1
|
Cappon D, den Boer T, Yu W, LaGanke N, Fox R, Brozgol M, Hausdorff JM, Manor B, Pascual-Leone A. An Educational Program for Remote Training and Supervision of Home-Based Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: Feasibility and Preliminary Effectiveness. Neuromodulation 2024; 27:636-644. [PMID: 37552152 PMCID: PMC10850429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.04.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been recent interest in the administration of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) by a caregiver, family member, or patient themselves while in their own homes (HB-tES). The need to properly train individuals in the administration of HB-tES is essential, and the lack of a uniform training approach across studies has come to light. The primary aim of this paper is to present the HB-tES training and supervision program, a tele-supervised, instructional, and evaluation program to teach laypersons how to administer HB-tES to a participant and to provide a standardized framework for remote monitoring of participants by teaching staff. The secondary aim is to present early pilot data on the feasibility and effectiveness of the training portion of the program based on its implementation in 379 sessions between two pilot clinical trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS The program includes instructional materials, standardized tele-supervised hands-on practice sessions, and a system for remote supervision of participants by teaching staff. Nine laypersons completed the training program. Data on the feasibility and effectiveness of the program were collected. RESULTS No adverse events were reported during the training or any of the HB-tES sessions after the training. All laypersons successfully completed the training. The nine laypersons reported being satisfied with the training program and confident in their tES administration capabilities. This was consistent with laypersons requiring technical assistance from teaching staff very infrequently during the 379 completed sessions. The average adherence rate between all administrators was >98%, with seven of nine administrators having 100% adherence to the scheduled sessions. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the HB-tES program is effective and is associated with participant satisfaction. SIGNIFICANCE We hope that the remote nature of this training program will facilitate increased accessibility to HB-tES research for participants of different demographics and locations. This program, designed for easy adaptation to different HB-tES research applications and devices, also is accessible online. The adoption of this program is expected to facilitate uniformity of study methods among future HB-tES studies and thereby accelerate the pace of tES intervention discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cappon
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tim den Boer
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanting Yu
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole LaGanke
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Fox
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina Brozgol
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey M Hausdorff
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, and Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brad Manor
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zohny H, Savulescu J. When Two Become One: Singular Duos and the Neuroethical Frontiers of Brain-to-Brain Interfaces. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38606432 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180124000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Advances in brain-brain interface technologies raise the possibility that two or more individuals could directly link their minds, sharing thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences. This paper explores conceptual and ethical issues posed by such mind-merging technologies in the context of clinical neuroethics. Using hypothetical examples along a spectrum from loosely connected pairs to fully merged minds, the authors sketch out a range of factors relevant to identifying the degree of a merger. They then consider potential new harms like loss of identity, psychological domination, loss of mental privacy, and challenges for notions of autonomy and patient benefit when applied to merged minds. While radical technologies may seem to necessitate new ethical paradigms, the authors suggest the individual-focus underpinning clinical ethics can largely accommodate varying degrees of mind mergers so long as individual patient interests remain identifiable. However, advanced decisionmaking and directives may have limitations in addressing the dilemmas posed. Overall, mind-merging possibilities amplify existing challenges around loss of identity, relating to others, autonomy, privacy, and the delineation of patient interests. This paper lays the groundwork for developing resources to address the novel issues raised, while suggesting the technologies reveal continuity with current healthcare ethics tensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Zohny
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Chen Su Lan Centennial Professor in Medical Ethics, Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tubig PA, Klein E. Cognitive Enhancement as Transformative Experience: The Challenge of Wrapping One's Mind Around Enhanced Cognition via Neurostimulation. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38389500 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180124000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, the authors explore the question of whether cognitive enhancement via direct neurostimulation, such as through deep brain stimulation, could be reasonably characterized as a form of transformative experience. This question is inspired by a qualitative study being conducted with people at risk of developing dementia and in intimate relationships with people living with dementia (PLWD). They apply L.A. Paul's work on transformative experience to the question of cognitive enhancement and explore potential limitations on the kind of claims that can legitimately be made about individual well-being and flourishing, as well as limit the kind of empirical work-including the authors' own-that can hope to enlighten ethical discourse. In this paper, the authors advance the following theses: (1) it is sometimes reasonable to characterize cognitive enhancement as a transformative experience; (2) the testimonies of people intimately acquainted with dementia may still be relevant to evaluating cognitive enhancement even though cognitive enhancement may be a transformative experience; and (3) qualitative studies may still be useful in the ethical analysis of cognitive enhancement, but special attention may need to be given to how these are conducted and what kind of insights can be drawn from them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Tubig
- Department of Philosophy & Religious Studies, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Eran Klein
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Portland Veterans Administration Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Philosophy and Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seyfried G, Youssef S, Schmidt M. Pioneering neurohackers: between egocentric human enhancement and altruistic sacrifice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1188066. [PMID: 37946729 PMCID: PMC10631784 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1188066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing field of neurotechnology (NT) is becoming more and more accessible in terms of reduced costs, increasing availability and reliability of materials, and ways to implant devices. As in other engineering fields such as bio-or information technology, there is a growing community of pioneering hackers who (self-)experiment with NT and develop novel applications. While most debates about NT, its goals and ethical ramifications are usually conducted by professionals in the field (neuroscientists, -engineers, -ethicists), little is known within these institutional frameworks about the motivations, goals and visions of neurohackers and how they view ethical ramifications of NT therapeutics vs. human enhancement. In this study we draw on qualitative interviews with 13 of these neurohacking pioneers, who are interacting with NT from a grassroots perspective (i.e., a bottom-up and community/subculture-oriented approach), and shed light on: how they understand themselves in the context of human enhancement; what the role of invasive NTs is when it comes to identifying as a cyborg; if their practices show a clear distinction between therapy and enhancement; whether human enhancement is always about performance, optimization and functionality; and to which extent neurohackers contribute to "mainstreaming" NT.
Collapse
|
5
|
Klichowski M, Wicher A, Kruszwicka A, Golebiewski R. Reverse effect of home-use binaural beats brain stimulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11079. [PMID: 37422545 PMCID: PMC10329717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Binaural beats brain stimulation is a popular strategy for supporting home-use cognitive tasks. However, such home-use brain stimulation may be neutral to cognitive processes, and any intellectual improvement may be only a placebo effect. Thus, without belief in it, it may bring no benefits. Here we test 1000 individuals at their homes as they perform a two-part fluid intelligence test. Some took the second part listening to binaural beats, while others took it in silence or listening to other sounds. The binaural beats group was divided into three subgroups. The first one was informed that they would listen to sounds that improve the brain's work, the second that neutral sounds, and the third that some sounds the nature of which was not defined. We found that listening to binaural beats was not neutral, as it dramatically deteriorated the score irrespective of the condition. Silence or other sounds had no effect. Thus, home-use binaural beats brain stimulation brings reverse effects to those assumed: instead of supporting the effectiveness of cognitive activities, it may weaken them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Klichowski
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
- Learning Laboratory, Faculty of Educational Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Wicher
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kruszwicka
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Learning Laboratory, Faculty of Educational Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Roman Golebiewski
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Asher R, Hyun I, Head M, Cosgrove GR, Silbersweig D. Neuroethical implications of focused ultrasound for neuropsychiatric illness. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:806-814. [PMID: 37150289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MR-guided focused ultrasound is a promising intervention for treatment-resistant mental illness, and merits contextualized ethical exploration in relation to more extensive ethical literature regarding other psychosurgical and neuromodulation treatment options for this patient population. To our knowledge, this topic has not yet been explored in the published literature. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss in detail the neuroethical implications of MR-guided focused ultrasound for neuropsychiatric illness as an emerging treatment modality. METHODS Due to the lack of published literature on the topic, the approach involved a detailed survey and review of technical and medical literature relevant to focused ultrasound and established ethical issues related to alternative treatment options for patients with treatment-resistant, severe and persistent mental illness. The manuscript is structured according to thematic and topical findings. RESULTS This technology has potential benefits for patients suffering with severe mental illness, compared with established alternatives. The balance of technical, neuroscientific and clinical considerations should inform ethical deliberations. The nascent literature base, nuances in legal classification and permissibility depending upon jurisdiction, influences of past ethical issues associated with alternative treatments, tone and framing in media articles, and complexity of clinical trials all influence ethical assessment and evaluations of multiple stakeholders. Recommendations for future research are provided based on these factors. CONCLUSION Salient ethical inquiry should be further explored by researchers, clinicians, and ethicists in a nuanced manner methodologically, one which is informed by past and present ethical issues related to alternative treatment options, broader psychiatric treatment frameworks, pragmatic implementation challenges, intercultural considerations, and patients' ethical concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Asher
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Insoo Hyun
- Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Mitchell Head
- Te Kotahi Research Institute/University of Waikato, Gate 4C, 194H Hillcrest Rd, Hillcrest, Hamilton, 3216, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
| | - G Rees Cosgrove
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - David Silbersweig
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Pediatric Populations—– Voices from Typically Developing Children and Adolescents and their Parents. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-022-09507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a brain stimulation technique currently being researched as an alternative or complimentary treatment for various neurological disorders. There is little knowledge about experiences of the participants of tDCS clinical research, especially from pediatric studies.
Methods
An interview study with typically developing minors (n = 19, mean age 13,66 years) participating in a tDCS study, and their parents (n = 18) was conducted to explore their views and experiences and inform the ethical analysis.
Results
Children (10–13 years old) and adolescents (14–18 years old) reported good experiences with the stimulation. Next to financial incentives, main motives to participate in the study were curiosity and the possibility to help develop treatments for children affected by neurological disorders. They could also see a potential of using tDCS in a non-medical setting, especially regarding the provision of equal opportunity, e.g. in education. Parents also presented a positive attitude towards tDCS and their children participation in the basic research study. Nevertheless, their understanding of tDCS was rather poor. Even though many of them understood the techniques, they often did not see the link between the (current) lack of side effects and an absence of longitudinal studies. Parents were also cautious about using tDCS for non-medical/enhancement purposes.
Conclusions
The study findings show a need for more transparent information about the state of the art of tDCS, its function and what it might be able to offer, especially considering the good acceptability of tDCS.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wexler A, Choi R, Pearlman A, Rasmussen LM. Navigating biosafety concerns within COVID-19 do-it-yourself (DIY) science: an ethnographic and interview study. BIOSOCIETIES 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37359139 PMCID: PMC10042665 DOI: 10.1057/s41292-023-00301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-establishment or do-it-yourself (DIY) science involves individuals who may not have formal training conducting experiments outside of institutional settings. While prior scholarship has examined the motivations and values of those involved in the subset of DIY science known as "DIY biology," little research has addressed how these individuals navigate ethical issues in practice. The present study therefore aimed to understand how DIY biologists identify, approach, and resolve one particular ethical issue-biosafety-in their work. We conducted a digital ethnography of Just One Giant Lab (JOGL), the primary hub for DIY biology during the COVID-19 pandemic, and subsequently conducted interviews with individuals involved with JOGL. We found that JOGL was the first global DIY biology initiative to create a Biosafety Advisory Board and develop formal biosafety guidelines that applied to different groups in multiple locations. There was disagreement, however, regarding whether the Board should have an advisory role or provide mandatory oversight. We found that JOGL practiced ethical gatekeeping of projects that fell outside the limits defined by the Board. Our findings show that the DIY biology community recognized biosafety issues and tried to build infrastructure to facilitate the safe conduct of research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41292-023-00301-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wexler
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Rebekah Choi
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Alex Pearlman
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Lisa M. Rasmussen
- Department of Philosophy, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wexler A. Mapping the Landscape of Do-it-Yourself Medicine. CITIZEN SCIENCE : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2022; 7:38. [PMID: 36632334 PMCID: PMC9830450 DOI: 10.5334/cstp.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The practice of medicine is typically conceptualized as remaining within the boundaries of a hospital or clinic. However, in recent years, patients have been able to gain access to information about medical research as it is ongoing. As a result, there has been a rise in do-it-yourself (DIY) medicine, where individuals treat themselves for medical conditions outside of clinical settings, often mimicking experimental therapies that remain inaccessible to the wider public. For example, in DIY brain stimulation, individuals suffering from depression build at-home electrical headsets using nine-volt batteries, mimicking an experimental neuroscience technique used in scientific laboratories. In DIY fecal transplantation, those with intestinal disorders like C. Difficile and inflammatory bowel disease transplant stool from donors into themselves with the aid of blenders and enemas. In the open Artificial Pancreas System movement, diabetes patients hacked together an artificial pancreas system from their glucose monitors and insulin pumps, years before such a system was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). To date, scholarship on DIY medicine has largely been relegated to specific medical domains (e.g., neurology, gastroenterology, infectious disease). In this paper, however, I recognize DIY medicine as a cross-cutting phenomenon that has emerged independently across medical domains but shares common features. I map the varieties of DIY medicine across these domains and suggest that four key factors lead to their creation, growth, and uptake. In doing so, this essay sheds light on an understudied area of biomedical citizen science that is likely to grow substantially in the coming decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wexler
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schönthaler EMD, Hofer G, Grinschgl S, Neubauer AC. Super-Men and Wonder-Women: the Relationship Between the Acceptance of Self-enhancement, Personality, and Values. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-022-00244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDue to ongoing technological innovations, self-enhancement methods are publicly discussed, researched from different perspectives, and part of ethical debates. However, only few studies investigated the acceptance of these methods and its relationship with personality traits and values. The present study investigated to what extent people accept different enhancement methods and whether acceptance can be predicted by Big Five and Dark Triad traits, vulnerable narcissism, and values. In an online survey (N = 450), we measured personality traits and values. Additionally, participants read scenarios about enhancement methods and answered questions about their acceptance of these scenarios. Factor analysis indicated a general factor of acceptance across scenarios. Correlation analyses showed that high agreeableness, agreeableness-compassion, conscientiousness, conscientiousness-industriousness, and conservation- and self-transcendence values are related to less acceptance of self-enhancement. Moreover, individuals high on Dark Triad traits, vulnerable narcissism, and self-enhancement values exhibit more acceptance. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that said values and Big Five traits explained unique variance in the acceptance of self-enhancement. These findings highlight the importance of considering personality and values when investigating self-enhancement—a topic that is receiving increasing attention by the public, politicians, and scientists.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pabst A, Proksch S, Médé B, Comstock DC, Ross JM, Balasubramaniam R. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on cognitive enhancement. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104587. [PMID: 35202646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) has been used to focally regulate excitability of neural cortex over the past decade - however there is little consensus on the generalizability of effects reported in individual studies. Many studies use small sample sizes (N < 30), and there is a considerable amount of methodological heterogeneity in application of the stimulation itself. This systematic meta-analysis aims to consolidate the extant literature and determine if up-regulatory theta-burst stimulation reliably enhances cognition through measurable behavior. Results show that iTBS - when compared to suitable control conditions - may enhance cognition when outlier studies are removed, but also that there is a significant amount of heterogeneity across studies. Significant contributors to between-study heterogeneity include location of stimulation and method of navigation to the stimulation site. Surprisingly, the type of cognitive domain investigated was not a significant contributor of heterogeneity. The findings of this meta-analysis demonstrate that standardization of iTBS is urgent and necessary to determine if neuroenhancement of particular cognitive faculties are reliable and robust, and measurable through observable behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Pabst
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Accenture Labs, 415 Mission Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
| | - Shannon Proksch
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Butovens Médé
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Daniel C Comstock
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
| | - Jessica Marie Ross
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Stanford University, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Erikainen S. The Promissory Visions of DIYbio: Reimaging Science from the Fringe. SCIENCE AS CULTURE 2022; 31:287-310. [PMID: 36187070 PMCID: PMC9519120 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2022.2028135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a proliferation of do-it-yourself biology (DIYbio) initiatives, consisting of people undertaking a range of bioscience activities outside traditional research environments. DIYbio initiatives, while diverse, exist at the fringes of institutionalised science, which enables them to advance different promissory visions about what science, especially bioscience, could or should become in the future, including how it should be governed. These visions reconfigure conventional delineations of science in politically and normatively loaded ways that can simultaneously reaffirm, contest, and shift the traditional epistemic foundations of science. They put forth alternative science futures in ways that highlight the performative force of promissory visions in shaping not only mainstream but also fringe science activity. DIYbio offers a fruitful lens for understanding how science is currently being reconfigured by unconventional actors to encompass new meanings and domains. It offers a different angle on the wider sociology of expectations engagement with the future as an analytical object, by showing how the future of science is constructed and managed from the fringe. Yet, DIYbio initiatives' promissory visions are also embedded within neoliberal ideals of productive and entrepreneurial citizens, highlighting how the wider socio-economic context constrains the alternative futures manufactured by these initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Erikainen
- Sonja Erikainen Centre for Biomedicine, Self and Society, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 23 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dubljević V, Young JR, Appelbaum LG. Diversifying the Bioethics Funding Landscape: The Case of TMS. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2022; 22:28-30. [PMID: 34962196 PMCID: PMC9044470 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.2001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan R. Young
- Duke University
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and
Clinical Center
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ter Horst R, Dresler M. The Quantified Scientist: Citizen Neuroscience and Neurotechnology. AJOB Neurosci 2021; 13:63-65. [PMID: 34931959 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2021.2001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Ter Horst
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pfotenhauer SM, Frahm N, Winickoff D, Benrimoh D, Illes J, Marchant G. Mobilizing the private sector for responsible innovation in neurotechnology. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:661-664. [PMID: 34099907 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Pfotenhauer
- Munich Center for Technology in Society (MCTS) and TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nina Frahm
- Munich Center for Technology in Society (MCTS) and TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David Winickoff
- Working Party for Bio-, Nano- and Converging Technologies, Organisation For Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France
| | - David Benrimoh
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Québec, Montréal, Canada.,Aifred Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judy Illes
- Neuroethics Canada, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gary Marchant
- Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Global Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Butorac I, Lentzos F, Aicardi C. Gray Matters: Exploring Technologists' Perceptions of Dual-Use Potentiality in Emerging Neurotechnology Applications. Health Secur 2021; 19:424-430. [PMID: 34264762 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2020.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we report on a pilot study examining perceptions of dual use among neurotechnologists and neuroethicists. We carried out 10 semistructured interviews with participants from established universities in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia about the risks they saw with the new technology and who has responsibility for safely developing it. We used a grounded theory approach to code and develop themes from the data and establish a foundation for analysis. Our findings showed that dual use was not considered binary, but rather multifaceted and fluid, with the commercialization and globalization of the emerging science shifting participants' understandings of what neurotechnologies are considered beneficial and harmful, rendering future uses unknowable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Butorac
- Isobel Butorac, MSc, is a PhD Candidate, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Filippa Lentzos, PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow, Department of War Studies, and Christine Aicardi, PhD, MSc, MEng, is a Senior Research Fellow; both in the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Filippa Lentzos
- Isobel Butorac, MSc, is a PhD Candidate, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Filippa Lentzos, PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow, Department of War Studies, and Christine Aicardi, PhD, MSc, MEng, is a Senior Research Fellow; both in the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Aicardi
- Isobel Butorac, MSc, is a PhD Candidate, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Filippa Lentzos, PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow, Department of War Studies, and Christine Aicardi, PhD, MSc, MEng, is a Senior Research Fellow; both in the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rabadán AT. Neurochips: Considerations from a neurosurgeon's standpoint. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:173. [PMID: 34084601 PMCID: PMC8168797 DOI: 10.25259/sni_591_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A neurochip comprises a small device based on the brain-machine interfaces that emulate the functioning synapses. Its implant in the human body allows the interaction of the brain with a computer. Although the data-processing speed is still slower than that of the human brain, they are being developed. There is no ethical conflict as long as it is used for neural rehabilitation or to supply impaired or missing neurological functions. However, other applications emerge as controversial. To the best of our knowledge, there have no been publications about the neurosurgical role in the application of this neurotechnological advance. Deliberation on neurochips is primarily limited to a small circle of scholars such as neurotechnological engineers, artists, philosophers, and bioethicists. Why do we address neurosurgeons? They will be directly involved as they could be required to perform invasive procedures. Future neurosurgeons will have to be a different type of neurosurgeon. They will be part of interdisciplinary teams interacting with computer engineers, neurobiologist, and ethicists. Although a neurosurgeon is not expected to be an expert in all areas, they have to be familiar with them; they have to be prepared to determine indications, contraindications and risks of the procedures, participating in the decision-making processes, and even collaborating in the design of devices to preserve anatomic structures. Social, economic, and legal aspects are also inherent to the neurosurgical activity; therefore, these aspects should also be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra T Rabadán
- Division of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medical Research Dr Alfredo Lanari, University of Buenos Aires and Academic Council on Ethics in Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Transcranial direct-current stimulation and pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-Findings from an interview ethics study with children, adolescents, and their parents. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 264:363-386. [PMID: 34167663 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a brain stimulation technique for an alternative or complementary treatment for various neurological disorders, including pediatric ADHD. However, little is known about the experiences of participants undergoing tDCS treatments in clinical trials. Exploration of their views on the matter is an important contribution to the societal debate on ethical issues of tDCS, allowing for a responsible translation into clinical practice and timely identification of potential challenges. METHODS in-depth interviews study with children with ADHD undertaking tDCS and their parents (n=32). RESULTS Children reported overall good experiences with the stimulation, although they found participation in the clinical study very tiring and time consuming. Their responses to the actual effects of the stimulation were mixed. Parents were very keen for their children to participate in the study as they saw it as a promising and safe alternative to medication. Even though many of them understood the techniques, they often did not see the link between the (current) lack of side effects and an absence of longitudinal studies. Unlike children, interviewed parents were cautious about using tDCS for non-medical/enhancement purposes. DISCUSSION There is a need for more transparent information about the state of the art of tDCS, its function and what it actually might be able to offer. It is especially important in order to prevent unrealistic hopes and to make sure that future pediatric patients and their carers are more aware of the potential side-effects and long-term effects of tDCS.
Collapse
|
19
|
Trejo M, Canfield I, Brooks WB, Pearlman A, Guerrini CJ. "A cohort of pirate ships": biomedical citizen scientists' attitudes toward ethical oversight. CITIZEN SCIENCE : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 35474712 PMCID: PMC9037960 DOI: 10.5334/cstp.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As biomedical citizen science initiatives become more prevalent, the unique ethical issues that they raise are attracting policy attention. The ethical oversight of bottom-up biomedical citizen science projects that are designed and executed primarily or solely by members of the public is a significant concern because the federal rules that require ethical oversight of research by institutional review boards generally do not apply to such projects, creating what has been called an ethics gap. Working to close this gap, practitioners and scholars have considered new mechanisms of ethical oversight for biomedical citizen science. To date, however, participants' attitudes about ethics and oversight preferences have not been systematically examined. This information is useful to efforts to develop ethical oversight mechanisms because it provides a basis for evaluating the likely effectiveness of specific features of such mechanisms and their acceptability from the perspective of biomedical citizen scientists. Here, we report data from qualitative interviews with 35 stakeholders in bottom-up biomedical citizen science about their general ethics attitudes and preferences regarding ethical oversight. Interviewees described ten ethical priorities and endorsed oversight mechanisms that are voluntary, community-driven, and offer guidance. Conversely, interviewees rejected mechanisms that are mandatory, hierarchical, and inflexible. Applying these findings, we conclude that expert consultation and community review models appear to align well with ethical priorities and oversight preferences of many biomedical citizen scientists, although local conditions should guide the development and use of mechanisms in specific communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Trejo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Isabel Canfield
- Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Whitney Bash Brooks
- Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Christi J. Guerrini
- Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yakobi O, Smilek D, Danckert J. The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Attention, Executive Control and Working Memory in Healthy Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
21
|
Rasmussen LM, Guerrini CJ, Kuiken T, Nebeker C, Pearlman A, Ware SB, Wexler A, Zettler PJ. Realizing Present and Future Promise of DIY Biology and Medicine through a Trust Architecture. Hastings Cent Rep 2020; 50:10-14. [PMID: 33315254 PMCID: PMC8114871 DOI: 10.1002/hast.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The speed and scale of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the limits of current health systems and the potential promise of non-establishment research such as "DIY" research. We consider one example of how DIY research is responding to the pandemic, discuss the challenges faced by DIY research more generally, and suggest that a "trust architecture" should be developed now to contribute to successful future DIY efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd Kuiken
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University
| | | | - Alex Pearlman
- University of Pennsylvania and MIT Media Laboratory Community Biotechnology Initiative
| | - Sarah B. Ware
- Bio Blaze Community Bio Lab; College of DuPage; Benedictine University
- Saint Xavier University
| | - Anna Wexler
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia J. Zettler
- Moritz College of Law and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Naufel S, Klein E. Citizen Neuroscience: Brain-Computer Interface Researcher Perspectives on Do-It-Yourself Brain Research. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2020; 26:2769-2790. [PMID: 32533446 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Devices that record from and stimulate the brain are currently available for consumer use. The increasing sophistication and resolution of these devices provide consumers with the opportunity to engage in do-it-yourself brain research and contribute to neuroscience knowledge. The rise of do-it-yourself (DIY) neuroscience may provide an enriched fund of neural data for researchers, but also raises difficult questions about data quality, standards, and the boundaries of scientific practice. We administered an online survey to brain-computer interface (BCI) researchers to gather their perspectives on DIY brain research. While BCI researcher concerns about data quality and reproducibility were high, the possibility of expert validation of data generated by citizen neuroscientists mitigated concerns. We discuss survey results in the context of an established ethical framework for citizen science, and describe the potential of constructive collaboration between citizens and researchers to both increase data collection and advance understanding of how the brain operates outside the confines of the lab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Naufel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Eran Klein
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering and Department of Philosophy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Solomons CD, Shanmugasundaram V. Transcranial direct current stimulation: A review of electrode characteristics and materials. Med Eng Phys 2020; 85:63-74. [PMID: 33081965 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrode characteristics are crucial in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) since electrode design and placement determine the cortical area being modulated, current density and spatial resolution of stimulation. Early research on tDCS sought to determine optimal parameters for stimulation by specifying maximum current, duration and sizes of electrodes. Further research focused on determining efficient ways to deliver stimulation to targeted regions on the cortex with minimal discomfort to the user by altering electrode size, placement, shape and material. This review aims to give an insight on the main characteristics of electrodes used in tDCS and on the variability found in electrode parameters and placements from tDCS to high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) applications and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Solomons
- School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Moral Framing and Mechanisms Influence Public Willingness to Optimize Cognition. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-020-00190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
25
|
First Epileptic Seizure and Initial Diagnosis of Juvenile Myoclonus Epilepsy (JME) in a Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Study– Ethical Analysis of a Clinical case. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-020-09444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe discuss an epileptic incident in an undiagnosed 13-year old girl participating in a clinical study investigating the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in healthy children and adolescents. This incident poses important research ethics questions with regard to study design, especially pertaining to screening and gaining informed consent. Potential benefits and problems of the incident also need to be considered. The ethical analysis of the case presented in this paper has been informed by an in-depth interview conducted after the incident with the child and the accompanying parent. We discuss the ethical implications of the epileptic incident, the need for improving screening procedures for studies with minors and for providing more effective communication. This case also underscores the problem of undetected teenage epilepsy in neuropsychological clinical studies and the necessity of raising more awareness of this issue. Since research in tDCS is an active and expanding field, we conclude with providing some recommendation that could ensure that future research on tDCS, or other therapies and neuro-interventions where there is a risk of triggering an epileptic seizure, take into account the specifics of teenage epilepsy and the need for more thorough provision of information during the process of gaining informed consent.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kemp L, Adam L, Boehm CR, Breitling R, Casagrande R, Dando M, Djikeng A, Evans NG, Hammond R, Hills K, Holt LA, Kuiken T, Markotić A, Millett P, Napier JA, Nelson C, ÓhÉigeartaigh SS, Osbourn A, Palmer MJ, Patron NJ, Perello E, Piyawattanametha W, Restrepo-Schild V, Rios-Rojas C, Rhodes C, Roessing A, Scott D, Shapira P, Simuntala C, Smith RDJ, Sundaram LS, Takano E, Uttmark G, Wintle BC, Zahra NB, Sutherland WJ. Bioengineering horizon scan 2020. eLife 2020; 9:e54489. [PMID: 32479263 PMCID: PMC7259952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizon scanning is intended to identify the opportunities and threats associated with technological, regulatory and social change. In 2017 some of the present authors conducted a horizon scan for bioengineering (Wintle et al., 2017). Here we report the results of a new horizon scan that is based on inputs from a larger and more international group of 38 participants. The final list of 20 issues includes topics spanning from the political (the regulation of genomic data, increased philanthropic funding and malicious uses of neurochemicals) to the environmental (crops for changing climates and agricultural gene drives). The early identification of such issues is relevant to researchers, policy-makers and the wider public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Kemp
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine’s College, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Christian R Boehm
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm Dando
- Division of Peace Studies and International Development, University of BradfordBradfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G Evans
- Department of Philosophy, University of MassachusettsLowellUnited States
- Rogue BioethicsLowellUnited States
| | | | | | - Lauren A Holt
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine’s College, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Todd Kuiken
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighUnited States
| | - Alemka Markotić
- University Hospital for Infectious DiseasesZagrebCroatia
- Medical School, University of RijekaRijekaCroatia
- Catholic University of CroatiaZagrebCroatia
| | - Piers Millett
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- iGem FoundationBostonUnited States
| | | | - Cassidy Nelson
- Future of Humanity Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Seán S ÓhÉigeartaigh
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine’s College, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Megan J Palmer
- Center for International Security and Cooperation (CSIAC), Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | | | | | - Wibool Piyawattanametha
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology LadkrabangBangkokThailand
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | | | - Clarissa Rios-Rojas
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Ekpa’Palek: Empowering Latin-American Young ProfessionalsLimaPeru
| | - Catherine Rhodes
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine’s College, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Roessing
- Department of Politics, Languages and International Studies, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Deborah Scott
- Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, School of Social and Political Science, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip Shapira
- Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
- SYNBIOCHEM, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUnited States
| | | | - Robert DJ Smith
- Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, School of Social and Political Science, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Lalitha S Sundaram
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER), University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine’s College, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Eriko Takano
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Gwyn Uttmark
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Bonnie C Wintle
- School of BioSciences, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Nadia B Zahra
- Department of Biotechnology, Qarshi UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - William J Sutherland
- Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine’s College, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as an effective treatment option for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and is considered an investigational therapy for a number of other diseases. Social media has facilitated widespread exposure of the public to the gut microbiome and FMT, ultimately acting as a catalyst for the Do-It-Yourself (DIY)-FMT movement. The aims of this study were to identify factors that influenced willingness to pursue DIY-FMT including common indications, screening processes, sample preparation, and self-reported efficacy and safety outcomes. METHODS A twenty-five-point cross-sectional survey was posted online through the websites and social media pages of the Peggy Lillis Foundation, The Fecal Transplant Foundation, and The Power of Poop. Responses were cataloged through the Research Electronic Data Capture tool, and descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS Eighty-four respondents completed the survey between January 2018 and February 2019. The majority were female (71%) and white (92%). Most (80%) reported performing FMT on themselves; 87% used Internet resources to assist in the process, and 92% knew their stool donor. Inflammatory bowel disease (35%) and irritable bowel syndrome (29%) were the 2 most common conditions that respondents attempted to treat. Only 12% reported adverse events, whereas 82% reported improvement in their condition. DISCUSSION DIY-FMT is being used for many indications, including those for which there is little evidence. There was a high self-reported success rate among respondents with few adverse events. There is a need for increased awareness around DIY-FMT and research around this phenomenon, which may impact public health.
Collapse
|
28
|
Fisicaro F, Lanza G, Bella R, Pennisi M. "Self-Neuroenhancement": The Last Frontier of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation? JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY (SEOUL, KOREA) 2020. [PMID: 31942774 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.1.158.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fisicaro F, Lanza G, Bella R, Pennisi M. "Self-Neuroenhancement": The Last Frontier of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation? J Clin Neurol 2020; 16:158-159. [PMID: 31942774 PMCID: PMC6974812 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.1.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Teunisse W, Youssef S, Schmidt M. Human enhancement through the lens of experimental and speculative neurotechnologies. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2019; 1:361-372. [PMID: 31894206 PMCID: PMC6919332 DOI: 10.1002/hbe2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human enhancement deals with improving on and overcoming limitations of the human body and mind. Pharmaceutical compounds that alter consciousness and cognitive performance have been used and discussed for a long time. The prospect of neurotechnological applications such as brain-steered devices or using invasive and noninvasive electromagnetic stimulations of the human brain, however, has received less attention-especially outside of therapeutic practices-and remains relatively unexplored. Reflection and debates about neurotechnology for human enhancement are limited and remain predominantly with neurotech engineers, science-fiction enthusiasts and a small circle of academics in the field of neuroethics. It is well known, and described as the Collingridge dilemma, that at an early stage of development, changes can easily be enacted, but the need for changes can hardly be foreseen. Once the technology is entrenched, opportunities and risks start to materialize, and the need to adapt and change is clearly visible. However, carrying out these changes at such a late stage, in turn, becomes very difficult, tremendously expensive, and sometimes practically impossible. In this manuscript, we compile and categorize an overview of existing experimental and speculative applications of neurotechnologies, with the aim to find out, if these real or diegetic prototypes could be used to better understand the paths these applications are forging. In particular, we will investigate what kind of tools, motivations, and normative goals underpin experimental implementations by neurohackers, speculative designers and artists.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gaspar R, Rohde P, Giger J. Unconventional settings and uses of human enhancement technologies: A non‐systematic review of public and experts' views on self‐enhancement and DIY biology/biohacking risks. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hbe2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gaspar
- Universidade Católica PortuguesaFaculdade de Ciências Humanas, Catolica Research Centre for Psychological, Family and Social Wellbeing (CRC‐W) Lisbon Portugal
| | - Paul Rohde
- Universidade Católica PortuguesaFaculdade de Ciências Humanas, Centre for Research in Communication and Culture (CECC) Lisbon Portugal
| | - Jean‐Christophe Giger
- University of Algarve Faro Portugal
- Centre for Research in Psychology – CIP‐UAL Lisbon Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Khan S, Aziz T. Transcending the brain: is there a cost to hacking the nervous system? Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz015. [PMID: 32954260 PMCID: PMC7425343 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great advancements have recently been made to understand the brain and the potential that we can extract out of it. Much of this has been centred on modifying electrical activity of the nervous system for improved physical and cognitive performance in those with clinical impairment. However, there is a risk of going beyond purely physiological performance improvements and striving for human enhancement beyond traditional human limits. Simple ethical guidelines and legal doctrine must be examined to keep ahead of technological advancement in light of the impending mergence between biology and machine. By understanding the role of modern ethics, this review aims to appreciate the fine boundary between what is considered ethically justified for current neurotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujhat Khan
- School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tipu Aziz
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lefaucheur JP. Boosting physical exercise with cortical stimulation or brain doping using tDCS: Fact or myth? Neurophysiol Clin 2019; 49:95-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
34
|
Dresler M, Sandberg A, Bublitz C, Ohla K, Trenado C, Mroczko-Wąsowicz A, Kühn S, Repantis D. Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1137-1148. [PMID: 30550256 PMCID: PMC6429408 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In an increasingly complex information society, demands for cognitive functioning are growing steadily. In recent years, numerous strategies to augment brain function have been proposed. Evidence for their efficacy (or lack thereof) and side effects has prompted discussions about ethical, societal, and medical implications. In the public debate, cognitive enhancement is often seen as a monolithic phenomenon. On a closer look, however, cognitive enhancement turns out to be a multifaceted concept: There is not one cognitive enhancer that augments brain function per se, but a great variety of interventions that can be clustered into biochemical, physical, and behavioral enhancement strategies. These cognitive enhancers differ in their mode of action, the cognitive domain they target, the time scale they work on, their availability and side effects, and how they differentially affect different groups of subjects. Here we disentangle the dimensions of cognitive enhancement, review prominent examples of cognitive enhancers that differ across these dimensions, and thereby provide a framework for both theoretical discussions and empirical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen 6525 EN , The Netherlands
| | - Anders Sandberg
- Future of Humanity Institute , Oxford University , Oxford OX1 1PT , United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathrin Ohla
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich 52428 , Germany
| | - Carlos Trenado
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf 40225 , Germany
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors , TU Dortmund , Dortmund 44139 , Germany
| | | | - Simone Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development , Berlin 14195 , Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Clinic Hamburg Eppendorf , Hamburg 20246 , Germany
| | - Dimitris Repantis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin 12203 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ferretti F. Mapping do-it-yourself science. LIFE SCIENCES, SOCIETY AND POLICY 2019; 15:1. [PMID: 30741364 PMCID: PMC6369552 DOI: 10.1186/s40504-018-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) science movements is becoming a topic widely discussed in academia and policy, as well as by the general public and the media. While DIY approaches enjoy increasing diffusion even in official research, different social actors frequently talk about them in different ways and circumstances. Interaction and negotiation processes amongst actors (e.g. policy makers and DIY communities) define the premises upon which different conceptualisations of DIY science are deployed.In this paper we offer a framework for analysing the discourse on DIY science.Our study consists of a field research of three spaces active in DIY science premises, two dedicated events of the DIY community, and an auto-ethnography in the field of DIY biology.By relying on the theory of social worlds/arenas (SW/A), we collected data on how notions of DIY science are constructed by different social actors and how conceptual borders are built or are likely to shift, resulting in multiple possible SW/A mappings. We conclude that each and every conceptualisation of DIY science cannot stand independently from the situatedness of its multiple contexts, therefore making its usage in policy making and governance particularly complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferretti
- Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, BLD 45, Office 119, Via E. Fermi, 2479, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Medaglia JD, Yaden DB, Helion C, Haslam M. Moral attitudes and willingness to enhance and repair cognition with brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2018; 12:44-53. [PMID: 30309762 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of technological means to enhance and repair human cognitive function raises questions about the perceived morality of their use. However, we have limited knowledge about the public's intuitive attitudes toward uses of brain stimulation. Studies that enlighten us about the public's willingness to endorse specific uses of brain stimulation on themselves and others could provide a basis to understand the moral psychology guiding intuitions about neuromodulation and opportunities to inform public education and public policy. OBJECTIVE Hypothesis: We expected that subjects would be less willing to enhance or repair cognitive functions perceived as more "core" to "authentic" self-identity, prioritize brain stimulation uses for themselves, and more willing to enhance "core" functions in others. Across specific hypothetical uses, we expected the moral acceptability of specific uses to be associated with subjects' willingness to endorse them. METHODS We administered two surveys to the public in which subjects were asked to report how willing they would be to enhance or repair specific cognitive abilities using a hypothetical brain stimulation device called "Ceremode". RESULTS Among 894 subjects, we found that subjects were more willing to use technologies to repair other people than themselves. They were most inclined to repair core functions in others. Subjects' ratings of the moral acceptability of specific uses was related to their reported willingness to use brain stimulation. CONCLUSION Moral acceptability is related to the public's willingness to use brain stimulation. These findings suggest that the public endorses a generous approach to applying brain stimulation for cognitive gains in others. Further, this study establishes a basis to guide moral psychological studies of cognitive modification and social processes that guide attitudes toward and uses of brain stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Medaglia
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - David Bryce Yaden
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Madeline Haslam
- Department of Psychology, Washington College, Chestertown, MD, 21620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brain Data: Scanning, Scraping and Sculpting the Plastic Learning Brain Through Neurotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42438-018-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
38
|
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) devices apply direct current through electrodes on the scalp with the intention to modulate brain function for experimental or clinical purposes. All tDCS devices include a current controlled stimulator, electrodes that include a disposable electrolyte, and headgear to position the electrodes on the scalp. Transcranial direct current stimulation dose can be defined by the size and position of electrodes and the duration and intensity of current applied across electrodes. Electrode design and preparation are important for reproducibility and tolerability. High-definition tDCS uses smaller electrodes that can be arranged in arrays to optimize brain current flow. When intended to be used at home, tDCS devices require specific device design considerations. Computational models of current flow have been validated and support optimization and hypothesis testing. Consensus on the safety and tolerability of tDCS is protocol specific, but medical-grade tDCS devices minimize risk.
Collapse
|
39
|
Solinsky R, Specker Sullivan L. Ethical Issues Surrounding a New Generation of Neuroprostheses for Patients With Spinal Cord Injuries. PM R 2018; 10:S244-S248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
40
|
Farrell AM, Carter A, Rogasch NC, Fitzgerald PB. Regulating consumer use of transcranial direct current stimulation devices. Med J Aust 2018; 209:8-9. [PMID: 29954302 DOI: 10.5694/mja17.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Carter
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wexler A. Who Uses Direct-to-Consumer Brain Stimulation Products, and Why? A Study of Home Users of tDCS Devices. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
42
|
Borrione L, Brunoni AR. Primum non nocere or primum facere meliorem? Hacking the brain in the 21st century. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017; 39:232-238. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that modulates cortical excitability. It is devoid of serious adverse events and exerts variable effects on cognition, with several research findings suggesting that it can improve memory, verbal and mathematical skills. Because tDCS devices are low-cost, portable and relatively easy to assemble, they have become available outside of the medical setting and used for non-medical (“cosmetic”) purposes by laypersons. In this sense, tDCS has become a popular technique aiming to improve cognition and the achievement of a better performance not only at work, but also in other fields such as sports, leisure activities (video games) and even the military. In spite of these unforeseen developments, there has been a general paralysis of the medical and regulatory agencies to develop guidelines for the use of tDCS for cosmetic purposes. Several challenges are present, most importantly, how to restrict tDCS use outside of the medical setting in face of variable and sometimes conflicting results from scientific research. This article aims to describe the popular use of tDCS, in light of the pillars of neuroethics, a branch of bioethics relative to brain research. Between two possible but extreme solutions – total release or total restriction of tDCS – it is paramount to develop a spectrum of alternatives, which may vary over time and in different cultural backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andre R. Brunoni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Takmakov PA. Electrochemistry of a Robust Neural Interface. ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INTERFACE 2017; 26:49-51. [PMID: 28989269 DOI: 10.1149/2.f05173if] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
44
|
Lăzăroiu G, Pera A, Ştefănescu-Mihăilă RO, Bratu S, Mircică N. The Cognitive Information Effect of Televised News. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1165. [PMID: 28740475 PMCID: PMC5502265 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the key findings which prove that the biased perceptions of viewers may provide an inaccurate image of the informational validity of televised news. The news may generate distorted recollections of what occurred in particular reported events if displayed routines influence viewers not to pay attention to the essential features of a narrative. Elaborating on Fiske and Hartley (2010), Zelizer (2010), and Gunter (2015), we indicate that the character of the news setting has altered and individuals' news consumption routines have changed in adapting to media advancements. The news may be undergone at various psychological stages by news publics. Televised news may transmit information undeviatingly to publics that may (not) be committed successfully to memory. Our paper shows that individuals' skills to handle information that is displayed in a linguistic configuration are influenced by their abilities in the utilization of certain symbol systems that are employed to represent notions and meanings. Televised news may shape what individuals grasp, influence their perceptions, convictions, and views regarding prevailing events and matters, and transmit knowledge and interpretation. If news stories can be jotted down in a linguistic style that sidesteps making needless processing demands and captivate news users by facilitating them to make connections with former knowledge, they may be more worthy of note and more edifying. We conclude that news narratives present a cognitive demanding task to individuals, displaying novel information regarding evolving events in a multifarious format. Broadcast news exhibits intricate contents, displaying configurations that employ excessively the cognitive abilities for information processing of viewers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Lăzăroiu
- Department of Social-Human Sciences, Spiru Haret UniversityBucharest, Romania
| | - Aurel Pera
- Department of Teacher Training, University of CraiovaCraiova, Romania
| | | | - Sofia Bratu
- Department of Social-Human Sciences, Spiru Haret UniversityBucharest, Romania
| | - Nela Mircică
- Department of Social-Human Sciences, Spiru Haret UniversityBucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|