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He S, Bekhof ASMW, Popova EZ, van Merkerk R, Quax WJ. Improved taxadiene production by optimizing DXS expression and fusing short-chain prenyltransferases. N Biotechnol 2024; 83:66-73. [PMID: 38960021 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
This study highlights the significance of overexpressing 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) from the MEP (methylerythritol 4-phosphate) pathway, in addition to short-chain prenyltransferase fusions for the improved production of the diterpene, taxa-4,11-diene, the first committed intermediate in the production of anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The results showed that the strain which has (i) the taxadiene synthase (txs) gene integrated into the genome, (ii) the MEP pathway genes overexpressed, (iii) the fpps-crtE prenyltransferases fusion protein and (iv) additional expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), yielded the highest production of taxa-4,11-diene at 390 mg/L (26 mg/L/OD600). This represents a thirteen-fold increase compared to the highest reported concentration in B. subtilis. The focus on additional overexpression of DXS and utilizing short-chain prenyltransferase fusions underscores their pivotal role in achieving significant titer improvements in terpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi He
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Sophie M W Bekhof
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eli Z Popova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J Quax
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Bergman ME, Kortbeek RWJ, Gutensohn M, Dudareva N. Plant terpenoid biosynthetic network and its multiple layers of regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101287. [PMID: 38906423 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most chemically diverse classes of primary and secondary metabolites in nature with an exceptional breadth of functional roles in plants. Biosynthesis of all terpenoids begins with the universal five‑carbon building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its allylic isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which in plants are derived from two compartmentally separated but metabolically crosstalking routes, the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge on the terpenoid precursor pathways and highlight the critical hidden constraints as well as multiple regulatory mechanisms that coordinate and homeostatically govern carbon flux through the terpenoid biosynthetic network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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3
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Aguirre-Bottger C, Zolla G. The best of both worlds: photosynthesis and Solanaceae biodiversity seeking a sustainable food and cosmetic industry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1362814. [PMID: 38434437 PMCID: PMC10904534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1362814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaston Zolla
- Grupo de Investigation en Fisiología Molecular de Plantas, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
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4
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Kim M, Kim J, Lee S, Khanh N, Li Z, Polle JEW, Jin E. Deciphering the β-carotene hyperaccumulation in Dunaliella by the comprehensive analysis of Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella tertiolecta under high light conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:213-229. [PMID: 37727131 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Dunaliella salina hyperaccumulates β-carotene in the chloroplast, which turns its cells orange. This does not occur in the sister species Dunaliella tertiolecta. However, the molecular mechanisms of β-carotene hyperaccumulation were still unclear. Here, we discovered the reasons for β-carotene hyperaccumulation by comparing the morphology, physiology, genome, and transcriptome between the carotenogenic D. salina and the noncarotenogenic D. tertiolecta after transfer to high light. The differences in photosynthetic capacity, cell growth, and the concentration of stored carbon suggest that these species regulate the supply and utilization of carbon differently. The number of β-carotene-containing plastid lipid globules increased in both species, but much faster and to a greater extent in D. salina than in D. tertiolecta. Consistent with the accumulation of plastid lipid globules, the expression of the methyl-erythritol-phosphate and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways increased only in D. salina, which explains the de novo synthesis of β-carotene. In D. salina, the concomitantly upregulated expression of the carotene globule proteins suggests that hyperaccumulation of β-carotene also requires a simultaneous increase in its sink capacity. Based on genomic analysis, we propose that D. salina has genetic advantages for routing carbon from growth to carotenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongrae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmuk Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Khanh
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhun Li
- Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Juergen E W Polle
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York, Brooklyn, USA
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Cao K, Cui Y, Sun F, Zhang H, Fan J, Ge B, Cao Y, Wang X, Zhu X, Wei Z, Yao Q, Ma J, Wang Y, Meng C, Gao Z. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for producing high-value natural pigments in Microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108236. [PMID: 37586543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are microorganisms capable of producing bioactive compounds using photosynthesis. Microalgae contain a variety of high value-added natural pigments such as carotenoids, phycobilins, and chlorophylls. These pigments play an important role in many areas such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Natural pigments have a health value that is unmatched by synthetic pigments. However, the current commercial production of natural pigments from microalgae is not able to meet the growing market demand. The use of metabolic engineering and synthetic biological strategies to improve the production performance of microalgal cell factories is essential to promote the large-scale production of high-value pigments from microalgae. This paper reviews the health and economic values, the applications, and the synthesis pathways of microalgal pigments. Overall, this review aims to highlight the latest research progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in constructing engineered strains of microalgae with high-value pigments and the application of CRISPR technology and multi-omics in this context. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on the bottlenecks and challenges of microalgal pigment production and their future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yulin Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yujiao Cao
- School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255090, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Zuoxi Wei
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qingshou Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jinju Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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6
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Tian C, Quan H, Jiang R, Zheng Q, Huang S, Tan G, Yan C, Zhou J, Liao H. Differential roles of Cassia tora 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase in trade-off between plant growth and drought tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1270396. [PMID: 37929171 PMCID: PMC10623318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1270396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to global climate change, drought is emerging as a major threat to plant growth and agricultural productivity. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been implicated in plant drought tolerance, however, its retarding effects on plant growth cannot be ignored. The reactions catalyzed by 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) proteins are critical steps within the isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. Here, five DXS (CtDXS1-5) and two DXR (CtDXR1-2) genes were identified from Cassia tora genome. Based on multiple assays including the phylogeny, cis-acting element, expression pattern, and subcellular localization, CtDXS1 and CtDXR1 genes might be potential candidates controlling the isoprenoid biosynthesis. Intriguingly, CtDXS1 transgenic plants resulted in drought tolerance but retardant growth, while CtDXR1 transgenic plants exhibited both enhanced drought tolerance and increased growth. By comparison of β-carotene, chlorophyll, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin 3 (GA3) contents in wild-type and transgenic plants, the absolute contents and (or) altered GA3/ABA levels were suggested to be responsible for the balance between drought tolerance and plant growth. The transcriptome of CtDXR1 transgenic plants suggested that the transcript levels of key genes, such as DXS, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCED), ent-kaurene synthase (KS) and etc, involved with chlorophyll, β-carotene, ABA and GA3 biosynthesis were induced and their contents increased accordingly. Collectively, the trade-off effect induced by CtDXR1 was associated with redesigning architecture in phytohormone homeostasis and thus was highlighted for future breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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7
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Bhargava N, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Voogd C, Allan AC. Comparative transcriptomic and plastid development analysis sheds light on the differential carotenoid accumulation in kiwifruit flesh. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1213086. [PMID: 37711308 PMCID: PMC10499360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are colorful lipophilic isoprenoids synthesized in all photosynthetic organisms which play roles in plant growth and development and provide numerous health benefits in the human diet (precursor of Vitamin A). The commercially popular kiwifruits are golden yellow-fleshed (Actinidia chinensis) and green fleshed (A. deliciosa) cultivars which have a high carotenoid concentration. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis and sequestration of carotenoids in Actinidia species is key to increasing nutritional value of this crop via breeding. In this study we analyzed fruit with varying flesh color from three Actinidia species; orange-fleshed A. valvata (OF), yellow-fleshed A. polygama (YF) and green-fleshed A. arguta (GF). Microscopic analysis revealed that carotenoids accumulated in a crystalline form in YF and OF chromoplasts, with the size of crystals being bigger in OF compared to YF, which also contained globular substructures in the chromoplast. Metabolic profiles were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), which showed that β-carotene was the predominant carotenoid in the OF and YF species, while lutein was the dominant carotenoid in the GF species. Global changes in gene expression were studied between OF and GF (both tetraploid) species using RNA-sequencing which showed higher expression levels of upstream carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes such as DXS, PSY, GGPPS, PDS, ZISO, and ZDS in OF species compared to GF. However, low expression of downstream pathway genes was observed in both species. Pathway regulatory genes (OR and OR-L), plastid morphology related genes (FIBRILLIN), chlorophyll degradation genes (SGR, SGR-L, RCCR, and NYC1) were upregulated in OF species compared to GF. This suggests chlorophyll degradation (primarily in the initial ripening stages) is accompanied by increased carotenoid production and localization in orange flesh tissue, a contrast from green flesh tissue. These results suggest a coordinated change in the carotenoid pathway, as well as changes in plastid type, are responsible for an orange phenotype in certain kiwifruit species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitisha Bhargava
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Xin J, Li Y, Zhao C, Ge W, Tian R. An integrated transcriptome, metabolomic, and physiological investigation uncovered the underlying tolerance mechanisms of Monochoria korsakowii in response to acute/chronic cadmium exposure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107888. [PMID: 37442048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the physiological response and tolerance mechanism of wetland plants to heavy metal exposure can provide theoretical guidance for an early warning for acute metal pollution and metal-contaminated water phytoremediation. A hydroponic experiment was employed to investigate variations in the antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis in leaves of Monochoria korsakowii under 0.12 mM cadmium ion (Cd2+) acute (4 d) and chronic (21 d) exposure. Transcriptome and metabolome were analyzed to elucidate the underlying defensive strategies. The acute/chronic Cd2+ exposure decreased chlorophyll a and b contents, and disturbed photosynthesis in the leaves. The acute Cd2+ exposure increased catalase activity by 36.42%, while the chronic Cd2+ exposure markedly increased ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in the leaves. A total of 2 685 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves were identified with the plants exposed to the acute/chronic Cd2+ contamination. In the acute Cd2+ exposure treatment, DEGs were preferentially enriched in the plant hormone transduction pathway, followed by phenylrpopanoid biosynthesis. However, the chronic Cd2+ exposure induced DEGs enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathway as priority. With acute/chronic Cd2+ exposure, a total of 157 and 227 differentially expressed metabolites were identified in the leaves. Conjoint transcriptome and metabolome analysis indicated the plant hormone signal transduction pathway and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites was preferentially activated by the acute and chronic Cd2+ exposure, respectively. The phenylpropanoid pathway functioned as a chemical defense, and the positive role of deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway in leaves against acute/chronic Cd2+ exposure was impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpan Xin
- College of Architecture Landscape, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Architecture Landscape, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chu Zhao
- College of Architecture Landscape, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjia Ge
- College of Architecture Landscape, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Runan Tian
- College of Architecture Landscape, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Niaz M, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Yan X, Yuan M, Cheng Y, Lv G, Fadlalla T, Zhao L, Sun C, Chen F. Genetic and molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism in cereals. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:63. [PMID: 36939900 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are vital pigments for higher plants and play a crucial function in photosynthesis and photoprotection. Carotenoids are precursors of vitamin A synthesis and contribute to human nutrition and health. However, cereal grain endosperm contains a minor carotenoid measure and a scarce supply of provitamin A content. Therefore, improving the carotenoids in cereal grain is of major importance. Carotenoid content is governed by multiple candidate genes with their additive effects. Studies on genes related to carotenoid metabolism in cereals would increase the knowledge of potential metabolic steps of carotenoids and enhance the quality of crop plants. Recognizing the metabolism and carotenoid accumulation in various staple cereal crops over the last few decades has broadened our perspective on the interdisciplinary regulation of carotenogenesis. Meanwhile, the amelioration in metabolic engineering approaches has been exploited to step up the level of carotenoid and valuable industrial metabolites in many crops, but wheat is still considerable in this matter. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of the consequences of biosynthetic and catabolic genes on carotenoid biosynthesis, current improvements in regulatory disciplines of carotenogenesis, and metabolic engineering of carotenoids. A panoptic and deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism and genetic manipulation (genome selection and gene editing) will be useful in improving the carotenoid content of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Niaz
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiangning Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Minjie Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - YongZhen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guoguo Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Tarig Fadlalla
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Faculty of Agriculture, Nile valley University, Atbara, 346, Sudan
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Congwei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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10
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3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase genes from Glycine max regulate plant growth and isoprenoid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3902. [PMID: 36890158 PMCID: PMC9995466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids, a large kind of plant natural products, are synthesized by the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids. As one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the MVA pathway of soybean (Glycine max), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is encoded by eight isogenes (GmHMGR1-GmHMGR8). To begin, we used lovastatin (LOV), a specific inhibitor of GmHMGR, to investigate their role in soybean development. To further investigate, we overexpressed the GmHMGR4 and GmHMGR6 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The growth of soybean seedlings, especially the development of lateral roots, was inhibited after LOV treatment, accompanied by a decrease in sterols content and GmHMGR gene expression. After the overexpression of GmHMGR4 and GmHMGR6 in A. thaliana, the primary root length was higher than the wild type, and total sterol and squalene contents were significantly increased. In addition, we detected a significant increase in the product tocopherol from the MEP pathway. These results further support the fact that GmHMGR1-GmHMGR8 play a key role in soybean development and isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Nie H, Kim M, Lee S, Lim S, Lee MS, Kim JH, Noh SJ, Park SW, Kim ST, Shin AY, Lee Y, Kwon SY. High-quality genome assembly and genetic mapping reveal a gene regulating flesh color in watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1142856. [PMID: 36938051 PMCID: PMC10014564 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The unique color and type characteristics of watermelon fruits are regulated by many molecular mechanisms. However, it still needs to be combined with more abundant genetic data to fine-tune the positioning. We assembled genomes of two Korean inbred watermelon lines (cv. 242-1 and 159-1) with unique color and fruit-type characteristics and identified 23,921 and 24,451 protein-coding genes in the two genomes, respectively. To obtain more precise results for further study, we resequenced one individual of each parental line and an F2 population composed of 87 individuals. This identified 1,539 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 80 InDel markers that provided a high-density genetic linkage map with a total length of 3,036.9 cM. Quantitative trait locus mapping identified 15 QTLs for watermelon fruit quality-related traits, including β-carotene and lycopene content in fruit flesh, fruit shape index, skin thickness, flesh color, and rind color. By investigating the mapping intervals, we identified 33 candidate genes containing variants in the coding sequence. Among them, Cla97C01G008760 was annotated as a phytoene synthase with a single-nucleotide variant (A → G) in the first exon at 9,539,129 bp of chromosome 1 that resulted in the conversion of a lysine to glutamic acid, indicating that this gene might regulate flesh color changes at the protein level. These findings not only prove the importance of a phytoene synthase gene in pigmentation but also explain an important reason for the color change of watermelon flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Nie
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkyo Kim
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Lim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Sun Lee
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeok Kim
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Ji Noh
- Watermelon and Strawberry Research Institute, Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Won Park
- Watermelon and Strawberry Research Institute, Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Shin
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Lee
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Yoon Kwon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Sun Q, He L, Sun L, Xu HY, Fu YQ, Sun ZY, Zhu BQ, Duan CQ, Pan QH. Identification of SNP loci and candidate genes genetically controlling norisoprenoids in grape berry based on genome-wide association study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1142139. [PMID: 36938056 PMCID: PMC10014734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining new grapevine varieties with unique aromas has been a long-standing goal of breeders. Norisoprenoids are of particular interest to wine producers and researchers, as these compounds are responsible for the important varietal aromas in wine, characterized by a complex floral and fruity smell, and are likely present in all grape varieties. However, the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci and candidate genes genetically controlling the norisoprenoid content in grape berry remain unknown. To this end, in this study, we investigated 13 norisoprenoid traits across two years in an F1 population consisting of 149 individuals from a hybrid of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Muscat Alexandria and V. vinifera L. cv. Christmas Rose. Based on 568,953 SNP markers, genome-wide association analysis revealed that 27 candidate SNP loci belonging to 18 genes were significantly associated with the concentrations of norisoprenoid components in grape berry. Among them, 13 SNPs were confirmed in a grapevine germplasm population comprising 97 varieties, including two non-synonymous mutations SNPs within the VvDXS1 and VvGGPPS genes, respectively in the isoprenoid metabolic pathway. Genotype analysis showed that the grapevine individuals with the heterozygous genotype C/T at chr5:2987350 of VvGGPPS accumulated higher average levels of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and β-cyclocitral than those with the homozygous genotype C/C. Furthermore, VvGGPPS was highly expressed in individuals with high norisoprenoids concentrations. Transient overexpression of VvGGPPS in the leaves of Vitis quinquangularis and tobacco resulted in an increase in norisoprenoid concentrations. These findings indicate the importance of VvGGPPS in the genetic control of norisoprenoids in grape berries, serving as a potential molecular breeding target for aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Lei He
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Xu
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Qun Fu
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Sun
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Qing Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Qing Duan
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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13
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Kumar A, Pandey SS, Kumar D, Tripathi BN. Genetic manipulation of photosynthesis to enhance crop productivity under changing environmental conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 155:1-21. [PMID: 36319887 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Current global agricultural production needs to be increased to feed the unconstrained growing population. The changing climatic condition due to anthropogenic activities also makes the conditions more challenging to meet the required crop productivity in the future. The increase in crop productivity in the post green revolution era most likely became stagnant, or no major enhancement in crop productivity observed. In this review article, we discuss the emerging approaches for the enhancement of crop production along with dealing to the future climate changes like rise in temperature, increase in precipitation and decrease in snow and ice level, etc. At first, we discuss the efforts made for the genetic manipulation of chlorophyll metabolism, antenna engineering, electron transport chain, carbon fixation, and photorespiratory processes to enhance the photosynthesis of plants and to develop tolerance in plants to cope with changing environmental conditions. The application of CRISPR to enhance the crop productivity and develop abiotic stress-tolerant plants to face the current changing climatic conditions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India
| | - Shiv Shanker Pandey
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.
| | - Dhananjay Kumar
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Department of Botany and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, 246 174, India.
| | - Bhumi Nath Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, 484886, India
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14
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Wang Y, Luo X, Chen L, Mustapha AT, Yu X, Zhou C, Okonkwo CE. Natural and low-caloric rebaudioside A as a substitute for dietary sugars: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:615-642. [PMID: 36524621 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For health and safety concerns, traditional high-calorie sweeteners and artificial sweeteners are gradually replaced in food industries by natural and low-calorie sweeteners. As a natural and high-quality sugar substitute, steviol glycosides (SvGls) are continually scrutinized regarding their safety and application. Recently, the cultivation of organic stevia has been increasing in many parts of Europe and Asia, and it is obvious that there is a vast market for sugar substitutes in the future. Rebaudioside A, the main component of SvGls, is gradually accepted by consumers due to its safe, zero calories, clear, and sweet taste with no significant undesirable characteristics. Hence, it can be used in various foods or dietary supplements as a sweetener. In addition, rebaudioside A has been demonstrated to have many physiological functions, such as antihypertension, anti-diabetes, and anticaries. But so far, there are few comprehensive reviews of rebaudioside A. In this review article, we discuss the physicochemical properties, metabolic process, safety, regulatory, health benefits, and biosynthetic pathway of rebaudioside A and summarize the modification methods and state-of-the-art production and purification techniques of rebaudioside A. Furthermore, the current problems hindering the future production and application of rebaudioside A are analyzed, and suggestions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Chen
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | | | - Xiaojie Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Clinton Emeka Okonkwo
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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15
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Quiroz-Iturra LF, Simpson K, Arias D, Silva C, González-Calquin C, Amaza L, Handford M, Stange C. Carrot DcALFIN4 and DcALFIN7 Transcription Factors Boost Carotenoid Levels and Participate Differentially in Salt Stress Tolerance When Expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana and Actinidia deliciosa. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012157. [PMID: 36293018 PMCID: PMC9603649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ALFIN-like transcription factors (ALs) are involved in several physiological processes such as seed germination, root development and abiotic stress responses in plants. In carrot (Daucus carota), the expression of DcPSY2, a gene encoding phytoene synthase required for carotenoid biosynthesis, is induced after salt and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Interestingly, the DcPSY2 promoter contains multiple ALFIN response elements. By in silico analysis, we identified two putative genes with the molecular characteristics of ALs, DcAL4 and DcAL7, in the carrot transcriptome. These genes encode nuclear proteins that transactivate reporter genes and bind to the carrot DcPSY2 promoter in yeast. The expression of both genes is induced in carrot under salt stress, especially DcAL4 which also responds to ABA treatment. Transgenic homozygous T3 Arabidopsis thaliana lines that stably express DcAL4 and DcAL7 show a higher survival rate with respect to control plants after chronic salt stress. Of note is that DcAL4 lines present a better performance in salt treatments, correlating with the expression level of DcAL4, AtPSY and AtDXR and an increase in carotenoid and chlorophyll contents. Likewise, DcAL4 transgenic kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) lines show increased carotenoid and chlorophyll content and higher survival rate compared to control plants after chronic salt treatment. Therefore, DcAL4 and DcAL7 encode functional transcription factors, while ectopic expression of DcAL4 provides increased tolerance to salinity in Arabidopsis and Kiwi plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Quiroz-Iturra
- Genetics & Biotechnology Lab, Plant & AgriBiosciences Research Centre (PABC), Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland
| | - Kevin Simpson
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Daniela Arias
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Silva
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Christian González-Calquin
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Leticia Amaza
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Michael Handford
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-22-2978-7361
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16
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Metibemu DS, Ogungbe IV. Carotenoids in Drug Discovery and Medicine: Pathways and Molecular Targets Implicated in Human Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:6005. [PMID: 36144741 PMCID: PMC9503763 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid-derived natural products produced in plants, algae, fungi, and photosynthetic bacteria. Most animals cannot synthesize carotenoids because the biosynthetic machinery to create carotenoids de novo is absent in animals, except arthropods. Carotenoids are biosynthesized from two C20 geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) molecules made from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) route. Carotenoids can be extracted by a variety of methods, including maceration, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE). Carotenoids have been reported to exert various biochemical actions, including the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR, Bcl-2, SAPK/JNK, JAK/STAT, MAPK, Nrf2/Keap1, and NF-κB signaling pathways and the ability to increase cholesterol efflux to HDL. Carotenoids are absorbed in the intestine. A handful of carotenoids and carotenoid-based compounds are in clinical trials, while some are currently used as medicines. The application of metabolic engineering techniques for carotenoid production, whole-genome sequencing, and the use of plants as cell factories to produce specialty carotenoids presents a promising future for carotenoid research. In this review, we discussed the biosynthesis and extraction of carotenoids, the roles of carotenoids in human health, the metabolism of carotenoids, and carotenoids as a source of drugs and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217-0095, USA
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17
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Arias D, Ortega A, González-Calquin C, Quiroz LF, Moreno-Romero J, Martínez-García JF, Stange C. Development and carotenoid synthesis in dark-grown carrot taproots require PHYTOCHROME RAPIDLY REGULATED1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1450-1465. [PMID: 35266544 PMCID: PMC9237741 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Light stimulates carotenoid synthesis in plants during photomorphogenesis through the expression of PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY), a key gene in carotenoid biosynthesis. The orange carrot (Daucus carota) synthesizes and accumulates high amounts of carotenoids in the taproot that grows underground. Contrary to other organs, light impairs carrot taproot development and represses the expression of carotenogenic genes, such as DcPSY1 and DcPSY2, reducing carotenoid accumulation. By means of RNA sequencing, in a previous analysis, we observed that carrot PHYTOCHROME RAPIDLY REGULATED1 (DcPAR1) is more highly expressed in the underground grown taproot compared with those grown in light. PAR1 is a transcriptional cofactor with a negative role in shade avoidance syndrome regulation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) through the dimerization with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), allowing a moderate synthesis of carotenoids. Here, we show that overexpressing AtPAR1 in carrot increases carotenoid production in taproots grown underground as well as DcPSY1 expression. The high expression of AtPAR1 and DcPAR1 led us to hypothesize a functional role of DcPAR1 that was verified through in vivo binding to AtPIF7 and overexpression in Arabidopsis, where AtPSY expression and carotenoid accumulation increased together with a photomorphogenic phenotype. Finally, DcPAR1 antisense carrot lines presented a dramatic decrease in carotenoid levels and in relative expression of key carotenogenic genes as well as impaired taproot development. These results suggest that DcPAR1 is a key factor for secondary root development and carotenoid synthesis in carrot taproot grown underground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Ortega
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Luis Felipe Quiroz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jordi Moreno-Romero
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Jaime F Martínez-García
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
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18
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Single-Cell Transcriptome and Network Analyses Unveil Key Transcription Factors Regulating Mesophyll Cell Development in Maize. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020374. [PMID: 35205426 PMCID: PMC8872562 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maize mesophyll (M) cells play important roles in various biological processes such as photosynthesis II and secondary metabolism. Functional differentiation occurs during M-cell development, but the underlying mechanisms for regulating M-cell development are largely unknown. Results: We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile transcripts in maize leaves. We then identified coregulated modules by analyzing the resulting pseudo-time-series data through gene regulatory network analyses. WRKY, ERF, NAC, MYB and Heat stress transcription factor (HSF) families were highly expressed in the early stage, whereas CONSTANS (CO)-like (COL) and ERF families were highly expressed in the late stage of M-cell development. Construction of regulatory networks revealed that these transcript factor (TF) families, especially HSF and COL, were the major players in the early and later stages of M-cell development, respectively. Integration of scRNA expression matrix with TF ChIP-seq and Hi-C further revealed regulatory interactions between these TFs and their targets. HSF1 and COL8 were primarily expressed in the leaf bases and tips, respectively, and their targets were validated with protoplast-based ChIP-qPCR, with the binding sites of HSF1 being experimentally confirmed. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that several TF families, with the involvement of epigenetic regulation, play vital roles in the regulation of M-cell development in maize.
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19
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Agrawal S, Karcher D, Ruf S, Erban A, Hertle AP, Kopka J, Bock R. Riboswitch-mediated inducible expression of an astaxanthin biosynthetic operon in plastids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:637-652. [PMID: 34623449 PMCID: PMC8774745 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The high-value carotenoid astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) is one of the most potent antioxidants in nature. In addition to its large-scale use in fish farming, the pigment has applications as a food supplement and an active ingredient in cosmetics and in pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diseases linked to reactive oxygen species. The biochemical pathway for astaxanthin synthesis has been introduced into seed plants, which do not naturally synthesize this pigment, by nuclear and plastid engineering. The highest accumulation rates have been achieved in transplastomic plants, but massive production of astaxanthin has resulted in severe growth retardation. What limits astaxanthin accumulation levels and what causes the mutant phenotype is unknown. Here, we addressed these questions by making astaxanthin synthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plastids inducible by a synthetic riboswitch. We show that, already in the uninduced state, astaxanthin accumulates to similarly high levels as in transplastomic plants expressing the pathway constitutively. Importantly, the inducible plants displayed wild-type-like growth properties and riboswitch induction resulted in a further increase in astaxanthin accumulation. Our data suggest that the mutant phenotype associated with constitutive astaxanthin synthesis is due to massive metabolite turnover, and indicate that astaxanthin accumulation is limited by the sequestration capacity of the plastid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Agrawal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander P Hertle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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20
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Jaramillo AM, Sierra S, Chavarriaga-Aguirre P, Castillo DK, Gkanogiannis A, López-Lavalle LAB, Arciniegas JP, Sun T, Li L, Welsch R, Boy E, Álvarez D. Characterization of cassava ORANGE proteins and their capability to increase provitamin A carotenoids accumulation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262412. [PMID: 34995328 PMCID: PMC8741059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) biofortification with provitamin A carotenoids is an ongoing process that aims to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. The moderate content of provitamin A carotenoids achieved so far limits the contribution to providing adequate dietary vitamin A levels. Strategies to increase carotenoid content focused on genes from the carotenoids biosynthesis pathway. In recent years, special emphasis was given to ORANGE protein (OR), which promotes the accumulation of carotenoids and their stability in several plants. The aim of this work was to identify, characterize and investigate the role of OR in the biosynthesis and stabilization of carotenoids in cassava and its relationship with phytoene synthase (PSY), the rate-limiting enzyme of the carotenoids biosynthesis pathway. Gene and protein characterization of OR, expression levels, protein amounts and carotenoids levels were evaluated in roots of one white (60444) and two yellow cassava cultivars (GM5309-57 and GM3736-37). Four OR variants were found in yellow cassava roots. Although comparable expression was found for three variants, significantly higher OR protein amounts were observed in the yellow varieties. In contrast, cassava PSY1 expression was significantly higher in the yellow cultivars, but PSY protein amount did not vary. Furthermore, we evaluated whether expression of one of the variants, MeOR_X1, affected carotenoid accumulation in cassava Friable Embryogenic Callus (FEC). Overexpression of maize PSY1 alone resulted in carotenoids accumulation and induced crystal formation. Co-expression with MeOR_X1 led to greatly increase of carotenoids although PSY1 expression was high in the co-expressed FEC. Our data suggest that posttranslational mechanisms controlling OR and PSY protein stability contribute to higher carotenoid levels in yellow cassava. Moreover, we showed that cassava FEC can be used to study the efficiency of single and combinatorial gene expression in increasing the carotenoid content prior to its application for the generation of biofortified cassava with enhanced carotenoids levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M. Jaramillo
- HarvestPlus, c/o The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Santiago Sierra
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Paul Chavarriaga-Aguirre
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Diana Katherine Castillo
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Anestis Gkanogiannis
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Juan Pablo Arciniegas
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erick Boy
- HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Daniel Álvarez
- HarvestPlus, c/o The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
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21
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A fast and simplified method to estimate bioaccessibility of carotenoids from plant tissues. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:329-341. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Ren Y, Deng J, Huang J, Wu Z, Yi L, Bi Y, Chen F. Using green alga Haematococcus pluvialis for astaxanthin and lipid co-production: Advances and outlook. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125736. [PMID: 34426245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is one of the secondary carotenoids involved in mediating abiotic stress of microalgae. As an important antioxidant and nutraceutical compound, astaxanthin is widely applied in dietary supplements and cosmetic ingredients. However, most astaxanthin in the market is chemically synthesized, which are structurally heterogeneous and inefficient for biological uptake. Astaxanthin refinery from Haematococcus pluvialis is now a growing industrial sector. H. pluvialis can accumulate astaxanthin to ∼5% of dry weight. As productivity is a key metric to evaluate the production feasibility, understanding the biological mechanisms of astaxanthin accumulation is beneficial for further production optimization. In this review, the biosynthesis mechanism of astaxanthin and production strategies are summarized. The current research on enhancing astaxanthin accumulation and the potential joint-production of astaxanthin with lipids was also discussed. It is conceivable that with further improvement on the productivity of astaxanthin and by-products, the algal-derived astaxanthin would be more accessible to low-profit applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ren
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jinquan Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhaoming Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lanbo Yi
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuge Bi
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Inhibition of Carotenoid Biosynthesis by CRISPR/Cas9 Triggers Cell Wall Remodelling in Carrot. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126516. [PMID: 34204559 PMCID: PMC8234013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that modifications to carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants alter the expression of genes affecting chemical composition of the cell wall. Phytoene synthase (PSY) is a rate limiting factor of carotenoid biosynthesis and it may exhibit species-specific and organ-specific roles determined by the presence of psy paralogous genes, the importance of which often remains unrevealed. Thus, the aim of this work was to elaborate the roles of two psy paralogs in a model system and to reveal biochemical changes in the cell wall of psy knockout mutants. For this purpose, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated (Cas9) proteins (CRISPR/Cas9) vectors were introduced to carotenoid-rich carrot (Daucus carota) callus cells in order to induce mutations in the psy1 and psy2 genes. Gene sequencing, expression analysis, and carotenoid content analysis revealed that the psy2 gene is critical for carotenoid biosynthesis in this model and its knockout blocks carotenogenesis. The psy2 knockout also decreased the expression of the psy1 paralog. Immunohistochemical staining of the psy2 mutant cells showed altered composition of arabinogalactan proteins, pectins, and extensins in the mutant cell walls. In particular, low-methylesterified pectins were abundantly present in the cell walls of carotenoid-rich callus in contrast to the carotenoid-free psy2 mutant. Transmission electron microscopy revealed altered plastid transition to amyloplasts instead of chromoplasts. The results demonstrate for the first time that the inhibited biosynthesis of carotenoids triggers the cell wall remodelling.
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Jiang J, Dehesh K. Plastidial retrograde modulation of light and hormonal signaling: an odyssey. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:931-937. [PMID: 33452833 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The transition from an engulfed autonomous unicellular photosynthetic bacterium to a semiautonomous endosymbiont plastid was accompanied by the transfer of genetic material from the endosymbiont to the nuclear genome of the host, followed by the establishment of plastid-to-nucleus (retrograde) signaling. The retrograde coordinated activities of the two subcellular genomes ensure chloroplast biogenesis and function as the photosynthetic hub and sensing and signaling center that tailors growth-regulating and adaptive processes. This review specifically focuses on the current knowledge of selected stress-induced retrograde signals, genomes uncoupled 1 (GUN1), methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), apocarotenoid and β-cyclocitral, and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP), which evolved to establish the photoautotrophic lifestyle and are instrumental in the integration of light and hormonal signaling networks to ultimately fashion adaptive responses in an ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Jiang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Martina M, Tikunov Y, Portis E, Bovy AG. The Genetic Basis of Tomato Aroma. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020226. [PMID: 33557308 PMCID: PMC7915847 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) aroma is determined by the interaction of volatile compounds (VOCs) released by the tomato fruits with receptors in the nose, leading to a sensorial impression, such as "sweet", "smoky", or "fruity" aroma. Of the more than 400 VOCs released by tomato fruits, 21 have been reported as main contributors to the perceived tomato aroma. These VOCs can be grouped in five clusters, according to their biosynthetic origins. In the last decades, a vast array of scientific studies has investigated the genetic component of tomato aroma in modern tomato cultivars and their relatives. In this paper we aim to collect, compare, integrate and summarize the available literature on flavour-related QTLs in tomato. Three hundred and 5ifty nine (359) QTLs associated with tomato fruit VOCs were physically mapped on the genome and investigated for the presence of potential candidate genes. This review makes it possible to (i) pinpoint potential donors described in literature for specific traits, (ii) highlight important QTL regions by combining information from different populations, and (iii) pinpoint potential candidate genes. This overview aims to be a valuable resource for researchers aiming to elucidate the genetics underlying tomato flavour and for breeders who aim to improve tomato aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martina
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ezio Portis
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
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Arias D, Maldonado J, Silva H, Stange C. A de novo transcriptome analysis revealed that photomorphogenic genes are required for carotenoid synthesis in the dark-grown carrot taproot. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:1379-1392. [PMID: 32656704 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are terpenoid pigments synthesized by all photosynthetic and some non-photosynthetic organisms. In plants, these lipophilic compounds are involved in photosynthesis, photoprotection, and phytohormone synthesis. In plants, carotenoid biosynthesis is induced by several environmental factors such as light including photoreceptors, such as phytochromes (PHYs) and negatively regulated by phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs). Daucus carota (carrot) is one of the few plant species that synthesize and accumulate carotenoids in the storage root that grows in darkness. Contrary to other plants, light inhibits secondary root growth and carotenoid accumulation suggesting the existence of new mechanisms repressed by light that regulate both processes. To identify genes induced by dark and repressed by light that regulate carotenoid synthesis and carrot root development, in this work an RNA-Seq analysis was performed from dark- and light-grown carrot roots. Using this high-throughput sequencing methodology, a de novo transcriptome model with 63,164 contigs was obtained, from which 18,488 were differentially expressed (DEG) between the two experimental conditions. Interestingly, light-regulated genes are preferably expressed in dark-grown roots. Enrichment analysis of GO terms with DEGs genes, validation of the transcriptome model and DEG analysis through qPCR allow us to hypothesize that genes involved in photomorphogenesis and light perception such as PHYA, PHYB, PIF3, PAR1, CRY2, FYH3, FAR1 and COP1 participate in the synthesis of carotenoids and carrot storage root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arias
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional & Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, 8820808, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Herman Silva
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional & Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, 8820808, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
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Arcos Y, Godoy F, Flores-Ortiz C, Arenas-M A, Stange C. Boosting carotenoid content in Malus domestica var. Fuji by expressing AtDXR through an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2209-2222. [PMID: 32311081 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica) fruits accumulate negligible levels of carotenoids, antioxidant pigments that are precursors for vitamin A in humans. As vitamin A deficiency is an important public health issue, we aimed at increasing carotenoids in apple by constitutively expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana DXR gene, one of the key regulatory steps in the plastidial isoprenoid pathway. For this purpose, we optimized an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method in the commercial Fuji Raku Raku variety. This resulted in a shoot establishment efficiency of 0.75% at 20 weeks after infection. Molecular and microscopical analyses revealed that 80% of the hygromycin resistant shoots contained and expressed AtDXR:eGFP and that the AtDXR:eGFP fusion protein located in plastids. Transgenic seedlings displayed up to 3-fold increase in total carotenoids and in individual carotenoids compared to the WT, correlating with an increased transcript abundance of endogenous carotenogenic genes such as MdDXS, MdPSY1, MdPSY2, MdPSY3, MdLCYB1, and MdLCYB2. In addition, buds of 2-year-old transgenic dormant trees showed an increment up to 3-fold in lutein, and transient transformation of fruits revealed that AtDXR induced a 2-fold increment in total carotenoids. Thus, these results suggest that DXR may be a good candidate for increasing carotenoid levels in apple fruits through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Arcos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Godoy
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Flores-Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anita Arenas-M
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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You MK, Lee YJ, Kim JK, Baek SA, Jeon YA, Lim SH, Ha SH. The organ-specific differential roles of rice DXS and DXR, the first two enzymes of the MEP pathway, in carotenoid metabolism in Oryza sativa leaves and seeds. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:167. [PMID: 32293285 PMCID: PMC7161295 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) are the enzymes that catalyze the first two enzyme steps of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway to supply the isoprene building-blocks of carotenoids. Plant DXR and DXS enzymes have been reported to function differently depending on the plant species. In this study, the differential roles of rice DXS and DXR genes in carotenoid metabolism were investigated. RESULTS The accumulation of carotenoids in rice seeds co-expressing OsDXS2 and stPAC was largely enhanced by 3.4-fold relative to the stPAC seeds and 315.3-fold relative to non-transgenic (NT) seeds, while the overexpression of each OsDXS2 or OsDXR caused no positive effect on the accumulation of either carotenoids or chlorophylls in leaves and seeds, suggesting that OsDXS2 functions as a rate-limiting enzyme supplying IPP/DMAPPs to seed carotenoid metabolism, but OsDXR doesn't in either leaves or seeds. The expressions of OsDXS1, OsPSY1, OsPSY2, and OsBCH2 genes were upregulated regardless of the reductions of chlorophylls and carotenoids in leaves; however, there was no significant change in the expression of most carotenogenic genes, even though there was a 315.3-fold increase in the amount of carotenoid in rice seeds. These non-proportional expression patterns in leaves and seeds suggest that those metabolic changes of carotenoids were associated with overexpression of the OsDXS2, OsDXR and stPAC transgenes, and the capacities of the intermediate biosynthetic enzymes might be much more important for those metabolic alterations than the transcript levels of intermediate biosynthetic genes are. Taken together, we propose a 'Three Faucets and Cisterns Model' about the relationship among the rate-limiting enzymes OsDXSs, OsPSYs, and OsBCHs as a "Faucet", the biosynthetic capacity of intermediate metabolites as a "Cistern", and the carotenoid accumulations as the content of "Cistern". CONCLUSION Our study suggests that OsDXS2 plays an important role as a rate-limiting enzyme supplying IPP/DMAPPs to the seed-carotenoid accumulation, and rice seed carotenoid metabolism could be largely enhanced without any significant transcriptional alteration of carotenogenic genes. Finally, the "Three Faucets and Cisterns model" presents the extenuating circumstance to elucidate rice seed carotenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- MK You
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - YJ Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - JK Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - SA Baek
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - YA Jeon
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - SH Lim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874 Republic of Korea
| | - SH Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
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Lin CY, Eudes A. Strategies for the production of biochemicals in bioenergy crops. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:71. [PMID: 32318116 PMCID: PMC7158082 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial crops are grown to produce goods for manufacturing. Rather than food and feed, they supply raw materials for making biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals, as well as feedstocks for fabricating fiber, biopolymer, and construction materials. Therefore, such crops offer the potential to reduce our dependency on petrochemicals that currently serve as building blocks for manufacturing the majority of our industrial and consumer products. In this review, we are providing examples of metabolites synthesized in plants that can be used as bio-based platform chemicals for partial replacement of their petroleum-derived counterparts. Plant metabolic engineering approaches aiming at increasing the content of these metabolites in biomass are presented. In particular, we emphasize on recent advances in the manipulation of the shikimate and isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways, both of which being the source of multiple valuable compounds. Implementing and optimizing engineered metabolic pathways for accumulation of coproducts in bioenergy crops may represent a valuable option for enhancing the commercial value of biomass and attaining sustainable lignocellulosic biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yuan Lin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Chen X, Yang X, Xie J, Ding W, Li Y, Yue Y, Wang L. Biochemical and Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Key Genes Involved in Major Metabolic Regulation Related to Colored Leaf Formation in Osmanthus fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' during Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040549. [PMID: 32260448 PMCID: PMC7226453 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' not only has a beautiful shape and fresh floral fragrance, but also rich leaf colors that change, making the tree useful for landscaping. In order to study the mechanisms of color formation in O. fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' leaves, we analyzed the colored and green leaves at different developmental stages in terms of leaf pigment content, cell structure, and transcriptome data. We found that the chlorophyll content in the colored leaves was lower than that of green leaves throughout development. By analyzing the structure of chloroplasts, the colored leaves demonstrated more stromal lamellae and low numbers of granum thylakoid. However, there was a large number of plastoglobuli. Using transcriptome sequencing, we demonstrated that the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chlorophyll degradation was upregulated, i.e., heme oxygennase-1 (HO1), pheophorbide a oxidase (PAO), and chlorophyllase-2 (CLH2), affecting the synthesis of chlorophyll in colored leaves. The stay-green gene (SGR) was upregulated in colored leaves. Genes involved in carotenoid synthesis, i.e., phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) and 1-Deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), were downregulated in colored leaves, impeding the synthesis of carotenoids. In the later stage of leaf development, the downregulated expression of Golden2-Like (GLK) inhibited chloroplast development in colored leaves. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to investigate the correlation between physiological indicators and DEGs, we chose the modules with the highest degree of relevance to chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid metabolism. A total of five genes (HSFA2, NFYC9, TCP20, WRKY3, and WRKY4) were identified as hub genes. These analyses provide new insights into color formation mechanisms in O. fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' leaves at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- College of Fine Arts, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, No.1 Shennong Road, Nanjing 210038, China;
| | - Xiulian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jun Xie
- College of Fine Arts, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, No.1 Shennong Road, Nanjing 210038, China;
| | - Wenjie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuli Li
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-138-0900-7625 (L.W.)
| | - Lianggui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-138-0900-7625 (L.W.)
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Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid compounds synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms as well as in some nonphotosynthetic bacteria and fungi. In plants, carotenoids are essential for light harvesting and photoprotection. They contribute to the vivid color found in many plant organs. The cleavage of carotenoids produces small molecules (apocarotenoids) that serve as aroma compounds, as well as phytohormones and signals to affect plant growth and development. Since carotenoids provide valuable nutrition and health benefits for humans, understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis, catabolism and storage is important for biofortification of crops with improved nutritional quality. This chapter primarily introduces our current knowledge about carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation pathways as well as carotenoid storage in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Plant Science Institute, Israeli Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Sun T, Li L. Toward the 'golden' era: The status in uncovering the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110331. [PMID: 31779888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential pigments to plants and important natural products to humans. Carotenoids as both primary and specialized metabolites fulfill multifaceted functions in plants. As such, carotenoid accumulation (a net process of biosynthesis, degradation and sequestration) is subjected to complicated regulation throughout plant life cycle in response to developmental and environmental signals. Investigation of transcriptional regulation of carotenoid metabolic genes remains the focus in understanding the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation. While discovery of bona fide carotenoid metabolic regulators is still challenging, the recent progress of identification of various transcription factors and regulators helps us to construct hierarchical regulatory network of carotenoid accumulation. The elucidation of carotenoid regulatory mechanisms at protein level and in chromoplast provides some insights into post-translational regulation of carotenogenic enzymes and carotenoid sequestration in plastid sink. This review briefly describes the pathways and main flux-controlling steps for carotenoid accumulation in plants. It highlights our recent understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. It also discusses the opportunities to expand toolbox for further shedding light upon the intrinsic regulation of carotenoid accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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Gonzalez-Calquin C, Stange C. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Stable Transformation of Daucus carota. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2083:313-320. [PMID: 31745932 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9952-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Daucus carota L. (carrot) is one of the ten most important vegetables cultivated and consumed worldwide and is a main source of provitamin A. Carrot storage root is rich in dietary fiber, antioxidants, and other nutrients but especially in carotenoids. It has been also used as plant model for studding embryogenesis, as well as the genetic and genomic evolution of carrots and for carotenoid synthesis regulation, among others. Research in carrot often needs genetic transformation. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol on the nuclear and stable transformation of carrot through Agrobacterium tumefaciens and somatic embryogenesis in vitro culture. Somatic embryos, induced by supplementation of Murashige-Skoog medium with the 2,4D hormone, develop into seedlings after 6 months approximately when plants are ready to be transferred to a greenhouse. The protocol has over 85% of transformation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gonzalez-Calquin
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Cienicas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Las Palmeras, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Cienicas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Las Palmeras, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
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Pan X, Li Y, Pan G, Yang A. Bioinformatics study of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) genes in Solanaceae. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5175-5184. [PMID: 31313133 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, the largest and most diverse class of secondary metabolites in plants, play an important role in plant growth and development. Isoprenoids can be synthesized by two distinct pathways: the methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway and the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is the first step and a key regulatory enzyme of the MEP pathway in plants. The DXS gene has been reported to play a key role in seedling development, flowering, and fruit quality in plants of the Solanaceae, such as tomato, potato and tobacco. However, to improve our understanding and utilization of DXS genes, a thorough bioinformatics study is needed. In this study, 48 DXS genes were aligned and analyzed by computational tools to predict their protein properties, including molecular mass, theoretical isoelectric point (pI), signal peptides, transmembrane and conserved domains, and expression patterns. Sequence comparison analysis revealed strong conservation among the 48 DXS genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all DXS genes were derived from one ancestor and could be classified into three groups with different expression patterns. Moreover, the functional divergence of DXS was restricted after gene duplication. The results suggested that the function and evolution of the DXS gene family were highly conserved and that the DXS genes of Group I may play a more important role than those of other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Pan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiting Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangtang Pan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
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Pott DM, Osorio S, Vallarino JG. From Central to Specialized Metabolism: An Overview of Some Secondary Compounds Derived From the Primary Metabolism for Their Role in Conferring Nutritional and Organoleptic Characteristics to Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:835. [PMID: 31316537 PMCID: PMC6609884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruit flavor and nutritional characteristics are key quality traits and ones of the main factors influencing consumer preference. Central carbon metabolism, also known as primary metabolism, contributes to the synthesis of intermediate compounds that act as precursors for plant secondary metabolism. Specific and specialized metabolic pathways that evolved from primary metabolism play a key role in the plant's interaction with its environment. In particular, secondary metabolites present in the fruit serve to increase its attractiveness to seed dispersers and to protect it against biotic and abiotic stresses. As a consequence, several important organoleptic characteristics, such as aroma, color, and fruit nutritional value, rely upon secondary metabolite content. Phenolic and terpenoid compounds are large and diverse classes of secondary metabolites that contribute to fruit quality and have their origin in primary metabolic pathways, while the delicate aroma of ripe fruits is formed by a unique combination of hundreds of volatiles that are derived from primary metabolites. In this review, we show that the manipulation of primary metabolism is a powerful tool to engineer quality traits in fruits, such as the phenolic, terpenoid, and volatile content. The enzymatic reactions responsible for the accumulation of primary precursors are bottlenecks in the transfer of metabolic flux from central to specialized metabolism and should be taken into account to increase the yield of the final products of the biosynthetic pathways. In addition, understanding the connection and regulation of the carbon flow between primary and secondary metabolism is a key factor for the development of fruit cultivars with enhanced organoleptic and nutritional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - José G. Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
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Wei H, Movahedi A, Xu C, Sun W, Almasi Zadeh Yaghuti A, Wang P, Li D, Zhuge Q. Overexpression of PtDXS Enhances Stress Resistance in Poplars. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1669. [PMID: 30987184 PMCID: PMC6479640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP). In this study, PtDXS (XM_024607716.1) was isolated from Populus trichocarpa. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that PtDXS had high homology with the DXSs of other plant species. PtDXS expression differed among plant tissues and was highest in young leaves and lowest in roots. The recombinant protein was produced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), purified, and its activity evaluated. The purified protein was capable of catalyzing the formation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate. A functional color assay in E. coli harboring pAC-BETA indicated that PtDXS encodes a functional protein involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors. The treatment of P. trichocarpa seedlings with 200 μM abscisic acid (ABA), 200 mM NaCl, 10% polyethylene glycol6000, and 2 mM H₂O₂ resulted in increased expression of PtDXS. The ABA and gibberellic acid contents of the transgenic lines (Poplar Nanlin 895) were higher than wild types, suggesting that DXS is important in terpenoid biosynthesis. Overexpression of PtDXS enhanced resistance to S. populiperda infection. Furthermore, the transgenic lines showed decreased feeding by Micromelalopha troglodyta, supporting the notion that PtDXS is a key enzyme in terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Ali Movahedi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Chen Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Resource Utilization, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China.
| | - Weibo Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Amir Almasi Zadeh Yaghuti
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Dawei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Lee AR, Kwon M, Kang MK, Kim J, Kim SU, Ro DK. Increased sesqui- and triterpene production by co-expression of HMG-CoA reductase and biotin carboxyl carrier protein in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). Metab Eng 2019; 52:20-28. [PMID: 30389612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are the most diverse natural products with many industrial applications and are all synthesized from simple precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). In plants, IPP is synthesized by two distinct metabolic pathways - cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway for C15 sesquiterpene and C30 triterpene, and plastidic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for C10 monoterpene and C20 diterpene. A number of studies have altered the metabolic gene expressions in either the MVA or MEP pathway to increase terpene production; however, it remains unknown if the alteration of the acetyl-CoA pool in plastid fatty acid biosynthesis can influence terpenoid flux. Here, we focused on the fact that acetyl-CoA is the precursor for both fatty acid biosynthesis in plastid and terpene biosynthesis in cytosol, and the metabolic impact of increased plastidic acetyl-CoA level on the cytosolic terpene biosynthesis was investigated. In tobacco leaf infiltration studies, the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex (the enzyme supplying malonyl-CoA in plastid) was partially inhibited by overexpressing the inactive form of biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) by a negative dominant effect. Overexpression of BCCP showed 1.4-2.4-fold increase of sesquiterpenes in cytosol; however, surprisingly overexpression of BCCP linked to truncated HMG-CoA reductase (tHMGR) by a cleavable peptide 2A showed 20-40-fold increases of C15 sesquiterpenes (α-bisabolol, amorphadiene, and valerenadiene) and a 6-fold increase of C30 β-amyrin. α-Bisabolol and β-amyrin production reached 28.8 mg g-1 and 9.8 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively. Detailed analyses showed that a large increase in flux was achieved by the additive effect of BCCP- and tHMGR-overexpression, and an enhanced tHMGR activity by 2A peptide tag. Kinetic analyses showed that tHMGR-2A has a three-fold higher kcat value than tHMGR. The tHMGR-2A-BCCP1 co-expression strategy in this work provides a new insight into metabolic cross-talks and can be a generally applicable approach to over-produce sesqui- and tri-terpene in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Min-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghan Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Un Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada.
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Implication of salt stress induces changes in pigment production, antioxidant enzyme activity, and qRT-PCR expression of genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of Bixa orellana L. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:565-574. [PMID: 30694406 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of salt stress on pigment synthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity as well as in the genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of bixin was studied. The 14-day germinated seedlings of Bixa orellana were induced into the various NaCl concentration (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mM). After 45 days, leaves were taken for pigment analysis, antioxidant assays, and gene expression analysis to study the response of salt stress. The pigment content such as chlorophyll level was increased upon salt stress with a reduction in total carotenoid clearly indicating the adaptability of plants towards the stressed state. The level of β-carotene was increased in the highest concentration of salt stress treatment. The secondary metabolites such as bixin and abscisic acid (ABA) content were also high in elevated concentration of salt-treated seedling than control. The antioxidant enzyme activity was increased with the highest dose of salt stress suggesting the antioxidant enzymes to protect the plant from the deleterious effects. The mRNA transcript gene of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway such as phytoene synthase (PSY), 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), phytoene desaturase (PDS), beta-lycopene cyclase (LCY-β), epsilon lycopene cyclase (LCY-ε), carboxyl methyl transferase (CMT), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH), lycopene cleavage dioxygenase (LCD), and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) showed differential expression pattern under salt stress. In addendum, we studied the co-expression network analysis of gene to assess the co-related genes associated in the biosynthesis pathway of carotenoid. From the co-expression analysis result showed, the LCY, PDS, and PSY genes were closely correlated with other genes. These finding may provide insight to the plants to exist in the stress condition and to improve the industrially important pigment production.
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Zhang H, Jin B, Bu J, Guo J, Chen T, Ma Y, Tang J, Cui G, Huang L. Transcriptomic Insight into Terpenoid Biosynthesis and Functional Characterization of Three Diterpene Synthases in Scutellaria barbata. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112952. [PMID: 30424547 PMCID: PMC6278268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria barbata (Lamiaceae) is an important medicinal herb widely used in China, Korea, India, and other Asian countries. Neo-clerodane diterpenoids are the largest known group of Scutellaria diterpenoids and show promising cytotoxic activity against several cancer cell lines. Here, Illumina-based deep transcriptome analysis of flowers, the aerial parts (leaf and stem), and roots of S. barbata was used to explore terpenoid-related genes. In total, 121,958,564 clean RNA-sequence reads were assembled into 88,980 transcripts, with an average length of 1370 nt and N50 length of 2144 nt, indicating high assembly quality. We identified nearly all known terpenoid-related genes (33 genes) involved in biosynthesis of the terpenoid backbone and 14 terpene synthase genes which generate skeletons for different terpenoids. Three full length diterpene synthase genes were functionally identified using an in vitro assay. SbTPS8 and SbTPS9 were identified as normal-CPP and ent-CPP synthase, respectively. SbTPS12 reacts with SbTPS8 to produce miltiradiene. Furthermore, SbTPS12 was proven to be a less promiscuous class I diterpene synthase. These results give a comprehensive understanding of the terpenoid biosynthesis in S. barbata and provide useful information for enhancing the production of bioactive neo-clerodane diterpenoids through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Junling Bu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
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40
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Chen N, Wang P, Li C, Wang Q, Pan J, Xiao F, Wang Y, Zhang K, Li C, Yang B, Sun C, Deng X. A Single Nucleotide Mutation of the IspE Gene Participating in the MEP Pathway for Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Causes a Green-Revertible Yellow Leaf Phenotype in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1905-1917. [PMID: 29893915 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant isoprenoids are dependent on two independent pathways, the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. IspE is one of seven known enzymes in the MEP pathway. Currently, no IspE gene has been identified in rice. In addition, no virescent mutants have been reported to result from a gene mutation affecting the MEP pathway. In this study, we isolated a green-revertible yellow leaf mutant gry340 in rice. The mutant exhibited a reduced level of photosynthetic pigments, and an arrested development of chloroplasts and mitochondria in its yellow leaves. Map-based cloning revealed a missense mutation in OsIspE (LOC_Os01g58790) in gry340 mutant plants. OsIspE is constitutively expressed in all tissues, and its encoded protein is targeted to the chloroplast. Further, the mutant phenotype of gry340 was rescued by introduction of the wild-type gene. Therefore, we have successfully identified an IspE gene in monocotyledons via map-based cloning, and confirmed that the green-revertible yellow leaf phenotype of gry340 does result from a single nucleotide mutation in the IspE gene. In addition, the ispE ispF double mutant displayed an etiolation lethal phenotype, indicating that the isoprenoid precursors from the cytosol cannot efficiently compensate for the deficiency of the MEP pathway in rice chloroplasts. Furthermore, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR suggested that this functional defect in OsIspE affected the expression of not only other MEP pathway genes but also that of MVA pathway genes, photosynthetic genes and mitochondrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenggang Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Pingrong Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuliang Xiao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changhui Sun
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojian Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A, Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:62-93. [PMID: 29679619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. With some notable exceptions, animals (including humans) do not produce carotenoids de novo but take them in their diets. In photosynthetic systems carotenoids are essential for photoprotection against excess light and contribute to light harvesting, but perhaps they are best known for their properties as natural pigments in the yellow to red range. Carotenoids can be associated to fatty acids, sugars, proteins, or other compounds that can change their physical and chemical properties and influence their biological roles. Furthermore, oxidative cleavage of carotenoids produces smaller molecules such as apocarotenoids, some of which are important pigments and volatile (aroma) compounds. Enzymatic breakage of carotenoids can also produce biologically active molecules in both plants (hormones, retrograde signals) and animals (retinoids). Both carotenoids and their enzymatic cleavage products are associated with other processes positively impacting human health. Carotenoids are widely used in the industry as food ingredients, feed additives, and supplements. This review, contributed by scientists of complementary disciplines related to carotenoid research, covers recent advances and provides a perspective on future directions on the subjects of carotenoid metabolism, biotechnology, and nutritional and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Damaso Hornero-Mendez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limon
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Color & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria J Rodrigo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Dhami N, Tissue DT, Cazzonelli CI. Leaf-age dependent response of carotenoid accumulation to elevated CO 2 in Arabidopsis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:67-75. [PMID: 29604257 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids contribute to photosynthesis, photoprotection, phytohormone and apocarotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Carotenoid-derived metabolites control plant growth, development and signalling processes and their accumulation can depend upon changes in the environment. Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) often enhances carbon assimilation, early growth patterns and overall plant biomass, and may increase carotenoid accumulation due to higher levels of precursors from isoprenoid biosynthesis. Variable effects of eCO2 on carotenoid accumulation in leaves have been observed for different plant species. Here, we determined whether the variable response of carotenoids to eCO2 was potentially a function of leaf age and the impact of eCO2 on leaf development by growing Arabidopsis in ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and eCO2 (800 ppm). eCO2 increased plant leaf number, rosette area, biomass, seed yield and net photosynthesis. In addition, eCO2 increased carotenoid content by 10-20% in younger emerging leaves, but not in older mature leaves. Older leaves contained approximately 60% less total carotenoids compared to younger leaves. The age-dependent effect on carotenoid content was observed for cotyledon, juvenile and adult phase leaves. We conclude that younger leaves utilize additional carbon from enhanced photosynthesis in eCO2 to increase carotenoid content, yet older leaves have less capacity to store additional carbon into carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namraj Dhami
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.
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Dalla Costa L, Emanuelli F, Trenti M, Moreno-Sanz P, Lorenzi S, Coller E, Moser S, Slaghenaufi D, Cestaro A, Larcher R, Gribaudo I, Costantini L, Malnoy M, Grando MS. Induction of Terpene Biosynthesis in Berries of Microvine Transformed with VvDXS1 Alleles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2244. [PMID: 29387072 PMCID: PMC5776104 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids, especially monoterpenes, are major aroma-impact compounds in grape and wine. Previous studies highlighted a key regulatory role for grapevine 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 1 (VvDXS1), the first enzyme of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. Here, the parallel analysis of VvDXS1 genotype and terpene concentration in a germplasm collection demonstrated that VvDXS1 sequence has a very high predictive value for the accumulation of monoterpenes and also has an influence on sesquiterpene levels. A metabolic engineering approach was applied by expressing distinct VvDXS1 alleles in the grapevine model system "microvine" and assessing the effects on downstream pathways at transcriptional and metabolic level in different organs and fruit developmental stages. The underlying goal was to investigate two potential perturbation mechanisms, the former based on a significant over-expression of the wild-type (neutral) VvDXS1 allele and the latter on the ex-novo expression of an enzyme with increased catalytic efficiency from the mutated (muscat) VvDXS1 allele. The integration of the two VvDXS1 alleles in distinct microvine lines was found to alter the expression of several terpenoid biosynthetic genes, as assayed through an ad hoc developed TaqMan array based on cDNA libraries of four aromatic cultivars. In particular, enhanced transcription of monoterpene, sesquiterpene and carotenoid pathway genes was observed. The accumulation of monoterpenes in ripe berries was higher in the transformed microvines compared to control plants. This effect is predominantly attributed to the improved activity of the VvDXS1 enzyme coded by the muscat allele, whereas the up-regulation of VvDXS1 plays a secondary role in the increase of monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Francesco Emanuelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Trenti
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Paula Moreno-Sanz
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Silvia Lorenzi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Emanuela Coller
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Computational Biology Platform, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Sergio Moser
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Experiment and Technological Services Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Davide Slaghenaufi
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Experiment and Technological Services Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Computational Biology Platform, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Experiment and Technological Services Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Ivana Gribaudo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection—CNR, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Laura Costantini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - M. Stella Grando
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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T V, Bansal N, Kumari K, Prashat G R, Sreevathsa R, Krishnan V, Kumari S, Dahuja A, Lal SK, Sachdev A, Praveen S. Comparative Analysis of Tocopherol Biosynthesis Genes and Its Transcriptional Regulation in Soybean Seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:11054-11064. [PMID: 29121768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols composed of four isoforms (α, β, γ, and δ) and its biosynthesis comprises of three pathways: methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), shikimate (SK) and tocopherol-core pathways regulated by 25 enzymes. To understand pathway regulatory mechanism at transcriptional level, gene expression profile of tocopherol-biosynthesis genes in two soybean genotypes was carried out, the results showed significantly differential expression of 5 genes: 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-P-reductoisomerase (DXR), geranyl geranyl reductase (GGDR) from MEP, arogenate dehydrogenase (TyrA), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) from SK and γ-tocopherol methyl transferase 3 (γ-TMT3) from tocopherol-core pathways. Expression data were further analyzed for total tocopherol (T-toc) and α-tocopherol (α-toc) content by coregulation network and gene clustering approaches, the results showed least and strong association of γ-TMT3/tocopherol cyclase (TC) and DXR/DXS, respectively, with gene clusters of tocopherol biosynthesis suggested the specific role of γ-TMT3/TC in determining tocopherol accumulation and intricacy of DXR/DXS genes in coordinating precursor pathways toward tocopherol biosynthesis in soybean seeds. Thus, the present study provides insight into the major role of these genes regulating the tocopherol synthesis in soybean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinutha T
- Division of Biochemistry, IARI , New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Navita Bansal
- Division of Biochemistry, IARI , New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | | | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology , New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Veda Krishnan
- Division of Biochemistry, IARI , New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sweta Kumari
- Division of Biochemistry, IARI , New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, IARI , New Delhi 110012, India
| | - S K Lal
- Division of Genetics, IARI , New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Shelly Praveen
- Division of Biochemistry, IARI , New Delhi 110012, India
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Ellison S, Senalik D, Bostan H, Iorizzo M, Simon P. Fine Mapping, Transcriptome Analysis, and Marker Development for Y2 , the Gene That Conditions β-Carotene Accumulation in Carrot ( Daucus carota L.). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:2665-2675. [PMID: 28663343 PMCID: PMC5555471 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.043067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Domesticated carrots, Daucus carota subsp. sativus, are the richest source of β-carotene in the US diet, which, when consumed, is converted into vitamin A, an essential component of eye health and immunity. The Y2 locus plays a significant role in beta-carotene accumulation in carrot roots, but a candidate gene has not been identified. To advance our understanding of this locus, the genetic basis of β-carotene accumulation was explored by utilizing an advanced mapping population, transcriptome analysis, and nucleotide diversity in diverse carrot accessions with varying levels of β-carotene. A single large effect Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) on the distal arm of chromosome 7 overlapped with the previously identified β-carotene accumulation QTL, Y2 Fine mapping efforts reduced the genomic region of interest to 650 kb including 72 genes. Transcriptome analysis within this fine mapped region identified four genes differentially expressed at two developmental time points, and 13 genes differentially expressed at one time point. These differentially expressed genes included transcription factors and genes involved in light signaling and carotenoid flux, including a member of the Di19 gene family involved in Arabidopsis photomorphogenesis, and a homolog of the bHLH36 transcription factor involved in maize carotenoid metabolism. Analysis of nucleotide diversity in 25 resequenced carrot accessions revealed a drastic decrease in diversity of this fine-mapped region in orange cultivated accessions as compared to white and yellow cultivated and to white wild samples. The results presented in this study provide a foundation to identify and characterize the gene underlying β-carotene accumulation in carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Ellison
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Douglas Senalik
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Hamed Bostan
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081
| | - Philipp Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Kumar V, Bansal A, Chauhan RS. Modular Design of Picroside-II Biosynthesis Deciphered through NGS Transcriptomes and Metabolic Intermediates Analysis in Naturally Variant Chemotypes of a Medicinal Herb, Picrorhiza kurroa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:564. [PMID: 28443130 PMCID: PMC5387076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Picroside-II (P-II), an iridoid glycoside, is used as an active ingredient of various commercial herbal formulations available for the treatment of liver ailments. Despite this, the knowledge of P-II biosynthesis remains scarce owing to its negligence in Picrorhiza kurroa shoots which sets constant barrier for function validation experiments. In this study, we utilized natural variation for P-II content in stolon tissues of different P. kurroa accessions and deciphered its metabolic route by integrating metabolomics of intermediates with differential NGS transcriptomes. Upon navigating through high vs. low P-II content accessions (1.3-2.6%), we have established that P-II is biosynthesized via degradation of ferulic acid (FA) to produce vanillic acid (VA) which acts as its immediate biosynthetic precursor. Moreover, the FA treatment in vitro at 150 μM concentration provided further confirmation with 2-fold rise in VA content. Interestingly, the cross-talk between different compartments of P. kurroa, i.e., shoots and stolons, resolved spatial complexity of P-II biosynthesis and consequently speculated the burgeoning necessity to bridge gap between VA and P-II production in P. kurroa shoots. This work thus, offers a forward looking strategy to produce both P-I and P-II in shoot cultures, a step toward providing a sustainable production platform for these medicinal compounds via-à-vis relieving pressure from natural habitat of P. kurroa.
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Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota) is one of the most important vegetable cultivated worldwide and the main source of dietary provitamin A. Contrary to other plants, almost all carrot varieties accumulate massive amounts of carotenoids in the root, resulting in a wide variety of colors, including those with purple, yellow, white, red and orange roots. During the first weeks of development the root, grown in darkness, is thin and pale and devoid of carotenoids. At the second month, the thickening of the root and the accumulation of carotenoids begins, and it reaches its highest level at 3 months of development. This normal root thickening and carotenoid accumulation can be completely altered when roots are grown in light, in which chromoplasts differentiation is redirected to chloroplasts development in accordance with an altered carotenoid profile. Here we discuss the current evidence on the biosynthesis of carotenoid in carrot roots in response to environmental cues that has contributed to our understanding of the mechanism that regulates the accumulation of carotenoids, as well as the carotenogenic gene expression and root development in D. carota.
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