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Jedrasiak-Cape I, Rybicki-Kler C, Brooks I, Ghosh M, Brennan EK, Kailasa S, Ekins TG, Rupp A, Ahmed OJ. Cell-type-specific cholinergic control of granular retrosplenial cortex with implications for angular velocity coding across brain states. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597341. [PMID: 38895393 PMCID: PMC11185600 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Cholinergic receptor activation enables the persistent firing of cortical pyramidal neurons, providing a key cellular basis for theories of spatial navigation involving working memory, path integration, and head direction encoding. The granular retrosplenial cortex (RSG) is important for spatially-guided behaviors, but how acetylcholine impacts RSG neurons is unknown. Here, we show that a transcriptomically, morphologically, and biophysically distinct RSG cell-type - the low-rheobase (LR) neuron - has a very distinct expression profile of cholinergic muscarinic receptors compared to all other neighboring excitatory neuronal subtypes. LR neurons do not fire persistently in response to cholinergic agonists, in stark contrast to all other principal neuronal subtypes examined within the RSG and across midline cortex. This lack of persistence allows LR neuron models to rapidly compute angular head velocity (AHV), independent of cholinergic changes seen during navigation. Thus, LR neurons can consistently compute AHV across brain states, highlighting the specialized RSG neural codes supporting navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe Rybicki-Kler
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Isla Brooks
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Megha Ghosh
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ellen K.W. Brennan
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sameer Kailasa
- Dept. of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Tyler G. Ekins
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alan Rupp
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Omar J. Ahmed
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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2
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Zou Y, Tong C, Peng W, Qiu Y, Li J, Xia Y, Pei M, Zhang K, Li W, Xu M, Liang Z. Cell-type-specific optogenetic fMRI on basal forebrain reveals functional network basis of behavioral preference. Neuron 2024; 112:1342-1357.e6. [PMID: 38359827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The basal forebrain (BF) is a complex structure that plays key roles in regulating various brain functions. However, it remains unclear how cholinergic and non-cholinergic BF neurons modulate large-scale functional networks and their relevance in intrinsic and extrinsic behaviors. With an optimized awake mouse optogenetic fMRI approach, we revealed that optogenetic stimulation of four BF neuron types evoked distinct cell-type-specific whole-brain BOLD activations, which could be attributed to BF-originated low-dimensional structural networks. Additionally, optogenetic activation of VGLUT2, ChAT, and PV neurons in the BF modulated the preference for locomotion, exploration, and grooming, respectively. Furthermore, we uncovered the functional network basis of the above BF-modulated behavioral preference through a decoding model linking the BF-modulated BOLD activation, low-dimensional structural networks, and behavioral preference. To summarize, we decoded the functional network basis of differential behavioral preferences with cell-type-specific optogenetic fMRI on the BF and provided an avenue for investigating mouse behaviors from a whole-brain view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Zou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; International Center for Primate Brain Research, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Chuanjun Tong
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; International Center for Primate Brain Research, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Wanling Peng
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Cardiac Intensive Care Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiangxue Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mengchao Pei
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kaiwei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weishuai Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Zhifeng Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; International Center for Primate Brain Research, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
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3
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Rajebhosale P, Ananth MR, Kim R, Crouse R, Jiang L, López-Hernández G, Zhong C, Arty C, Wang S, Jone A, Desai NS, Li Y, Picciotto MR, Role LW, Talmage DA. Functionally refined encoding of threat memory by distinct populations of basal forebrain cholinergic projection neurons. eLife 2024; 13:e86581. [PMID: 38363713 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the basal forebrain nucleus basalis and posterior substantia innominata (NBM/SIp) comprise the major source of cholinergic input to the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Using a genetically encoded acetylcholine (ACh) sensor in mice, we demonstrate that BLA-projecting cholinergic neurons can 'learn' the association between a naive tone and a foot shock (training) and release ACh in the BLA in response to the conditioned tone 24 hr later (recall). In the NBM/SIp cholinergic neurons express the immediate early gene, Fos following both training and memory recall. Cholinergic neurons that express Fos following memory recall display increased intrinsic excitability. Chemogenetic silencing of these learning-activated cholinergic neurons prevents expression of the defensive behavior to the tone. In contrast, we show that NBM/SIp cholinergic neurons are not activated by an innately threatening stimulus (predator odor). Instead, VP/SIa cholinergic neurons are activated and contribute to defensive behaviors in response to predator odor, an innately threatening stimulus. Taken together, we find that distinct populations of cholinergic neurons are recruited to signal distinct aversive stimuli, demonstrating functionally refined organization of specific types of memory within the cholinergic basal forebrain of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mala R Ananth
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | - Ronald Kim
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | - Richard Crouse
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Li Jiang
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | | | - Chongbo Zhong
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | | | - Shaohua Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, United States
| | - Alice Jone
- Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Niraj S Desai
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Lorna W Role
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, United States
| | - David A Talmage
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, United States
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4
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Rajebhosale P, Ananth MR, Kim R, Crouse R, Jiang L, López-Hernández G, Zhong C, Arty C, Wang S, Jone A, Desai NS, Li Y, Picciotto MR, Role LW, Talmage DA. Functionally refined encoding of threat memory by distinct populations of basal forebrain cholinergic projection neurons. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3938016. [PMID: 38405824 PMCID: PMC10889048 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3938016/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Neurons of the basal forebrain nucleus basalis and posterior substantia innominata (NBM/SIp) comprise the major source of cholinergic input to the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Using a genetically-encoded acetylcholine (ACh) sensor in mice, we demonstrate that BLA-projecting cholinergic neurons can "learn" the association between a naïve tone and a foot shock (training) and release ACh in the BLA in response to the conditioned tone 24h later (recall). In the NBM/SIp cholinergic neurons express the immediate early gene, Fos following both training and memory recall. Cholinergic neurons that express Fos following memory recall display increased intrinsic excitability. Chemogenetic silencing of these learning-activated cholinergic neurons prevents expression of the defensive behavior to the tone. In contrast, we show that NBM/SIp cholinergic neurons are not activated by an innately threatening stimulus (predator odor). Instead, VP/SIa cholinergic neurons are activated and contribute to defensive behaviors in response to predator odor, an innately threatening stimulus. Taken together, we find that distinct populations of cholinergic neurons are recruited to signal distinct aversive stimuli, demonstrating functionally refined organization of specific types of memory within the cholinergic basal forebrain of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaohua Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
| | | | | | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences
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5
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D'Aloia A, Pastori V, Blasa S, Campioni G, Peri F, Sacco E, Ceriani M, Lecchi M, Costa B. A new advanced cellular model of functional cholinergic-like neurons developed by reprogramming the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:24. [PMID: 38216593 PMCID: PMC10786877 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Modeling human neuronal properties in physiological and pathological conditions is essential to identify novel potential drugs and to explore pathological mechanisms of neurological diseases. For this purpose, we generated a three-dimensional (3D) neuronal culture, by employing the readily available human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line, and a new differentiation protocol. The entire differentiation process occurred in a matrix and lasted 47 days, with 7 days of pre-differentiation phase and 40 days of differentiation, and allowed the development of a 3D culture in conditions consistent with the physiological environment. Neurons in the culture were electrically active, were able to establish functional networks, and showed features of cholinergic neurons. Hence here we provide an easily accessible, reproducible, and suitable culture method that might empower studies on synaptic function, vesicle trafficking, and metabolism, which sustain neuronal activity and cerebral circuits. Moreover, this novel differentiation protocol could represent a promising cellular tool to study physiological cellular processes, such as migration, differentiation, maturation, and to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia D'Aloia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Valentina Pastori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Blasa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Gloria Campioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT, Europe, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT, Europe, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michela Ceriani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Lecchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
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6
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Nisar S, Haris M. Neuroimaging genetics approaches to identify new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4995-5008. [PMID: 37069342 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism-spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disabilities that manifest in early childhood and are characterized by qualitative abnormalities in social behaviors, communication skills, and restrictive or repetitive behaviors. To explore the neurobiological mechanisms in ASD, extensive research has been done to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers through a neuroimaging genetics approach. Neuroimaging genetics helps to identify ASD-risk genes that contribute to structural and functional variations in brain circuitry and validate biological changes by elucidating the mechanisms and pathways that confer genetic risk. Integrating artificial intelligence models with neuroimaging data lays the groundwork for accurate diagnosis and facilitates the identification of early diagnostic biomarkers for ASD. This review discusses the significance of neuroimaging genetics approaches to gaining a better understanding of the perturbed neurochemical system and molecular pathways in ASD and how these approaches can detect structural, functional, and metabolic changes and lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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7
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Sullere S, Kunczt A, McGehee DS. A cholinergic circuit that relieves pain despite opioid tolerance. Neuron 2023; 111:3414-3434.e15. [PMID: 37734381 PMCID: PMC10843525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a tremendous burden for afflicted individuals and society. Although opioids effectively relieve pain, significant adverse outcomes limit their utility and efficacy. To investigate alternate pain control mechanisms, we explored cholinergic signaling in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), a critical nexus for descending pain modulation. Biosensor assays revealed that pain states decreased acetylcholine release in vlPAG. Activation of cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine tegmentum to vlPAG relieved pain, even in opioid-tolerant conditions, through ⍺7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Activating ⍺7 nAChRs with agonists or stimulating endogenous acetylcholine inhibited vlPAG neuronal activity through Ca2+ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR⍺)-dependent signaling. In vivo 2-photon imaging revealed that chronic pain induces aberrant excitability of vlPAG neuronal ensembles and that ⍺7 nAChR-mediated inhibition of these cells relieves pain, even after opioid tolerance. Finally, pain relief through these cholinergic mechanisms was not associated with tolerance, reward, or withdrawal symptoms, highlighting its potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivang Sullere
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alissa Kunczt
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daniel S McGehee
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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8
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Venegas JP, Navarrete M, Orellana-Garcia L, Rojas M, Avello-Duarte F, Nunez-Parra A. Basal Forebrain Modulation of Olfactory Coding In Vivo. Int J Psychol Res (Medellin) 2023; 16:62-86. [PMID: 38106956 PMCID: PMC10723750 DOI: 10.21500/20112084.6486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception is one of the most fundamental brain functions, allowing individuals to properly interact and adapt to a constantly changing environment. This process requires the integration of bottom-up and topdown neuronal activity, which is centrally mediated by the basal forebrain, a brain region that has been linked to a series of cognitive processes such as attention and alertness. Here, we review the latest research using optogenetic approaches in rodents and in vivo electrophysiological recordings that are shedding light on the role of this region, in regulating olfactory processing and decisionmaking. Moreover, we summarize evidence highlighting the anatomical and physiological differences in the basal forebrain of individuals with autism spectrum disorder, which could underpin the sensory perception abnormalities they exhibit, and propose this research line as a potential opportunity to understand the neurobiological basis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Venegas
- Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Chile.Universidad de ChileUniversity of ChileChile
| | - Marcela Navarrete
- Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Chile.Universidad de ChileUniversity of ChileChile
| | - Laura Orellana-Garcia
- Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Chile.Universidad de ChileUniversity of ChileChile
| | - Marcelo Rojas
- Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Chile.Universidad de ChileUniversity of ChileChile
| | - Felipe Avello-Duarte
- Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Chile.Universidad de ChileUniversity of ChileChile
| | - Alexia Nunez-Parra
- Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Chile.Universidad de ChileUniversity of ChileChile
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9
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Somera B, Frick M, Fadel JR. Age-related changes in basal forebrain afferent activation in response to food paired stimuli. Neurosci Lett 2023; 802:137155. [PMID: 36842481 PMCID: PMC10155118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The basal forebrain contains a phenotypically-diverse assembly of neurons, including those using acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. This basal forebrain cholinergic system projects to the entire neocortical mantle as well as subcortical limbic structures that include the hippocampus and amygdala. Basal forebrain pathology, including cholinergic dysfunction, is thought to underlie the cognitive impairments associated with several age-related neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease. Basal forebrain dysfunction may stem, in part, from a failure of normal afferent regulation of cholinergic and other neurons in this area. However, little is understood regarding how aging, alone, affects the functional regulation of basal forebrain afferents in the context of motivated behavior. Here, we used neuronal tract-tracing combined with motivationally salient stimuli in an aged rodent model to examine how aging alters activity in basal forebrain inputs arising from several cortical, limbic and brainstem structures. Young rats showed greater stimulus-associated activation of basal forebrain inputs arising from prelimbic cortex, nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area compared with aged rats. Aged rats also showed increased latency to respond to palatable food presentation compared to young animals. Changes in activation of intrinsic basal forebrain cell populations or afferents were also observed as a function of age or experimental condition. These data further demonstrate that age-related changes in basal forebrain activation and related behavioral and cognitive functions reflect a failure of afferent regulation of this important brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Somera
- Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Marla Frick
- Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.
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10
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Shi Y, Wang M, Xiao L, Gui L, Zheng W, Bai L, Su B, Li B, Xu Y, Pan W, Zhang J, Wang W. Potential therapeutic mechanism of deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1057887. [PMID: 36687525 PMCID: PMC9845878 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1057887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) (NAc-DBS) is an effective solution to refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, evidence for the neurobiological mechanisms of OCD and the effect of NAc-DBS is still lacking. One hypothesis is that the electrophysiological activities in the NAc are modulated by DBS, and another hypothesis is that the activities of neurotransmitters in the NAc are influenced by DBS. To investigate these potential alterations, rats with quinpirole (QNP)- induced OCD were treated with DBS of the core part of NAc. Then, extracellular spikes (SPK) and local field potentials (LFP) in the NAc were recorded, and the levels of relevant neurotransmitters and related proteins were measured. Analysis of SPK revealed that the firing rate was decreased and the firing pattern was changed after NAc-DBS, and analysis of LFP showed that overall power spectral density (PSD) levels were reduced after NAc-DBS. Additionally, we found that the relative powers of the theta band, alpha band and beta band were increased in OCD status, while the relative powers of the delta band and gamma band were decreased. This pathological pattern of power distribution was reformed by NAc-DBS. Furthermore, we found that the local levels of monoamines [dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT)] and amino acids [glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] in the NAc were increased in OCD status, and that the expression of the two types of DA receptors in the NAc exhibited an opposite change. These abnormalities could be reversed by NAc-DBS. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding about the function of the NAc in the pathophysiology of OCD and provide more detailed evidence for the potential effect of NAc-DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linglong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Luolan Gui
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Histology and Imaging Platform, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Su
- Histology and Imaging Platform, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Histology and Imaging Platform, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Wei Wang,
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11
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Ittiyavirah SP, Ramalingam K, Sathyan A, Rajasree R, Kuruniyan MS, Quadri SA, Elayadeth-Meethal M, Naseef PP. Thymoquinone-rich black cumin oil attenuates ibotenic acid-induced excitotoxicity through glutamate receptors in Wistar rats. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1781-1790. [PMID: 36601514 PMCID: PMC9805979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-mediated alterations in glutamate neurotransmission constitute the most important pathway in the pathophysiology of various brain disorders. The excessive signalling of glutamate results in excitotoxicity, neuronal degeneration, and neuronal cell death. In the present study, we investigated the relative efficacy of black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil with high (5 % w/w) and low (2 % w/w) thymoquinone content (BCO-5 and BCO-2, respectively) in alleviating ibotenic acid-induced excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation in Wistar rats. It was found that BCO-5 reversed the abnormal behavioural patterns and the key inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and NF-κB) when treated at 5 mg/kg body weight. Immunohistochemical studies showed the potential of BCO-5 to attenuate the glutamate receptor subunits NMDA and GluR-2 along with increased glutamate decarboxylase levels in the brain tissues. Histopathological studies revealed the neuroprotection of BCO-5 against the inflammatory lesions, as evidenced by the normal cerebellum, astrocytes, and glial cells. BCO-2 on the other hand showed either a poor protective effect or no effect even at a 4-fold higher concentration of 20 mg/kg body weight indicating a very significant role of thymoquinone content on the neuroprotective effect of black cumin oil and its plausible clinical efficacy in counteracting the anxiety and stress-related neurological disorders under conditions such as depression and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibi P Ittiyavirah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Professional and Advanced Sciences, Cheruvandoor, Kottayam 686631, India
| | - Kannan Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Professional and Advanced Sciences, Cheruvandoor, Kottayam 686631, India
| | - Arathy Sathyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Professional and Advanced Sciences, Cheruvandoor, Kottayam 686631, India
| | - R.S. Rajasree
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government Thirumala Devaswom Medical College, Alappuzha 688005, India
| | - Mohamed Saheer Kuruniyan
- Department of Dental Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Altafuddin Quadri
- Department of Dental Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Elayadeth-Meethal
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad 675621, India
| | - Punnoth Poonkuzhi Naseef
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Moulana College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna 679321, India,Corresponding author.
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12
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Suryavanshi J, Prakash C, Sharma D. Asiatic acid attenuates aluminium chloride-induced behavioral changes, neuronal loss and astrocyte activation in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1773-1785. [PMID: 35554794 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is a potent neurotoxic metal known to cause neurodegeneration. Al exposure causes oxidative stress by accumulation of reactive oxygen species, followed by the activation of neuronal cell death in the brain. Asiatic acid (AA), the major bioactive compound of Centella asiatica (a medicinal plant), act as multifunctional drug as well as an antioxidant. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of AA against Al neurotoxicity. Rats were orally administered aluminium chloride (AlCl3; 100 mg/kg b. wt.) dissolved in distilled water for 8 weeks or AA (75 mg/kg b. wt.) in combination with AlCl3. The results showed that AlCl3-intoxication causes significant impairment of memory, enhances anxiety-like behavior, acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity, malondialdehydes (MDA) level, and concomitant decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the cortex and hippocampus regions of rat brain. In addition, AlCl3-intoxication enhanced neuronal loss and reactive astrogliosis in both regions. However, co-administration of AA with AlCl3 significantly attenuated the behavioral alterations, restored SOD and CAT activities, while reduced AChE activity and MDA content. Further, the study demonstrated that AA attenuates neuronal loss and reactive astrogliosis in rat brain. In conclusion, the study suggests that AA protects rat brain from Al neurotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress, neuronal loss and reactive astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Suryavanshi
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandra Prakash
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067, New Delhi, India.
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13
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Elmorsy E, Al-Ghafari A, Al Doghaither H, Salama M, Carter WG. An Investigation of the Neurotoxic Effects of Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, and Paraquat to Different Brain Regions. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080975. [PMID: 35892416 PMCID: PMC9394375 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute or chronic exposures to pesticides have been linked to neurotoxicity and the potential development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). This study aimed to consider the neurotoxicity of three widely utilized pesticides: malathion, chlorpyrifos, and paraquat within the hippocampus (HC), corpus striatum (CS), cerebellum (CER), and cerebral cortex (CC). Neurotoxicity was evaluated at relatively low, medium, and high pesticide dosages. All pesticides inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) in each of the brain regions, but esterase inhibition was greatest in the HC and CS. Each of the pesticides also induced greater disruption to cellular bioenergetics within the HC and CS, and this was monitored via inhibition of mitochondrial complex enzymes I and II, reduced ATP levels, and increased lactate production. Similarly, the HC and CS were more vulnerable to redox stress, with greater inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase and increased lipid peroxidation. All pesticides induced the production of nuclear Nrf2 in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these results show that pesticides disrupt cellular bioenergetics and that the HC and CS are more susceptible to pesticide effects than the CER and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Elmorsy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (E.E.); (M.S.)
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.-G.); (H.A.D.)
- Scientific Research Center, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah 22246, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Al Doghaither
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.-G.); (H.A.D.)
- Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (E.E.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo 11385, Egypt
| | - Wayne G. Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-132-724-738
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14
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Jetmore HD, Milton CB, Anupriya ES, Chen R, Xu K, Shen M. Detection of Acetylcholine at Nanoscale NPOE/Water Liquid/Liquid Interface Electrodes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16535-16542. [PMID: 34846864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has become a very powerful analytical platform for sensing a diverse range of chemicals (e.g., metal ions and neurotransmitters) with the advantage of being able to detect non-redox electroactive species. The ITIES is formed between organic and aqueous phases. Organic solvent identity is crucial to the detection characteristics of the ITIES [half-wave transfer potential (E1/2), potential window range, limit of detection, transfer coefficient (α), standard heterogeneous ion-transfer rate constant (k0), etc.]. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time at the nanoscale, the detection characteristics of the NPOE/water ITIES. Linear detection of the diffusion-limited current at different concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) was demonstrated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and i-t amperometry. The E1/2 of ACh transfer at the NPOE/water nanoITIES was -0.342 ± 0.009 V versus the E1/2 of tetrabutylammonium (TBA+). The limit of detection of ACh at the NPOE/water nanoITIES was 37.1 ± 1.5 μM for an electrode with a radius of ∼127 nm. We also determined the ion-transfer kinetics parameters, α and k0, of TBA+ at the NPOE/water nanoITIES by fitting theoretical cyclic voltammograms to experimental voltammograms. This work lays the basis for future cellular studies using ACh detection at the nanoscale and for studies to detect other analytes. The NPOE/water ITIES offers a potential window distinct from that of the 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE)/water ITIES. This unique potential window would offer the ability to detect analytes that are not easily detected at the DCE/water ITIES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Jetmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Conrad B Milton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kerui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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15
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Djemil S, Ressel CR, Abdel-Ghani M, Schneeweis AK, Pak DTS. Central Cholinergic Synapse Formation in Optimized Primary Septal-Hippocampal Co-cultures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1787-1799. [PMID: 32860154 PMCID: PMC7914286 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Septal innervation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons to the hippocampus is critical for normal learning and memory and is severely degenerated in Alzheimer's disease. To understand the molecular events underlying physiological cholinergic synaptogenesis and remodeling, as well as pathological loss, we developed an optimized primary septal-hippocampal co-culture system. Hippocampal and septal tissue were harvested from embryonic Sprague-Dawley rat brain and cultured together at varying densities, cell ratios, and in the presence of different growth factors. We identified conditions that produced robust septal-hippocampal synapse formation. We used confocal microscopy with primary antibodies and fluorescent ligands to validate that this system was capable of generating developmentally mature cholinergic synapses. Such synapses were comprised of physiological synaptic partners and mimicked the molecular composition of in vivo counterparts. This co-culture system will facilitate the study of the formation, plasticity, and dysfunction of central mammalian cholinergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Djemil
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Claire R Ressel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Mai Abdel-Ghani
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Amanda K Schneeweis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Daniel T S Pak
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA.
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16
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Singh B, Singh H, Singh B, Kumar N, Rajput A, Sidhu D, Kaur A, Arora S, Kaur S. A comprehensive review on medicinal herbs and novel formulations for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:212-228. [PMID: 34779370 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666211015152733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases reported in the aging population across the globe. About 46.8 million people are reported to have dementia, and AD is mainly responsible for dementia in aged people. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to occur due to the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the neocortex portion of the brain, nitric oxide mediated dysfunctioning of blood-brain barrier, reduced activity of serine racemase enzyme, cell cycle disturbances, damage of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Modern treatment methods target the pathways responsible for the disease. To date, solely symptomatic treatments exist for this disease, all making an attempt to counterbalance the neurotransmitter disturbance. Treatments able to prevent or at least effectively modifying the course of AD, referred to as 'disease-modifying' drugs, are still under extensive research. Effective treatments entail a better indulgence of the herbal bioactives by novel drug delivery systems. The herbal bioactive administered by novel drug delivery systems have proved beneficial in treating this disease. This review provides detailed information about the role of medicinal plants and their formulations in treating Alzheimer disease which will be highly beneficial for the researchers working in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Hasandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Brahmjot Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Navkaran Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Ankita Rajput
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Disha Sidhu
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Grand Trunk Road, Off, NH 1 . India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
| | - Sarabjit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. India
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17
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Wong KLL, Nair A, Augustine GJ. Changing the Cortical Conductor's Tempo: Neuromodulation of the Claustrum. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:658228. [PMID: 34054437 PMCID: PMC8155375 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.658228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is a thin sheet of neurons that is densely connected to many cortical regions and has been implicated in numerous high-order brain functions. Such brain functions arise from brain states that are influenced by neuromodulatory pathways from the cholinergic basal forebrain, dopaminergic substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, and serotonergic raphe. Recent revelations that the claustrum receives dense input from these structures have inspired investigation of state-dependent control of the claustrum. Here, we review neuromodulation in the claustrum-from anatomical connectivity to behavioral manipulations-to inform future analyses of claustral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. L. Wong
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aditya Nair
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - George J. Augustine
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Allaway KC, Muñoz W, Tremblay R, Sherer M, Herron J, Rudy B, Machold R, Fishell G. Cellular birthdate predicts laminar and regional cholinergic projection topography in the forebrain. eLife 2020; 9:63249. [PMID: 33355093 PMCID: PMC7758062 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain cholinergic system projects broadly throughout the cortex and constitutes a critical source of neuromodulation for arousal and attention. Traditionally, this system was thought to function diffusely. However, recent studies have revealed a high degree of spatiotemporal specificity in cholinergic signaling. How the organization of cholinergic afferents confers this level of precision remains unknown. Here, using intersectional genetic fate mapping, we demonstrate that cholinergic fibers within the mouse cortex exhibit remarkable laminar and regional specificity and that this is organized in accordance with cellular birthdate. Strikingly, birthdated cholinergic projections within the cortex follow an inside-out pattern of innervation. While early born cholinergic populations target deep layers, late born ones innervate superficial laminae. We also find that birthdate predicts cholinergic innervation patterns within the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Our work reveals previously unappreciated specificity within the cholinergic system and the developmental logic by which these circuits are assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Allaway
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - William Muñoz
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Robin Tremblay
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Mia Sherer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Jacob Herron
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Robert Machold
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Gordon Fishell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States
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19
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Luchicchi A, Pattij T, Viaña JNM, de Kloet S, Marchant N. Tracing goes viral: Viruses that introduce expression of fluorescent proteins in chemically-specific neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 348:109004. [PMID: 33242528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last century, there has been great progress in understanding how the brain works. In particular, the last two decades have been crucial in gaining more awareness over the complex functioning of neurotransmitter systems. The use of viral vectors in neuroscience has been pivotal for such development. Exploiting the properties of viral particles, modifying them according to the research needs, and making them target chemically-specific neurons, techniques such as optogenetics and chemogenetics have been developed, which could lead to a giant step toward gene therapy for brain disorders. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of some of the most widely used viral techniques in neuroscience. We will discuss advantages and disadvantages of these methods. In particular, attention is dedicated to the pivotal role played by the introduction of adeno-associated virus and the retrograde tracer canine-associated-2 Cre virus in order to achieve optimal visualization, and interrogation, of chemically-specific neuronal populations and their projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Luchicchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tommy Pattij
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John Noel M Viaña
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, ANU College of Science, The Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sybren de Kloet
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathan Marchant
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Analyzing the Potential Biological Determinants of Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Neuroinflammation to the Kynurenine Pathway. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090631. [PMID: 32932826 PMCID: PMC7563403 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) etiopathogenesis is still unclear and no effective preventive and treatment measures have been identified. Research has focused on the potential role of neuroinflammation and the Kynurenine pathway; here we review the nature of these interactions. Pre-natal or neonatal infections would induce microglial activation, with secondary consequences on behavior, cognition and neurotransmitter networks. Peripherally, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-brain antibodies have been identified. Increased frequency of autoimmune diseases, allergies, and recurring infections have been demonstrated both in autistic patients and in their relatives. Genetic studies have also identified some important polymorphisms in chromosome loci related to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. The persistence of immune-inflammatory deregulation would lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, creating a self-sustaining cytotoxic loop. Chronic inflammation activates the Kynurenine pathway with an increase in neurotoxic metabolites and excitotoxicity, causing long-term changes in the glutamatergic system, trophic support and synaptic function. Furthermore, overactivation of the Kynurenine branch induces depletion of melatonin and serotonin, worsening ASD symptoms. Thus, in genetically predisposed subjects, aberrant neurodevelopment may derive from a complex interplay between inflammatory processes, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and Kynurenine pathway overexpression. To validate this hypothesis a new translational research approach is necessary.
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21
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Nunez-Parra A, Cea-Del Rio CA, Huntsman MM, Restrepo D. The Basal Forebrain Modulates Neuronal Response in an Active Olfactory Discrimination Task. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:141. [PMID: 32581716 PMCID: PMC7289987 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful completion of sensory decision-making requires focusing on relevant stimuli, adequate signal/noise ratio for stimulus discrimination, and stimulus valence evaluation. Different brain regions are postulated to play a role in these computations; however, evidence suggests that sensory and decision-making circuits are required to interact through a common neuronal pathway to elicit a context-adequate behavioral response. Recently, the basal forebrain (BF) region has emerged as a good candidate, since its heterogeneous projecting neurons innervate most of the cortical mantle and sensory processing circuits modulating different aspects of the sensory decision-making process. Moreover, evidence indicates that the BF plays an important role in attention and in fast modulation of neuronal activity that enhance visual and olfactory sensory perception. Here, we study in awake mice the involvement of BF in initiation and completion of trials in a reward-driven olfactory detection task. Using tetrode recordings, we find that BF neurons (including cholinergics) are recruited during sensory discrimination, reward, and interestingly slightly before trial initiation in successful discrimination trials. The precue neuronal activity was correlated with animal performance, indicating that this circuit could play an important role in adaptive context-dependent behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Nunez-Parra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian A. Cea-Del Rio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Molly M. Huntsman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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22
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Cao SX, Sun P, Yang JM, Xia YF, Xie SZ, Yu XD, Fu JY, Shen CJ, He HY, Pan HQ, Chen XJ, Wang H, Li XM. MeCP2 in cholinergic interneurons of nucleus accumbens regulates fear learning. eLife 2020; 9:55342. [PMID: 32420873 PMCID: PMC7259956 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) encoded by the MECP2 gene is a transcriptional regulator whose mutations cause Rett syndrome (RTT). Mecp2-deficient mice show fear regulation impairment; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this abnormal behavior are largely uncharacterized. Here, we showed that Mecp2 gene deficiency in cholinergic interneurons of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) dramatically impaired fear learning. We further found that spontaneous activity of cholinergic interneurons in Mecp2-deficient mice decreased, mediated by enhanced inhibitory transmission via α2-containing GABAA receptors. With MeCP2 restoration, opto- and chemo-genetic activation, and RNA interference in ChAT-expressing interneurons of the NAc, impaired fear retrieval was rescued. Taken together, these results reveal a previously unknown role of MeCP2 in NAc cholinergic interneurons in fear regulation, suggesting that modulation of neurons in the NAc may ameliorate fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Xia Cao
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fang Xia
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ze Xie
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Yu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yu Fu
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Jie Shen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yang He
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Qi Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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23
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Giorgi FS, Galgani A, Gaglione A, Ferese R, Fornai F. Effects of Prolonged Seizures on Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons: Evidence and Potential Clinical Relevance. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:249-265. [PMID: 32319018 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Seizures originating from limbic structures, especially when prolonged for several minutes/hours up to status epilepticus (SE), can cause specific neurodegenerative phenomena in limbic and subcortical structures. The cholinergic nuclei belonging to the basal forebrain (BF) (namely, medial septal nucleus (MSN), diagonal band of Broca (DBB), and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM)) belong to the limbic system, while playing a pivotal role in cognition and sleep-waking cycle. Given the strong interconnections linking these limbic nuclei with limbic cortical structures, a persistent effect of SE originating from limbic structures on cBF morphology is plausible. Nonetheless, only a few experimental studies have addressed this issue. In this review, we describe available data and discuss their significance in the scenario of seizure-induced brain damage. In detail, the manuscript moves from a recent study in a model of focally induced limbic SE, in which the pure effects of seizure spreading through the natural anatomical pathways towards the cholinergic nuclei of BF were tracked by neuronal degeneration. In this experimental setting, a loss of cholinergic neurons was measured in all BF nuclei, to various extents depending on the specific nucleus. These findings are discussed in the light of the effects on the very same nuclei following SE induced by systemic injections of kainate or pilocarpine. The various effects including discrepancies among different studies are discussed. Potential implications for human diseases are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Galgani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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24
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Schachtschneider KM, Welge ME, Auvil LS, Chaki S, Rund LA, Madsen O, Elmore MR, Johnson RW, Groenen MA, Schook LB. Altered Hippocampal Epigenetic Regulation Underlying Reduced Cognitive Development in Response to Early Life Environmental Insults. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020162. [PMID: 32033187 PMCID: PMC7074491 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is involved in learning and memory and undergoes significant growth and maturation during the neonatal period. Environmental insults during this developmental timeframe can have lasting effects on brain structure and function. This study assessed hippocampal DNA methylation and gene transcription from two independent studies reporting reduced cognitive development stemming from early life environmental insults (iron deficiency and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) infection) using porcine biomedical models. In total, 420 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the reduced cognition and control groups, including genes involved in neurodevelopment and function. Gene ontology (GO) terms enriched for DEGs were associated with immune responses, angiogenesis, and cellular development. In addition, 116 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified, which overlapped 125 genes. While no GO terms were enriched for genes overlapping DMRs, many of these genes are known to be involved in neurodevelopment and function, angiogenesis, and immunity. The observed altered methylation and expression of genes involved in neurological function suggest reduced cognition in response to early life environmental insults is due to altered cholinergic signaling and calcium regulation. Finally, two DMRs overlapped with two DEGs, VWF and LRRC32, which are associated with blood brain barrier permeability and regulatory T-cell activation, respectively. These results support the role of altered hippocampal DNA methylation and gene expression in early life environmentally-induced reductions in cognitive development across independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA; (M.E.W.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Michael E. Welge
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA; (M.E.W.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Loretta S. Auvil
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA; (M.E.W.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Sulalita Chaki
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 616280, USA; (S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.R.P.E.); (R.W.J.)
| | - Laurie A. Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 616280, USA; (S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.R.P.E.); (R.W.J.)
| | - Ole Madsen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University, 6708 Wageningen, The Netherlands; (O.M.); (M.A.M.G.)
| | - Monica R.P. Elmore
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 616280, USA; (S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.R.P.E.); (R.W.J.)
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 616280, USA; (S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.R.P.E.); (R.W.J.)
| | - Martien A.M. Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University, 6708 Wageningen, The Netherlands; (O.M.); (M.A.M.G.)
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA; (M.E.W.); (L.S.A.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 616280, USA; (S.C.); (L.A.R.); (M.R.P.E.); (R.W.J.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Djemil S, Chen X, Zhang Z, Lee J, Rauf M, Pak DTS, Dzakpasu R. Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors induces potentiation and synchronization within in vitro hippocampal networks. J Neurochem 2019; 153:468-484. [PMID: 31821553 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are known to play a role in cognitive functions of the hippocampus, such as memory consolidation. Given that they conduct Ca2+ and are capable of regulating the release of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) within the hippocampus, thereby shifting the excitatory-inhibitory ratio, we hypothesized that the activation of nAChRs will result in the potentiation of hippocampal networks and alter synchronization. We used nicotine as a tool to investigate the impact of activation of nAChRs on neuronal network dynamics in primary embryonic rat hippocampal cultures prepared from timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. We perturbed cultured hippocampal networks with increasing concentrations of bath-applied nicotine and performed network extracellular recordings of action potentials using a microelectrode array. We found that nicotine modulated network dynamics in a concentration-dependent manner; it enhanced firing of action potentials as well as facilitated bursting activity. In addition, we used pharmacological agents to determine the contributions of discrete nAChR subtypes to the observed network dynamics. We found that β4-containing nAChRs are necessary for the observed increases in spiking, bursting, and synchrony, while the activation of α7 nAChRs augments nicotine-mediated network potentiation but is not necessary for its manifestation. We also observed that antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) partially blocked the effects of nicotine. Furthermore, nicotine exposure promoted autophosphorylation of Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and serine 831 phosphorylation of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluA1. These results suggest that nicotinic receptors induce potentiation and synchronization of hippocampal networks and glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Findings from this work highlight the impact of cholinergic signaling in generating network-wide potentiation in the form of enhanced spiking and bursting dynamics that coincide with molecular correlates of memory such as increased phosphorylation of CaMKII and GluA1. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Djemil
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mikael Rauf
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel T S Pak
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rhonda Dzakpasu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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26
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Lobentanzer S, Hanin G, Klein J, Soreq H. Integrative Transcriptomics Reveals Sexually Dimorphic Control of the Cholinergic/Neurokine Interface in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Cell Rep 2019; 29:764-777.e5. [PMID: 31618642 PMCID: PMC6899527 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA sequencing analyses are often limited to identifying lowest p value transcripts, which does not address polygenic phenomena. To overcome this limitation, we developed an integrative approach that combines large-scale transcriptomic meta-analysis of patient brain tissues with single-cell sequencing data of CNS neurons, short RNA sequencing of human male- and female-originating cell lines, and connectomics of transcription factor and microRNA interactions with perturbed transcripts. We used this pipeline to analyze cortical transcripts of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. Although these pathologies show massive transcriptional parallels, their clinically well-known sexual dimorphisms remain unexplained. Our method reveals the differences between afflicted men and women and identifies disease-affected pathways of cholinergic transmission and gp130-family neurokine controllers of immune function interlinked by microRNAs. This approach may open additional perspectives for seeking biomarkers and therapeutic targets in other transmitter systems and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lobentanzer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Geula Hanin
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and the Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and the Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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27
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Yildirim C, Aydin S, Donertas B, Oner S, Kilic FS. Effects of Euterpe oleracea to Enhance Learning and Memory in a Conditioned Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptor Response Paradigm by Modulation of Cholinergic Mechanisms in Rats. J Med Food 2019; 23:388-394. [PMID: 31580752 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Euterpe oleracea (EO) includes a large number of polyphenolic compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that have antioxidant activities. E. oleracea was suggested to ease the oxidative stress and inflammation in brain cells. Our aim was to analyze the effects of E. oleracea on learning and memory. Seventy-two (250 ± 25 g) male Wistar albino rats were used for this study. The groups consisted of control, EO100 mg/kg, EO300 mg/kg, scopolamine 1.5 mg/kg, mecamylamine 7.5 mg/kg, combinations of scopolamine with EO100 mg/kg, EO300 mg/kg, and rivastigmine 1.5 mg/kg; and mecamylamine combined with EO100 mg/kg. Before the start of the study, E. oleracea doses were provided once a day for a period of 15 days and for a 6-day experimental period. Thirty minutes after intraperitoneal scopolamine and mecamylamine injections, gastrogavage was applied to each group. Ninety minutes after the drug treatments, locomotor activity and Morris water maze tests were performed. Rats were killed and each hippocampus was used for the quantification of acetylcholine (Ach). Statistical analyses were calculated using one-way and two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), and a value of P < .05 was considered significant. In groups EO100 mg/kg and EO300 mg/kg the results did not show any significant changes on learning and memory compared with the control group. Mecamylamine and scopolamine enhanced the latency for the escape platform, and decreased the time spent in escape platform quadrant when the memory tests were applied in reference to the control value of P < .05. Scopolamine and mecamylamine combinations of EO100 mg/kg, EO300 mg/kg, and rivastigmine were proven to improve the memory. There was significant difference between the first and fifth days of the learning tests in all the groups, but no significant difference occurred between the groups. Ach levels in hippocampi supported all memory tests. We suggest that E. oleracea made no alterations on learning and memory, but still improved nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-mediated and impaired memory just as rivastigmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Yildirim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Sule Aydin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Basak Donertas
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Setenay Oner
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sultan Kilic
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey
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28
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Frinchi M, Nuzzo D, Scaduto P, Di Carlo M, Massenti MF, Belluardo N, Mudò G. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activation in the rat hippocampus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14233. [PMID: 31578381 PMCID: PMC6775129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we found that acute treatment with Oxotremorine (Oxo), a non-selective mAChRs agonist, up-regulates heat shock proteins and activates their transcription factor heat shock factor 1 in the rat hippocampus. Here we aimed to investigate: a) if acute treatment with Oxo may regulate pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus; b) if chronic restraint stress (CRS) induces inflammatory or oxidative alterations in the hippocampus and whether such alterations may be affected by chronic treatment with Oxo. In the acute experiment, rats were injected with single dose of Oxo (0.4 mg/kg) and sacrificed at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. In the CRS experiment, the rats were exposed for 21 days to the CRS and then were treated with Oxo (0.2 mg/kg) for further 10 days. The acute Oxo treatment showed an ability to significantly reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), singlet oxygen (1O2), pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-1β and IL-6) and phosphorylated NF-κB-p65. Acute Oxo treatment also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)-2 protein levels and stimulated SOD activity. No differences were detected in the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-10 and TGF-β1. In the group of rats exposed to the CRS were found increased hippocampal IL-1β and IL-6 levels, together with a reduction of SOD activity level. These changes produced by CRS were counteracted by chronic Oxo treatment. In contrast, the upregulation of ROS and 1O2 levels in the CRS group was not counteracted by chronic Oxo treatment. The results revealed a hippocampal anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of Oxo treatment in both basal conditions and anti-inflammatory in the CRS rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Frinchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Scaduto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria F Massenti
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy.
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29
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Faiq MA, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Chan KC. Cholinergic nervous system and glaucoma: From basic science to clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100767. [PMID: 31242454 PMCID: PMC6739176 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic system has a crucial role to play in visual function. Although cholinergic drugs have been a focus of attention as glaucoma medications for reducing eye pressure, little is known about the potential modality for neuronal survival and/or enhancement in visual impairments. Citicoline, a naturally occurring compound and FDA approved dietary supplement, is a nootropic agent that is recently demonstrated to be effective in ameliorating ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular diseases, memory disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in both humans and animal models. The mechanisms of its action appear to be multifarious including (i) preservation of cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, and arachidonic acid contents of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, (ii) restoration of phosphatidylcholine, (iii) stimulation of glutathione synthesis, (iv) lowering glutamate concentrations and preventing glutamate excitotoxicity, (v) rescuing mitochondrial function thereby preventing oxidative damage and onset of neuronal apoptosis, (vi) synthesis of myelin leading to improvement in neuronal membrane integrity, (vii) improving acetylcholine synthesis and thereby reducing the effects of mental stress and (viii) preventing endothelial dysfunction. Such effects have vouched for citicoline as a neuroprotective, neurorestorative and neuroregenerative agent. Retinal ganglion cells are neurons with long myelinated axons which provide a strong rationale for citicoline use in visual pathway disorders. Since glaucoma is a form of neurodegeneration involving retinal ganglion cells, citicoline may help ameliorate glaucomatous damages in multiple facets. Additionally, trans-synaptic degeneration has been identified in humans and experimental models of glaucoma suggesting the cholinergic system as a new brain target for glaucoma management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb A Faiq
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin C Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Radiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Center for Neural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States.
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30
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Belgrad J, Dutta DJ, Bromley-Coolidge S, Kelly KA, Michalovicz LT, Sullivan KA, O'Callaghan JP, Fields RD. Oligodendrocyte involvement in Gulf War Illness. Glia 2019; 67:2107-2124. [PMID: 31339622 PMCID: PMC6899710 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Low level sarin nerve gas and other anti‐cholinesterase agents have been implicated in Gulf War illness (GWI), a chronic multi‐symptom disorder characterized by cognitive, pain and fatigue symptoms that continues to afflict roughly 32% of veterans from the 1990–1991 Gulf War. How disrupting cholinergic synaptic transmission could produce chronic illness is unclear, but recent research indicates that acetylcholine also mediates communication between axons and oligodendrocytes. Here we investigated the hypothesis that oligodendrocyte development is disrupted by Gulf War agents, by experiments using the sarin‐surrogate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). The effects of corticosterone, which is used in some GWI animal models, were also investigated. The data show that DFP decreased both the number of mature and dividing oligodendrocytes in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC), but differences were found between PFC and corpus callosum. The differences seen between the PFC and corpus callosum likely reflect the higher percentage of proliferating oligodendroglia in the adult PFC. In cell culture, DFP also decreased oligodendrocyte survival through a non‐cholinergic mechanism. Corticosterone promoted maturation of oligodendrocytes, and when used in combination with DFP it had protective effects by increasing the pool of mature oligodendrocytes and decreasing proliferation. Cell culture studies indicate direct effects of both DFP and corticosterone on OPCs, and by comparison with in vivo results, we conclude that in addition to direct effects, systemic effects and interruption of neuron–glia interactions contribute to the detrimental effects of GW agents on oligodendrocytes. Our results demonstrate that oligodendrocytes are an important component of the pathophysiology of GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Belgrad
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dipankar J Dutta
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samantha Bromley-Coolidge
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Kimberly A Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Richard Douglas Fields
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
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31
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Wright VL, Georgiou P, Bailey A, Heal DJ, Bailey CP, Wonnacott S. Inhibition of alpha7 nicotinic receptors in the ventral hippocampus selectively attenuates reinstatement of morphine-conditioned place preference and associated changes in AMPA receptor binding. Addict Biol 2019; 24:590-603. [PMID: 29667304 PMCID: PMC6563460 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent relapse is a major problem in treating opiate addiction. Pavlovian conditioning plays a role in recurrent relapse whereby exposure to cues learned during drug intake can precipitate relapse to drug taking. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been implicated in attentional aspects of cognition and mechanisms of learning and memory. In this study we have investigated the role of α7 nAChRs in morphine-conditioned place preference (morphine-CPP). CPP provides a model of associative learning that is pertinent to associative aspects of drug dependence. The α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA; 4 mg/kg s.c.) had no effect on the acquisition, maintenance, reconsolidation or extinction of morphine-CPP but selectively attenuated morphine-primed reinstatement of CPP, in both mice and rats. Reinstatement of morphine-CPP in mice was accompanied by a selective increase in [3 H]-AMPA binding (but not in [3 H]-MK801 binding) in the ventral hippocampus that was prevented by prior treatment with MLA. Administration of MLA (6.7 μg) directly into the ventral hippocampus of rats prior to a systemic priming dose of morphine abolished reinstatement of morphine-CPP, whereas MLA delivered into the dorsal hippocampus or prefrontal cortex was without effect. These results suggest that α7 nAChRs in the ventral hippocampus play a specific role in the retrieval of associative drug memories following a period of extinction, making them potential targets for the prevention of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Polymnia Georgiou
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyUK
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyUK
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical EducationSt George's University of LondonUK
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The differential impact of acute microglia activation on the excitability of cholinergic neurons in the mouse medial septum. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2297-2309. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kang YH, Shivakumar SB, Son YB, Bharti D, Jang SJ, Heo KS, Park WU, Byun JH, Park BW, Rho GJ. Comparative analysis of three different protocols for cholinergic neuron differentiation in vitro using mesenchymal stem cells from human dental pulp. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:275-287. [PMID: 31489249 PMCID: PMC6711138 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1626280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis in the cholinergic neurons cause neurological disorders involving a decline in cognitive abilities, such as Alzheimer's disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used as an efficient therapeutic agents due to their neuronal differentiation potential. Different source derived MSCs may have different differentiation potential under different inductions. Various in vitro protocols have been developed to differentiate MSCs into specific neurons but the comparative effect of different protocols utilizing same source derived MSCs, is not known. To address this issue, dental pulp derived MSCs (DPSCs) were differentiated into cholinergic neurons using three different protocols. In protocol I, DPSCs were pre-induced with serum-free ADMEM containing 1 mM of β-mercaptoethanol for 24 h and then incubated with 100 ng/ml nerve growth factor (NGF) for 6 days. Under protocol II, DPSCs were cultured in serum-free ADMEM containing 15 µg/ml of D609 (tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate) for 4 days. Under protocol III, the DPSCs were cultured in serum-free ADMEM containing 10 ng/ml of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), 50 µM of forskolin, 250 ng/ml of sonic hedgehog (SHH), and 0.5 µM of retinoic acid (RA) for 7 days. The DPSCs were successfully trans-differentiated under all the protocols, exhibited neuron-like morphologies with upregulated cholinergic neuron-specific markers such as ChAT, HB9, ISL1, BETA-3, and MAP2 both at mRNA and protein levels in comparison to untreated cells. However, protocol III-induced cells showed the highest expression of the cholinergic markers and secreted the highest level of acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Kang
- Department of Dentistry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Changwon Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sharath Belame Shivakumar
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bum Son
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh Bharti
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Jung Jang
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Sun Heo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Changwon Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Uk Park
- Department of Dental Technology, Jinju Health College, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Ho Byun
- Department of Dentistry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Wook Park
- Department of Dentistry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Changwon Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Tavakolian-Ardakani Z, Hosu O, Cristea C, Mazloum-Ardakani M, Marrazza G. Latest Trends in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitters: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2037. [PMID: 31052309 PMCID: PMC6539656 DOI: 10.3390/s19092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemical messengers which play an important role in many of the brain functions, abnormal levels being correlated with physical, psychotic and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Therefore, their sensitive and robust detection is of great clinical significance. Electrochemical methods have been intensively used in the last decades for neurotransmitter detection, outclassing more complicated analytical techniques such as conventional spectrophotometry, chromatography, fluorescence, flow injection, and capillary electrophoresis. In this manuscript, the most successful and promising electrochemical enzyme-free and enzymatic sensors for neurotransmitter detection are reviewed. Focusing on the activity of worldwide researchers mainly during the last ten years (2010-2019), without pretending to be exhaustive, we present an overview of the progress made in sensing strategies during this time. Particular emphasis is placed on nanostructured-based sensors, which show a substantial improvement of the analytical performances. This review also examines the progress made in biosensors for neurotransmitter measurements in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tavakolian-Ardakani
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 89195-741, Iran.
| | - Oana Hosu
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | | | - Giovanna Marrazza
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Instituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Unit of Florence, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy.
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Batista G, Hensch TK. Critical Period Regulation by Thyroid Hormones: Potential Mechanisms and Sex-Specific Aspects. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:77. [PMID: 31024251 PMCID: PMC6461013 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate perinatal levels of thyroid hormones (THs) are required for normal brain function and development. Studies in non-mammalian species suggest that TH might be involved in the regulation of critical periods (CPs) of heightened plasticity. Yet, it is largely unknown what mechanisms controlling such CPs might be under TH regulation. Here, we briefly review the influence of TH in early life across evolution. We discuss possible links between TH and known circuit and/or molecular mechanisms determining the timing of CPs of heightened brain plasticity. We focus on the role of parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons since their maturation defines CP onset and closure. Specifically, abnormal PV circuits are associated with low perinatal levels of TH, possibly because thyroid hypofunction may increase oxidative stress and/or dysregulate Otx2-mediated maturation of neuroprotective perineuronal nets. In addition, the level of cholinergic transmission is important for CP plasticity. Potentially, TH levels could affect gain changes in cholinergic transmission that can alter brain development. We believe that understanding how TH impacts CPs of circuit refinement will shed light onto the principles underlying normal developmental trajectories. Given that the thyroid gland expresses estrogen and androgen receptors, its activity can potentially be regulated differently between the sexes, contributing to sexually dimorphic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervasio Batista
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Takao K Hensch
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Batista-Brito R, Zagha E, Ratliff JM, Vinck M. Modulation of cortical circuits by top-down processing and arousal state in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 52:172-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sethuramanujam S, Awatramani GB, Slaughter MM. Cholinergic excitation complements glutamate in coding visual information in retinal ganglion cells. J Physiol 2018; 596:3709-3724. [PMID: 29758086 DOI: 10.1113/jp275073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Starburst amacrine cells release GABA and ACh. This study explores the coordinated function of starburst-mediated cholinergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition to bistratified retinal ganglion cells, predominantly direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs). In rat retina, under our recording conditions, starbursts were found to provide the major excitatory drive to a sub-population of ganglion cells whose dendrites co-stratify with starburst dendrites (putative DSGCs). In mouse retina, recordings from genetically identified DSGCs at physiological temperatures reveal that ACh inputs dominate the response to small spot-high contrast light stimuli, with preferential addition of bipolar cell input shifting the balance towards glutamate for larger spot stimuli In addition, starbursts also appear to gate glutamatergic excitation to DSGCs by postsynaptic and possibly presynaptic inhibitory processes ABSTRACT: Starburst amacrine cells release both GABA and ACh, allowing them to simultaneously mediate inhibition and excitation. However, the precise pre- and postsynaptic targets for ACh and GABA remain under intense investigation. Most previous studies have focused on starburst-mediated postsynaptic GABAergic inhibition and its role in the formation of directional selectivity in ganglion cells. However, the significance of postsynaptic cholinergic excitation is only beginning to be appreciated. Here, we found that light-evoked responses measured in bi-stratified rat ganglion cells with dendrites that co-fasciculate with ON and OFF starburst dendrites (putative direction-selective ganglion cells, DSGCs) were abolished by the application of nicotinic receptor antagonists, suggesting ACh could act as the primary source of excitation. Recording from genetically labelled DSGCs in mouse retina at physiological temperatures revealed that cholinergic synaptic inputs dominated the excitation for high contrast stimuli only when the size of the stimulus was small. Canonical glutamatergic inputs mediated by bipolar cells were prominent when GABA/glycine receptors were blocked or when larger spot stimuli were utilized. In mouse DSGCs, bipolar cell excitation could also be unmasked through the activation of mGluR2,3 receptors, which we show suppresses starburst output, suggesting that GABA from starbursts serves to inhibit bipolar cell signals in DSGCs. Taken together, these results suggest that starbursts amplify excitatory signals traversing the retina, endowing DSGCs with the ability to encode fine spatial information without compromising their ability to encode direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Sethuramanujam
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W2Y2, Canada
| | | | - Malcolm M Slaughter
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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38
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Frinchi M, Scaduto P, Cappello F, Belluardo N, Mudò G. Heat shock protein (Hsp) regulation by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activation in the rat hippocampus. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6107-6116. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscienc es, div. of Human PhysiologyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Pietro Scaduto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscienc es, div. of Human PhysiologyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, div. of AnatomyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
- Euro‐Mediterranean Institute of Science and TechnologyPalermoItaly
- Department of BiologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscienc es, div. of Human PhysiologyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscienc es, div. of Human PhysiologyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
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39
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Ghoshal A, Moran SP, Dickerson JW, Joffe ME, Grueter BA, Xiang Z, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Conn PJ. Role of mGlu 5 Receptors and Inhibitory Neurotransmission in M 1 Dependent Muscarinic LTD in the Prefrontal Cortex: Implications in Schizophrenia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2254-2265. [PMID: 28679049 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective potentiation of the mGlu5 subtype of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor using positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) has robust cognition-enhancing effects in rodent models that are relevant for schizophrenia. Until recently, these effects were thought to be due to potentiation of mGlu5-induced modulation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) currents and NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, "biased" mGlu5 PAMs that do not potentiate mGlu5 effects on NMDAR currents show efficacy that is similar to that of prototypical mGlu5 PAMs, suggesting that NMDAR-independent mechanisms must be involved in these actions. We now report that synaptic activation of mGlu5 is required for a form of long-term depression (mLTD) in mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) that is induced by activation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (mAChR) receptors, which was previously thought to be independent of mGlu5 activation. Interestingly, a biased mGlu5 PAM, VU0409551, that does not potentiate mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents, potentiated induction of mLTD. Furthermore, coactivation of mGlu5 and M1 receptors increased GABAA-dependent inhibitory tone in the PFC pyramidal neurons, which likely contributes to the observed mLTD. Finally, systemic administration of the biased mGlu5 PAM reversed deficits in mLTD and associated cognitive deficits in a model of cortical disruption caused by repeated phencyclidine exposure that is relevant for schizophrenia and was previously shown to be responsive to selective M1 muscarinic receptor PAMs. These studies provide exciting new insights into a novel mechanism by which mGlu5 PAMs can reverse deficits in PFC function and cognition that is independent of modulation of NMDAR currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Sean P. Moran
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Max E. Joffe
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Brad A. Grueter
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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41
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Choline and Working Memory Training Improve Cognitive Deficits Caused by Prenatal Exposure to Ethanol. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101080. [PMID: 28961168 PMCID: PMC5691697 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure is associated with deficits in executive function such as working memory, reversal learning and attentional set shifting in humans and animals. These behaviors are dependent on normal structure and function in cholinergic brain regions. Supplementation with choline can improve many behaviors in rodent models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and also improves working memory function in normal rats. We tested the hypothesis that supplementation with choline in the postnatal period will improve working memory during adolescence in normal and ethanol-exposed animals, and that working memory engagement during adolescence will transfer to other cognitive domains and have lasting effects on executive function in adulthood. Male and female offspring of rats fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet (ET; 3% v/v) or control dams given a non-ethanol liquid diet (CT) were injected with choline (Cho; 100 mg/kg) or saline (Sal) once per day from postnatal day (P) 16–P30. Animals were trained/tested on a working memory test in adolescence and then underwent attentional set shifting and reversal learning in young adulthood. In adolescence, ET rats required more training to reach criterion than CT-Sal. Choline improved working memory performance for both CT and ET animals. In young adulthood, ET animals also performed poorly on the set shifting and reversal tasks. Deficits were more robust in ET male rats than female ET rats, but Cho improved performance in both sexes. ET male rats given a combination of Cho and working memory training in adolescence required significantly fewer trials to achieve criterion than any other ET group, suggesting that early interventions can cause a persistent improvement.
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42
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López-Hernández GY, Ananth M, Jiang L, Ballinger EC, Talmage DA, Role LW. Electrophysiological properties of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons identified by genetic and optogenetic tagging. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:103-110. [PMID: 28791701 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the generation of neuronal population-specific, genetically modified mouse lines have allowed precise identification and selective stimulation of cholinergic neurons in vivo. Although considerably less laborious than studies conducted with post hoc identification of cholinergic neurons by immunostaining, it is not known whether the genetically based labeling procedures that permit in vivo identification are electrophysiologically benign. In this study, we use mice carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome transgene that drives expression of a tau-green fluorescent fusion protein specifically in cholinergic neurons. This allowed us to visualize basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in acute slice preparations. Using whole cell, patch clamp electrophysiological recording in acute brain slices, here we present original data about the basic electrical properties of these genetically tagged cholinergic neurons including firing rate, resting membrane potential, rheobase, and various characteristics of their action potentials and after-hyperpolarization potentials. The basic electrical properties are compared (i) with non-cholinergic neurons in the same brain regions; (ii) in cholinergic neurons between immature animals and young adults; and (iii) with cholinergic neurons that are expressing light-sensitive channels. Our conclusions based on these data are (i) cholinergic neurons are less excitable then their non-cholinergic neighbors, (ii) the basic properties of cholinergic neurons do not significantly change between adolescence and young adulthood and (iii) these properties are not significantly affected by chronic expression of the excitatory opsin, oChIEF. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Y López-Hernández
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mala Ananth
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Abstract
Genus Salvia, commonly known as sage, is the largest genus in the Lamiaceae family. It comprises many species traditionally used as brain-enhancing tonics. In vitro and animal studies have confirmed that several Salvia species contain a large array of active compounds that may enhance cognitive activity and protect against neurodegenerative disease. In this review, the active constituents in plants belonging to the genus Salvia are summarised, and their influence on pharmacodynamics pertinent to cognitive activity are detailed. In particular, the effects of plants belonging to the genus Salvia and their constituents on cognitive skills including memory, attention and learning are detailed. Their potential effects in dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, are also examined. Completed human trials are summarised, and factors influencing the potency of Salvia plants are covered. Finally, directions for future research are proposed to enhance our understanding of the potential health benefits of Salvia plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Lopresti
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia.
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44
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Di Liberto V, Frinchi M, Verdi V, Vitale A, Plescia F, Cannizzaro C, Massenti MF, Belluardo N, Mudò G. Anxiolytic effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors agonist oxotremorine in chronically stressed rats and related changes in BDNF and FGF2 levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:559-573. [PMID: 27957715 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In depressive disorders, one of the mechanisms proposed for antidepressant drugs is the enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Previously, we showed that the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist oxotremorine (Oxo) increases neuronal plasticity in hippocampal neurons via FGFR1 transactivation. OBJECTIVES Here, we aimed to explore (a) whether Oxo exerts anxiolytic effect in the rat model of anxiety-depression-like behavior induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS), and (b) if the anxiolytic effect of Oxo is associated with the modulation of neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), and phosphorylated Erk1/2 (p-Erk1/2) levels in the dorsal or ventral hippocampus and in the medial prefrontal cortex. METHODS The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control unstressed, CRS group, CRS group treated with 0.2 mg/kg Oxo, and unstressed group treated with Oxo. After 21 days of CRS, the groups were treated for 10 days with Oxo or saline. The anxiolytic role of Oxo was tested by using the following: forced swimming test, novelty suppressed feeding test, elevated plus maze test, and light/dark box test. The hippocampi and prefrontal cortex were used to evaluate BDNF and FGF2 protein levels and p-Erk1/2 levels. RESULTS Oxo treatment significantly attenuated anxiety induced by CRS. Moreover, Oxo treatment counteracted the CRS-induced reduction of BDNF and FGF2 levels in the ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cerebral cortex CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that Oxo treatment ameliorates the stress-induced anxiety-like behavior and rescues FGF2 and BDNF levels in two brain regions involved in CRS-induced anxiety, ventral hippocampal formation, and medial prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Verdi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Vitale
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fulvio Plescia
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria F Massenti
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy.
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Allaway KC, Machold R. Developmental specification of forebrain cholinergic neurons. Dev Biol 2016; 421:1-7. [PMID: 27847324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Striatal cholinergic interneurons and basal forebrain cholinergic projection neurons, which together comprise the forebrain cholinergic system, regulate attention, memory, reward pathways, and motor activity through the neuromodulation of multiple brain circuits. The importance of these neurons in the etiology of neurocognitive disorders has been well documented, but our understanding of their specification during embryogenesis is still incomplete. All forebrain cholinergic projection neurons and interneurons appear to share a common developmental origin in the embryonic ventral telencephalon, a region that also gives rise to GABAergic projection neurons and interneurons. Significant progress has been made in identifying the key intrinsic and extrinsic factors that promote a cholinergic fate in this precursor population. However, how cholinergic interneurons and projection neurons differentiate from one another during development, as well as how distinct developmental programs contribute to heterogeneity within those two classes, is not yet well understood. In this review we summarize the transcription factors and signaling molecules known to play a role in the specification and early development of striatal and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. We also discuss the heterogeneity of these populations and its possible developmental origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Allaway
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Robert Machold
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Di Liberto V, Borroto-Escuela DO, Frinchi M, Verdi V, Fuxe K, Belluardo N, Mudò G. Existence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) heteroreceptor complexes and their enhancement of neurite outgrowth in neural hippocampal cultures. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:235-245. [PMID: 27815219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, it was demonstrated that G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can transactivate tyrosine kinase receptors in absence of their ligands. In this work, driven by the observation that mAChRs and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) share signalling pathways and regulation of brain functions, it was decided to explore whether mAChRs activation may transactivate FGFRs and, if so, to characterize the related trophic effects in cultured hippocampal neurons. METHODS Oxotremorine-M transactivation of FGFRs and related trophic effects were tested in primary hippocampal neurons. Western blotting and in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) were used to detect FGFR phosphorylation (pFGFR) levels and M1R-FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes, respectively. RESULTS Oxotremorine-M, a non-selective mAChRs agonist, was able to transactivate FGFR and this transactivation was blocked by Src inhibitors. Oxotremorine-M treatment produced a significant increase in the primary neurite outgrowth that was blocked by pre-treatment with the pFGFR inhibitor SU5402 and Src inhibitors. This trophic effect was almost similar to that induced by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). By using atropine as nonselective mAChRs or pirenzepine as selective antagonist for M1 receptor (M1R) we could show that mAChRs are involved in modulating the pFGFRs. Using PLA, M1R-FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes were identified in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION The current findings, by showing functional mAChR-FGFR interactions, will contribute to advance the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the actions of cholinergic drugs on neuronal plasticity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANT Data may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies not only for neurodegenerative diseases but also for depression-induced atrophy of hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
| | - D O Borroto-Escuela
- Karolinska Instituet, Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca' le Suore 2, I-61029 Urbino, Italy; Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100 Yaguajay, Cuba.
| | - M Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
| | - V Verdi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
| | - K Fuxe
- Karolinska Instituet, Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - N Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
| | - G Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
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Hedrick T, Danskin B, Larsen RS, Ollerenshaw D, Groblewski P, Valley M, Olsen S, Waters J. Characterization of Channelrhodopsin and Archaerhodopsin in Cholinergic Neurons of Cre-Lox Transgenic Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156596. [PMID: 27243816 PMCID: PMC4886964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of cholinergic signaling in the mammalian CNS has been greatly facilitated by the advent of mouse lines that permit the expression of reporter proteins, such as opsins, in cholinergic neurons. However, the expression of opsins could potentially perturb the physiology of opsin-expressing cholinergic neurons or mouse behavior. Indeed, the published literature includes examples of cellular and behavioral perturbations in preparations designed to drive expression of opsins in cholinergic neurons. Here we investigate expression of opsins, cellular physiology of cholinergic neurons and behavior in two mouse lines, in which channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and archaerhodopsin (Arch) are expressed in cholinergic neurons using the Cre-lox system. The two mouse lines were generated by crossing ChAT-Cre mice with Cre-dependent reporter lines Ai32(ChR2-YFP) and Ai35(Arch-GFP). In most mice from these crosses, we observed expression of ChR2 and Arch in only cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and in other putative cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. In small numbers of mice, off-target expression occurred, in which fluorescence did not appear limited to cholinergic neurons. Whole-cell recordings from fluorescently-labeled basal forebrain neurons revealed that both proteins were functional, driving depolarization (ChR2) or hyperpolarization (Arch) upon illumination, with little effect on passive membrane properties, spiking pattern or spike waveform. Finally, performance on a behavioral discrimination task was comparable to that of wild-type mice. Our results indicate that ChAT-Cre x reporter line crosses provide a simple, effective resource for driving indicator and opsin expression in cholinergic neurons with few adverse consequences and are therefore an valuable resource for studying the cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Hedrick
- Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago IL 60611, United States of America
| | - Bethanny Danskin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Rylan S. Larsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Doug Ollerenshaw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Peter Groblewski
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Matthew Valley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Shawn Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 551 N 34th St, Seattle WA 98103, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jiang L, Kundu S, Lederman JD, López-Hernández GY, Ballinger EC, Wang S, Talmage DA, Role LW. Cholinergic Signaling Controls Conditioned Fear Behaviors and Enhances Plasticity of Cortical-Amygdala Circuits. Neuron 2016; 90:1057-70. [PMID: 27161525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the contribution of endogenous cholinergic signaling to the acquisition and extinction of fear- related memory by optogenetic regulation of cholinergic input to the basal lateral amygdala (BLA). Stimulation of cholinergic terminal fields within the BLA in awake-behaving mice during training in a cued fear-conditioning paradigm slowed the extinction of learned fear as assayed by multi-day retention of extinction learning. Inhibition of cholinergic activity during training reduced the acquisition of learned fear behaviors. Circuit mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of cholinergic signaling in the BLA were assessed by in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological recording. Photostimulation of endogenous cholinergic input (1) enhances firing of putative BLA principal neurons through activation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), (2) enhances glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the BLA, and (3) induces LTP of cortical-amygdala circuits. These studies support an essential role of cholinergic modulation of BLA circuits in the inscription and retention of fear memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; CNS Disorders Center and the Neurosciences Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Srikanya Kundu
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; CNS Disorders Center and the Neurosciences Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - James D Lederman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; CNS Disorders Center and the Neurosciences Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Gretchen Y López-Hernández
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; CNS Disorders Center and the Neurosciences Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; CNS Disorders Center and the Neurosciences Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; MSTP, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; CNS Disorders Center and the Neurosciences Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; CNS Disorders Center and the Neurosciences Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; CNS Disorders Center and the Neurosciences Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Muscarinic Attenuation of Mnemonic Rule Representation in Macaque Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex during a Pro- and Anti-Saccade Task. J Neurosci 2016; 35:16064-76. [PMID: 26658860 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2454-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Maintenance of context is necessary for execution of appropriate responses to diverse environmental stimuli. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a pivotal role in executive function, including working memory and representation of abstract rules. DLPFC activity is modulated by the ascending cholinergic system through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Although muscarinic receptors have been implicated in executive performance and gating of synaptic signals, their effect on local primate DLPFC neuronal activity in vivo during cognitive tasks remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of muscarinic receptor blockade on rule-related activity in the macaque prefrontal cortex by combining iontophoretic application of the general muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine with single-cell recordings while monkeys performed a mnemonic rule-guided saccade task. We found that scopolamine reduced overall neuronal firing rate and impaired rule discriminability of task-selective cells. Saccade and visual direction selectivity measures were also reduced by muscarinic antagonism. These results demonstrate that blockade of muscarinic receptors in DLPFC creates deficits in working memory representation of rules in primates. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Acetylcholine plays a pivotal role in higher-order cognitive functions, including planning, reasoning, impulse-control, and making decisions based on contingencies or rules. Disruption of acetylcholine function is central to many psychiatric disorders manifesting cognitive impairments, including Alzheimer's disease. Although much is known about the involvement of acetylcholine and its receptors in arousal and attention, its involvement in working memory, an essential short-term memory component of cognition dependent on the integrity of prefrontal cortex, remains poorly understood. Herein, we explored the impact of suppressing acetylcholine signaling on neurons encoding memorized rules while macaque monkeys made responses based on those rules. Our findings provide insights into the neural mechanisms by which a disruption in acetylcholine function impairs working memory in the prefrontal cortex.
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Chaves-Coira I, Barros-Zulaica N, Rodrigo-Angulo M, Núñez Á. Modulation of Specific Sensory Cortical Areas by Segregated Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons Demonstrated by Neuronal Tracing and Optogenetic Stimulation in Mice. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:28. [PMID: 27147975 PMCID: PMC4837153 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical cholinergic activity plays a fundamental role in sensory processing and cognitive functions. Previous results have suggested a refined anatomical and functional topographical organization of basal forebrain (BF) projections that may control cortical sensory processing in a specific manner. We have used retrograde anatomical procedures to demonstrate the existence of specific neuronal groups in the BF involved in the control of specific sensory cortices. Fluoro-Gold (FlGo) and Fast Blue (FB) fluorescent retrograde tracers were deposited into the primary somatosensory (S1) and primary auditory (A1) cortices in mice. Our results revealed that the BF is a heterogeneous area in which neurons projecting to different cortical areas are segregated into different neuronal groups. Most of the neurons located in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB) projected to the S1 cortex, indicating that this area is specialized in the sensory processing of tactile stimuli. However, the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (B) nucleus shows a similar number of cells projecting to the S1 as to the A1 cortices. In addition, we analyzed the cholinergic effects on the S1 and A1 cortical sensory responses by optogenetic stimulation of the BF neurons in urethane-anesthetized transgenic mice. We used transgenic mice expressing the light-activated cation channel, channelrhodopsin-2, tagged with a fluorescent protein (ChR2-YFP) under the control of the choline-acetyl transferase promoter (ChAT). Cortical evoked potentials were induced by whisker deflections or by auditory clicks. According to the anatomical results, optogenetic HDB stimulation induced more extensive facilitation of tactile evoked potentials in S1 than auditory evoked potentials in A1, while optogenetic stimulation of the B nucleus facilitated either tactile or auditory evoked potentials equally. Consequently, our results suggest that cholinergic projections to the cortex are organized into segregated pools of neurons that may modulate specific cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Chaves-Coira
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Natali Barros-Zulaica
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Rodrigo-Angulo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Núñez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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