The Effect of Zataria multiflora on Th1/Th2 and Th17/T Regulatory in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma

Cathepsin B-Activatable Bioactive Peptide Nanocarrier for High-Efficiency Immunotherapy of Asthma

Introduction

Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease closely associated with inflammation, presents ongoing treatment challenges. IALLIPF (le-Ala-Leu-Leu-Ile-Pro-Phe) is one of millet prolamins peptides (MPP) which shows anti-oxidant bioactivity by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tryptophan (Trp, W) is an amino acid that has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory effects. We introduce a novel cathepsin B-activatable bioactive peptides nanocarrier, PEG-IALLIPF-GFLG-W (MPP-Trp), designed for immunotherapy of asthma.

Methods

MPP-Trp is synthesized, purified, and its characteristics are investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The yield of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) are examined to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of IALLIPF, Trp and MPP-Trp. The immunomodulatory effects of IALLIPF, Trp and MPP-Trp on Th1/Th2 cell populations and cytokines are investigated by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and ELISA assays. We explore the therapeutic effect of MPP-Trp in the mouse model of asthma by the analysis of lung histology and ELISA. It is necessary to study the biocompatibility of MPP-Trp by CCK8 assay and histopathologic analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining.

Results

In asthmatic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), IALLIPF, Trp and MPP-Trp are able to significantly alleviate inflammation by inhibiting the yield of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β), especially MPP-Trp. MPP-Trp significantly upregulates Th1 cell levels while notably reducing Th2 cell levels. Furthermore, MPP-Trp effectively elevates the expression and production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), an essential cytokine from Th1 cells. Additionally, MPP-Trp markedly diminishes the mRNA expression and levels of key asthma pathogenesis cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and interleukin-5 (IL-5), in asthma PBMCs. MPP-Trp ameliorates pulmonary pathological alterations and significantly inhibits OVA-induced inflammation in mice with asthma. It has little influence on the cell viability in Asthma-PBMCs treated with various concentrations or durations of MPP-Trp. No pathological changes, including in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney tissues, are observed in non-sensitized and non-challenged mice treated with MPP-Trp (20 mg/kg).

Discussion

Our research demonstrates that MPP-Trp has immunomodulatory effects on Th1/Th2 cell populations, essential in managing asthma. It considerably alleviates OVA-induced asthma by shifting the immune response towards a Th1-dominant profile, thereby reducing Th2-driven inflammation. Therefore, this novel bioactive peptide nanocarrier, MPP-Trp, holds promise as a candidate for asthma immunotherapy.

Zataria multiflora affects pulmonary function tests, respiratory symptoms, bronchodilator drugs use and hematological parameters in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A randomized doubled-blind clinical trial

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Zataria multiflora is employed as an antitussive, anti-spasmodic, analgesic and etc. Agent in traditional medicine. The modern medical studies are also confirmed effects of this plant for treatment of respiratory problems via anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties.

AIM OF STUDY

We evaluated efficacy of Z. multiflora on tests of pulmonary function, respiratory symptoms, inhaled bronchodilator drugs use, and hematological factors in COPD patients.

METHODS

Patients (n = 45) were randomly grouped in the following three groups: placebo group (P), groups received Z. multiflora extract 3 and 6 mg/kg/day (Z3 and Z6). FEV1 and MEF25-75, respiratory symptoms, inhaled bronchodilator drugs use and hematological factors were evaluated before and 1-2 months after treatment.

RESULTS

Z. multiflora led to significant enhancement of FEV1 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). Respiratory symptoms were also considerably ameliorated following treatment with extracts for 1 and 2 months compared to baseline values (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). In groups received extract, inhaled bronchodilator drugs use was remarkably declined at the end of study (both, p < 0.05). Reduction of total WBC was observed 1-2 months after treatment in treated groups with extract compared to baseline values (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Neutrophils were remarkably declined in Z3 and Z6 groups after 2-monthes compared to 1-month treatment (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The evidence show therapeutic effect of this herb on COPD patients which could be result from properties that help to decrease inflammation.

Stigmasterol alleviates airway inflammation in OVA-induced asthmatic mice via inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad2 and IL-17A signaling pathways

Stigmasterol is a common dietary phytosterol with high nutritional value and physiological activity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of stigmasterol on inflammatory cytokines and the TGF-β1/Smad2 and IL-17A signaling pathway in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mouse model. Stigmasterol treatment improved airway remodeling. In addition, it significantly attenuated the symptoms of asthma attacks, reduced the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in BALF and inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13. It further decreased the level of IL-17A in BALF, serum and spleen. Spleen single-cell suspension analysis via flow cytometry showed that IL-17A level was consistent with the results obtained in BALF, serum and spleen. Stigmasterol decreased the protein expression levels of TGF-β, p-Smad2 and IL-17A in the spleen, by increasing the protein expression level of IL-10. After 24 h of co-culture of TGF-β, IL-6 and stigmasterol, the level of IL-17 in CD4+ T cell supernatant was lower relative to levels in the group without stigmasterol. Meanwhile, stigmasterol treatment attenuated the expression level of TGF- β, p-Smad2 and IL-17A proteins in CD4+ T cells and enhanced the expression levels of IL-10 protein. These data suggested that stigmasterol inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad2 and IL-17A signaling pathway to achieve anti-asthmatic effects in the OVA-induced asthma mouse model. Collectively, the results of this study are that stigmasterol has achieved preliminary efficacy in the non-clinical laboratory, further studies are needed to consider the clinical application of stigmasterol.

The IL-31/TRPV1 pathway mediates allergic asthma exacerbated by DINP dermal exposure in OVA-sensitized Balb/c mice

BACKGROUND

The potential role of dermal exposure diisononyl phthalate (DINP) as an adjuvant in allergic inflammation and asthma has been suggested. However, the current findings do not provide enough evidence to support this claim.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact and mechanisms of allergic asthma exacerbation through the dermal exposure to DINP.

METHODS

The study was undertaken using OVA-sensitized mice. Lung histopathology and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) were assessed. Expression levels of immunoglobulins (t-IgE, OVA-IgE and OVA-IgG1), cytokines (IL-31, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and INF-γ), and TRPV1 were measured. To investigate the mechanism by which allergic asthma worsens due to dermal exposure to DINP, the blockade analysis using the IL-31 antagonist SB-431542 and the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (CZP) were performed.

RESULTS

The findings of the study revealed that the simultaneous exposure to DINP and OVA resulted in an increase in inspiratory resistance (Ri) and expiratory resistance (Re), a decrease in the minimum value of lung dynamic compliance (Cldyn), and worsened airway remodeling. Additionally, it was found that this exposure led to an increase in the levels of IL-31 and TRPV1, which are biomarkers of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13), as well as immunoglobulins (Total IgE, OVA-lgE, and OVA-IgG1), while decreasing the biomarker of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ). However, these impairments showed improvement after the administration of SB-431542 or CZP.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this research indicate that the IL-31/TRPV1 pathway plays a moderating function in OVA-induced allergic asthma worsened by dermal exposure to DINP.

Liubao tea extract ameliorates ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma by regulating gut microbiota in mice

Asthma, a chronic airway inflammatory disease, has a complicated pathogenesis and limited therapeutic treatment. Evidence shows that the intestinal microbiota exhibits crucial functional interaction with asthma syndrome. Liubao tea (LBT), a type of postfermented tea in China, positively modulates gut microbiota. However, the potential benefits of LBT extract (LBTE) for allergic asthma are still not understood. Herein, the anti-inflammatory effects of LBTE and its modulation of the gut microbiota of asthmatic mice induced by ovalbumin were explored. The results demonstrate that LBTE significantly inhibited airway hyper-responsiveness and restrained the proliferation of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cells associated with allergic asthma. Additionally, LBTE suppressed inflammatory infiltration, mucus secretion, and excessive goblet cell production by downregulating the gene expression of inflammatory indicators. Interestingly, fecal microbiota transplantation results further implied that the modulation of LBTE on gut microbiota played an essential role in alleviating airway inflammatory symptoms of allergic asthma.

Lignosus rhinocerotis extract ameliorates airway inflammation and remodelling via attenuation of TGF-β1 and Activin A in a prolonged induced allergic asthma model

Allergic asthma is associated with chronic airway inflammation and progressive airway remodelling. The sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (Tiger Milk mushroom) is used traditionally to treat various illnesses, including asthma in Southeast Asia. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of L. rhinocerotis extract (LRE) on airway inflammation and remodelling in a chronic model of asthma. The present study investigated the therapeutic effects of LRE on airway inflammation and remodelling in prolonged allergen challenged model in allergic asthma. Female Balb/C mice were sensitised using ovalbumin (OVA) on day 0 and 7, followed by OVA-challenged (3 times/week) for 2, 6 and 10 weeks. LRE (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) were administered by oral gavage one hour after every challenge. One group of mice were left untreated after the final challenge for two weeks. LRE suppressed inflammatory cells and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) in BALF and reduced IgE level in the serum. LRE also attenuated eosinophils infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung tissues; as well as ameliorated airway remodelling by reducing smooth muscle thickness and reducing the expressions of TGF-β1 and Activin A positive cell in the lung tissues. LRE attenuated airway inflammation and remodelling in the prolonged allergen challenge of allergic asthma model. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of LRE as an alternative for the management of allergic asthma.

Mediation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and NF-κB signaling pathway in DINP-exacerbated allergic asthma: A toxicological study with Balb/c mice

Epidemiological evidence indicates a significant relationship between exposure to diisononyl phthalate and allergic asthma. Despite this, the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. Previous toxicological researches have suggested that the development of allergic asthma may involve the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) pathways. Nevertheless, it is currently unknown whether these specific signaling pathways are implicated in diisononyl phthalate (DINP)-induced allergic asthma. The objective of this research was to understand how DINP exacerbates allergic asthma in Balb/c mice through ERS and NF-κB pathways. To systematically examine the aggravated effects of DINP in Balb/c mice, we measured airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung tissue pathology, cytokines, and ERS and NF-κB pathway biomarkers. Additionally, we applied the ERS antagonist phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) or the NF-κB antagonist pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) to verify the mediating effects of ERS and NF-κB on DINP-exacerbated allergic asthma. The results of our experiment show that oral DINP exposure may exacerbate airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling. This deterioration is accompanied by an imbalance in immunoglobulin levels, Th17/Treg cells, ERS, and NF-κB biomarkers, leading to the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, our study found that the blocking effect of 4-PBA or PDTC can inhibit the Th17/Treg imbalance and effectively alleviate symptoms resembling allergic asthma. In conclusion, ERS and NF-κB signaling pathways play an important role in regulating DINP-induced allergic asthma exacerbations.

PM2.5 exposure regulates Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine production through NF-κB signaling in combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome

BACKGROUND

Particulate matter (PM) is a major component of air pollution from emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources and is a serious problem worldwide due to its adverse effects on human health. Increased particulate air pollution increases respiratory disease-related mortality and morbidity. However, the impact of PM with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) remains to be elucidated. Accordingly, in the present study, we investigated the effect of PM2.5 in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced CARAS mouse model with a focus on NF-κB signaling.

METHODOLOGY

We established an OVA-induced mouse model of CARAS to determine the effects of exposure to PM2.5. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: (1) naive, (2) PM2.5, (3) CARAS, and (4) CARAS/PM2.5. Mice were systemically sensitized with OVA and challenged with inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized 5% OVA three times by intranasal instillation of OVA in each nostril for 7 consecutive days. Mice in the PM2.5 and CARAS/PM2.5 groups were then exposed to PM2.5 by intranasal instillation of PM2.5 for several days. We then examined the impacts of PM2.5 exposure on histopathology and NF-κB signaling in our OVA-induced CARAS mouse model.

RESULTS

PM2.5 increased infiltration of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples and inflammatory cells in lung tissue. It also increased production of GATA3, RORγ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17 in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and BALF samples in the CARAS mouse model, but secretion of IL-12 and IFN-γ was suppressed. Exposure to PM2.5 increased OVA-specific IgE and IgG₁ levels in serum, inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways, and fibrosis in lung tissue. It also activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, increasing Th2/Th17 cytokine levels while decreasing Th1 cytokine expression, thereby inducing an inflammatory response and promoting inflammatory cell infiltration in nasal and lung tissue.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that PM2.5 can aggravate OVA-induced CARAS.

Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Protect Mice from Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation via IL5 and Eosinophils

Development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) enhances lesion group-2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) accumulation and blood IL5. ILC2 deficiency in Rora^fl/fl Il7r^Cre/+ mice or induced ILC2 depletion in Icos^fl-DTR-fl/+ Cd4^Cre/+ mice expedites AAA growth, increases lesion inflammation, but leads to systemic IL5 and eosinophil (EOS) deficiency. Mechanistic studies show that ILC2 protect mice from AAA formation via IL5 and EOS. IL5 or ILC2 from wild-type (WT) mice, but not ILC2 from Il5^-/- mice induces EOS differentiation in bone-marrow cells from Rora^fl/fl Il7r^Cre/+ mice. IL5, IL13, and EOS or ILC2 from WT mice, but not ILC2 from Il5^-/- and Il13^-/- mice block SMC apoptosis and promote SMC proliferation. EOS but not ILC2 from WT or Il5^-/- mice block endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule expression, angiogenesis, dendritic cell differentiation, and Ly6C^hi monocyte polarization. Reconstitution of WT EOS and ILC2 but not Il5^-/- ILC2 slows AAA growth in Rora^fl/fl Il7r^Cre/+ mice by increasing systemic EOS. Besides regulating SMC pathobiology, ILC2 play an indirect role in AAA protection via the IL5 and EOS mechanism.

Medicinal Plants for Viral Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review on Persian Medicine

Introduction

Many medicinal plants have been introduced in Persian medicine references for various respiratory disorders. Considering the growing interest in herbal medicines, this review aimed to introduce medicinal herbs recommended by Persian Medicine (PM) references for respiratory diseases and to discuss their activity against respiratory viruses.

Methods

The medicinal plants recommended for respiratory disorders were extracted from the main PM textbooks. Subsequently, their activity against respiratory viruses was systematically investigated via queries of scientific databases.

Results

Searching PM references for medicinal plants used in the management of respiratory disorders yielded 45 results. Of them, 18 possess antiviral activity against respiratory viruses. There were 29 in vitro studies (including studies on human cell lines) and 5 in vivo studies.

Conclusion

This research demonstrated that many of the medicinal plants mentioned for the respiratory diseases in PM have considerable activity against respiratory viruses. However, human studies regarding the reported medicinal plants are scarce.

Zataria multiflora extract influenced asthmatic patients by improving respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests and lung inflammation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss (Z. multiflora) were reported in previous studies which is using in traditional and modern medicine. This plant is traditional used as an anti-tussive agent and for the management of respiratory disorders.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The preventive effect of the extract of leaves and stems of Z. multiflora on respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests, hematological indices, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the serum and supernatant of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and gene expression of IL-10 in these cells in asthmatic patients was studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

36 asthmatic patients in three groups (randomly divided) of placebo group (P), two groups treated with 5 and 10 mg/kg/day doses of Z. multiflora (Z5 and Z10) for two months completed the study. Drugs were administered double-blindly and different variables were assessed before and after (one and two months) starting treatment including respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests (PFT), hematological indices, hs-CRP, serum and supernatant levels as well as gene expression of IL-10.

RESULTS

Two months treatment with Z5 and Z10 led to significant reduction of respiratory symptoms (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Pulmonary function test values in treated groups were also significantly increased two months after starting treatment (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Total WBC, monocytes and eosinophils were also decreased in treated groups with the extract at the end of study period (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). Hemoglobin and hematocrit in Z10 treated group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in both treated groups (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01) were significantly reduced. In addition, the level of hs-CRP in both treated groups was significantly reduced after two months (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). IL-10 concentration in Z10 treated group in supernatant of PBMC was also significantly enhanced (p < 0.01). All comparisons were made compared to the baseline (beginning of the treatment) values.

CONCLUSION

Z. multiflora improved respiratory symptoms and increased pulmonary function tests in asthmatic patients. In addition, the plant was effective in decrement of inflammatory cells and hs-CRP as well as enhanced IL-10. Therefore, the plant showed possible preventive therapeutic effect on asthma.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-asthmatic Effects of TMDCT Decoction in Eosinophilic Asthma Through Treg/Th17 Balance

Tuo-Min-Ding-Chuan decoction (TMDCT) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula consisting of twelve herbs that can relieve the symptoms and treat allergic asthma. Yet, the underlying mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of TMDCT in regulating Treg/Th17 cells immune balance and explored potential metabolic and gut biomarkers associated with Treg and Th17 cells in eosinophilic asthma mice treated by TMDCT. We found that TMDCT increases Treg cells percentage and decreases Th17 cells percentage in the ovalbumin (OVA) -induced eosinophilic asthma mice model. Furthermore, Imidazoleacetic acid, dL-glutamine, L-pyroglutamic acid, 2-deoxy-d-glucose were preliminary identified as biomarkers in plasma metabolites treated by TMDCT, meanwhile genus Desulfovibrio, genus Butyricimonas and genus Prevotella 9 were preliminary identified as gut microbiota biomarkers after TMDCT treatment. These results provide an experimental foundation for the treatment of allergic asthma with Chinese herbal compounds.

The effect of Zataria multiflora on respiratory allergic and immunologic disorders, experimental and clinical evidence: A comprehensive review

Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) is used in traditional and modern medicine for therapeutic objectives especially in respiratory disorders. Therefore, updated experimental and clinical studies on the effects of Z. multiflora on respiratory, allergic, and immunologic disorders are reviewed. Various electronic search engines including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using appropriate keywords until the end of November 2021. Books, thesis-hard copies of some articles were also included. The effects of Z. multiflora on respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung infection, and lung cancer were shown. Extracts of Z. multiflora showed the relaxant effect with various mechanisms. The preventive effects of Z. multiflora were also demonstrated by mechanisms such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiinflammatory properties in the experimental animal models of different respiratory diseases. Carvacrol and thymol are probably responsible for the therapeutic effect of plant among 56 constituents of Z. multiflora. In addition, bronchodilatory and preventive effects of the plant and its constituents on asthma, COPD, lung disorders due to noxious agents and allergic and immunologic disorders were shown in the clinical studies. Therefore Z. multiflora and its constituents may be considered as a preventive and/or relieving therapy in various respiratory diseases.

Dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate from Lophius litulon alleviate the allergy sensitized by major royal jelly protein 1

The objective of the present study was to explore the desensitization effect of dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) from Lophius litulon (Ll) on mice sensitized by major royal jelly protein 1 (MRJP1). First, the affinity between six glycosaminoglycans and the MRJP1 polyclonal antibody was measured by the ELISA method. Lophius litulon dermatan sulfate (Ll DS) and Lophius litulon chondroitin sulfate (Ll CS) were selected due to their highest binding affinity. Second, the molecular docking method was used to explore the interaction between Ll DS and MRJP1 and Ll CS and MRJP1. The results showed that Ll DS and Ll CS combined with MRJP1 successfully, which meant a potential function of relieving the MRJP1-caused allergy. Finally, the MRJP1-sensitized mice model was established and confirmed that Ll DS and Ll CS had the desensitization ability to relieve MRJP1-induced allergic symptoms. To validate the conclusion, the relief of allergic symptoms in mice was observed. The production of total IgE, MRJP1-specific IgE and histamine was measured. The desensitization mechanism was further studied by measuring cytokines (IL-4 and IFN-γ) from splenocytes stimulated with MRJP1 in vitro. Based on in vivo and in vitro experiments, it was confirmed that Ll DS and Ll CS have the ability to alleviate MRJP1-induced allergic symptoms, which proposes a potential candidate material against IgE-mediated food allergy.

Efficacy of Persian medicine herbal formulations (capsules and decoction) compared to standard care in patients with COVID-19, a multicenter open-labeled, randomized, controlled clinical trial

Persian medicine has recommended clinical experiences and proper herbal remedies for prevention and treatment of microbial infections and respiratory diseases. An open‐label, randomized, controlled, multicenter trial was conducted at five hospitals in Tehran and Isfahan provinces of Iran on 358 hospitalized adult patients. A total of 174 patients received standard care and 184 received herbal remedies (polyherbal decoction every 8 hr and two herbal capsules every 12 hr) plus standard care for 7 days. The primary clinical endpoint was the duration of hospital stay, and secondary outcomes were clinical improvement of symptoms based on self‐assessment questionnaire. Results demonstrated that these natural decoction and capsules treatment plus routine care significantly decreased duration of hospital dyspnea (3.291 day vs. 6.468 days), accelerated clinical improvement, and decreased symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, muscle pain, headache, fatigue, anorexia, chills, runny nose, sputum cough, and vertigo in the treatment group compared with standard‐care group. Significant effects of these polyherbal formulations on improving the symptoms of COVID‐19 could be incredibly promising for managing this pandemic with acceptable tolerability.

Zataria multiflora and its main ingredient, carvacrol, affect on the renal function, histopathological, biochemical and antioxidant parameters in adriamycin-induced nephrotic rats

Oxidative stress has a major role in the nephrosis. In the present study, the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (ZM) and carvacrol (CAR) were evaluated on the renal damage induced by adriamycin (ADR). The animals accidentally divided into four groups including: Control, ADR, ZM + ADR and CAR + ADR. The renal tissue, urine, and blood samples subjected to biochemical markers and histopathological evaluation. ADR significantly decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) while escalated urine protein excretion as well as protein clearance (p < .01 to p < .001). Also, ADR significantly reduced the antioxidants and boosted the malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to the control (p < .05 to p < .01). In groups treated by ZM and CAR, GFR, and antioxidants significantly increased, whereas urine protein excretion and MDA decreased (p < .05 to p < .001). ZM and CAR induced an improvement in ADR-induced renal damage by improving renal function as well as antioxidant activity.

Roles of Clara cell 10-kD protein and type 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic rhinitis

This study examined the potential roles of CC10 (Clara cell 10-kD protein) and ILC2s (type 2 innate lymphoid cells) in allergic rhinitis (AR). After ovalbumin was used to construct the AR model, microarray analysis was performed to reveal the key differentially expressed genes. The phenotypic changes of nasal mucosa were examined by H&E staining. Western blot analysis, qRT-PCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry were performed to identify the levels of cytokines. The lineage markers (CD127 and CD117) of ILC2s were detected using immunofluorescence. The microarray analysis and qRT-PCR results showed that CC10 overexpression inhibited the expression of A20, BAFF, and IL-4 R in vivo. Also, CC10 overexpression was found to ameliorate the damage of nasal mucosa in AR mice. Investigations revealed that the ILC2s were activated in AR mice and AR patients with high levels of IgE, IgG1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, and IL-33. Moreover, CD127+ was found to activate ILC2s. However, CC10 overexpression suppressed the activation of ILC2s. In conclusion, this research suggested that CC10 could suppress the activation of ILC2s to attenuate the damage of nasal mucosa and that CD127+ may be a biomarker of the activation of ILC2s in AR mice and AR patients.

Carvacrol improves pulmonary function tests, oxidant/antioxidant parameters and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Carvacrol effects on inflammatory mediators, lung pathology and tracheal responsiveness were indicated in animal models of pulmonary diseases.

PURPOSE

To evaluate carvacrol effects on respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests (PFT), oxidative stress markers and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients.

STUDY DESIGN

This study was a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind, clinical trial.

METHODS

Thirty-three moderate asthmatic patients were divided to the two groups of: placebo group (n = 16) and carvacrol group (1.2 mg/kg/day, n = 17). Prepared capsules were taken for two months along, 3 times/day along with routine medications. Respiratory symptoms, PFT, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated before the treatment (step 0), and one (step I) and two months (step II) after the beginning of the treatment. However, cytokine levels in serum and supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and their gene expression were evaluated in step 0 and II.

RESULTS

In carvacrol-treated group, respiratory symptoms significantly decreased after one- and two-month treatment with carvacrol compared to pre-treatment values (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Compared to step 0, PFT values were significantly increased in step I and II, in treated group with carvacrol (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Most oxidative stress markers were improved following carvacrol treatment (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Treatment with carvacrol for two-month also significantly improved cytokine levels in serum and supernatant of PBMC, compared to step 0 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in the above-noted parameters in the placebo group.

CONCLUSION

Due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect, carvacrol could be suggested as a therapeutic agent for asthma.

Indian Medicinal Plants and Formulations and Their Potential Against COVID-19-Preclinical and Clinical Research

The cases of COVID-19 are still increasing day-by-day worldwide, even after a year of its first occurrence in Wuhan city of China. The spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection is very fast and different from other SARS-CoV infections possibly due to structural differences in S proteins. The patients with severe diseases may die due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by systemic inflammatory reactions due to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the immune effector cells. In India too, it is spreading very rapidly, although the case fatality rate is below 1.50% (https://www.statista.com), which is markedly less than in other countries, despite the dense population and minimal health infrastructure in rural areas. This may be due to the routine use of many immunomodulator medicinal plants and traditional AYUSH formulations by the Indian people. This communication reviews the AYUSH recommended formulations and their ingredients, routinely used medicinal plants and formulations by Indian population as well as other promising Indian medicinal plants, which can be tested against COVID-19. Special emphasis is placed on Indian medicinal plants reported for antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-allergic/anti-inflammatory activities and they are categorized for prioritization in research on the basis of earlier reports. The traditional AYUSH medicines currently under clinical trials against COVID-19 are also discussed as well as furtherance of pre-clinical and clinical testing of the potential traditional medicines against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. The results of the clinical studies on AYUSH drugs will guide the policymakers from the AYUSH systems of medicines to maneuver their policies for public health, provide information to the global scientific community and could form a platform for collaborative studies at national and global levels. It is thereby suggested that promising AYUSH formulations and Indian medicinal plants must be investigated on a priority basis to solve the current crisis.

Immune effects of miRNA and Th17 cells on β-Lg allergy in dietary milk based on mouse model

β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) allergy in dietary milk seriously affects the use of high-quality milk protein in infants. In order to solve this problem, the expression of miRNA and Th17 cells in milk β-Lg allergic reaction of children's diet was studied. Method: female BALB/c mice aged 5–6 weeks were selected as the subjects and randomly divided into blank group and β-Lg sensitized group, with 10 mice in each group. On the 1st, 7th and 14th day, the mice in the β-Lg sensitized group were intraperitoneally injected with allergen (Freund's adjuvant + β-Lg). Mice in the blank group were given the same amount of normal saline. Blood samples were collected from the eyeballs of mice to determine the number of inflammatory cells. The contents of Th17 related cytokines and transcription factors in spleen were detected by RT-PCR. Results: 1. the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in the β-Lg sensitized group were 15.76/mL and 24.36/mL, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the blank group (P < 0.05); 2. in the mice of β-Lg sensitized group, the expression of miR-146a and miR-155 was abnormal, the number of Th17 cells was abnormally increased, and the expression levels of IL-17 and RORγt were significantly increased; 3. the abnormal expression of miR-146a and miR-155 in the mice of β-Lg sensitized group was positively correlated with the secretion of Th17 related cytokines, which could be used as one of the biological indexes to evaluate allergic reaction. Conclusion: the number of Thl7 increased abnormally in dietary milk allergy patients. miRNA gene expression and IL-17 expression could be used as one of the biological indicators to evaluate the allergic reaction of β-Lg.

Protective effects of ascorbic acid and calcitriol combination on airway remodelling in ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma

Context: Airway remodelling is one of the most refractory problems in asthma. According to the critical roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in airway remodelling, it is supposed that ascorbic acid and calcitriol have beneficial effects. However, a combination of antioxidants may be more effective for asthma therapy.Objective: This study investigated the protective effects of ascorbic acid in combination with calcitriol on airway remodelling in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced chronic asthma.Materials and methods: BALB/c mice were assigned into seven groups: (1) Control; (2) Asthma; (3) Ineffective C (orally 39 mg/kg ascorbic acid); (4) Ineffective D (intraperitoneally 1.5 μg/kg calcitriol); (5) Effective C (orally 130 mg/kg ascorbic acid); (6) Effective D (intraperitoneally 5 μg/kg calcitriol); (7) Combination (orally 39 mg/kg ascorbic acid + intraperitoneally 1.5 μg/kg calcitriol). All animals were sensitized and challenged with OVA except in the control group (normal saline). In all treatment groups, mice were administrated vitamins 30 min before each challenge (three times per week for 8 consecutive weeks).Results: In comparison with the asthma group, co-administration of ineffective doses of ascorbic acid and calcitriol led to the decreased levels of IL-13 (50.5 ± 1.85 vs. 42.13 ± 0.37 pg/mL, p = 0.02) and IgE (58.74 ± 0.43 vs. 45.78 ± 2.05 ng/mL, p = 0.003) as well as the reduction of goblet hyperplasia and subepithelial fibrosis (5 vs. 1 score, p = 0.001 and 5 vs. 2 score, p = 0.001, respectively).Discussion and conclusions: Combination of ascorbic acid with calcitriol in ineffective doses improves airway remodelling due to additive effects possibly through reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. This study provides a scientific basis for further research and clinical applications of ascorbic acid and calcitriol and can be generalized to the broader pharmacological studies.

Airborne Bacteria Enriched PM2.5 Enhances the Inflammation in an Allergic Adolescent Mouse Model Induced by Ovalbumin

Air pollution events frequently occur in China during the winter. Most investigations of pollution studies have focused on the physical and chemical properties of PM2.5. Many of these studies have indicated that PM2.5 exacerbates asthma or eosinophil inflammation. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between bacterial loads in PM2.5, and especially pathogenic bacteria and childhood asthma. Airborne PM2.5 samples from heavily polluted air were collected in Hangzhou, China between December 2014 and January 2015. PM2.5 and ovalbumin (OVA) were intratracheally administered twice in 4-week intervals to induce the allergic pulmonary inflammation in adolescent C57/BL6 mice. PM2.5 exposure caused neutrophilic alveolitis and bronchitis. In the presence of OVA, the levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-12, and IL-17 were significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) after PM2.5 exposure, while eosinophil infiltration and mucin secretion were also induced. In addition to adjuvant effects on OVA-induced allergic inflammation, PM2.5 exposure also led to the maturation of dendritic cells. These results suggest that PM2.5 exposure may aggravate lung eosinophilia and that PM2.5-bound microbial can exacerbate allergic and inflammatory lung diseases.

Essential oils and its bioactive compounds modulating cytokines: A systematic review on anti-asthmatic and immunomodulatory properties

BACKGROUND

Asthma, the main inflammatory chronic condition affecting the respiratory system, is characterized by hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction, recruitment of inflammatory cells and excessive production of mucus. Cytokines as biochemical messengers of immune cells, play an important role in the regulation of allergic inflammatory and infectious airway processes. Essential oils of plant origin are complex mixtures of volatile and semi volatile organic compounds that determine the specific aroma of plants and are categorized by their biological activities.

PURPOSE

We reviewed whether essential oils and their bioactive compounds of plant origin could modulate cytokines' immune responses and improve asthma therapy in experimental systems in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

Electronic and manual search of articles in English available from inception up to November 2018 reporting the immunomodulatory activity of essential oils and their bioactive compounds for the management of asthma. We used PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science. Publications reporting preclinical experiments where cytokines were examined to evaluate the consequence of anti-asthmatic therapy were included.

RESULTS

914 publications were identified and 13 were included in the systematic review. Four articles described the role of essential oils and their bioactive compounds on bronchial asthma using cell lines; nine in vivo studies evaluated the anti-inflammatory efficacy and immunomodulating effects of essential oil and their secondary metabolites on cytokines production and inflammatory responses. The most important immunopharmacological mechanisms reported were the regulation of cytokine production, inhibition of reactive oxygen species accumulation, inactivation of eosinophil migration and remodeling of the airways and lung tissue, modulation of FOXP3 gene expression, regulation of inflammatory cells in the airways and decreasing inflammatory mediator expression levels.

CONCLUSION

Plant derived essential oils and related active compounds have potential therapeutic activity for the treatment of asthma by modulating the release of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8), Th17 (IL-17), anti-inflammatory (IL-10), Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13) cytokines and the suppression of inflammatory cell accumulation.

The role of NTHi colonization and infection in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic asthma

Asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease. The neutrophilic subtypes of asthma are described as persistent, more severe and corticosteroid-resistant, with higher hospitalization and mortality rates, which seriously affect the lives of asthmatic patients. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, an increasing amount of evidence has shown that lower airway microbiome dysbiosis contributes to the exacerbation of asthma, especially neutrophilic asthma. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is normally found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy adults and is one of the most common strains in the lower respiratory tract of neutrophilic asthma patients, in whom its presence is related to the occurrence of corticosteroid resistance. To understand the pathogenic mechanism by which nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae colonization leads to the progression of neutrophilic asthma, we reviewed the previous literature on nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae colonization and subsequent aggravation of neutrophilic asthma and corticosteroid resistance. We discussed nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae as a potential therapeutic target to prevent the progression of neutrophilic asthma.

Elevated granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are closely related with elevation of Th17 cells in mice with experimental asthma

Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous inflammatory response characterized by various immune cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and CD4⁺ T-cell subsets. However, few studies on MDSC subsets and the association between MDSCs and CD4⁺ T-cell subsets in asthma are reported. In the present study, we detected CD4⁺ T cells and MDSC subsets and evaluated the relationship of these cells in mice with ovalbumin-induced asthma. We found that asthmatic mice showed severe airway inflammatory response and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We also noted increased numbers of Th2, Th17, and MDSCs; decreased proportion of Th1 and Treg cells in the splenocytes and lungs; and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in splenocytes and lungs. Granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs) and Th17 cells were closely related. Gemcitabine treatment reduced the G-MDSC level and the iNOS expression, alleviated the inflammatory response, and decreased the proportion and number of Th2 and Th17 cells in asthmatic mice. Besides the increase in Th2 and Th17 cells, the findings indicate that G-MDSC elevation plays a crucial role in asthmatic mice.

Zataria multiflora extract reverses lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depression behaviors in rats

OBJECTIVE

Stressors have an important role in sickness behaviors. We checked the effect of Zataria multiflora (ZM) extract against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anxiety and depression behaviors in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were distributed in the following groups (n=10): Control, LPS (1 mg/kg), LPS-ZM50, LPS-ZM100 and LPS-ZM200. LPS was syringed intraperitoneally (ip) 2 hr before performing behavioral tests. LPS-ZM groups were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg (ip) of ZM extract 30 min before LPS administration. Open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming (FS) tests were done. White blood cell (WBC) was counted in all groups.

RESULTS

In OF, pretreatment with ZM extract augmented the number of lines crossed and traveled distance in central and peripheral areas. The rats treated with ZM extract spent more time in the central zone and less time in the peripheral area compared to the LPS group. In EPM, the number of entries into the open and closed arms and stop time in the open arms in LPS-ZM groups were higher than the LPS group. The stop time in the closed arms of ZM-LPS groups was less than the LPS group. In FS test, swimming and climbing time in groups treated with ZM extract was more than the LPS group while their immobility time was less. WBC count in the LPS-ZM100 and LPS-ZM200 was lower than that of the LPS group.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results, pretreatment with ZM extract restituted anxiety and depression caused by LPS in rats. This effect of ZM was associated with amelioration of LPS-promoted inflammation.

Interleukin-16 aggravates ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation by enhancing Th2 and Th17 cytokine production in a mouse model

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves a variety of cytokines and cells. Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is highly expressed during allergic airway inflammation and is involved in its development. However, its specific mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, we used an animal model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma with mice harboring an IL-16 gene deletion to investigate the role of this cytokine in asthma, in addition to its underlying mechanism. Increased IL-16 expression was observed during OVA-induced asthma in C57BL/6J mice. However, when OVA was used to induce asthma in IL-16^-/- mice, a diminished inflammatory reaction, decreased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophil numbers, and the suppression of OVA-specific IgE levels in the serum and BALF were observed. The results also demonstrated decreased levels of T helper type 2 (Th2) and Th17 cytokines upon OVA-induced asthma in IL-16^-/- mice. Hence, we confirmed that IL-16 enhances the lung allergic inflammatory response and suggest a mechanism possibly associated with the up-regulation of IgE and the promotion of Th2 and Th17 cytokine production. This work explored the mechanism underlying the regulation of IL-16 in asthma and provides a new target for the clinical treatment of asthma.

Docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide mitigates IgE-mediated allergic reactions by inhibiting mast cell degranulation and regulating allergy-related immune cells

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid mainly found in fish oil. Although several studies have suggested that it can alleviate allergy symptoms, its mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHEA), a metabolite of DHA produced in the human body, exerts the anti-allergic activity in vitro and in vivo. DHEA suppressed degranulation of rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. This occurred due to a decrease in Ca²⁺ influx, which is critical for mast cell degranulation. DHEA also suppressed IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in mice. In addition, DHEA was demonstrated to lessen an allergic symptom in a mouse model of pollinosis and to alter the production of IgE and cytokines secreted by splenocytes collected from the pollinosis mice. Taken together, this study indicates that DHEA is a promising anti-allergic agent as it inhibits mast cell degranulation and modulates other immune cells.

Association between osteopontin expression and asthma: a meta-analysis

Objective

Osteopontin (OPN) plays an important role in chronic airway remodeling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The association between OPN protein expression and asthma has been investigated extensively, but the results of these studies are inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the relationship between OPN protein expression and asthma.

Methods

A systematic search was performed to identify published studies regarding the association between OPN protein expression and asthma. Studies with quantitative data were analyzed, and standardized mean differences were determined with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Nine studies were included in this analysis, involving 706 patients with asthma and 332 healthy controls. The pooled data from these studies demonstrated that OPN protein expression was significantly higher in patients with asthma than in controls. There was no significant difference in OPN protein between allergic asthma and nonallergic asthma. Moreover, there was no obvious relationship between OPN protein expression and the severity of asthma.

Conclusion

The results of this meta-analysis suggested that OPN protein expression is significantly upregulated in patients with asthma, but that it does not correlate with the type or severity of asthma.

Lamiaceae: An Insight on Their Anti-Allergic Potential and Its Mechanisms of Action

The prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy and atopic dermatitis has increased dramatically in recent decades. Conventional therapies for allergy can induce undesirable effects and hence patients tend to seek alternative therapies like natural compounds. Considering the fact above, there is an urgency to discover potential medicinal plants as future candidates in the development of novel anti-allergic therapeutic agents. The Lamiaceae family, or mint family, is a diverse plant family which encompasses more than 7,000 species and with a cosmopolitan distribution. A number of species from this family has been widely employed as ethnomedicine against allergic inflammatory skin diseases and allergic asthma in traditional practices. Phytochemical analysis of the Lamiaceae family has reported the presence of flavonoids, flavones, flavanones, flavonoid glycosides, monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenoids, essential oil and fatty acids. Numerous investigations have highlighted the anti-allergic activities of Lamiaceae species with their active principles and crude extracts. Henceforth, this review has the ultimate aim of compiling the up-to-date (2018) findings of published scientific information about the anti-allergic activities of Lamiaceae species. In addition, the botanical features, medicinal uses, chemical constituents and toxicological studies of Lamiaceae species were also documented. The method employed for data collection in this review was mainly the exploration of the PubMed, Ovid and Scopus databases. Additional research studies were obtained from the reference lists of retrieved articles. This comprehensive summarization serves as a useful resource for a better understanding of Lamiaceae species. The anti-allergic mechanisms related to Lamiaceae species are also reviewed extensively which aids in future exploration of the anti-allergic potential of Lamiaceae species.

(E)‑phenethyl 3‑(3,5‑dihydroxy‑4‑isopropylphenyl) acrylate gel improves DNFB-induced allergic contact hypersensitivity via regulating the balance of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cell subsets

(E)‑phenethyl 3‑(3,5‑dihydroxy‑4‑isopropylphenyl) acrylate gels (THCA354) is a novel polyphenols acrylic acid derivative. To investigate the immunoregulatory mechanisms of THCA354, we established a mouse model of 2,4‑dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Responses of Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were determined by flow cytometry, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our study found that topical application of THCA354 gel could inhibit ear swelling, reduce inflammatory cell infiltration, down-regulate Th1/Th17 responses and enhance Th2/Treg responses. These findings indicated that THCA354 gel exerted its immunotherapeutic effects by modulating the balance of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cell subsets, suggesting that THCA354 gel could be used as a promising drug candidate for intervention of ACD.

Effect of montelukast on the expression of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in children with acute bronchial asthma

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of montelukast on the expression of CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells in children with acute bronchial asthma. Fifty-six child patients with acute bronchial asthma treated in the Department of Pneumology at the Shangluo Central Hospital were selected and randomly divided into the control group (n=28) and treatment group (n=28). The control group was treated with the conventional therapy of bronchial asthma, while the treatment group received montelukast on the basis of the control group for 7 days. The clinical symptoms, lung function and proportion of CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells in peripheral T lymphocyte subsets in patients in the two groups were observed. Moreover, the levels of inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin E (IgE) in peripheral blood in both groups were detected. The effective treatment rate in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and 25% peak expiratory flow (PEF25) in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The proportions of CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells in the two groups after drug therapy were significantly increased. The proportion and content per unit volume of peripheral CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells in the treatment group were obviously higher than those in the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-6 in peripheral blood in the two groups were significantly decreased. However, the levels of transferrin-γ (TFN-γ) and IL-10 were significantly increased (P<0.01). The IgE level in the treatment group was also significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). In conclusion, montelukast can regulate the T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 balance, increase the expression of CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells, and improve the airway inflammation caused by acute bronchial asthma and the clinical symptoms and lung function of patients with acute bronchial asthma.

Effect of artemisinin and neurectomy of pterygoid canal in ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR), characterized by sneezing, nasal itching and rhinorrhea, affects a large number of population. This study aimed to explore the effects of artemisinin alone or combined with neurectomy of pterygoid canal in ovalbumin-induced AR mouse model and illustrate the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Allergic symptoms were evaluated to verify inhibitory effect of artemisinin alone or combined with neurectomy of pterygoid canal on AR. Serum levels of histamine, immunoglobulin E (IgE) and inflammatory factors TNF, INF-γ, IL-1β IL-10, IL-4 and IL-5 were measured by ELISA. The mRNA levels of TNF, INF-γ, IL-1β and IL-10 in local lymph nodes were measured by RT-qPCR. The total and phosphorylated levels of ERK and JNK were assessed by Western blot. CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T (Treg) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results

Artemisinin significantly relieved the behavior symptoms of AR mice. The administration of artemisinin strikingly suppressed the expression of histamine, IgE and inflammatory factors. An increased Treg cell proportion and inhibited ERK phosphorylation were observed in artemisinin-treated groups as compared to those in the AR group. Moreover, artemisinin plus neurectomy of pterygoid almost abolished the behavioral score increase in AR mice.

Conclusions

These results indicated that artemisinin exhibited anti-allergic effect by inhibiting ERK activation and increasing Treg cell proportion, which subsequently decreased the expressions of allergic mediators. In addition, artemisinin combined with neurectomy of pterygoid showed better efficacy than artemisinin alone.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13223-018-0249-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Modulation of lung inflammation and immune markers in asthmatic rats treated by Portulaca oleracea

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies indicated anti-inflammatory effects for Portulaca oleracea in various inflammatory disorders. In this study, the effects of P. oleracea on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of total protein (TP), Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and IgE in sensitized rats were examined.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male rats were randomly divided into six groups namely, control (group C), sensitized rats (group S), sensitized animal treated with three concentrations of the extract of P. oleracea and dexamethasone (n = 8 for each group). The levels of TP, PLA2 and IgE in BALF were measured.

RESULTS

The levels of TP, PLA2 and IgE were significantly increased in the BALF of group S compared to group C (p<0.001 for all cases). However, treatment of S rats with all concentrations of the extract, resulted in a significant and concentration-dependent reduction in BALF levels of TP, PLA2 and IgE compared to group S (p<0.001 for all cases except for the effect of the low extract concentration on TP). Dexamethasone treatment also led to significant reduction of TP, PLA2 and IgE (p<0.001 for all cases). The effect of dexamethasone treatment on PLA2 was significantly higher than the effects of all extract concentrations (p<0.001 for all cases). However, the effect of high extract concentration on TP and IgE was significantly higher than that of dexamethasone (p<0.001 both cases).

CONCLUSION

The results indicated anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of P. oleracea in sensitized rats (as an animal model of asthma) which was equal or more marked than dexamethasone at studied concentrations.