes cyclosporiasis, a severe gastroenteric disease, especially for immunocompromised patients, children, and the elderly. The parasite is considered as an emerging organism and a major contributor of gastroenteritis worldwide. Although the global prevalence of cyclosporiasis morbidity and mortality has not been assessed, global concern has arisen since diarrheal illness and gastroenteritis significantly affect both developing countries and industrialized nations. In the last two decades, an increasing number of foodborne outbreaks has been associated with the consumption of fresh produce that is difficult to clean thoroughly and is consumed without processing. Investigations of these outbreaks have revealed the necessity to increase the awareness in clinicians of this infection, since this protozoan is often ignored by surveillance systems, and to establish control measures to reduce contamination of fresh produce. In this review, the major cyclosporiasis outbreaks linked to the consumption of ready to eat fresh fruits and vegetables are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agni Hadjilouka
- EMBIO Diagnostics LTD., Athalassas 8b, 2018 Nicosia, Cyprus;
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Archbishop Kyprianos 30, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Dimitris Tsaltas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Archbishop Kyprianos 30, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
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Wong LW, Ong KS, Khoo JR, Goh CBS, Hor JW, Lee SM. Human intestinal parasitic infection: a narrative review on global prevalence and epidemiological insights on preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for future perspectives. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:1093-1105. [PMID: 32755242 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1806711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) is a global health concern among socioeconomically deprived communities in many developing countries. Many preventative strategies have been deployed to control IPI, however, there is a lack in standards on the techniques used to diagnose and monitor the prevalence of IPI. AREAS COVERED The present article will review the diseases associated with IPI and discuss the current IPI control strategies such as the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) approach, and regular anthelminthic treatments. For the first time, this review will also evaluate all currently practised diagnostic techniques for the detection of intestinal parasites and provide insights on future IPI control strategies. EXPERT OPINION Advanced and improved diagnostic methods such as qPCR coupled with a high-resolution melting curve, aptamers, biosensors, and detection of extracellular vesicles can be used for detection of IPI. Vaccination against intestinal parasites can be made available to increase antibodies to interfere with the blood-feeding process by the parasites, which subsequently reduces the reproductive rates of the parasites. These methods collectively can serve as future management strategies for intestinal parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shion Ong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Jun Rong Khoo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Calvin Bok Sun Goh
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Jia Wei Hor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Gallo M, Ferrara L, Calogero A, Montesano D, Naviglio D. Relationships between food and diseases: What to know to ensure food safety. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Teng PY, Yadav S, Dos Santos TS, Fuller AL, Kim WK. 2-Nitro-1-propanol improved nutrient digestibility and oocyst shedding but not growth performance of Eimeria-challenged broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4314-4322. [PMID: 32867975 PMCID: PMC7598009 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement study was conducted to evaluate 3 dosages of 2-nitro-1-propanol (NP; 0, 150, and 200 ppm) on intestinal health of birds with or without Eimeria challenge. A total of 432 thirteen-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 6 treatments with 8 replicate cages of 9 birds per cage. All birds were fed with treatment diets from day 13 to 21. Birds in the challenge groups were gavaged with Eimeria maxima (50,000 oocysts per bird), Eimeria tenella (50,000 oocysts per bird), and Eimeria acervulina (250,000 oocysts per bird) on day 15. Growth performance was evaluated from day 13 to 21, and gut permeability was measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran on day 20. The intestinal lesion, intestinal morphology, and oocysts shedding were determined at the end of the trial. The linear and quadratic orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of increasing NP doses in responses to Eimeria challenge. The results showed that NP was not able to maintain efficient growth performance but improved gut leakage during Eimeria infection period. On the other hand, Eimeria infection increased gut permeability (P < 0.0001) and reduced ileal digestible energy (IDE) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nitrogen. However, the increase of NP linearly enhanced IDE and AID of nitrogen (P < 0.01). Moreover, an interaction between challenge and linear dosage effects was observed for IDE (P = 0.0066) and AID of nitrogen (P = 0.0462). The results indicated that NP improved nutrient digestibility and reduced total oocysts shedding in birds challenged with Eimeria spp. Besides, higher NP doses numerically improved villi height in the intestine. In summary, NP was not able to maintain growth performance of birds but presented positive outcomes on nutrient digestibility and reduced oocysts shedding during mixed Eimeria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yun Teng
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sudhir Yadav
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tatiane Souza Dos Santos
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Khan MQ, Gentile N, Zhou Y, Smith BA, Thomson RB, Yen EF. An audit of inpatient stool ova and parasite (O&P) testing in a multi-hospital health system. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2020; 10:204-209. [PMID: 32850066 PMCID: PMC7426986 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2020.1760422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objectives Stool ova and parasite (O&P) examinations are routinely ordered initial tests in patients admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea, despite low test positivity rates. We examined the diagnostic yield of inpatient stool O&P exams and identified risk factors associated with positive tests. Methods A retrospective, case-control analysis of inpatients admitted with diarrhea, who underwent O&P examination, was conducted. Clinical and demographic variables of cases were compared with age-and gender-matched controls via uni- and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses. Results The yield of inpatient O&P exams was 2.15% (37/1723). Blastocystisspp. represented the most common parasites. All patients with positive tests, excluding Blastocystisspp., had at least one of the following risk factors: smoking, prior parasitic disease, HIV-positive status, travel to an endemic area, and institutionalization. Conclusions Superfluous inpatient stool O&P exams confer a financial and labor burden to hospital systems. Stool O&P exams should be restricted to individuals admitted to the hospital for <3 days, having diarrhea >7 days and possessing at least one of the following risk factors: smoking, prior parasitic disease, HIV-positive status, travel to an endemic area, and institutionalization. Such selective testing can confer a 51% reduction in testing, costs, and labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qasim Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Nicole Gentile
- Department of Gastroenterology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- Center for Biomedical Research Informatics, NorthShore Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Becky A Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Richard B Thomson
- Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Eugene F Yen
- Department of Gastroenterology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
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Ronza P, Estensoro I, Bermúdez R, Losada AP, Pérez-Cordón G, Pardo BG, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Quiroga MI. Effects of Enteromyxum spp. (Myxozoa) infection in the regulation of intestinal E-cadherin: Turbot against gilthead sea bream. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:337-346. [PMID: 31984535 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxoses are relevant diseases for turbot and gilthead sea bream aquaculture. The myxozoan parasites invade the intestinal mucosa, causing a cachectic syndrome associated with intestinal barrier alteration; nonetheless, their pathological impact is different. Turbot infected by Enteromyxum scophthalmi develop more severe intestinal lesions, reaching mortality rates of 100%, whereas in E. leei-infected gilthead sea bream, the disease progresses slowly, and mortality rates are lower. The mechanisms underlying the different pathogenesis are still unclear. We studied the distribution and expression changes of E-cadherin, a highly conserved protein of the adherens junctions, in the intestine of both species by immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR, using the same immunohistochemical protocol and common primers. The regular immunostaining pattern observed in control fish turned into markedly irregular in parasitized turbot, showing an intense immunoreaction at the host-parasite interface. Nevertheless, E-cadherin gene expression was not significantly modulated in this species. On the contrary, no evident changes in the protein distribution were noticed in gilthead sea bream, whereas a significant gene downregulation occurred in advanced infection. The results contribute to the understanding of the different host-parasite interactions in enteromyxoses. Host and parasite cells appear to establish diverse relationships in these species, which could underlie the different pathological picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ronza
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gregorio Pérez-Cordón
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Mª Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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González-Miguel J, Becerro-Recio D, Sotillo J, Simón F, Siles-Lucas M. Set up of an in vitro model to study early host-parasite interactions between newly excysted juveniles of Fasciola hepatica and host intestinal cells using a quantitative proteomics approach. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109028. [PMID: 31986420 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fasciolosis, a parasitic zoonosis of global distribution causing significant economic losses in animal production and a human public health problem in low-income countries. Hosts are infected by ingestion of aquatic plants carrying metacercariae. Once ingested, the juvenile parasites excyst in the small intestine and, after crossing it, they follow a complex migratory route that lead the parasites to their definitive location in the bile ducts. Despite being a critical event in the progression of the infection, the available data on the cross-talk relationships between the parasite and the host at an early stage of the infection are scarce. The objective of the present work is to characterize the proteomic changes occurring in both the parasite and the host, through the development of a novel in vitro model, to shed light on the molecular pathways of communication between the newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) from F. hepatica and the host's intestinal epithelium. For this, in vitro excystation of F. hepatica metacercariae was carried out and NEJ were obtained. Additionally, optimal conditions of growth and expansion of mouse primary small intestinal epithelial cells (MPSIEC) in culture were fine-tuned. Tegumentary and somatic parasite antigens (NEJ-Teg and NEJ-Som), as well as host cell protein lysate (MPSIEC-Lys) were obtained before and after 24 h co-culture of NEJ with MPSIEC. We used an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based strategy to detect 191 and 62 up-regulated, and 112 and 57 down-regulated proteins in the NEJ-Teg and NEJ-Som extracts, respectively. Similarly, 87 up-regulated and 73 down-regulated proteins in the MPSIEC-Lys extract were identified. Taking into account the biological processes in which these proteins were involved, interesting mechanisms related to parasite development, invasion and evasion, as well as manipulation of the host intestinal epithelial cell adhesion, immunity and apoptosis pathways, among others, could be inferred, taking place at the host-parasite interface. The further understanding of these processes could constitute promising therapeutic targets in the future against fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Miguel
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Sustainable Development Department, C/Cordel de Merinas, 52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Sustainable Development Department, C/Cordel de Merinas, 52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Sustainable Development Department, C/Cordel de Merinas, 52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in humans: biological characteristics, clinical features, epidemiology, detection method and treatment. Parasitology 2019; 147:160-170. [PMID: 31699163 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis, a coccidian parasite that causes protracted and relapsing gastroenteritis, has a short recorded history. At least 54 countries have documented C. cayetanensis infections and 13 of them have recorded cyclosporiasis outbreaks. Cyclospora cayetanensis infections are commonly reported in developing countries with low-socioeconomic levels or in endemic areas, although large outbreaks have also been documented in developed countries. The overall C. cayetanensis prevalence in humans worldwide is 3.55%. Among susceptible populations, the highest prevalence has been documented in immunocompetent individuals with diarrhea. Infections are markedly seasonal, occurring in the rainy season or summer. Cyclospora cayetanensis or Cyclospora-like organisms have also been detected in food, water, soil and some other animals. Detection methods based on oocyst morphology, staining and molecular testing have been developed. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) effectively cures C. cayetanensis infection, whereas ciprofloxacin is less effective than TMP-SMX, but is suitable for patients who cannot tolerate co-trimoxazole. Here, we review the biological characteristics, clinical features, epidemiology, detection methods and treatment of C. cayetanensis in humans, and assess some risk factors for infection with this pathogen.
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Betanzos A, Bañuelos C, Orozco E. Host Invasion by Pathogenic Amoebae: Epithelial Disruption by Parasite Proteins. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E618. [PMID: 31416298 PMCID: PMC6723116 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium represents the first and most extensive line of defence against pathogens, toxins and pollutant agents in humans. In general, pathogens have developed strategies to overcome this barrier and use it as an entrance to the organism. Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleriafowleri and Acanthamoeba spp. are amoebae mainly responsible for intestinal dysentery, meningoencephalitis and keratitis, respectively. These amoebae cause significant morbidity and mortality rates. Thus, the identification, characterization and validation of molecules participating in host-parasite interactions can provide attractive targets to timely intervene disease progress. In this work, we present a compendium of the parasite adhesins, lectins, proteases, hydrolases, kinases, and others, that participate in key pathogenic events. Special focus is made for the analysis of assorted molecules and mechanisms involved in the interaction of the parasites with epithelial surface receptors, changes in epithelial junctional markers, implications on the barrier function, among others. This review allows the assessment of initial host-pathogen interaction, to correlate it to the potential of parasite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Betanzos
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City 03940, Mexico
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Coordinación General de Programas de Posgrado Multidisciplinarios, Programa de Doctorado Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico.
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Meningher T, Boleslavsky D, Barshack I, Tabibian-Keissar H, Kohen R, Gur-Wahnon D, Ben-Dov IZ, Sidi Y, Avni D, Schwartz E. Giardia lamblia miRNAs as a new diagnostic tool for human giardiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007398. [PMID: 31206518 PMCID: PMC6597124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia lamblia is a very common cause of gastrointestinal symptoms worldwide. There are several methods for the diagnosis of Giardia infection, however none are ideal. We aim to find a new, microRNA-based method that will improve the currently available diagnostic methods for giardiasis. Methods Deep-sequence profiling of Giardia small-RNA revealed that miR5 and miR6 are highly expressed in Giardia. These miRNAs were tested by qRT-PCR in duodenal biopsies of patients with giardiasis who were positive by microscopic pathological evaluation. The gastric biopsies of the same patients served as negative control tissues. Additionally, these miRNAs were evaluated in stool samples of patients with proven giardiasis. Results All histologically proven duodenal biopsies of patients with Giardia infection were positive for Giardia miR5, with a mean threshold cycle (Ct) of 23.7, as well as for Giardia DNA qPCR (16S-like gene, mean Ct 26.3). Gastric biopsies which were tested as a control all were negative. Stool evaluation of miR6 in patients with giardiasis showed 90% specificity but only 66% sensitivity, and a lower accuracy rate was obtained with miR5. Conclusion Giardia miR5 testing in duodenal biopsies may be a new method for the diagnosis of giardiasis. It seems to be more sensitive when compared with testing for Giardia DNA by qPCR in duodenal biopsies. It will be important to investigate the contribution of routine Giardia miRNA testing in duodenal biopsies from patients with persistent abdominal symptoms Giardiasis is a major cause of diarrheal disease throughout the world. It is more common in areas with poor sanitation such as in many low-income countries, but it occurs in high-income countries as well. It is the most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the United States and it is endemic in other industrialized countries. The causative agent is the flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia, and transmission is mainly by the fecal-oral route. The basic method of diagnosis is stool examination. It is usually found through stool microscopy examination which should be performed on fresh stool and repeated in 3 days. Despite some newer diagnostic methods, Giardia is still difficult to detect, often leading to misdiagnoses. In this study we show that using Giardia microRNA (miR5) as a marker for Giardia infection in duodenal biopsies may be a new method for diagnosis of giardiasis. It appears to be more sensitive than histological diagnosis and also more sensitive than Giardia DNA testing in duodenal biopsies. Interestingly, in our patients, duodenal biopsies were done for persistent abdominal symptoms and the finding of Giardia in their biopsy was unexpected. Thus, testing duodenal biopsies for Giardia miRNA in patients with persistent abdominal symptoms might contribute to diagnosis and prompt treatment for those with giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Meningher
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Molecular Laboratory for the Study of Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila Tabibian-Keissar
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Refael Kohen
- Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Devorah Gur-Wahnon
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology and Hypertension Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iddo Z. Ben-Dov
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology and Hypertension Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Sidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror Avni
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Molecular Laboratory for the Study of Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail: , (DA); (ES)
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Molecular Laboratory for the Study of Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Geographic Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail: , (DA); (ES)
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Basmaciyan L, Bon F, Paradis T, Lapaquette P, Dalle F. " Candida Albicans Interactions With The Host: Crossing The Intestinal Epithelial Barrier". Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:1612661. [PMID: 31189436 PMCID: PMC6619947 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1612661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Formerly a commensal organism of the mucosal surfaces of most healthy individuals, Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infections ranging from superficial to the more life-threatening disseminated infections, especially in the ever-growing population of vulnerable patients in the hospital setting. In these situations, the fungus takes advantage of its host following a disturbance in the host defense system and/or the mucosal microbiota. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the gastrointestinal tract is the main source of disseminated C. albicans infections. Major risk factors for disseminated candidiasis include damage to the mucosal intestinal barrier, immune dysfunction, and dysbiosis of the resident microbiota. A better understanding of C. albicans' interaction with the intestinal epithelial barrier will be useful for designing future therapies to avoid systemic candidiasis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of pathogenicity that allow the fungus to reach and translocate the gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Basmaciyan
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon France
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Bon
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Tracy Paradis
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Lapaquette
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon France
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
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Aboelsoued D, Toaleb NI, Abdel Megeed KN, Hassan SE, Ibrahim S. Cellular immune response and scanning electron microscopy in the evaluation of Moringa leaves aqueous extract effect on Cryptosporidium parvum in buffalo intestinal tissue explants. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:393-401. [PMID: 31406404 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan parasite of human and animals and is considered as an important co-factor in neonatal diarrhea. In this study, an explant culture was used as an in vitro model of buffalo intestine to evaluate the effect of Moringa leaves extract on Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) oocysts using light and scanning electron microscopy and measuring IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-14 in the culture supernatants. C. parvum oocysts were collected from naturally-infected calf feces, isolated, excysted and then co-inoculated with ileal tissue explants culture medium. The prepared Moringa leaves extract was then introduced to the infected tissues in the concentrations of 100 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml. After 24 h, tissues were collected and processed for light and scanning electron microscopy. Also, culture supernatants were collected for cytokines measurement. C. parvum parasitophorous vacuoles were found attached to the surface of tissue in Cryptosporidium-infected ileal tissue explants. High magnification imaging of ileal tissue explants using scanning electron microscopy showed that Moringa leaves extracts had a great effect on Cryptosporidium-infected ileal tissue explants. There was a high significant (P < 0.001) increase in IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-14 (375, 275 and 90 pg/ml, respectively) in the supernatants of infected non-treated ileal tissue explant culture plate wells compared to the control non-infected ones (74.66, 75 and 50 pg/ml, respectively). A concentration of 100 mg/ml Moringa extract exhibited the highest anticryptosporidial effect causing a significant decrease in IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-14 levels (225, 150 and 65 pg/ml, respectively) compared with supernatants of infected non-treated ileal explant culture plate wells. In this study, explant culturing of buffalo ileal tissues allowed investigating the pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis using light and scanning electron microscopy and studying changes in cytokine levels in tissues with and without Moringa leaves extract treatment. This model could help to understand the regulation of intestinal secretory and inflammatory responses, and could be useful for the screening of potential anticryptosporidial candidate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Aboelsoued
- 1Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa I Toaleb
- 1Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kadria N Abdel Megeed
- 1Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soad E Hassan
- 1Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally Ibrahim
- 2Department of Animal Reproduction and AI, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Shariati A, Fallah F, Pormohammad A, Taghipour A, Safari H, Chirani AS, Sabour S, Alizadeh-Sani M, Azimi T. The possible role of bacteria, viruses, and parasites in initiation and exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8550-8569. [PMID: 30480810 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prolonged and disabling functional gastrointestinal disorder with the incidence rate of 18% in the world. IBS could seriously affect lifetime of patients and cause high economic burden on the community. The pathophysiology of the IBS is hardly understood, whereas several possible mechanisms, such as visceral hypersensitivity, irregular gut motility, abnormal brain-gut relations, and the role of infectious agents, are implicated in initiation and development of this syndrome. Different studies demonstrated an alteration in B-lymphocytes, mast cells (MC), T-lymphocytes, and cytokine concentrations in intestinal mucosa or systemic circulation that are likely to contribute to the formation of the IBS. Therefore, IBS could be developed in those with genetic predisposition. Infections' role in initiation and exacerbation of IBS has been investigated by quite several clinical studies; moreover, the possible role of some pathogens in development and exacerbation of this disease has been described. It appears that the main obligatory pathogens correspond with the IBS disease, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, and viruses, particularly noroviruses. A number of pathogenic parasites (Blastocystis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Giardia lamblia) may also be involved in the progression and exacerbation of the disease. Based on the current knowledge, the current study concludes that the most common bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens may be involved in the development and progression of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Pormohammad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salami Chirani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardebil, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Urie N, Lombard J, Shivley C, Adams A, Kopral C, Santin M. Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part III. Factors associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in preweaned dairy heifer calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9199-9213. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kumar A, Chatterjee I, Anbazhagan AN, Jayawardena D, Priyamvada S, Alrefai WA, Sun J, Borthakur A, Dudeja PK. Cryptosporidium parvum disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier function via altering expression of key tight junction and adherens junction proteins. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12830. [PMID: 29444370 PMCID: PMC5980709 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum (CP) causes cryptosporidiosis, a widespread diarrhoeal disease. Impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function and increased permeability are most commonly associated with diarrhoeal diseases caused by enteric infections. However, studies on barrier disruption and underlying mechanisms in cryptosporidiosis are extremely limited. Epithelial tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) are important in maintaining barrier integrity. Therefore, we examined the effects of CP infection on paracellular permeability and on the expression of the major TJ and AJ proteins utilising in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. CP infection (0.5 × 106 oocysts/well in Transwell inserts, 24 hr) increased paracellular permeability (FITC-dextran flux) in Caco-2 cell monolayers and substantially decreased the protein levels of occludin, claudin 4, and E-cadherin. Claudin 3, zonula occludens-1 (ZO1) and α-catenin were also significantly decreased, whereas claudins 1 and 2 and β-catenin were not altered. Substantial downregulation of occludin, claudin 4, and E-cadherin was also observed in response to CP infection ex vivo in mouse enteroid-derived monolayers and in vivo in the ileal and jejunal mocosa of C57BL/6 mice. The mRNA levels of these proteins were also significantly decreased in CP-infected mouse ileum and jejunum but were unaltered in Caco-2 cells. Further, bafilomycin-A, an inhibitor of lysosomal proton pump, partially abrogated CP effects on occludin expression in Caco-2 cells, suggesting a potential role of posttranslational mechanisms, such as induction of protein degradation pathways, in mediating the effects of the parasite. Our studies suggest that disruption of barrier function via downregulation of specific key components of TJ and AJ could be a major mechanism underlying CP infection-induced diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UIC, and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UIC, and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Arivarasu N. Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UIC, and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UIC, and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UIC, and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UIC, and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UIC, and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Alip Borthakur
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UIC, and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UIC, and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612
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Chao AT, Lee BH, Wan KF, Selva J, Zou B, Gedeck P, Beer DJ, Diagana TT, Bonamy GMC, Manjunatha UH. Development of a Cytopathic Effect-Based Phenotypic Screening Assay against Cryptosporidium. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:635-645. [PMID: 29341586 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease predominantly caused by Cryptosporidium parvum ( Cp) and Cryptosporidium hominis ( Ch), apicomplexan parasites which infect the intestinal epithelial cells of their human hosts. The only approved drug for cryptosporidiosis is nitazoxanide, which shows limited efficacy in immunocompromised children, the most vulnerable patient population. Thus, new therapeutics and in vitro infection models are urgently needed to address the current unmet medical need. Toward this aim, we have developed novel cytopathic effect (CPE)-based Cp and Ch assays in human colonic tumor (HCT-8) cells and compared them to traditional imaging formats. Further model validation was achieved through screening a collection of FDA-approved drugs and confirming many previously known anti- Cryptosporidium hits as well as identifying a few novel candidates. Collectively, our data reveals this model to be a simple, functional, and homogeneous gain of signal format amenable to high throughput screening, opening new avenues for the discovery of novel anticryptosporidials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Chao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Boon Heng Lee
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
| | - Kah Fei Wan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Selva
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
| | - Bin Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
| | - Peter Gedeck
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
| | - David John Beer
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Ghislain M. C. Bonamy
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Ujjini H. Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670, Singapore
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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Jalomo-Khayrova E, Mares RE, Muñoz PLA, Meléndez-López SG, Rivero IA, Ramos MA. Soluble expression of an amebic cysteine protease in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli SHuffle Express cells and purification of active enzyme. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:20. [PMID: 29615011 PMCID: PMC5883314 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant production of amebic cysteine proteases using Escherichia coli cells as the bacterial system has become a challenging effort, with protein insolubility being the most common issue. Since many of these enzymes need a native conformation stabilized by disulfide bonds, an elaborate process of oxidative folding is usually demanded to get a functional protein. The cytoplasm of E. coli SHuffle Express cells owns an enhanced ability to properly fold proteins with disulfide bonds. Because of this cellular feature, it was possible to assume that this strain represents a reliable expression system and worthwhile been considered as an efficient bacterial host for the recombinant production of amebic cysteine proteases. Results Using E. coli SHuffle Express cells as the bacterial system, we efficiently produce soluble recombinant EhCP1protein. Enzymatic and inhibition analyses revealed that it exhibits proper catalytic abilities, proceeds effectively over the substrate (following an apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetics), and displays a typical inhibition profile. Conclusions We report the first feasibility study of the recombinant production of amebic cysteine proteases using E. coli SHuffle Express as the bacterial host. We present a simple protocol for the recombinant expression and purification of fully soluble and active EhCP1 enzyme. We confirm the suitability of recombinant EhCP1 as a therapeutic target. We propose an approachable bacterial system for the recombinant production of amebic proteins, particularly for those with a need for proper oxidative folding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0429-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Jalomo-Khayrova
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, México
| | - Rosa E Mares
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, México
| | - Patricia L A Muñoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, México
| | - Samuel G Meléndez-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, México
| | - Ignacio A Rivero
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Boulevard Industrial S/N, Mesa de Otay, 22510, Tijuana, BCN, México
| | - Marco A Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, 22390, Tijuana, BCN, México.
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Lesniak I, Heckmann I, Franz M, Greenwood AD, Heitlinger E, Hofer H, Krone O. Recolonizing gray wolves increase parasite infection risk in their prey. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2160-2170. [PMID: 29468033 PMCID: PMC5817143 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent recolonization of Central Europe by the European gray wolf (Canis lupus) provides an opportunity to study the dynamics of parasite transmission for cases when a definitive host returns after a phase of local extinction. We investigated whether a newly established wolf population increased the prevalence of those parasites in ungulate intermediate hosts representing wolf prey, whether some parasite species are particularly well adapted to wolves, and the potential basis for such adaptations. We recorded Sarcocystis species richness in wolves and Sarcocystis prevalence in ungulates harvested in study sites with and without permanent wolf presence in Germany using microscopy and DNA metabarcoding. Sarcocystis prevalence in red deer (Cervus elaphus) was significantly higher in wolf areas (79.7%) than in control areas (26.3%) but not in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (97.2% vs. 90.4%) or wild boar (Sus scrofa) (82.8% vs. 64.9%). Of 11 Sarcocystis species, Sarcocystis taeniata and Sarcocystis grueneri occurred more often in wolves than expected from the Sarcocystis infection patterns of ungulate prey. Both Sarcocystis species showed a higher increase in prevalence in ungulates in wolf areas than other Sarcocystis species, suggesting that they are particularly well adapted to wolves, and are examples of "wolf specialists". Sarcocystis species richness in wolves was significantly higher in pups than in adults. "Wolf specialists" persisted during wolf maturation. The results of this study demonstrate that (1) predator-prey interactions influence parasite prevalence, if both predator and prey are part of the parasite life cycle, (2) mesopredators do not necessarily replace the apex predator in parasite transmission dynamics for particular parasites of which the apex predator is the definitive host, even if meso- and apex predators were from the same taxonomic family (here: Canidae, e.g., red foxes Vulpes vulpes), and (3) age-dependent immune maturation contributes to the control of protozoan infection in wolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lesniak
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
| | - Ilja Heckmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
| | - Mathias Franz
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
| | - Alex D. Greenwood
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Emanuel Heitlinger
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
- Ecology and Evolution of Molecular Parasite Host InteractionsHumboldt–Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Heribert Hofer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Oliver Krone
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
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Abstract
This narrative review summarises the benefits, risks and appropriate use of acid-suppressing drugs (ASDs), proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists, advocating a rationale balanced and individualised approach aimed to minimise any serious adverse consequences. It focuses on current controversies on the potential of ASDs to contribute to infections-bacterial, parasitic, fungal, protozoan and viral, particularly in the elderly, comprehensively and critically discusses the growing body of observational literature linking ASD use to a variety of enteric, respiratory, skin and systemic infectious diseases and complications (Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, pneumonia, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, septicaemia and other). The proposed pathogenic mechanisms of ASD-associated infections (related and unrelated to the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, alterations of the gut microbiome and immunity), and drug-drug interactions are also described. Both probiotics use and correcting vitamin D status may have a significant protective effect decreasing the incidence of ASD-associated infections, especially in the elderly. Despite the limitations of the existing data, the importance of individualised therapy and caution in long-term ASD use considering the balance of benefits and potential harms, factors that may predispose to and actions that may prevent/attenuate adverse effects is evident. A six-step practical algorithm for ASD therapy based on the best available evidence is presented.
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Chakraborty S, Roy S, Mistry HU, Murthy S, George N, Bhandari V, Sharma P. Potential Sabotage of Host Cell Physiology by Apicomplexan Parasites for Their Survival Benefits. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1261. [PMID: 29081773 PMCID: PMC5645534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, and Theileria are the major apicomplexan parasites affecting humans or animals worldwide. These pathogens represent an excellent example of host manipulators who can overturn host signaling pathways for their survival. They infect different types of host cells and take charge of the host machinery to gain nutrients and prevent itself from host attack. The mechanisms by which these pathogens modulate the host signaling pathways are well studied for Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Theileria, except for limited studies on Babesia. Theileria is a unique pathogen taking into account the way it modulates host cell transformation, resulting in its clonal expansion. These parasites majorly modulate similar host signaling pathways, however, the disease outcome and effect is different among them. In this review, we discuss the approaches of these apicomplexan to manipulate the host–parasite clearance pathways during infection, invasion, survival, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Hiral Uday Mistry
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shweta Murthy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Neena George
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
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Lukaszewicz B, McColl E, Yee J, Rafferty S, Couture M. Resonance Raman studies on the flavohemoglobin of the protist Giardia intestinalis: evidence of a type I/II-peroxidase-like heme environment and roles of the active site distal residues. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:1099-1108. [PMID: 28884403 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavohemoglobins are microbial enzymes that counter nitrosative stress, but the details of their underlying enzymatic activities and structure-function relationships are not completely understood. These enzymes have been identified in Gram-negative bacteria, certain fungi, and the parasitic protist Giardia intestinalis (gFlHb) which, despite lacking the ability to make heme, encodes several hemeproteins. To gain knowledge about the biophysical properties of the active site of gFlHb, we used resonance Raman spectroscopy to probe the wild-type protein and variants at globin domain positions E11, E7, and B10 on the distal, ligand-binding side of the heme. The heme of gFlHb has a peroxidase-like environment resembling that of the well-characterized E. coli flavohemoglobin HMP. We provide evidence that gFlHb has two Fe-His stretching modes, a feature that also occurs in type I/II-peroxidases in which a proximal histidine with strong imidazolate character and a nearby carboxylic acid residue can exist as a tautomeric pair depending on the position of a shared proton. Characterization of the distal variants Tyr30Phe, Gln54Leu, and Leu59Ala shows that TyrB10 and GlnE7 but not LeuE11 are implicated in stabilisation of bound exogenous ligands such as CO and O2. Our work revealed that several biophysical properties of the heme active site of gFlHb are highly conserved compared to HMP and suggest that they are conserved across the flavohemoglobin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lukaszewicz
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Eliza McColl
- Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Janet Yee
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada.,Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Steven Rafferty
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Manon Couture
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, IBIS and PROTEO, 1030 Ave de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Ch Stratakos A, Sima F, Ward P, Linton M, Kelly C, Pinkerton L, Stef L, Pet I, Iancu T, Pircalabioru G, Corcionivoschi N. The in vitro and ex vivo effect of Auranta 3001 in preventing Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:49. [PMID: 28883891 PMCID: PMC5580208 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhea worldwide in both humans and farm animals with no completely effective treatment available at present. In this study, we assessed the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of Auranta 3001 (0.1, 0.5 and 1%), a novel natural feed supplement, on C. hominis and C. parvum invasion of human ileocecal adenocarcinoma (HCT-8), bovine primary cells and C. parvum invasion of HCT-8, bovine primary cells and bovine intestinal biopsies. The effect of the feed supplement on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and INF-γ, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, the expression of CpSUB1 protease gene during infection was also assessed by quantitative PCR (q-PCR). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was employed to measure the integrity of tight junction dynamics of the culture models. Results Pre-treatment of intestinal cells or oocysts with the Auranta 3001 significantly reduced the invasiveness of C. hominis and C. parvum against HCT-8 and bovine primary cells in a dose dependent manner. The most pronounced reduction in the invasiveness of both parasites was observed when Auranta 3001 was present during infection. Levels of IL-8 were significantly reduced in both HCT-8 and bovine primary cells, while the levels of INF-γ and IL-10 showed opposite trends in the two cell lines during infection in the presence of Auranta 3001. CpSUB1 gene protease expression, which mediates infection, was significantly reduced suggesting that this enzyme is a possible target of Auranta 3001. Conclusions Although, C. hominis and C. parvum use different invasion mechanisms to infect cells, the novel feed additive can significantly attenuate the entry of Cryptosporidium in HCT-8 cells, primary bovine cells and bovine intestinal biopsies and thus provide an alternative method to control cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Ch Stratakos
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Filip Sima
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK.,School of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Patrick Ward
- Auranta, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mark Linton
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Carmel Kelly
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Laurette Pinkerton
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Iancu
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gratiela Pircalabioru
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, 36-46 Bd. M. Kogalniceanu, 5th District, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK.,Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
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Bashyal B, Li L, Bains T, Debnath A, LaBarbera DV. Larrea tridentata: A novel source for anti-parasitic agents active against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Naegleria fowleri. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005832. [PMID: 28793307 PMCID: PMC5565192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites infect and kill millions of people worldwide every year, particularly in developing countries where access to clean fresh water is limited. Among the most common are intestinal parasites, including Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica. These parasites wreak havoc on the epithelium lining the small intestines (G. lamblia) and colon (E. histolytica) causing giardiasis and amebiasis, respectively. In addition, there are less common but far more deadly pathogens such as Naegleria fowleri that thrive in warm waters and infect the central nervous systems of their victims via the nasal passages. Despite their prevalence and associated high mortality rates, there remains an unmet need to identify more effective therapeutics for people infected with these opportunistic parasites. To address this unmet need, we have surveyed plants and traditional herbal medicines known throughout the world to identify novel antiparasitic agents with activity against G. lamblia, E. histolytica, and N. fowleri. Herein, we report Larrea tridentata, known as creosote bush, as a novel source for secondary metabolites that display antiparasitic activity against all three pathogens. This report also characterizes the lignan compound classes, nordihydroguairetic acid and demethoxyisoguaiacin, as novel antiparasitic lead agents to further develop more effective drug therapy options for millions of people worldwide. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Naegleria fowleri pathogens are widespread throughout the world infecting and killing hundreds of thousands of people every year. They are also listed as category B bioterrorism agents by the NIH and the CDC. However, there is a serious unmet need to develop more effective therapies to treat these deadly pathogens. Herein we describe that lignans isolated from the creosote bush, common to the southwestern U.S.A. and throughout Mexico, display relatively potent antiparasitic activity against E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and N. fowleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bashyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Trpta Bains
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DVL); (AD)
| | - Daniel V. LaBarbera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DVL); (AD)
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Ryan U, Paparini A, Oskam C. New Technologies for Detection of Enteric Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:532-546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Garzón M, Pereira-da-Silva L, Seixas J, Papoila AL, Alves M, Ferreira F, Reis A. Association of enteric parasitic infections with intestinal inflammation and permeability in asymptomatic infants of São Tomé Island. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:116-127. [PMID: 28279129 PMCID: PMC5445637 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1299831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cumulative effect of repeated asymptomatic enteric infections on intestinal barrier is not fully understood in infants. We aimed to evaluate the association between previous enteric parasitic infections and intestinal inflammation and permeability at 24-months of age, in asymptomatic infants of São Tomé Island. A subset of infants from a birth cohort, with intestinal parasite evaluations in at least four points of assessment, was eligible. Intestinal inflammatory response and permeability were assessed using fecal S100A12 and alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), respectively. The cutoff <-1SD for weight-for-length and length-for-age was used to define wasting and stunting. Multivariable linear regression analysis explored if cumulative enteric parasitic infections explained variability of fecal biomarkers, after adjusting for potential confounders. Eighty infants were included. Giardia duodenalis and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) were the most frequent parasites. The median (interquartile range) levels were 2.87 μg/g (2.41-3.92) for S100A12 and 165.1 μg/g (66.0-275.6) for A1AT. Weak evidence of association was found between S100A12 levels and G. duodenalis (p = 0.080) and STH infections (p = 0.089), and between A1AT levels and parasitic infection of any etiology (p = 0.089), at 24-months of age. Significant associations between A1AT levels and wasting (p = 0.006) and stunting (p = 0.044) were found. Previous parasitic infections were not associated with fecal biomarkers at 24 months of age. To summarize, previous asymptomatic parasitic infections showed no association with intestinal barrier dysfunction. Notwithstanding, a tendency toward increased levels of the inflammatory biomarker was observed for current G. duodenalis and STH infections, and increased levels of the permeability biomarker were significantly associated with stunting and wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Garzón
- Tropical Clinic Teaching and Research Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Pereira-da-Silva
- Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
- Woman, Children and Adolescent’s Medicine Teaching and Research Area, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Seixas
- Tropical Clinic Teaching and Research Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Papoila
- Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Alves
- Research Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Tropical Clinic Teaching and Research Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Reis
- Tropical Clinic Teaching and Research Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Certad G, Viscogliosi E, Chabé M, Cacciò SM. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:561-576. [PMID: 28336217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal protozoa are important etiological agents of diarrhea, particularly in children, yet the public health risk they pose is often neglected. Results from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) showed that Cryptosporidium is among the leading causes of moderate to severe diarrhea in children under 2 years. Likewise, Giardia infects approximately 200 million individuals worldwide, and causes acute diarrhea in children under 5 years. Despite this recognized role as pathogens, the question is why and how these parasites cause disease in some individuals but not in others. This review focuses on known pathogenic mechanisms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and infection progress towards disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Certad
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Medical Research Department, Hospital Group of the Catholic Institute of Lille, Faculty of Medicine and Maieutics, Catholic University of Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Magali Chabé
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Simone M Cacciò
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Pathogens of Food Animals: Sources, Characteristics, Human Risk, and Methods of Detection. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 82:277-365. [PMID: 28427535 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens associated with food production (livestock) animals come in many forms causing a multitude of disease for humans. For the purpose of this review, these infectious agents can be divided into three broad categories: those that are associated with bacterial disease, those that are associated with viruses, and those that are parasitic in nature. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the most common pathogens that cause disease in humans through exposure via the food chain and the consequence of this exposure as well as risk and detection methods. We have also included a collection of unusual pathogens that although rare have still caused disease, and their recognition is warranted in light of emerging and reemerging diseases. These provide the reader an understanding of where the next big outbreak could occur. The influence of the global economy, the movement of people, and food makes understanding production animal-associated disease paramount to being able to address new diseases as they arise.
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Allain T, Amat CB, Motta JP, Manko A, Buret AG. Interactions of Giardia sp. with the intestinal barrier: Epithelium, mucus, and microbiota. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1274354. [PMID: 28452685 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1274354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how intestinal enteropathogens cause acute and chronic alterations has direct animal and human health perspectives. Significant advances have been made on this field by studies focusing on the dynamic crosstalk between the intestinal protozoan parasite model Giardia duodenalis and the host intestinal mucosa. The concept of intestinal barrier function is of the highest importance in the context of many gastrointestinal diseases such as infectious enteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and post-infectious gastrointestinal disorders. This crucial function relies on 3 biotic and abiotic components, first the commensal microbiota organized as a biofilm, then an overlaying mucus layer, and finally the tightly structured intestinal epithelium. Herein we review multiple strategies used by Giardia parasite to circumvent these 3 components. We will summarize what is known and discuss preliminary observations suggesting how such enteropathogen directly and/ or indirectly impairs commensal microbiota biofilm architecture, disrupts mucus layer and damages host epithelium physiology and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Allain
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Christina B Amat
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Anna Manko
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - André G Buret
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
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Lee SH, VanBik D, Kim HY, Lee YR, Kim JW, Chae M, Oh SI, Goo YK, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Multilocus typing of Cryptosporidium spp. in young calves with diarrhea in Korea. Vet Parasitol 2016; 229:81-89. [PMID: 27809984 PMCID: PMC7185498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. were detected using PCR and ELISA in diarrheal feces from calves. PCR and ELISA data showed good agreement in detecting C. parvum. Multilocus typing with 18S rRNA, gp60, and hsp70 genes of C. parvum was performed. Subtyping of C. parvum gp60 gene first revealed IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA16G3R1 in Asia. PCR and sequencing of hsp70 gene clearly differentiated C. bovis and C. ryanae.
We assessed the prevalence and performed molecular analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheal feces of calves in Korea. Diarrheal fecal samples were collected from 951 young calves (<3 months) on 425 farms. Cryptosporidium prevalence was assessed by PCR and ELISA, and molecular characterization was performed by targeting the 18S rRNA, heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70), and glycoprotein 60 (gp60) genes. Data were analyzed according to the sex, type of cattle, region, season, and type of diarrhea. PCR analysis revealed Cryptosporidium spp. in 9.9% (94/951) of diarrheal fecal samples. C. parvum and C. bovis/ryanae were present in 6.1% (58/951) and 4.1% (39/951) of diarrheal fecal samples, respectively. In addition, ELISA showed positive results for C. parvum in 9.7% (92/951) samples. Statistical analysis of the PCR and ELISA results revealed a lower prevalence of C. parvum in the hemorrhagic diarrheal samples (P < 0.05). For C. bovis/ryanae, seasonality and high prevalence in hemorrhagic diarrhea were observed (P < 0.05). Of the 951 samples tested for C. parvum, 903 samples showed agreement with a κ value of 0.65, indicating good agreement between the two tests. Although C. bovis and C. ryanae share highly similar 18S rRNA sequences, PCR based on hsp70 successfully distinguished C. bovis from C. ryanae. Sequence analysis of gp60 revealed that C. parvum belonged to the IIa families and was further subtyped as IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA16G3R1, which have not been previously reported in Asia. These findings indicate that Cryptosporidium spp. play an important role in diarrhea in young calves in Korea. Considering the zoonotic significance of C. parvum IIa subtype and dense rearing system of cattle in Korea, prevention and continuous monitoring of Cryptosporidium are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dorene VanBik
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ran Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongju Chae
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Oh
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Kyoung Goo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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