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Vasilyeva EF, Savushkina OK, Prokhorova TA, Tereshkina EB, Boksha IS, Sizov SV, Oleichik IV. [Proinflammatory activity of monocytes and activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes in red blood cells in women with depressive conditions]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:120-125. [PMID: 39072577 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2024124061120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To search for possible connections between the anti-inflammatory activity of monocytes (PAM) and the activity of glutathione metabolic enzymes: glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GT) in patients with depressive states (DS) within various mental pathologies, as well as between the studied biological parameters and clinical condition of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-one women, aged 18-56 years, with DC were examined before and after treatment. Symptom severity was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Hamilton Depressive Symptom Rating Scale (HDRS-21). The control group included 23 women of the corresponding age without mental pathology. Biological parameters were assessed in the peripheral blood of patients and healthy people. RESULTS Patients with a high level of PAM compared to the control (p<0.001) (subgroup 1, n=31) and with a low (at the control level) level (subgroup 2, n=30) were identified. In the subgroup 1, the values of GR and GT were significantly lower than in patients of subgroup 2 (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Negative correlations between the level of PAM before treatment and GR before and after treatment were revealed in patients who responded to treatment (r=-0.67; p=0.0041; r=-0.76; p=0.0001). CONCLUSION The results may indicate the inverse relationship between the level of PAM and the activity of GR and GT, which are involved in the pathogenesis of DC, and can also serve as criteria for assessing the response of patients to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - I S Boksha
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Sizov
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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Takahashi Y, Takahashi T, Usuda H, Carter S, Fee EL, Furfaro L, Chemtob S, Olson DM, Keelan JA, Kallapur S, Kemp MW. Pharmacological blockade of the interleukin-1 receptor suppressed Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in preterm fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2023; 5:101124. [PMID: 37597799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraamniotic inflammation is associated with preterm birth, especially in cases occurring before 32 weeks' gestation, and is causally linked with an increased risk for neonatal mortality and morbidity. Targeted anti-inflammatory interventions may assist in improving the outcomes for pregnancies impacted by intrauterine inflammation. Interleukin-1 is a central upstream mediator of inflammation. Accordingly, interleukin-1 is a promising candidate target for intervention therapies and has been targeted previously using the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra. Recent studies have shown that the novel, noncompetitive, allosteric interleukin-1 receptor inhibitor, rytvela, partially resolved inflammation associated with preterm birth and fetal injury. In this study, we used a preterm sheep model of chorioamnionitis to investigate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of rytvela and anakinra, administered in the amniotic fluid in the setting of intraamniotic Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide exposure. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that both rytvela and anakinra would reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced intrauterine inflammation and protect the fetal brain. STUDY DESIGN Ewes with a singleton fetus at 105 days of gestation (term is ∼150 days) were randomized to one of the following groups: (1) intraamniotic injections of 2 mL saline at time=0 and time=24 hours as a negative control group (saline group, n=12); (2) intraamniotic injection of 10 mg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in 2 mL saline and intraamniotic injections of 2 mL saline at time=0 hours and time=24 hours as an inflammation positive control group (lipopolysaccharide group, n=11); (3) intraamniotic injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in 2 mL saline and intraamniotic injections of 2.5 mg rytvela at time=0 hours and time=24 hours to test the anti-inflammatory efficacy of rytvela (lipopolysaccharide + rytvela group, n=10); or (4) intraamniotic injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in 2 mL saline and intraamniotic injections of 100 mg anakinra at time=0 hours and time=24 hours to test the anti-inflammatory efficacy of anakinra (lipopolysaccharide + anakinra group, n=12). Amniotic fluid was sampled at time 0, 24, and 48 hours (ie, at each intervention and at delivery). Fetal umbilical cord blood was collected at delivery for differential blood counts and chemical studies. Inflammation was characterized by the analysis of fetal tissue cytokine and chemokine levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked inmmunosorbent assay, and histology. The primary study outcome of interest was the assessment of anakinra and rytvela brain-protective effects in the setting of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced intrauterine inflammation. Secondary outcomes of interest were to assess protection from fetal and intrauterine (ie, amniotic fluid, chorioamnion) inflammation. RESULTS Intraamniotic administration of lipopolysaccharide caused inflammation of the fetal lung, brain, and chorioamnionitis in preterm fetal sheep. Relative to treatment with saline only in the setting of lipopolysaccharide exposure, intraamniotic administration of both rytvela and anakinra both significantly prevented periventricular white matter injury, microglial activation, and histologic chorioamnionitis. Anakinra showed additional efficacy in inhibiting fetal lung myeloperoxidase activity, but its use was associated with metabolic acidaemia and reduced fetal plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 levels at delivery. CONCLUSION Intraamniotic administration of rytvela or anakinra significantly inhibited fetal brain inflammation and chorioamnionitis in preterm fetal sheep exposed to intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide. In addition, anakinra treatment was associated with potential negative impacts on the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takahashi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, M Usuda, and Carter, Ms Fee, and Drs Furfaro, Keelan, and Kemp); Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, Usuda, and Kemp).
| | - Tsukasa Takahashi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, M Usuda, and Carter, Ms Fee, and Drs Furfaro, Keelan, and Kemp); Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, Usuda, and Kemp)
| | - Haruo Usuda
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, M Usuda, and Carter, Ms Fee, and Drs Furfaro, Keelan, and Kemp); Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, Usuda, and Kemp)
| | - Sean Carter
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, M Usuda, and Carter, Ms Fee, and Drs Furfaro, Keelan, and Kemp); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Dr S Carter, and Kemp)
| | - Erin L Fee
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, M Usuda, and Carter, Ms Fee, and Drs Furfaro, Keelan, and Kemp)
| | - Lucy Furfaro
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, M Usuda, and Carter, Ms Fee, and Drs Furfaro, Keelan, and Kemp)
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada (Dr Chemtob)
| | - David M Olson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Physiology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada (Dr Olson)
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, M Usuda, and Carter, Ms Fee, and Drs Furfaro, Keelan, and Kemp)
| | - Suhas Kallapur
- Department of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (Dr Kallapur)
| | - Matthew W Kemp
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, M Usuda, and Carter, Ms Fee, and Drs Furfaro, Keelan, and Kemp); Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan (Drs Y Takahashi, T Takahashi, Usuda, and Kemp); School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia (Dr Kemp); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Dr S Carter, and Kemp)
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Kim HJ, You MJ, Sung S, Rim C, Kwon MS. Possible involvement of microglial P2RY12 and peripheral IL-10 in postpartum depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1162966. [PMID: 37396924 PMCID: PMC10309556 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1162966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is another type of depression, including emotional fluctuation, fatigue, and anxiety. Based on the specific event like giving birth, it can be speculated that PPD might have its specific mechanism. Here, we confirmed that dexamethasone (DEX) administration during pregnancy (gestational days 16-18) induced depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in dam (DEX-dam) after weaning period (3 weeks). DEX-dam showed anxiety-like behaviors in open-field test (OFT) and light-dark test (LD). In addition, DEX-dam exhibited depressive-like behaviors with the increased immobility time in forced swimming test (TST). Molecular analysis confirmed that microglia, rather than neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, are involved in anxiety-/depressive-like behaviors. Notably, P2ry12, homeostatic gene, and purinoceptor, along with hyper-ramified form, were reduced in the hippocampus of DEX-dam. In addition, we found that IL-10 mRNA was reduced in lymph nodes without alteration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Interestingly, anxiety-/depressive-like behaviors of DEX-dam were restored with the normalization of P2ry12 and IL-10 after 10 weeks postpartum without antidepressants. Our results propose that stress hormone elevation during pregnancy might be associated with PPD via microglial P2RY12 and peripheral IL-10.
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Ryan KM, Lynch M, McLoughlin DM. Blood cell ratios in mood and cognitive outcomes following electroconvulsive therapy. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:729-736. [PMID: 36413934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is commonly reported in depression, with dysregulation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system documented. Obtaining ratios of neutrophils, platelets, and monocytes to counts of lymphocytes (NLR, PLR, MLR, respectively) represents a low-cost and easily reproducible measure of an individual's inflammatory burden that can be calculated effortlessly from routine clinical full white blood cell counts. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the most effective acute antidepressant treatment for depression but is often limited by its cognitive side-effects. Here, we examined differences in blood cell ratios in subgroups of depressed patients (unipolar/bipolar, psychotic/non-psychotic, early-onset/late-onset) and ECT-related subgroups (responder/non-responder, remitter/non-remitter). We also explored the relationships between blood cell ratios and depression severity and immediate cognitive outcomes post-ECT. Our results show baseline NLR was raised in patients with psychotic depression. In the entire group of patients, significant negative correlations were noted between the PLR and SII and baseline HAM-D24 score, signifying that lower systemic inflammation is associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Significant positive correlations were noted between various blood cell ratios and mean time to recovery of orientation in the entire group of patients and in depression subgroups, indicating that increased peripheral inflammation is linked to worse cognitive outcomes post-ECT. Overall, our results suggest that assessment of blood cell ratios could be useful for predicting mood changes in patients at risk of developing depressive episodes or relapse following successful treatment or for identifying those at risk for cognitive side-effects following ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. Patrick's University Hospital, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Marie Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. Patrick's University Hospital, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. Patrick's University Hospital, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Brisch R, Wojtylak S, Saniotis A, Steiner J, Gos T, Kumaratilake J, Henneberg M, Wolf R. The role of microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders and suicide. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:929-945. [PMID: 34595576 PMCID: PMC9388452 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review examines the possible role of microglial cells, first, in neuroinflammation and, second, in schizophrenia, depression, and suicide. Recent research on the interactions between microglia, astrocytes and neurons and their involvement in pathophysiological processes of neuropsychiatric disorders is presented. This review focuses on results from postmortem, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies, and animal models of schizophrenia and depression. Third, the effects of antipsychotic and antidepressant drug therapy, and of electroconvulsive therapy on microglial cells are explored and the upcoming development of therapeutic drugs targeting microglia is described. Finally, there is a discussion on the role of microglia in the evolutionary progression of human lineage. This view may contribute to a new understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Brisch
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Szymon Wojtylak
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Arthur Saniotis
- Department of Anthropology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Pharmacy, Knowledge University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jaliya Kumaratilake
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Wolf
- Department of Nursing and Health, Hochschule Fulda, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany.
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Yu Z, Sakai M, Fukushima H, Ono C, Kikuchi Y, Koyama R, Matsui K, Furuyashiki T, Kida S, Tomita H. Contextual fear conditioning regulates synapse-related gene transcription in mouse microglia. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:57-68. [PMID: 35987296 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have been suggested to be involved in the underlying mechanism of conditional fear memory formation by regulating inflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanism linking microglia and neuronal activity related to fear conditioning remains unclear. This study characterized the transcription profile of microglia in a fear memory conditional mouse model. Compared with those in control mice microglia, the most significantly induced genes were synapse-related, whereas immune-related genes were reduced due to fear memory consolidation. Whilst the increased expression of synapse-related genes was reversed after fear memory extinction, that of immunological genes was not, strongly suggesting a connection between microglia, neurons, and a dysregulated immune response following contextual fear conditioning. Furthermore, in the hippocampal microglia, we found that the expression of neurotransmitter release regulators, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor GABRB3 and synapsin 1/2, increased under fear memory consolidation and restored (decreased) after extinction. In addition, compared with the transcription profile in peripheral monocytes, few overlapping genes were not enriched in biological processes. Taken together, the identified conditional fear stress-induced changes in mouse microglial transcription profiles suggest that microglia-neuron communication mediates contextual fear conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Mai Sakai
- Department of Psychiatry Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hotaka Fukushima
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ono
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshie Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Matsui
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kida
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute for Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Carnac T. Schizophrenia Hypothesis: Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation of Fetal and Adult Immune Tolerance. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:844383. [PMID: 35844244 PMCID: PMC9283579 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.844383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system can control immune cell activation via both sympathetic adrenergic and parasympathetic cholinergic nerve release of norepinephrine and acetylcholine. The hypothesis put forward in this paper suggests that autonomic nervous system dysfunction leads to dysregulation of immune tolerance mechanisms in brain-resident and peripheral immune cells leading to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α). Inactivation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a process that takes place in macrophages and microglia when a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand binds to the TLR4 receptor. When Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPS) and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS) bind to TLR4s, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) pathway should be activated, leading to inactivation of GSK3β. This switches the macrophage from producing pro-inflammatory cytokines to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Acetylcholine activation of the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) on the cell surface of immune cells leads to PI3K/Akt pathway activation and can control immune cell polarization. Dysregulation of this pathway due to dysfunction of the prenatal autonomic nervous system could lead to impaired fetal immune tolerance mechanisms and a greater vulnerability to Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) resulting in neurodevelopmental abnormalities. It could also lead to the adult schizophrenia patient’s immune system being more vulnerable to chronic stress-induced DAMP release. If a schizophrenia patient experiences chronic stress, an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α could cause significant damage. TNF-α could increase the permeability of the intestinal and blood brain barrier, resulting in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF-α translocation to the brain and consequent increases in glutamate release. MIA has been found to reduce Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase mRNA expression, resulting in reduced Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, which combined with an increase of glutamate release could result in an imbalance of glutamate and GABA neurotransmitters. Schizophrenia could be a “two-hit” illness comprised of a genetic “hit” of autonomic nervous system dysfunction and an environmental hit of MIA. This combination of factors could lead to neurotransmitter imbalance and the development of psychotic symptoms.
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Yoo HJ, Kwon MS. Aged Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Microglia Lifespan and Culture Methods. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:766267. [PMID: 35069173 PMCID: PMC8766407 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.766267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been recognized as macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that are regarded as a culprit of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, microglia have been considered as a cell that should be suppressed for maintaining a homeostatic CNS environment. However, microglia ontogeny, fate, heterogeneity, and their function in health and disease have been defined better with advances in single-cell and imaging technologies, and how to maintain homeostatic microglial function has become an emerging issue for targeting neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are long-lived cells of yolk sac origin and have limited repopulating capacity. So, microglial perturbation in their lifespan is associated with not only neurodevelopmental disorders but also neurodegenerative diseases with aging. Considering that microglia are long-lived cells and may lose their functional capacity as they age, we can expect that aged microglia contribute to various neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, understanding microglial development and aging may represent an opportunity for clarifying CNS disease mechanisms and developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, CHA University, Cha Bio Complex, Seongnam-si, South Korea
- Research Competency Milestones Program (RECOMP) of School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, CHA University, Cha Bio Complex, Seongnam-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Min-Soo Kwon,
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Vasilyeva E, Oleychik I, Baranov P, Sizov S, Brusov O. Evaluation of the levels of proinflammatory activity of monocytes in depressed patients with schizophrenia. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:131-136. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2022122111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gober R, Ardalan M, Shiadeh SMJ, Duque L, Garamszegi SP, Ascona M, Barreda A, Sun X, Mallard C, Vontell RT. Microglia activation in postmortem brains with schizophrenia demonstrates distinct morphological changes between brain regions. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13003. [PMID: 34297453 PMCID: PMC8713533 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a psychiatric disorder that can include symptoms of disorganized speech and thoughts with uncertain underlying mechanisms possibly linked to over-activated microglia. In this study, we used brain samples from sixteen donors with SCZ and thirteen control donors to assess the differential activation of microglia by quantifying density and 3D reconstruction of microglia stained with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba1). Our samples consisted of sections from the frontal, temporal, and cingulate cortical gray matter, subcortical white matter regions (SCWM), and included the anterior corpus callosum. In the first series of studies, we performed a density analysis followed by a spatial analysis to ascertain the microglial density, distribution, and soma size in SCZ brains. Second, we performed a series of morphological quantification techniques to investigate the arborization patterns of the microglia in SCZ. The results demonstrated an increase in microglia density in the cortical gray matter regions in SCZ cases, while in the SCWM, there was a significant increase in microglia density in the frontal and temporal, but not in the other brain regions of interest (ROIs). Spatial analysis using the "nearest neighbor" demonstrated that there was no effect in "clustering", but there were shorter distances between microglia seen in the SCZ cases. The morphological measures showed that there was a region-dependent increase in the microglia soma size in the SCZ cases while the Sholl analysis revealed a significant decrease in the microglia arborization in the SCZ cases across all the ROI's studied. An in-depth 3D reconstruction of microglia in Brodmann area 9 cortical region found that there was a significant association between age and reduced microglial arborization in the SCZ cases. This region-dependent age association can help determine whether longitudinal changes in microglial activation across age are brain region-dependent, which may point to potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gober
- Brain Endowment BankUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and HealthInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Clinical MedicineTranslational Neuropsychiatry UnitAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Seyedeh Marziyeh Jabbari Shiadeh
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and HealthInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Clinical MedicineTranslational Neuropsychiatry UnitAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Linda Duque
- Brain Endowment BankUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Brain Endowment BankUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Carina Mallard
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and HealthInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Chauhan P, Kaur G, Prasad R, Singh H. Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: immunological aspects and potential role of immunotherapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1441-1453. [PMID: 34654348 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1994857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a complex disorder owing to diversity in clinical phenotypes, overlapping symptoms, and heterogeneous clinical presentation. Even after decades of research, the exact causative mechanisms of schizophrenia are not completely known. Recent evidence indicates the role of immune dysfunction in schizophrenia pathogenesis as observed from alteration in immune cells, increased activity of complement cascade, and development of autoantibodies against neurotransmitter receptors. Immunotherapy involving immunosuppressants and cytokine-targeting drugs, have shown promising results in several clinical studies and it demands further research in this area. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review the immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia, limitations of conventional, and atypical antipsychotic drugs and the potential role and limitations of immunotherapeutic drugs in schizophrenia management. EXPERT OPINION Schizophrenia is a complex disorder and poses a challenge to the currently available treatment approaches. Nearly 30% schizophrenia patients exhibit minimal response toward conventional and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Immune system dysfunction plays an important part of schizophrenia pathophysiology and existing monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs targeting specific components of the immune system are being repositioned in schizophrenia. The authors call upon public and private funders to facilitate urgent and rigorous research efforts in exploring potential role of immunotherapy in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Chauhan
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur
- Department of Physiology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Harmanjit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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12
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Upmark F, Sjöqvist H, Hayes JF, Dalman C, Karlsson H. Doxycycline exposure during adolescence and future risk of non-affective psychosis and bipolar disorder: a total population cohort study. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:468. [PMID: 34497261 PMCID: PMC8426383 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline has been hypothesized to prevent development of severe mental illness (SMI) through the suppression of microglia, especially if administered during the intense synaptic pruning period of adolescence. However, results from register studies on potential benefits differ considerably. The aim of the present study was to determine whether doxycycline exposure during adolescence is associated with reduced SMI risk, and to investigate if a direct and specific causality is plausible. This is a Swedish national population register-based cohort study of all individuals born from 1993 to 1997, followed from the age of 13 until end of study at the end of 2016. The primary exposure was cumulative doxycycline prescription ≥3000 mg and outcomes were first diagnosis of non-affective psychosis (F20-F29) and first diagnosis of bipolar disorder (F30-F31). Causal effects were explored through Cox regressions with relevant covariates and secondary analyses of multilevel exposure and comparison to other antibiotics. We found no association between doxycycline exposure and risk of subsequent non-affective psychosis (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.15, 95% CI 0.73-1.81, p = 0.541) and an increased risk of subsequent bipolar disorder (adjusted HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.49-2.55, p < 0.001). We do not believe the association between doxycycline and bipolar disorder is causal as similar associations were observed for other common antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Upmark
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Sjöqvist
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph F. Hayes
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Dalman
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,Centre for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, The Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Kwon J, Arsenis C, Suessmilch M, McColl A, Cavanagh J, Morris BJ. Differential Effects of Toll-Like Receptor Activation and Differential Mediation by MAP Kinases of Immune Responses in Microglial Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2655-2671. [PMID: 34297254 PMCID: PMC9560989 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is believed to play a role in many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Based largely on evidence from other cell types, it is widely thought that MAP kinase (ERK, JNK and p38) signalling pathways contribute strongly to microglial activation following immune stimuli acting on toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 or TLR4. We report here that exposure of SimA9 mouse microglial cell line to immune mimetics stimulating TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide-LPS) or TLR7/8 (resiquimod/R848), results in marked MAP kinase activation, followed by induction of nitric oxide synthase, and various cytokines/chemokines. However, in contrast to TLR4 or TLR7/8 stimulation, very few effects of TLR3 stimulation by poly-inosine/cytidine (polyI:C) were detected. Induction of chemokines/cytokines at the mRNA level by LPS and resiquimod were, in general, only marginally affected by MAP kinase inhibition, and expression of TNF, Ccl2 and Ccl5 mRNAs, along with nitrite production, were enhanced by p38 inhibition in a stimulus-specific manner. Selective JNK inhibition enhanced Ccl2 and Ccl5 release. Many distinct responses to stimulation of TLR4 and TLR7 were observed, with JNK mediating TNF protein induction by the latter but not the former, and suppressing Ccl5 release by the former but not the latter. These data reveal complex modulation by MAP kinases of microglial responses to immune challenge, including a dampening of some responses. They demonstrate that abnormal levels of JNK or p38 signalling in microglial cells will perturb their profile of cytokine and chemokine release, potentially contributing to abnormal inflammatory patterns in CNS disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedeok Kwon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, West Medical Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christos Arsenis
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, West Medical Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maria Suessmilch
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison McColl
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, West Medical Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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14
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Dionisie V, Filip GA, Manea MC, Movileanu RC, Moisa E, Manea M, Riga S, Ciobanu AM. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, a Novel Inflammatory Marker, as a Predictor of Bipolar Type in Depressed Patients: A Quest for Biological Markers. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1924. [PMID: 33946871 PMCID: PMC8125288 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Recent research suggests inflammation as a factor involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammatory (SII) index ratios have been studied as peripheral markers of inflammation in bipolar and major depressive disorders. The purpose of this study is to comparatively analyze these inflammatory ratios among manic episodes of bipolar disorder, bipolar depression and unipolar depression. (2) Methods: 182 patients were retrospectively included in the study and divided into three groups: 65 manic patients, 34 patients with bipolar depression, and 83 unipolar depressive patients. White blood cells, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets were retrieved from the patients' database. NLR, MLR, PLR, and SII index were calculated using these parameters. (3) Results: Patients with manic episodes had elevated NLR (p < 0.001), MLR (p < 0.01), PLR (p < 0.05), and SII index (p < 0.001) compared to unipolar depression and increased NLR (p < 0.05) and SII index (p < 0.05) when compared to bipolar depression. NLR (p < 0.01) and SII index (p < 0.05) were higher in the bipolar depression than unipolar depression. NLR is an independent predictor of the bipolar type of depression in depressive patients. (4) Conclusions: The results confirm the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and suggest the ability of NLR as a marker for the differentiation of bipolar from unipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Dionisie
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (R.C.M.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Physiology, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihnea Costin Manea
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (R.C.M.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Robert Constantin Movileanu
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (R.C.M.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Emanuel Moisa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- ‘Elias’ University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Manea
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (R.C.M.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Sorin Riga
- Department of Stress Research and Prophylaxis, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 927180 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adela Magdalena Ciobanu
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (R.C.M.); (A.M.C.)
- Neuroscience Department, Discipline of Psychiatry, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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15
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Leite Dantas R, Freff J, Ambrée O, Beins EC, Forstner AJ, Dannlowski U, Baune BT, Scheu S, Alferink J. Dendritic Cells: Neglected Modulators of Peripheral Immune Responses and Neuroinflammation in Mood Disorders? Cells 2021; 10:941. [PMID: 33921690 PMCID: PMC8072712 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective disorders (AD) including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are common mood disorders associated with increased disability and poor health outcomes. Altered immune responses characterized by increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation are common findings in patients with AD and in corresponding animal models. Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses and self-tolerance. Upon sensing exogenous and endogenous danger signals, mature DCs secrete proinflammatory factors, acquire migratory and antigen presenting capacities and thus contribute to neuroinflammation in trauma, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about the involvement of DCs in the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on DCs in peripheral immune responses and neuroinflammation in MDD and BD. In addition, we consider the impact of DCs on neuroinflammation and behavior in animal models of AD. Finally, we will discuss therapeutic perspectives targeting DCs and their effector molecules in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leite Dantas
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Freff
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Ambrée
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eva C. Beins
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (E.C.B.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Andreas J. Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (E.C.B.); (A.J.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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16
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Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE. The taste of neuroinflammation: Molecular mechanisms linking taste sensing to neuroinflammatory responses. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105557. [PMID: 33737243 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates a critical role of neuroinflammatory response as an underlying pathophysiological process in several central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms that trigger neuroinflammatory processes are not fully known. The discovery of bitter taste receptors in regions other than the oral cavity substantially increased research interests on their functional roles in extra-oral tissues. It is now widely accepted that bitter taste receptors, for instance, in the respiratory, intestinal, reproductive and urinary tracts, are crucial not only for sensing poisonous substances, but also, act as immune sentinels, mobilizing defense mechanisms against pathogenic aggression. The relatively recent discovery of bitter taste receptors in the brain has intensified research investigation on the functional implication of cerebral bitter taste receptor expression. Very recent data suggest that responses of bitter taste receptors to neurotoxins and microbial molecules, under normal condition, are necessary to prevent neuroinflammatory reactions. Furthermore, emerging data have revealed that downregulation of key components of the taste receptor signaling cascade leads to increased oxidative stress and inflammasome signaling in neurons that ultimately culminate in neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that link taste receptor mediated surveillance of the extracellular milieu to neuroinflammatory responses are not completely understood. This review integrates new data on the molecular mechanisms that link bitter taste receptor sensing to neuroinflammatory responses. The role of bitter taste receptor-mediated sensing of toxigenic substances in brain disorders is also discussed. The therapeutic significance of targeting these receptors for potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
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17
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Hughes HK, Mills-Ko E, Yang H, Lesh TA, Carter CS, Ashwood P. Differential Macrophage Responses in Affective Versus Non-Affective First-Episode Psychosis Patients. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:583351. [PMID: 33716670 PMCID: PMC7943877 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.583351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased innate immune activation and inflammation are common findings in psychotic and affective (mood) disorders such as schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD), including increased numbers and activation of monocytes and macrophages. These findings often differ depending on the disorder, for example, we previously found increases in circulating inflammatory cytokines associated with monocytes and macrophages in SCZ, while BD had increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Despite these differences, few studies have specifically compared immune dysfunction in affective versus non-affective psychotic disorders and none have compared functional monocyte responses across these disorders. To address this, we recruited 25 first episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 23 healthy controls (HC). FEP patients were further grouped based on the presence (AFF) or absence (NON) of mood disorder. We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cultured them for 1 week with M-CSF to obtain monocyte-derived macrophages. These cells were then stimulated for 24 h to skew them to inflammatory and alternative phenotypes, in order to identify differences in these responses. Following stimulation with LPS and LPS plus IFNγ, we found that macrophages from the NON-group had diminished inflammatory responses compared to both HC and AFF groups. Interestingly, when skewing macrophages to an alternative phenotype using LPS plus IL-4, the AFF macrophages increased production of inflammatory cytokines. Receiver operating curve analysis showed predictive power of inflammatory cytokine concentrations after LPS stimulation in the AFF group versus NON-group. Our results suggest dysfunctional monocyte responses in both affective and non-affective psychotic disorder, with varying types of immune dysfunction depending on the presence or absence of a mood component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Emily Mills-Ko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Houa Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Tyler A. Lesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Cameron S. Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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18
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Mehdipour M, Mehdipour T, Skinner CM, Wong N, Liu C, Chen CC, Jeon OH, Zuo Y, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM. Plasma dilution improves cognition and attenuates neuroinflammation in old mice. GeroScience 2020; 43:1-18. [PMID: 33191466 PMCID: PMC8050203 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent study has established that young blood factors are not causal, nor necessary, for the systemic rejuvenation of mammalian tissues. Instead, a procedure referred to as neutral blood exchange (NBE) that resets signaling milieu to a pro-regenerative state through dilution of old plasma, enhanced the health and repair of the muscle and liver, and promoted better hippocampal neurogenesis in 2-year-old mice (Mehdipour et al., Aging 12:8790–8819, 2020). Here we expand the rejuvenative phenotypes of NBE, focusing on the brain. Namely, our results demonstrate that old mice perform much better in novel object and novel texture (whisker discrimination) tests after a single NBE, which is accompanied by reduced neuroinflammation (less-activated CD68+ microglia). Evidence against attenuation/dilution of peripheral senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) as the main mechanism behind NBE was that the senolytic ABT 263 had limited effects on neuroinflammation and did not enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in the old mice. Interestingly, peripherally acting ABT 263 and NBE both diminished SA-βGal signal in the old brain, demonstrating that peripheral senescence propagates to the brain, but NBE was more robustly rejuvenative than ABT 263, suggesting that rejuvenation was not simply by reducing senescence. Explaining the mechanism of the positive effects of NBE on the brain, our comparative proteomics analysis demonstrated that dilution of old blood plasma yields an increase in the determinants of brain maintenance and repair in mice and in people. These findings confirm the paradigm of rejuvenation through dilution of age-elevated systemic factors and extrapolate it to brain health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melod Mehdipour
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Taha Mehdipour
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin M Skinner
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Wong
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Chien Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and QB3, UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ok Hee Jeon
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and QB3, UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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19
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Air Pollution-Related Brain Metal Dyshomeostasis as a Potential Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence links air pollution (AP) exposure to effects on the central nervous system structure and function. Particulate matter AP, especially the ultrafine (nanoparticle) components, can carry numerous metal and trace element contaminants that can reach the brain in utero and after birth. Excess brain exposure to either essential or non-essential elements can result in brain dyshomeostasis, which has been implicated in both neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs; autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and neurodegenerative diseases (NDGDs; Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). This review summarizes the current understanding of the extent to which the inhalational or intranasal instillation of metals reproduces in vivo the shared features of NDDs and NDGDs, including enlarged lateral ventricles, alterations in myelination, glutamatergic dysfunction, neuronal cell death, inflammation, microglial activation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered social behaviors, cognitive dysfunction, and impulsivity. Although evidence is limited to date, neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are reproduced by numerous metals. Understanding the specific contribution of metals/trace elements to this neurotoxicity can guide the development of more realistic animal exposure models of human AP exposure and consequently lead to a more meaningful approach to mechanistic studies, potential intervention strategies, and regulatory requirements.
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20
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Miyamoto K, Funahashi Y, Yoshino Y, Kawabe K, Yamazaki K, Ozaki Y, Mori Y, Ochi S, Iga JI, Ueno SI. CTLA4 mRNA expression in blood is lower in schizophrenia, but not in affective disorders. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 52:102112. [PMID: 32371365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) and its downstream signals compose an important mechanism that suppresses immune activity. Recent studies have shown that immune abnormalities are associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ), but little research has been performed on the relevance of CTLA4 and SCZ. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between CTLA4 mRNA expression and SCZ. We examined the expression of CTLA4 mRNA in blood from patients with SCZ, bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). We compared 50 SCZ subjects, 46 BD subjects, and 63 MDD subjects with age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine CTLA4 mRNA expression in peripheral blood using TaqMan probes. Levels of CTLA4 mRNA expression were significantly lower in patients with SCZ compared with HCs (p < 0.001), whereas no differences were found between affective disorder (BD and MDD) patients and HCs. We analyzed the correlation between CTLA4 mRNA expression and clinical parameters, but no significant correlation was found. The expression of CTLA4 mRNA was lower specifically in SCZ, suggesting that abnormal CTLA4 expression may be particularly related to the pathogenesis of SCZ. CTLA4 may be a useful diagnostic marker and a potential therapeutic target of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yu Funahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yoko Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Shu-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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21
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Victor TR, Tsirka SE. Microglial contributions to aberrant neurogenesis and pathophysiology of epilepsy. NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:234-247. [PMID: 33154976 PMCID: PMC7641338 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic cells that constitute the brain's innate immune system. Recently, research has demonstrated microglial roles beyond immunity, which include homeostatic roles in the central nervous system. The function of microglia is an active area of study, with insights into changes in neurogenesis and synaptic pruning being discovered in both health and disease. In epilepsy, activated microglia contribute to several changes that occur during epileptogenesis. In this review, we focus on the effects of microglia on neurogenesis and synaptic pruning, and discuss the current state of anti-seizure drugs and how they affect microglia during these processes. Our understanding of the role of microglia post-seizure is still limited and may be pivotal in recognizing new therapeutic targets for seizure intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Victor
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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22
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The Roles of Monocyte and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Common Brain Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9396021. [PMID: 32596397 PMCID: PMC7292983 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9396021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The brain is the most important and complex organ in most living creatures which serves as the center of the nervous system. The function of human brain includes controlling of the motion of the body and different organs and maintaining basic homeostasis. The disorders of the brain caused by a variety of reasons often severely impact the patients' normal life or lead to death in extreme cases. Monocyte is an important immune cell which is often recruited to the brain in a number of brain disorders. However, the role of monocytes may not be simply described as beneficial or detrimental. It significantly depends on the disease models and the stages of disease progression. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the role of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages during several common brain disorders. Major focuses include ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, and insomnia. The recruitment, differentiation, and function of monocyte in these diseases are reviewed.
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Ferle V, Repouskou A, Aspiotis G, Raftogianni A, Chrousos G, Stylianopoulou F, Stamatakis A. Synergistic effects of early life mild adversity and chronic social defeat on rat brain microglia and cytokines. Physiol Behav 2019; 215:112791. [PMID: 31870943 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress affects the development and function of the brain and when followed by adversities in adulthood, the negative effects of stress are enhanced. Microglia has been proposed as a potential mediator of this phenomenon. In the present study, we investigated the long-term effects of mild early life stress, the consequences of a stressor in adulthood as well as their interaction on microglial and cytokine (PPARγ, IL-1β and TNFα) levels in the brain of adult male rats. As an early life stress we used a model of maternal neglect, in which the dam is present but non-accessible to the pup for 15 min during postnatal days 10-13; as a stressor in adulthood we exposed animals to chronic social defeat (CSD) for 3 weeks. We determined in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala, the number of Iba-1+ microglial cells, the number of PPARγ+ cells as well as the relative expression of PPARγ, IL-1β and TNFα mRNA by qPCR. Following exposure to CSD, the number of Iba-1+ cells was increased in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of adult animals exposed to mild early life stress, while in the absence of CSD no such difference was observed. Moreover, following CSD PPARγ levels were increased in the hippocampus of adult males exposed as neonates to "maternal neglect". Our findings support the notion that early life stress, even a mild one, primes microglia and enhances its reactivity to a second stressful event, later in life, in accord with the "two-hit" hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Ferle
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Repouskou
- Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - George Aspiotis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Raftogianni
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Fotini Stylianopoulou
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Al-Haddad BJS, Oler E, Armistead B, Elsayed NA, Weinberger DR, Bernier R, Burd I, Kapur R, Jacobsson B, Wang C, Mysorekar I, Rajagopal L, Adams Waldorf KM. The fetal origins of mental illness. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 221:549-562. [PMID: 31207234 PMCID: PMC6889013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact of infections and inflammation during pregnancy on the developing fetal brain remains incompletely defined, with important clinical and research gaps. Although the classic infectious TORCH pathogens (ie, Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus [CMV], herpes simplex virus) are known to be directly teratogenic, emerging evidence suggests that these infections represent the most extreme end of a much larger spectrum of injury. We present the accumulating evidence that prenatal exposure to a wide variety of viral and bacterial infections-or simply inflammation-may subtly alter fetal brain development, leading to neuropsychiatric consequences for the child later in life. The link between influenza infections in pregnant women and an increased risk for development of schizophrenia in their children was first described more than 30 years ago. Since then, evidence suggests that a range of infections during pregnancy may also increase risk for autism spectrum disorder and depression in the child. Subsequent studies in animal models demonstrated that both pregnancy infections and inflammation can result in direct injury to neurons and neural progenitor cells or indirect injury through activation of microglia and astrocytes, which can trigger cytokine production and oxidative stress. Infectious exposures can also alter placental serotonin production, which can perturb neurotransmitter signaling in the developing brain. Clinically, detection of these subtle injuries to the fetal brain is difficult. As the neuropsychiatric impact of perinatal infections or inflammation may not be known for decades after birth, our construct for defining teratogenic infections in pregnancy (eg, TORCH) based on congenital anomalies is insufficient to capture the full adverse impact on the child. We discuss the clinical implications of this body of evidence and how we might place greater emphasis on prevention of prenatal infections. For example, increasing uptake of the seasonal influenza vaccine is a key strategy to reduce perinatal infections and the risk for fetal brain injury. An important research gap exists in understanding how antibiotic therapy during pregnancy affects the fetal inflammatory load and how to avoid inflammation-mediated injury to the fetal brain. In summary, we discuss the current evidence and mechanisms linking infections and inflammation with the increased lifelong risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in the child, and how we might improve prenatal care to protect the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Oler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Blair Armistead
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington Seattle, WA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Nada A Elsayed
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD
| | - Raphael Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Raj Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalization, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Indira Mysorekar
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology and Immunology, Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Global Health, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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25
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Cory-Slechta DA, Sobolewski M, Marvin E, Conrad K, Merrill A, Anderson T, Jackson BP, Oberdorster G. The Impact of Inhaled Ambient Ultrafine Particulate Matter on Developing Brain: Potential Importance of Elemental Contaminants. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:976-992. [PMID: 31610749 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319878400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report associations between air pollution (AP) exposures and several neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, attention deficit disorder, and cognitive delays. Our studies in mice of postnatal (human third trimester brain equivalent) exposures to concentrated ambient ultrafine particles (CAPs) provide biological plausibility for these associations, producing numerous neuropathological and behavioral features of these disorders, including male-biased vulnerability. These findings raise questions about the specific components of AP that underlie its neurotoxicity, which our studies suggest could involve trace elements as candidate neurotoxicants. X-ray fluorescence analyses of CAP chamber filters confirm contamination of AP exposures by multiple elements, including iron (Fe) and sulfur (S). Correspondingly, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of brains of male mice indicates marked postexposure elevations of Fe and S and other elements. Elevations of brain Fe and S in particular are consistent with potential ferroptotic, oxidative stress, and altered antioxidant capacity-based mechanisms of CAPs-induced neurotoxicity, supported by observations of increased serum oxidized glutathione and increased neuronal cell death in nucleus accumbens with no corresponding significant increase in caspase-3, in male brains following postnatal CAP exposures. Understanding the role of trace element contaminants of particulate matter AP as a source of neurotoxicity is critical for public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Elena Marvin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Conrad
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Merrill
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Tim Anderson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Gunter Oberdorster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
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Mehdipour M, Etienne J, Chen CC, Gathwala R, Rehman M, Kato C, Liu C, Liu Y, Zuo Y, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM. Rejuvenation of brain, liver and muscle by simultaneous pharmacological modulation of two signaling determinants, that change in opposite directions with age. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:5628-5645. [PMID: 31422380 PMCID: PMC6710051 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that altered intensities of a few morphogenic pathways account for most/all the phenotypes of aging. Investigating this has revealed a novel approach to rejuvenate multiple mammalian tissues by defined pharmacology. Specifically, we pursued the simultaneous youthful in vivo calibration of two determinants: TGF-beta which activates ALK5/pSmad 2,3 and goes up with age, and oxytocin (OT) which activates MAPK and diminishes with age. The dose of Alk5 inhibitor (Alk5i) was reduced by 10-fold and the duration of treatment was shortened (to minimize overt skewing of cell-signaling pathways), yet the positive outcomes were broadened, as compared with our previous studies. Alk5i plus OT quickly and robustly enhanced neurogenesis, reduced neuro-inflammation, improved cognitive performance, and rejuvenated livers and muscle in old mice. Interestingly, the combination also diminished the numbers of cells that express the CDK inhibitor and marker of senescence p16 in vivo. Summarily, simultaneously re-normalizing two pathways that change with age in opposite ways (up vs. down) synergistically reverses multiple symptoms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melod Mehdipour
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jessy Etienne
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chia-Chien Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ranveer Gathwala
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maryam Rehman
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cameron Kato
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Michael J Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce granulopoiesis and early monocyte polarization in the bone marrow of a tMCAO rat model. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Experimental acute cerebral ischemia quickly triggers circulating inflammatory cells, provoking infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in the damaged brain region. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate the ischemic deterioration, however, their potential effect on bone marrow cell mobilization is less known.
Materials and methods: healthy male Wistar rats were submitted to intraperitoneal saline injection (n=10, sham Group), transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and saline injection (n=10, placebo Group), tMCAO and highly purified fish-oil administration (n=10, T Group). At the two latter groups, twenty-four hours after tMCAO, MRI scans were performed to identify the ischemic regions; the eligible animals were sacrificed, the left parietal bones being removed and subjected to qualitative and quantitative histological and immunohistochemical analysis.
Results: The active hematopoietic surface was maximal at the T-Group, being significantly lower in the P- and S-Groups (p=0.006 and p= 0.017). The MPO positive surface increased significantly in the T-compared to the S-Group (22.57± 0.86 % vs. 18.87± 0.68%, p= 0.004). Arg1 expression was significantly higher (p=0.001), while iNOS expression was lower (p=0.004) in the T- than in the P-Group, but similar to the S-group. The Arg1/iNOS2 ratio was higher in the FO-treated than in the P-group (p<0.001).
Conclusion: the ischemic conditions triggered granulopoiesis and the increase of iNOS2 positive, type M1 macrophage in the rat bone marrow. Fish-oil treatment generated the expansion of overall hematopoietic surface along with normalization of iNOS2, up-regulating the potentially protective Arg1 positive M2 type macrophages and causing a significant shift in the M2/M1 ratio.
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Mao R, Zhang C, Chen J, Zhao G, Zhou R, Wang F, Xu J, Yang T, Su Y, Huang J, Wu Z, Cao L, Wang Y, Hu Y, Yuan C, Yi Z, Hong W, Wang Z, Peng D, Fang Y. Different levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 2018; 237:65-72. [PMID: 29778935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune system dysregulation is critical in the physiopathology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, it is unclear whether both diseases present the same inflammatory patterns during depressive episodes. We explored the differences in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines between unipolar and bipolar depression (BDD) and the trajectory of these cytokines after acute-phase treatment. METHODS Sixty-four MDD patients, 61 BDD patients, and 62 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. We assessed the clinical features and cytokines plasma levels at baseline and week 12. The pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) of all subjects were assessed by multiplexed sandwich ELISA-based quantitative arrays. RESULTS Before acute-phase treatment, the initial levels of TNF-α and IL-13 were significantly lower in the BDD patients than in the MDD patients. The results demonstrated that there was no relationship between each cytokine level and clinical features of unipolar and bipolar depressions. After 12 weeks, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-13 levels became lower in MDD patients than in the other two groups regardless of the patients' response to treatment while the levels of TNF-α and IL-4 increased only in the BDD responders. LIMITATIONS The effects of different drugs on inflammatory cytokines in MDD or BDD could not be explored further due to the relatively small sample size. CONCLUSION Even within the same depressive states, MDD and BDD patients present different inflammatory features, particularly in regard to pro-inflammatory TNF-α and anti-inflammatory IL-13. In addition, the fluctuations of cytokines induced by medication may provide a hint regarding the prediction of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Mao
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Psychology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Rubai Zhou
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yousong Su
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhiguo Wu
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lan Cao
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yingyan Hu
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chengmei Yuan
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhenghui Yi
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wu Hong
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zuowei Wang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Hongkou District Mental Health Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Daihui Peng
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, China.
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Herrero-Zazo M, Brauer R, Gaughran F, Howard LM, Taylor D, Barlow DJ. Examining the potential preventative effects of minocycline prescribed for acne on the incidence of severe mental illnesses: A historical cohort study. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:559-568. [PMID: 29215319 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117743483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that the antibiotic and microglial activation inhibitor, minocycline, is likely to have a protective effect against the emergence of psychosis but evidence from human studies is lacking. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of exposure to minocycline during adolescence on the later incidence of severe mental illness (SMI). METHODS A historical cohort study using electronic primary care data was conducted to assess the association between exposure to minocycline during adolescence and incidence of SMI. The Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) was measured using Poisson regression adjusted for age, gender, time of exposure, socioeconomic deprivation status, calendar year and co-medications. RESULTS Early minocycline prescription ( n=13,248) did not affect the incidence of SMI compared with non-prescription of minocycline ( n=14,393), regardless of gender or whether or not the data were filtered according to a minimum exposure period (minimum period: IRR 0.96; 95% CI 0.68-1.36; p=0.821; no minimum period: IRR 1.08; 95% CI 0.83-1.42; p=0.566). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to minocycline for acne treatment during adolescence appears to have no effect on the incidence of SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Herrero-Zazo
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| | - Ruth Brauer
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,3 Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,4 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - Louise M Howard
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,4 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - David Taylor
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK.,2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,4 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - David J Barlow
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
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Recent insights into antidepressant therapy: Distinct pathways and potential common mechanisms in the treatment of depressive syndromes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 88:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Zanardini R, Tosato S, Ventriglia M, Ferrari C, Bonetto C, Lasalvia A, Giubilini F, Fioritti A, Pileggi F, Pratelli M, Pavanati M, Favaro A, De Girolamo G, Frisoni GB, Ruggeri M, Gennarelli M. Immune and metabolic alterations in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:315-324. [PMID: 29548996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular underpinnings associated to first episode psychosis (FEP) remains to be elucidated, but compelling evidence supported an association of FEP with blood alterations in biomarkers related to immune system, growth factors and metabolism regulators. Many of these studies have not been already confirmed in larger samples or have not considered the FEP diagnostic subgroups. In order to identify biochemical signatures of FEP, the serum levels of the growth factors BDNF and VEGF, the immune regulators IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17, RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1b/CCL4, IL-8 and the metabolic regulators C-peptide, ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin and visfatin were analysed in 260 subjects collected in the GET UP project. The results indicated an increase of MIP-1b/CCL4, VEGF, IL-6 and PAI-1, while IL-17, ghrelin, glucagon and GLP-1 were decreased in the whole sample of FEP patients (p < 0.01 for all markers except for PAI-1 p < 0.05). No differences were evidenced for these markers among the diagnostic groups that constitute the FEP sample, whereas IL-8 is increased only in patients with a diagnosis of affective psychosis. The principal component analysis (PCA) and variable importance analysis (VIA) indicated that MIP-1b/CCL4, ghrelin, glucagon, VEGF and GLP-1 were the variables mostly altered in FEP patients. On the contrary, none of the analysed markers nor a combination of them can discriminate between FEP diagnostic subgroups. These data evidence a profile of immune and metabolic alterations in FEP patients, providing new information on the molecular mechanism associated to the psychosis onset for the development of preventive strategies and innovative treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisella Bocchio-Chiavetto
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate (Como), Italy.
| | | | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation, AFaR Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Michele Pavanati
- Department of Medical Sciences of Communication and Behavior, Section of Psychiatry, The Consultation-Liaison Psychiatric Service and Psychiatric Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedaliera, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Battista Frisoni
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Dept. of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biology and Genetics, University of Brescia, Italy
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Hung YY. Antidepressants Improve Negative Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Monocytes from Patients with Major Depression. Neuroimmunomodulation 2018; 25:42-48. [PMID: 29898456 DOI: 10.1159/000489562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in the brain's inflammatory status can lead to psychopathological responses, especially depression. Using animal models, recent studies have revealed that this pathology is due, in part, to innate immune responses of monocytes. METHODS We focus on the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and expression of genes encoding their negative regulators, SOCS1, TOLLIP, SIGIRR, MyD88s, NOD2, and TNFAIP3, in CD14+ monocytes from 34 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 33 healthy controls before and after treatment with antidepressants. We also seek to investigate their association with depression severity, measured by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17). RESULTS mRNA expression of all TLRs, except TLR3 and -5, was significantly higher in monocytes from patients with MDD than in those from controls. Conversely, the "brakes" in TLR signaling, including TOLLIP, MyD88s, NOD2, and TNFAIP3, were downregulated. In clinical findings, the remission group showed higher baseline TLR4 and lower baseline IRAK3 mRNA levels but only baseline elevated SOCS1 mRNA levels, which were inversely correlated with HAMD-17 scores, predicting worsened outcome in MDD patients. In addition, TNFAIP3 mRNA levels were increased by antidepressant treatment. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings suggest a role for dysregulation of TLR signaling in monocytes in MDD and identify a balancing effect of antidepressants on this dysregulation.
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Rodríguez N, Morer A, González-Navarro EA, Serra-Pages C, Boloc D, Torres T, García-Cerro S, Mas S, Gassó P, Lázaro L. Inflammatory dysregulation of monocytes in pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:261. [PMID: 29284508 PMCID: PMC5746006 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the exact etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is unknown, there is growing evidence of a role for immune dysregulation in the pathophysiology of the disease, especially in the innate immune system including the microglia. To test this hypothesis, we studied inflammatory markers in monocytes from pediatric patients with OCD and from healthy controls. METHODS We determined the percentages of total monocytes, CD16+ monocytes, and classical (CD14highCD16-), intermediate (CD14highCD16low), and non-classical (CD14lowCD16high) monocyte subsets in 102 patients with early-onset OCD and in 47 healthy controls. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokine production (GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) was measured by multiplex Luminex analysis in isolated monocyte cultures, in basal conditions, after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate immune response or after exposure to LPS and the immunosuppressant dexamethasone. RESULTS OCD patients had significantly higher percentages of total monocytes and CD16+ monocytes than healthy controls, mainly due to an increase in the intermediate subset but also in the non-classical monocytes. Monocytes from OCD patients released higher amounts of GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α than healthy controls after exposure to LPS. However, there were no significant differences in basal cytokine production or the sensitivity of monocytes to dexamethasone treatment between both groups. Based on monocyte subset distribution and cytokine production after LPS stimulation, patients receiving psychoactive medications seem to have an intermediate inflammatory profile, that is, lower than non-medicated OCD individuals and higher than healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly support the involvement of an enhanced proinflammatory innate immune response in the etiopathogenesis of early-onset OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rodríguez
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Astrid Morer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Azucena González-Navarro
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Serra-Pages
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Boloc
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Torres
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerro
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Mas
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gassó
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Lázaro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
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Hashimoto K. Abnormalities in the brain-immune system in psychotic disorders: from pathogenesis to prevention. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:365-367. [PMID: 28593328 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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35
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Uranova NA, Bonartsev PD, Androsova LV, Rakhmanova VI, Kaleda VG. Impaired monocyte activation in schizophrenia: ultrastructural abnormalities and increased IL-1β production. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:417-426. [PMID: 28314932 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte activation is consistently reported in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). We aimed to study the ultrastructure of monocytes and monocyte production of IL-1β in drug-free patients with SZ and controls. Monocytes from young (18-30 y.o.) healthy and SZ men in relapse were studied. Electron microscopy and morphometry were applied to estimate areas of monocytes, volume density (Vv), areas, and number of organelles. The production IL-1β by monocytes was estimated by the ELISA method. Group differences were examined using ANCOVA. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to examine the effects of possible confounding variables. Correlation analyses were applied to detect the relationships between the parameters of monocytes measured and between the parameters measured and the IL-1β production. Area of nucleolus, Vv and area of mitochondria and lysosomes, and the number of lysosomes were significantly increased in patients as compared to controls. Area of mitochondria was correlated significantly with Vv and area of lysosomes, and the number of lysosomes was significantly correlated with area of monocyte and Vv of vacuoles only in the control group. The production of IL-1β by monocytes was higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.01) and was correlated with Vv of lysosomes (r = 0.68, p = 0.04) and area of lysosomes (r = 0.78, p = 0.013). The data provide new evidence for over activation of monocytes in SZ and disturbed metabolic relationships between lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Uranova
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Centre, Zagorodnoe Shosse 2, Moscow, 117152, Russia.
| | - P D Bonartsev
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Centre, Zagorodnoe Shosse 2, Moscow, 117152, Russia
| | - L V Androsova
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Mental Health Research Centre, Zagorodnoe Shosse 2, Moscow, 117152, Russia
| | - V I Rakhmanova
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuropathology, Mental Health Research Centre, Zagorodnoe Shosse 2, Moscow, 117152, Russia
| | - V G Kaleda
- Department of Endogenous Psychoses, Mental Health Research Centre, Zagorodnoe Shosse 2, Moscow, 117152, Russia
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Yoshino Y, Ozaki Y, Yamazaki K, Sao T, Mori Y, Ochi S, Iga JI, Ueno SI. DNA Methylation Changes in Intron 1 of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cell 2 in Japanese Schizophrenia Subjects. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:275. [PMID: 28588439 PMCID: PMC5440575 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hypothesis for schizophrenia (SCZ) called the “microglia hypothesis” has been suggested. In SCZ, expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) mRNA is higher in leukocytes than in healthy individuals. Here, the methylation rates of four CpG sites in TREM2 intron 1 that may bind important transcription factors and the correlation between the methylation rate and mRNA expression were determined. We compared the methylation rates in SCZ patients and age-matched controls (n = 50 each). SCZ patients had significantly lower methylation rates of CpG 2 (17.0 ± 6.7 vs. 20.2 ± 5.0; p = 0.02) and CpG 3 (23.8 ± 8.2 vs. 28.1 ± 6.2; p = 0.01). The average methylation rate (15.3 ± 5.2 vs. 17.6 ± 3.9; p = 0.009) was also lower. A significant negative correlation was found between TREM2 mRNA expression and the methylation rate of CpG 2 (r = −0.252, p = 0.012). SCZ susceptibility markers may include low methylation at TREM2 intron 1 and increased TREM2 mRNA levels. Our pilot study requires validation with higher numbers of participants and with other myeloid cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of MedicineToon, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of MedicineToon, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of MedicineToon, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of MedicineToon, Japan
| | - Yoko Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of MedicineToon, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of MedicineToon, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of MedicineToon, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of MedicineToon, Japan
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Kabba JA, Xu Y, Christian H, Ruan W, Chenai K, Xiang Y, Zhang L, Saavedra JM, Pang T. Microglia: Housekeeper of the Central Nervous System. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:53-71. [PMID: 28534246 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, of myeloid origin, play fundamental roles in the control of immune responses and the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. These cells, just like peripheral macrophages, may be activated into M1 pro-inflammatory or M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes by appropriate stimuli. Microglia do not respond in isolation, but form part of complex networks of cells influencing each other. This review addresses the complex interaction of microglia with each cell type in the brain: neurons, astrocytes, cerebrovascular endothelial cells, and oligodendrocytes. We also highlight the participation of microglia in the maintenance of homeostasis in the brain, and their roles in the development and progression of age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alimamy Kabba
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Handson Christian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kitchen Chenai
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
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38
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Najjar S, Pahlajani S, De Sanctis V, Stern JNH, Najjar A, Chong D. Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Blood-Brain Barrier Hyperpermeability Contribute to Schizophrenia Neurobiology: A Theoretical Integration of Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:83. [PMID: 28588507 PMCID: PMC5440518 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms, as well as behavioral and cognitive dysfunction. It is a pathoetiologically heterogeneous disorder involving complex interrelated mechanisms that include oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Neurovascular endothelial dysfunction and blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability are established mechanisms in neurological disorders with comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease. Schizophrenia is frequently comorbid with medical conditions associated with peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus. However, the existence and etiological relevance of neurovascular endothelial dysfunction and BBB hyperpermeability in schizophrenia are still not well recognized. Here, we review the growing clinical and experimental evidence, indicating that neurovascular endotheliopathy and BBB hyperpermeability occur in schizophrenia patients. We present a theoretical integration of human and animal data linking oxidative stress and neuroinflammation to neurovascular endotheliopathy and BBB breakdown in schizophrenia. These abnormalities may contribute to the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia via several mechanisms involving reduced cerebral perfusion and impaired homeostatic processes of cerebral microenvironment. Furthermore, BBB disruption can facilitate interactions between brain innate and peripheral adaptive immunity, thereby perpetuating harmful neuroimmune signals and toxic neuroinflammatory responses, which can also contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia. Taken together, these findings support the "mild encephalitis" hypothesis of schizophrenia. If neurovascular abnormalities prove to be etiologically relevant to the neurobiology of schizophrenia, then targeting these abnormalities may represent a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhel Najjar
- Department of Neurology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Neuroinflammation Division, Department of Neurology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silky Pahlajani
- Neuroinflammation Division, Department of Neurology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia De Sanctis
- Neuroinflammation Division, Department of Neurology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel N H Stern
- Department of Neurology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Neuroinflammation Division, Department of Neurology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Najjar
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Derek Chong
- Department of Neurology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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