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Yamauchi T, Sumi K, Morishita H, Nomura Y. Root anatomical plasticity contributes to the different adaptive responses of two Phragmites species to water-deficit and low-oxygen conditions. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23231. [PMID: 38479793 DOI: 10.1071/fp23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The runner reed (Phragmites japonica ) is the dominant species on riverbanks, whereas the common reed (Phragmites australis ) thrives in continuously flooded areas. Here, we aimed to identify the key root anatomical traits that determine the different adaptative responses of the two Phragmites species to water-deficit and low-oxygen conditions. Growth measurements revealed that P . japonica tolerated high osmotic conditions, whereas P . australis preferred low-oxygen conditions. Root anatomical analysis revealed that the ratios of the cortex to stele area and aerenchyma (gas space) to cortex area in both species increased under low-oxygen conditions. However, a higher ratio of cortex to stele area in P . australis resulted in a higher ratio of aerenchyma to stele, which includes xylem vessels that are essential for water and nutrient uptakes. In contrast, a lower ratio of cortex to stele area in P . japonica could be advantageous for efficient water uptake under high-osmotic conditions. In addition to the ratio of root tissue areas, rigid outer apoplastic barriers composed of a suberised exodermis may contribute to the adaptation of P . japonica and P . australis to water-deficit and low-oxygen conditions, respectively. Our results suggested that root anatomical plasticity is essential for plants to adapt and respond to different soil moisture levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kurumi Sumi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Morishita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Peralta Ogorek LL, Jiménez JDLC, Visser EJW, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Shabala S, Pedersen O. Outer apoplastic barriers in roots: prospects for abiotic stress tolerance. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:NULL. [PMID: 37814289 DOI: 10.1071/fp23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Floods and droughts are becoming more frequent as a result of climate change and it is imperative to find ways to enhance the resilience of staple crops to abiotic stresses. This is crucial to sustain food production during unfavourable conditions. Here, we analyse the current knowledge about suberised and lignified outer apoplastic barriers, focusing on the functional roles of the barrier to radial O2 loss formed as a response to soil flooding and we discuss whether this trait also provides resilience to multiple abiotic stresses. The barrier is composed of suberin and lignin depositions in the exodermal and/or sclerenchyma cell walls. In addition to the important role during soil flooding, the barrier can also restrict radial water loss, prevent phytotoxin intrusion, salt intrusion and the main components of the barrier can impede invasion of pathogens in the root. However, more research is needed to fully unravel the induction pathway of the outer apoplastic barriers and to address potential trade-offs such as reduced nutrient or water uptake. Nevertheless, we suggest that the outer apoplastic barriers might act as a jack of all trades providing tolerance to multiple abiotic and/or biotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas León Peralta Ogorek
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Juan de la Cruz Jiménez
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Eric J W Visser
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, Netherlands
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; and International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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Tamaru S, Goto K, Sakagami JI. Spatial O 2 Profile in Coix lacryma-jobi and Sorghum bicolor along the Gas Diffusion Pathway under Waterlogging Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3. [PMID: 38202311 PMCID: PMC10780499 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
While internal aeration in plants is critical for adaptation to waterlogging, there is a gap in understanding the differences in oxygen diffusion gradients from shoots to roots between hypoxia-tolerant and -sensitive species. This study aims to elucidate the differences in tissue oxygen concentration at various locations on the shoot and root between a hypoxia-tolerant species and a -sensitive species using a microneedle sensor that allows for spatial oxygen profiling. Job's tears, a hypoxia-tolerant species, and sorghum, a hypoxia-susceptible species, were tested. Plants aged 10 days were acclimated to a hypoxic agar solution for 12 days. Oxygen was profiled near the root tip, root base, root shoot junction, stem, and leaf. An anatomical analysis was also performed on the roots used for the O2 profile. The oxygen partial pressure (pO2) values at the root base and tip of sorghum were significantly lower than that of the root of Job's tears. At the base of the root of Job's tears, pO2 rapidly decreased from the root cortex to the surface, indicating a function to inhibit oxygen leakage. No significant differences in pO2 between the species were identified in the shoot part. The root cortex to stele ratio was significantly higher from the root tip to the base in Job's tears compared to sorghum. The pO2 gradient began to differ greatly at the root shoot junction and root base longitudinally, and between the cortex and stele radially, between Job's tears and sorghum. Differences in the root oxygen retention capacity and the cortex to stele ratio are considered to be related to differences in pO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Tamaru
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City 890-0065, Japan; (S.T.)
| | - Keita Goto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City 890-0065, Japan; (S.T.)
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakagami
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City 890-0065, Japan; (S.T.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City 890-0065, Japan
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Singh P, Dilnashin H, Kumar KD, Singh SP, Kumar R. Biodegradation of furfuryl alcohol by indigenous Bacillus species of industrial effluent-contaminated sites: estimation, biokinetics and toxicity assessment of bio-transformed metabolites. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:28. [PMID: 38057683 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Furfuryl alcohol (FA) and other furanic compounds have garnered considerable attention in the quest for sustainable alternatives. FA-based resins have been used in various sectors that entail the release of FA into the environment. Hence, to ensure sustainability in this scenario, devising a dependable approach to its degradation is imperative. Given the crucial role of bacterial strains in the biodegradation of various organic pollutants, this study investigates the microbial degradation of FA, using bacterial strains isolated from sites that are constantly exposed to industrial waste. Three potential isolates were identified as B. paramycoides, B. cereus, and B. tequilensis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At a concentration of 300 µg/ml, these isolates demonstrated efficient FA degradation; 60-70% (at 300 µg/ml FA) and 50-60%, (at 500 µg/ml FA). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis further supported the result that the bacterial isolates consumed FA as the carbon source. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) facilitates the detection of the major metabolic intermediate product in which FA gets transformed. The prominent peaks at 113 and 119 m/z obtained in the MS spectra of the degraded FA samples indicated the possibility of the conversion of FA into furoic acid or levulinic acid. The phytotoxicity bioassay findings revealed the non-toxic nature of the bio-transformed products as compared to pure FA. This investigation presents the initial documentation of the FA degradative potential of Bacillus strains, thereby augmenting the understanding of the prospective implementation of Bacillus species in industrial waste treatment projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyaragini Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kotnees Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, 801106, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, India.
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Rahman KU, Ali K, Rauf M, Arif M. Aspergillus nomiae and fumigatus Ameliorating the Hypoxic Stress Induced by Waterlogging through Ethylene Metabolism in Zea mays L. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2025. [PMID: 37630585 PMCID: PMC10459883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient and prolonged waterlogging stress (WS) stimulates ethylene (ET) generation in plants, but their reprogramming is critical in determining the plants' fate under WS, which can be combated by the application of symbiotically associated beneficial microbes that induce resistance to WS. The present research was rationalized to explore the potential of the newly isolated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase-producing fungal endophytic consortium of Aspergillus nomiae (MA1) and Aspergillus fumigatus (MA4) on maize growth promotion under WS. MA1 and MA4 were isolated from the seeds of Moringa oleifera L., which ably produced a sufficient amount of IAA, proline, phenols, and flavonoids. MA1 and MA4 proficiently colonized the root zone of maize (Zea mays L.). The symbiotic association of MA1 and MA4 promoted the growth response of maize compared with the non-inoculated plants under WS stress. Moreover, MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants enhanced the production of total soluble protein, sugar, lipids, phenolics, and flavonoids, with a reduction in proline content and H2O2 production. MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants showed an increase in the DPPH activity and antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT and POD, along with an increased level of hormonal content (GA3 and IAA) and decreased ABA and ACC contents. Optimal stomatal activity in leaf tissue and adventitious root formation at the root/stem junction was increased in MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants, with reduced lysigenous aerenchyma formation, ratio of cortex-to-stele, water-filled cells, and cell gaps within roots; increased tight and round cells; and intact cortical cells without damage. MA1 and MA4 induced a reduction in deformed mesophyll cells, and deteriorated epidermal and vascular bundle cells, as well as swollen metaxylem, phloem, pith, and cortical area, in maize plants under WS compared with control. Moreover, the transcript abundance of ethylene-responsive gene ZmEREB180, responsible for the induction of the WS tolerance in maize, showed optimally reduced expression sufficient for induction in WS tolerance, in MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants under WS compared with the non-inoculated control. The existing research supported the use of MA1 and MA4 isolates for establishing the bipartite mutualistic symbiosis in maize to assuage the adverse effects of WS by optimizing ethylene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Ur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Kashmala Ali
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Mamoona Rauf
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
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Feng X, Li S, Meng D, Di Q, Zhou M, Yu X, He C, Yan Y, Wang J, Sun M, Li Y. CsBPC2 is a key regulator of root growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13977. [PMID: 37616013 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BPCs) transcription factors are important regulators of plant growth and development. However, the regulatory mechanism of BPC2 in roots remains unclear. In our previous study, we created Csbpc2 cucumber mutants by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and our studies on the phenotype of Csbpc2 mutants showed that the root growth was inhibited compared with wide-type (WT). Moreover, the surface area, volume and number of roots decreased significantly, with root system architecture changing from dichotomous branching to herringbone branching. Compared with WT, the leaf growth of the Csbpc2 mutants was not affected. However, the palisade and spongy tissue were significantly thinner, which was not beneficial for photosynthesis. The metabolome of root exudates showed that compared with WT, amino acids and their derivatives were significantly decreased, and the enriched pathways were mainly regulated by amino acids and their derivatives, indicating that knockout of CsBPC2 mainly affected the amino acid content in root exudates. Importantly, transcriptome analysis showed that knockout of CsBPC2 mainly affected root gene expression. Knockout of CsBPC2 significantly reduced the gene expression of gibberellins synthesis. However, the expression of genes related to amino acid synthesis, nitrogen fixation and PSII-related photosynthesis increased significantly, which may be due to the effect of knocking out CsBPC2 on gibberellins synthesis, resulting in the inhibition of seedling growth, thus forming negative feedback regulation. Generally, we showed for the first time that BPC2 is a key regulator gene of root growth and development, laying the foundation for future mechanisms of BPC2 regulation in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Di Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Di
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianchang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoxing He
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mintao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yansu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Peralta Ogorek LL, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Pedersen O. The barrier to radial oxygen loss protects roots against hydrogen sulphide intrusion and its toxic effect. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1825-1837. [PMID: 36928886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The root barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) is a key root trait preventing O2 loss from roots to anoxic soils, thereby enabling root growth into anoxic, flooded soils. We hypothesized that the ROL barrier can also prevent intrusion of hydrogen sulphide (H2 S), a potent phytotoxin in flooded soils. Using H2 S- and O2 -sensitive microsensors, we measured the apparent permeance to H2 S of rice roots, tested whether restricted H2 S intrusion reduced its adverse effects on root respiration, and whether H2 S could induce the formation of a ROL barrier. The ROL barrier reduced apparent permeance to H2 S by almost 99%, greatly restricting H2 S intrusion. The ROL barrier acted as a shield towards H2 S; O2 consumption in roots with a ROL barrier remained unaffected at high H2 S concentration (500 μM), compared to a 67% decline in roots without a barrier. Importantly, low H2 S concentrations induced the formation of a ROL barrier. In conclusion, the ROL barrier plays a key role in protecting against H2 S intrusion, and H2 S can act as an environmental signalling molecule for the induction of the barrier. This study demonstrates the multiple functions of the suberized/lignified outer part of the rice root beyond that of restricting ROL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas León Peralta Ogorek
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Jiménez JDLC, Pedersen O. Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice via Manipulation of Key Root Traits. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 37160782 PMCID: PMC10169991 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice production worldwide represents a major anthropogenic source of greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrogen fertilization and irrigation practices have been fundamental to achieve optimal rice yields, but these agricultural practices together with by-products from plants and microorganisms, facilitate the production, accumulation and venting of vast amounts of CO2, CH4 and N2O. We propose that the development of elite rice varieties should target root traits enabling an effective internal O2 diffusion, via enlarged aerenchyma channels. Moreover, gas tight barriers impeding radial O2 loss in basal parts of the roots will increase O2 diffusion to the root apex where molecular O2 diffuses into the rhizosphere. These developments result in plants with roots penetrating deeper into the flooded anoxic soils, producing higher volumes of oxic conditions in the interface between roots and rhizosphere. Molecular O2 in these zones promotes CH4 oxidation into CO2 by methanotrophs and nitrification (conversion of NH4+ into NO3-), reducing greenhouse gas production and at the same time improving plant nutrition. Moreover, roots with tight barriers to radial O2 loss will have restricted diffusional entry of CH4 produced in the anoxic parts of the rhizosphere and therefore plant-mediated diffusion will be reduced. In this review, we describe how the exploitation of these key root traits in rice can potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de la Cruz Jiménez
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Tong S, Kjær JE, Peralta Ogorek LL, Pellegrini E, Song Z, Pedersen O, Herzog M. Responses of key root traits in the genus Oryza to soil flooding mimicked by stagnant, deoxygenated nutrient solution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2112-2126. [PMID: 36629284 PMCID: PMC10049916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Excess water can induce flooding stress resulting in yield loss, even in wetland crops such as rice (Oryza). However, traits from species of wild Oryza have already been used to improve tolerance to abiotic stress in cultivated rice. This study aimed to establish root responses to sudden soil flooding among eight wild relatives of rice with different habitat preferences benchmarked against three genotypes of O. sativa. Plants were raised hydroponically, mimicking drained or flooded soils, to assess the plasticity of adventitious roots. Traits included were apparent permeance (PA) to O2 of the outer part of the roots, radial water loss, tissue porosity, apoplastic barriers in the exodermis, and root anatomical traits. These were analysed using a plasticity index and hierarchical clustering based on principal component analysis. For example, O. brachyantha, a wetland species, possessed very low tissue porosity compared with other wetland species, whereas dryland species O. latifolia and O. granulata exhibited significantly lower plasticity compared with wetland species and clustered in their own group. Most species clustered according to growing conditions based on PA, radial water loss, root porosity, and key anatomical traits, indicating strong anatomical and physiological responses to sudden soil flooding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas León Peralta Ogorek
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Zhiwei Song
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dalle Carbonare L, Jiménez JDLC, Lichtenauer S, van Veen H. Plant responses to limited aeration: Advances and future challenges. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e488. [PMID: 36993903 PMCID: PMC10040318 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Limited aeration that is caused by tissue geometry, diffusion barriers, high elevation, or a flooding event poses major challenges to plants and is often, but not exclusively, associated with low oxygen. These processes span a broad interest in the research community ranging from whole plant and crop responses, post-harvest physiology, plant morphology and anatomy, fermentative metabolism, plant developmental processes, oxygen sensing by ERF-VIIs, gene expression profiles, the gaseous hormone ethylene, and O2 dynamics at cellular resolution. The International Society for Plant Anaerobiosis (ISPA) gathers researchers from all over the world contributing to understand the causes, responses, and consequences of limited aeration in plants. During the 14th ISPA meeting, major research progress was related to the evolution of O2 sensing mechanisms and the intricate network that balances low O2 signaling. Here, the work moved beyond flooding stress and emphasized novel underexplored roles of low O2 and limited aeration in altitude adaptation, fruit development and storage, and the vegetative development of growth apices. Regarding tolerance towards flooding, the meeting stressed the relevance and regulation of developmental plasticity, aerenchyma, and barrier formation to improve internal aeration. Additional newly explored flood tolerance traits concerned resource balance, senescence, and the exploration of natural genetic variation for novel tolerance loci. In this report, we summarize and synthesize the major progress and future challenges for low O2 and aeration research presented at the conference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Lichtenauer
- Institute of Plant Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Hans van Veen
- Plant Stress Resilience, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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11
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Tanaka W, Yamauchi T, Tsuda K. Genetic basis controlling rice plant architecture and its modification for breeding. BREEDING SCIENCE 2023; 73:3-45. [PMID: 37168811 PMCID: PMC10165344 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.22088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The shoot and root system architectures are fundamental for crop productivity. During the history of artificial selection of domestication and post-domestication breeding, the architecture of rice has significantly changed from its wild ancestor to fulfil requirements in agriculture. We review the recent studies on developmental biology in rice by focusing on components determining rice plant architecture; shoot meristems, leaves, tillers, stems, inflorescences and roots. We also highlight natural variations that affected these structures and were utilized in cultivars. Importantly, many core regulators identified from developmental mutants have been utilized in breeding as weak alleles moderately affecting these architectures. Given a surge of functional genomics and genome editing, the genetic mechanisms underlying the rice plant architecture discussed here will provide a theoretical basis to push breeding further forward not only in rice but also in other crops and their wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Tanaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tsuda
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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Ning J, Yamauchi T, Takahashi H, Omori F, Mano Y, Nakazono M. Asymmetric auxin distribution establishes a contrasting pattern of aerenchyma formation in the nodal roots of Zea nicaraguensis during gravistimulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133009. [PMID: 37152158 PMCID: PMC10154625 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxin distribution is essential for determining root developmental patterns. The formation of lateral roots and constitutive aerenchyma, which is a gas space developed through cell death, is regulated by auxin in rice (Oryza sativa). However, it is unclear whether the involvement of auxin in constitutive aerenchyma formation is conserved in other species. In this study, we found that constitutive aerenchyma formation was regulated by auxin in the nodal roots of Zea nicaraguensis, a wild relative of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) grown naturally on frequently flooded coastal plains. Subsequent gravistimulation (root rotation) experiments showed opposite patterns of aerenchyma and lateral root formation. Lateral root formation on the convex side of rotated roots is known to be stimulated by a transient increase in auxin level in the pericycle. We found that aerenchyma formation was accelerated in the cortex on the concave side of the rotated nodal roots of Z. nicaraguensis. A cortex-specific expression analysis of auxin-responsive genes suggested that the auxin level was higher on the concave side than on the convex side. These results suggest that asymmetric auxin distribution underlies the regulation of aerenchyma and lateral root formation in the nodal roots of Z. nicaraguensis. As aerenchyma reduces the respiratory cost of the roots, constitutive aerenchyma on the concave side of the nodal root may balance resource allocation, thereby contributing to the uptake of water and nutrients by newly formed lateral roots. Our study provides insights into auxin-dependent asymmetric root patterning such as that of gravistimulation and hydropatterning response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Ning
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumie Omori
- Division of Feed and Livestock Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Mano
- Division of Feed and Livestock Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- The University of Western Australia (UWA) School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Mikio Nakazono,
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13
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Natural selection under conventional and organic cropping systems affect root architecture in spring barley. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20095. [PMID: 36418861 PMCID: PMC9684413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A beneficial root system is crucial for efficient nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. Therefore, evaluating the root system variation for breeding crop plants towards stress adaptation is critically important. Here, we phenotyped root architectural traits of naturally adapted populations from organic and conventional cropping systems under hydroponic and field trails. Long-term natural selection under these two cropping systems resulted in a microevolution of root morphological and anatomical traits. Barley lines developed under an organic system possessed longer roots with narrow root angle, larger surface area, increased root mass density, and a thinner root diameter with an increased number of metaxylem vessels. In contrast, lines adapted to the conventional system tend to have a shorter and wider root system with a larger root volume with a thicker diameter but fewer metaxylem vessels. Allometry analysis established a relationship between root traits and plant size among barley genotypes, which specifies that root angle could be a good candidate among studied root traits to determine root-borne shoot architecture. Further, multivariate analyses showed a strong tendency towards increased variability of the organically adapted population's root morphological and anatomical traits. The genotyping of ancestor populations validated the observations made in these experiments. Collectively, this results indicate significant differences in root phenotypes between conventional and organic populations, which could be useful in comparative genomics and breeding.
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14
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Yamauchi T, Nakazono M. Modeling-based age-dependent analysis reveals the net patterns of ethylene-dependent and -independent aerenchyma formation in rice and maize roots. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111340. [PMID: 35696932 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants require oxygen for the functioning of roots, and thus the establishment of a long-distance diffusion path from above-water tissues to the submerged roots is essential to survive flooding. Rice (Oryza sativa) constitutively forms aerenchyma (gas spaces) under aerobic conditions, and induces its formation in response to low-oxygen conditions. Constitutive aerenchyma formation in rice roots is regulated by the phytohormone auxin, whereas ethylene stimulates inducible aerenchyma formation. However, the net patterns of the ethylene-dependent and -independent (auxin-dependent) aerenchyma formation remain unclear. In the present study, we used a modeling approach to determine age-dependent aerenchyma formation in the wild-type rice and reduced culm number 1 mutant, in which ethylene production is reduced, to reveal the net patterns of ethylene-dependent and -independent aerenchyma formation. Subsequent comparison of age-dependent aerenchyma formation between rice and maize roots suggested that more rapid induction of ethylene-dependent aerenchyma formation and more aerenchyma in rice roots are essential to achieve efficient oxygen diffusion under low-oxygen conditions. Moreover, rice roots showed rapid increase in the expression levels of ethylene biosynthesis and responsive genes, suggesting that the local ethylene production at an early time point after root-cell emergence contributes to the rapid induction of the ethylene-dependent aerenchyma formation in rice. DATA AVAILABILITY: All data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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15
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Ding LN, Liu R, Li T, Li M, Liu XY, Wang WJ, Yu YK, Cao J, Tan XL. Physiological and comparative transcriptome analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying waterlogging tolerance in a rapeseed anthocyanin-more mutant. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:55. [PMID: 35596185 PMCID: PMC9123723 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is the second largest oil crop worldwide. It is widely used in food, energy production and the chemical industry, as well as being an ornamental. Consequently, it has a large economic value and developmental potential. Waterlogging is an important abiotic stress that restricts plant growth and development. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying waterlogging tolerance in B. napus. Results In the present study, the physiological changes and transcriptomes of germination-stage rapeseed in response to waterlogging stress were investigated in the B. napus cultivar ‘Zhongshuang 11’ (ZS11) and its anthocyanin-more (am) mutant, which was identified in our previous study. The mutant showed stronger waterlogging tolerance compared with ZS11, and waterlogging stress significantly increased anthocyanin, soluble sugar and malondialdehyde contents and decreased chlorophyll contents in the mutant after 12 days of waterlogging. An RNA-seq analysis identified 1370 and 2336 differently expressed genes (DEGs) responding to waterlogging stress in ZS11 and am, respectively. An enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs in ZS11 were predominately involved in carbohydrate metabolism, whereas those in the am mutant were particularly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and response to endogenous stimulation. In total, 299 DEGs were identified as anthocyanin biosynthesis-related structural genes (24) and regulatory genes encoding transcription factors (275), which may explain the increased anthocyanin content in the am mutant. A total of 110 genes clustered in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway were also identified as DEGs, including 70 involved in auxin and ethylene signal transduction that were significantly changed in the mutant. Furthermore, the expression levels of 16 DEGs with putative roles in anthocyanin accumulation and biotic/abiotic stress responses were validated by quantitative real-time PCR as being consistent with the transcriptome profiles. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of increased anthocyanin contents in rapeseed in response to waterlogging stress, which should be useful for reducing the damage caused by waterlogging stress and for further breeding new rapeseed varieties with high waterlogging tolerance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02155-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Teng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei-Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan-Kun Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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16
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Hypoxia-Induced Aquaporins and Regulation of Redox Homeostasis by a Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport System in Maize Roots. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050836. [PMID: 35624700 PMCID: PMC9137787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, flooding-induced oxygen deficiency causes severe stress, leading to growth reduction and yield loss. It is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms for adaptation to hypoxia. Aquaporins at the plasma membrane play a crucial role in water uptake. However, their role during hypoxia and membrane redox changes is still not fully understood. The influence of 24 h hypoxia induction on hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated using an oil-based setup. Analyses of physiological parameters revealed typical flooding symptoms such as increased ethylene and H2O2 levels, an increased alcohol dehydrogenase activity, and an increased redox activity at the plasma membrane along with decreased oxygen of the medium. Transcriptomic analysis and shotgun proteomics of plasma membranes and soluble fractions were performed to determine alterations in maize roots. RNA-sequencing data confirmed the upregulation of genes involved in anaerobic metabolism, biosynthesis of the phytohormone ethylene, and its receptors. Transcripts of several antioxidative systems and other oxidoreductases were regulated. Mass spectrometry analysis of the plasma membrane proteome revealed alterations in redox systems and an increased abundance of aquaporins. Here, we discuss the importance of plasma membrane aquaporins and redox systems in hypoxia stress response, including the regulation of plant growth and redox homeostasis.
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Khanthavong P, Yabuta S, Malik AI, Hossain MA, Akagi I, Sakagami JI. Combinational Variation Temperature and Soil Water Response of Stomata and Biomass Production in Maize, Millet, Sorghum and Rice. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081039. [PMID: 35448767 PMCID: PMC9031973 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental responses of stomatal conductance (gs) as basic information for a photosynthesis-transpiration-coupled model have been increasing under global warming. This study identified the impact of gs behavior under different soil water statuses and temperatures in rice, maize, millet, and sorghum. The experiments consisted of various soil moisture statuses from flooding to drying and combination of soil moisture status and temperature. There was a reduction in shoot biomass of maize and sorghum caused by decreasing of gs, photosynthesis (A), and transpiration (E) in early imposed waterlogging without dependent temperature, whereas millet and rice were dependent on temperature variation. The effect of gradual soil drying, gs, A, and E of maize, millet, and sorghum were caused by low temperature, except rice. The impact of the combination of various soil water statuses and temperatures on gs is important for the trade-off between A and E, and consequently shoot biomass. However, we discovered that an ability to sustain gs is essential for photo assimilation and maintaining leaf temperature through evapotranspiration for biomass production, a mechanism of crop avoidance in variable soil water status and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanthasin Khanthavong
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (P.K.); (M.A.H.)
- National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Dong Dok, Ban Nongviengkham, Vientiane 7170, Laos
| | - Shin Yabuta
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (S.Y.); (I.A.)
| | - Al Imran Malik
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT (Asia), Lao PDR Office, Dong Dok, Ban Nongviengkham, Vientiane 7170, Laos;
| | - Md Amzad Hossain
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (P.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyu, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Isao Akagi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (S.Y.); (I.A.)
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakagami
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (P.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; (S.Y.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-099-285-8543
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18
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Abstract
Drought and waterlogging seriously affect the growth of plants and are considered severe constraints on agricultural and forestry productivity; their frequency and degree have increased over time due to global climate change. The morphology, photosynthetic activity, antioxidant enzyme system and hormone levels of plants could change in response to water stress. The mechanisms of these changes are introduced in this review, along with research on key transcription factors and genes. Both drought and waterlogging stress similarly impact leaf morphology (such as wilting and crimping) and inhibit photosynthesis. The former affects the absorption and transportation mechanisms of plants, and the lack of water and nutrients inhibits the formation of chlorophyll, which leads to reduced photosynthetic capacity. Constitutive overexpression of 9-cis-epoxydioxygenase (NCED) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), key enzymes in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, increases drought resistance. The latter forces leaf stomata to close in response to chemical signals, which are produced by the roots and transferred aboveground, affecting the absorption capacity of CO2, and reducing photosynthetic substrates. The root system produces adventitious roots and forms aerenchymal to adapt the stresses. Ethylene (ETH) is the main response hormone of plants to waterlogging stress, and is a member of the ERFVII subfamily, which includes response factors involved in hypoxia-induced gene expression, and responds to energy expenditure through anaerobic respiration. There are two potential adaptation mechanisms of plants (“static” or “escape”) through ETH-mediated gibberellin (GA) dynamic equilibrium to waterlogging stress in the present studies. Plant signal transduction pathways, after receiving stress stimulus signals as well as the regulatory mechanism of the subsequent synthesis of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes to produce ethanol under a hypoxic environment caused by waterlogging, should be considered. This review provides a theoretical basis for plants to improve water stress tolerance and water-resistant breeding.
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19
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Pan R, Han H, Medison MB, Abou-Elwafa SF, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhang W. Aerenchyma formation in the root of leaf-vegetable sweet potato: Programmed cell death initiated by ethylene-mediated H 2 O 2 accumulation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2361-2375. [PMID: 34671988 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sweet potato, commonly planted in Southeast Asia and South America with abundant rainfall, often suffers from waterlogging. The aerenchyma formation in roots is an effective way for plants to facilitate gas exchange. In the present study, tolerant and sensitive varieties, respectively, designated NC1 and C211, were evaluated under water oxygen content at 2.0 mg·L-1 (hypoxia treatment) and 8.0 mg·L-1 (control). The results showed that NC1 variety has a relatively higher root growth rate under low oxygen condition. In NC1 plants, aerenchyma was observed in the mid-section of the main adventitious root and spread to the proximal and distal ends, forming a complete channel in the cortex. However, in C211 plants, the aerenchyma occurred relatively later and could not turn into a whole channel. Ethylene synthesis-related (ACS1, ACS4, ACS5, etc.) and signal transduction-related (ETR1, ERS1, EIN2, etc.) genes were upregulated in the NC1 plants and led to changes in the reactive oxygen species-related genes (RBOHA, SOD, CAT, etc.) and enzyme activities. It was found that programmed cell death was induced by H2 O2 accumulation. A regulatory model of lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the root of sweet potato was constructed. Our study enriches the understanding of the mechanisms of the aerenchyma formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pan
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hui Han
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Milca Banda Medison
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | | | - Yi Liu
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Sweet potato Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinsun Yang
- Hubei Sweet potato Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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20
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Chen Y, Li G, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Liu K, Nadeeshika Samarawickrama P, Wu X, Lv B, Liu L. Longitudinal Pattern of Aerenchyma Formation Using the Ti-Gompertz Model in Rice Adventitious Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:776971. [PMID: 34917110 PMCID: PMC8669396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.776971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal pattern of root aerenchyma formation of its relationship with the function of adventitious roots in rice remains unclear. In this study, the percentage of the aerenchyma area to the cross-sectional area (i.e., aerenchyma percentage) was fit with four non-linear models, namely, W0-Gompertz, Ti-Gompertz, logistic, and von Bertalanffy. Goodness-of-fit criteria such as the R 2, the Akaike information criterion (AIC), and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were used to select the model. The bias of the parameters was evaluated using the difference between the ordinary least squares-based parameter estimates and the mean of 1,000 bootstrap-based parameter estimates and the symmetry of the distributions of these parameters. The results showed that the Ti-Gompertz model, which had a high goodness-of-fit with an R 2 close to 1, lower AIC and BIC values, parameter estimates close to being unbiased, and good linear approximation, provided the best fit for the longitude pattern of rice aerenchyma formation with different root lengths among the competing models. Using the second- and third-order derivatives according to the distance from the root apex, the critical points of Ti-Gompertz were calculated. The rapid stage for aerenchyma formation was from the maximum acceleration point (1.38-1.76 cm from the root apex) to the maximum deceleration point (3.13-4.19 cm from the root apex). In this stage, the aerenchyma percentage increased by 5.3-15.7% per cm, suggesting that the cortical cells tended to die rapidly for the aerenchyma formation rather than for the respiration cost during this stage. Meanwhile, the volume of the aerenchyma of the entire roots could be computed using the integral function of the Ti-Gompertz model. We proposed that the longitudinal pattern of root aerenchyma formation modeled by the Ti-Gompertz model helped to deeply understand the relationship between the anatomical traits and physiological function in rice adventitious roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoming Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Buhong Zhao
- Lixiahe Agricultural Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiaoxia Wu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bing Lv
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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21
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Jiménez JDLC, Pellegrini E, Pedersen O, Nakazono M. Radial Oxygen Loss from Plant Roots—Methods. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112322. [PMID: 34834684 PMCID: PMC8622749 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In flooded soils, an efficient internal aeration system is essential for root growth and plant survival. Roots of many wetland species form barriers to restrict radial O2 loss (ROL) to the rhizosphere. The formation of such barriers greatly enhances longitudinal O2 diffusion from basal parts towards the root tip, and the barrier also impedes the entry of phytotoxic compounds produced in flooded soils into the root. Nevertheless, ROL from roots is an important source of O2 for rhizosphere oxygenation and the oxidation of toxic compounds. In this paper, we review the methodological aspects for the most widely used techniques for the qualitative visualization and quantitative determination of ROL from roots. Detailed methodological approaches, practical set-ups and examples of ROL from roots with or without barriers to ROL are included. This paper provides practical knowledge relevant to several disciplines, including plant–soil interactions, biogeochemistry and eco-physiological aspects of roots and soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de la Cruz Jiménez
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy;
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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22
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Peralta Ogorek LL, Pellegrini E, Pedersen O. Novel functions of the root barrier to radial oxygen loss - radial diffusion resistance to H 2 and water vapour. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1365-1376. [PMID: 34013633 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The root barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) is a trait enabling waterlogging tolerance of plants. The ROL barrier restricts O2 diffusion to the anoxic soil so that O2 is retained inside root tissues. We hypothesised that the ROL barrier can also restrict radial diffusion of other gases (H2 and water vapour) in rice roots with a barrier to ROL. We used O2 and H2 microsensors to measure ROL and permeability of rice roots, and gravimetric measurements to assess the influence of the ROL barrier on radial water loss (RWL). The ROL barrier greatly restricted radial diffusion of O2 as well as H2 . At 60 kPa pO2 , we found no radial diffusion of O2 across the barrier, and for H2 the barrier reduced radial diffusion by 73%. Similarly, RWL was reduced by 93% in roots with a ROL barrier. Our study showed that the root barrier to ROL not only completely blocks radial O2 diffusion under steep concentration gradients but is also a diffusive barrier to H2 and to water vapour. The strong correlation between ROL and RWL presents a case in which simple measurements of RWL can be used to predict ROL in screening studies with a focus on waterlogging tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas León Peralta Ogorek
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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23
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Zhang TQ, Chen Y, Liu Y, Lin WH, Wang JW. Single-cell transcriptome atlas and chromatin accessibility landscape reveal differentiation trajectories in the rice root. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2053. [PMID: 33824350 PMCID: PMC8024345 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Root development relies on the establishment of meristematic tissues that give rise to distinct cell types that differentiate across defined temporal and spatial gradients. Dissection of the developmental trajectories and the transcriptional networks that underlie them could aid understanding of the function of the root apical meristem in both dicots and monocots. Here, we present a single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing and chromatin accessibility survey of rice radicles. By temporal profiling of individual root tip cells we reconstruct continuous developmental trajectories of epidermal cells and ground tissues, and elucidate regulatory networks underlying cell fate determination in these cell lineages. We further identify characteristic processes, transcriptome profiles, and marker genes for these cell types and reveal conserved and divergent root developmental pathways between dicots and monocots. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of the platform for functional genetic studies by using spatiotemporal modeling to identify a rice root meristematic mutant from a cell-specific gene cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.
- ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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24
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Yamauchi T, Pedersen O, Nakazono M, Tsutsumi N. Key root traits of Poaceae for adaptation to soil water gradients. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3133-3140. [PMID: 33222170 PMCID: PMC7986152 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought and flooding are contrasting abiotic stressors for plants. Evidence is accumulating for root anatomical traits being essential for the adaptation to drought or flooding. However, an integrated approach to comprehensively understand root anatomical traits has not yet been established. Here we analysed the root anatomical traits of 18 wild Poaceae species differing in adaptation to a range of soil water content. Regression model analyses revealed the optimal anatomical traits that were required by the plants to adapt to low or high soil water content. While the area and number of each root tissue (e.g. stele, cortex, xylem or aerenchyma) were not strongly correlated to the soil water content, the ratio of the root tissue areas (cortex to stele ratio (CSR), xylem to stele ratio (XSR) and aerenchyma to cortex ratio (ACR)) could fully explain the adaptations of the wild Poaceae species to the soil water gradients. Our results demonstrate that the optimal anatomical traits for the adaptations to soil water content can be determined by three indices (i.e. CSR, XSR and ACR), and thus we propose that these root anatomical indices can be used to improve the tolerance of crops to drought and flooding stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Japan Science and Technology AgencyPRESTOKawaguchiSaitama332‐0012Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyo113‐8657Japan
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological LaboratoryDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 4, 3 floorCopenhagen2100Denmark
- UWA School of Agriculture and EnvironmentFaculty of ScienceThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA6009Australia
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- UWA School of Agriculture and EnvironmentFaculty of ScienceThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA6009Australia
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichi464‐8601Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyo113‐8657Japan
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25
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de la Cruz Jiménez J, Cardoso JA, Kotula L, Veneklaas EJ, Pedersen O, Colmer TD. Root length is proxy for high-throughput screening of waterlogging tolerance in Urochloa spp. grasses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:411-421. [PMID: 33287947 DOI: 10.1071/fp20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
C4 perennial Urochloa spp. grasses are widely planted in extensive areas in the tropics. These areas are continuously facing waterlogging events, which limits plant growth and production. However, no commercial cultivar combining excellent waterlogging tolerance with superior biomass production and nutritional quality is available. The objective of this study was to identify root traits that can be used for selecting waterlogging tolerant species of Urochloa. Root respiration, root morphological, architectural and anatomical traits were evaluated in eight contrasting Urochloa spp. genotypes grown under aerated or deoxygenated stagnant solutions. Moreover, modelling of internal aeration was used to relate differences in root traits and root growth in waterlogged soils. Increased aerenchyma formation in roots, reduced stele area and development of a fully suberised exodermis are characteristics improving internal aeration of roots and therefore determining waterlogging tolerance in these C4 forage grasses. Waterlogging-tolerant genotypes had steeper root angles and greater root lengths than the waterlogging-sensitive genotypes. In stagnant conditions, waterlogging-tolerant genotypes had a greater proportion of aerenchyma and reduced stele area in root cross-sections, had deeper roots, steeper root angle and larger root biomass, which in turn, allowed for greater shoot biomass. Total root length had the strongest positive influence on shoot dry mass and can therefore be used as proxy for selecting waterlogging tolerant Urochloa genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de la Cruz Jiménez
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| | - Juan A Cardoso
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Km 17 Recta Cali - Palmira, Colombia
| | - Lukasz Kotula
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and UWA School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ole Pedersen
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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26
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Sachdev S, Ansari SA, Ansari MI, Fujita M, Hasanuzzaman M. Abiotic Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species: Generation, Signaling, and Defense Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:277. [PMID: 33670123 PMCID: PMC7916865 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is an invisible, silent killer with calamitous effects on living organisms. As the sessile organism, plants experience a diverse array of abiotic stresses during ontogenesis. The relentless climatic changes amplify the intensity and duration of stresses, making plants dwindle to survive. Plants convert 1-2% of consumed oxygen into reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular, singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radical (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (•OH), etc. as a byproduct of aerobic metabolism in different cell organelles such as chloroplast, mitochondria, etc. The regulatory network comprising enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems tends to keep the magnitude of ROS within plant cells to a non-damaging level. However, under stress conditions, the production rate of ROS increases exponentially, exceeding the potential of antioxidant scavengers instigating oxidative burst, which affects biomolecules and disturbs cellular redox homeostasis. ROS are similar to a double-edged sword; and, when present below the threshold level, mediate redox signaling pathways that actuate plant growth, development, and acclimatization against stresses. The production of ROS in plant cells displays both detrimental and beneficial effects. However, exact pathways of ROS mediated stress alleviation are yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the review deposits information about the status of known sites of production, signaling mechanisms/pathways, effects, and management of ROS within plant cells under stress. In addition, the role played by advancement in modern techniques such as molecular priming, systems biology, phenomics, and crop modeling in preventing oxidative stress, as well as diverting ROS into signaling pathways has been canvassed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sachdev
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, India;
| | | | | | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
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Takahashi H, Pradal C. Root phenotyping: important and minimum information required for root modeling in crop plants. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:109-116. [PMID: 33762880 PMCID: PMC7973500 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As plants cannot relocate, they require effective root systems for water and nutrient uptake. Root development plasticity enables plants to adapt to different environmental conditions. Research on improvements in crop root systems is limited in comparison with that in shoots as the former are difficult to image. Breeding more effective root systems is proposed as the "second green revolution". There are several recent publications on root system architecture (RSA), but the methods used to analyze the RSA have not been standardized. Here, we introduce traditional and current root-imaging methods and discuss root structure phenotyping. Some important root structures have not been standardized as roots are easily affected by rhizosphere conditions and exhibit greater plasticity than shoots; moreover, root morphology significantly varies even in the same genotype. For these reasons, it is difficult to define the ideal root systems for breeding. In this review, we introduce several types of software to analyze roots and identify important root parameters by modeling to simplify the root system characterization. These parameters can be extracted from photographs captured in the field. This modeling approach is applicable to various legacy root data stored in old or unpublished formats. Standardization of RSA data could help estimate root ideotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Christophe Pradal
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- Inria & LIRMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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28
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Takahashi H, Pradal C. Root phenotyping: important and minimum information required for root modeling in crop plants. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:109-116. [PMID: 33762880 DOI: 10.1071/bt06118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As plants cannot relocate, they require effective root systems for water and nutrient uptake. Root development plasticity enables plants to adapt to different environmental conditions. Research on improvements in crop root systems is limited in comparison with that in shoots as the former are difficult to image. Breeding more effective root systems is proposed as the "second green revolution". There are several recent publications on root system architecture (RSA), but the methods used to analyze the RSA have not been standardized. Here, we introduce traditional and current root-imaging methods and discuss root structure phenotyping. Some important root structures have not been standardized as roots are easily affected by rhizosphere conditions and exhibit greater plasticity than shoots; moreover, root morphology significantly varies even in the same genotype. For these reasons, it is difficult to define the ideal root systems for breeding. In this review, we introduce several types of software to analyze roots and identify important root parameters by modeling to simplify the root system characterization. These parameters can be extracted from photographs captured in the field. This modeling approach is applicable to various legacy root data stored in old or unpublished formats. Standardization of RSA data could help estimate root ideotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Christophe Pradal
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- Inria & LIRMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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29
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Martin S, Sparks EL, Constantin AJ, Cebrian J, Cherry JA. Restoring Fringing Tidal Marshes for Ecological Function and Ecosystem Resilience to Moderate Sea-level Rise in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 67:384-397. [PMID: 33432500 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tidal marshes are increasingly vulnerable to degradation or loss from eutrophication, land-use changes, and accelerating sea-level rise, making restoration necessary to recover ecosystem services. To evaluate effects of restoration planting density and sea-level rise on ecosystem function (i.e., nitrogen removal), we restored three marshes, which differed in elevation, at Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Alabama, USA and planted them with Juncus roemerianus sods at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% initial cover. We simulated future sea level using passive weirs that increased flooding during low tide. Because additional species emerged shortly after transplantation, we also tested for treatment effects on community structure. In all marshes, species richness increased following restoration, regardless of treatments, while relative abundances of new species tended to increase with increasing initial cover. Plant percent cover increased with increasing initial cover in all marshes, with similar vegetated cover at 50, 75, and 100% after 3 years in the highest elevation marsh. Porewater dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations ([DIN]) decreased with increasing initial cover in all marshes, and were significantly lower in 50, 75, and 100% treatments than 0 or 25% after 1 year. Furthermore, [DIN] was similarly low among 50, 75, and 100% treatments when elevation capital was highest. These results suggest that intermediate initial cover (50%) can recover plant cover and promote nitrogen removal when elevation capital is adequate at relatively lower labor and material costs than planting at higher cover, thereby maximizing restoration outcomes in the face of low to moderate sea-level rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martin
- Mississippi State University, Coastal Research and Extension Center, 1815 Popps Ferry Rd., Biloxi, MS, 39532, USA
- Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA
| | - Eric L Sparks
- Mississippi State University, Coastal Research and Extension Center, 1815 Popps Ferry Rd., Biloxi, MS, 39532, USA
- Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA
| | - Adam J Constantin
- HDR Engineering, Inc., 201 Rue Iberville, Suite 115, Lafayette, LA, 70508, USA
| | - Just Cebrian
- Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, 1021 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS, 39529, USA
| | - Julia A Cherry
- University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences and New College, Box 870334, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
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30
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Mano Y, Nakazono M. Genetic regulation of root traits for soil flooding tolerance in genus Zea. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:30-39. [PMID: 33762874 PMCID: PMC7973494 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Flooding stress caused by excessive precipitation and poor drainage threatens upland crop production and food sustainability, so new upland crop cultivars are needed with greater tolerance to soil flooding (waterlogging). So far, however, there have been no reports of highly flooding-tolerant upland crop cultivars, including maize, because of the lack of flooding-tolerant germplasm and the presence of a large number of traits affecting flooding tolerance. To achieve the goal of breeding flooding-tolerant maize cultivars by overcoming these difficulties, we chose highly flooding-tolerant teosinte germplasm. These flooding-tolerance-related traits were separately assessed by establishing a method for the accurate evaluation of each one, followed by performing quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses for each trait using maize × teosinte mapping populations, developing introgression lines (ILs) or near-isogenic lines (NILs) containing QTLs and pyramiding useful traits. We have identified QTLs for flooding-tolerance-related root traits, including the capacity to form aerenchyma, formation of radial oxygen loss barriers, tolerance to flooded reducing soil conditions, flooding-induced adventitious root formation and shallow root angle. In addition, we have developed several ILs and NILs with flooding-tolerance-related QTLs and are currently developing pyramided lines. These lines should be valuable for practical maize breeding programs focused on flooding tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Mano
- Forage Crop Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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31
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Yamauchi T, Noshita K, Tsutsumi N. Climate-smart crops: key root anatomical traits that confer flooding tolerance. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:51-61. [PMID: 33762876 PMCID: PMC7973492 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants require water, but a deficit or excess of water can negatively impact their growth and functioning. Soil flooding, in which root-zone is filled with excess water, restricts oxygen diffusion into the soil. Global climate change is increasing the risk of crop yield loss caused by flooding, and the development of flooding tolerant crops is urgently needed. Root anatomical traits are essential for plants to adapt to drought and flooding, as they determine the balance between the rates of water and oxygen transport. The stele contains xylem and the cortex contains aerenchyma (gas spaces), which respectively contribute to water uptake from the soil and oxygen supply to the roots; this implies that there is a trade-off between the ratio of cortex and stele sizes with respect to adaptation to drought or flooding. In this review, we analyze recent advances in the understanding of root anatomical traits that confer drought and/or flooding tolerance to plants and illustrate the trade-off between cortex and stele sizes. Moreover, we introduce the progress that has been made in modelling and fully automated analyses of root anatomical traits and discuss how key root anatomical traits can be used to improve crop tolerance to soil flooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koji Noshita
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 819–0395, Japan
- Plant Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 819–0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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32
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Pedersen O, Sauter M, Colmer TD, Nakazono M. Regulation of root adaptive anatomical and morphological traits during low soil oxygen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:42-49. [PMID: 32045027 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flooding causes oxygen deprivation in soils. Plants adapt to low soil oxygen availability by changes in root morphology, anatomy, and architecture to maintain root system functioning. Essential traits include aerenchyma formation, a barrier to radial oxygen loss, and outgrowth of adventitious roots into the soil or the floodwater. We highlight recent findings of mechanisms of constitutive aerenchyma formation and of changes in root architecture. Moreover, we use modelling of internal aeration to demonstrate the beneficial effect of increasing cortex-to-stele ratio on sustaining root growth in waterlogged soils. We know the genes for some of the beneficial traits, and the next step is to manipulate these genes in breeding in order to enhance the flood tolerance of our crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Margret Sauter
- Plant Developmental Biology and Physiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 5, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Yamauchi T, Tanaka A, Tsutsumi N, Inukai Y, Nakazono M. A Role for Auxin in Ethylene-Dependent Inducible Aerenchyma Formation in Rice Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E610. [PMID: 32403344 PMCID: PMC7284992 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Internal oxygen diffusion from shoot to root tips is enhanced by the formation of aerenchyma (gas space) in waterlogged soils. Lysigenous aerenchyma is created by programmed cell death and subsequent lysis of the root cortical cells. Rice (Oryza sativa) forms aerenchyma constitutively under aerobic conditions and increases its formation under oxygen-deficient conditions. Recently, we have demonstrated that constitutive aerenchyma formation is regulated by auxin signaling mediated by Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid protein (AUX/IAA; IAA). While ethylene is involved in inducible aerenchyma formation, the relationship of auxin and ethylene during aerenchyma formation remains unclear. Here, we examined the effects of oxygen deficiency and ethylene on aerenchyma formation in the roots of a rice mutant (iaa13) in which auxin signaling is suppressed by a mutation in the degradation domain of IAA13 protein. The results showed that AUX/IAA-mediated auxin signaling contributes to ethylene-dependent inducible aerenchyma formation in rice roots. An auxin transport inhibitor abolished aerenchyma formation under oxygen-deficient conditions and reduced the expression of genes encoding ethylene biosynthesis enzymes, further supporting the idea that auxin is involved in ethylene-dependent inducible aerenchyma formation. Based on these studies, we propose a mechanism that underlies the relationship between auxin and ethylene during inducible aerenchyma formation in rice roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Akihiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464–8601, Japan;
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Yoshiaki Inukai
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464–8601, Japan;
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464–8601, Japan;
- The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Teramoto S, Takayasu S, Kitomi Y, Arai-Sanoh Y, Tanabata T, Uga Y. High-throughput three-dimensional visualization of root system architecture of rice using X-ray computed tomography. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:66. [PMID: 32426023 PMCID: PMC7216661 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-ray computed tomography (CT) allows us to visualize root system architecture (RSA) beneath the soil, non-destructively and in a three-dimensional (3-D) form. However, CT scanning, reconstruction processes, and root isolation from X-ray CT volumes, take considerable time. For genetic analyses, such as quantitative trait locus mapping, which require a large population size, a high-throughput RSA visualization method is required. RESULTS We have developed a high-throughput process flow for the 3-D visualization of rice (Oryza sativa) RSA (consisting of radicle and crown roots), using X-ray CT. The process flow includes use of a uniform particle size, calcined clay to reduce the possibility of visualizing non-root segments, use of a higher tube voltage and current in the X-ray CT scanning to increase root-to-soil contrast, and use of a 3-D median filter and edge detection algorithm to isolate root segments. Using high-performance computing technology, this analysis flow requires only 10 min (33 s, if a rough image is acceptable) for CT scanning and reconstruction, and 2 min for image processing, to visualize rice RSA. This reduced time allowed us to conduct the genetic analysis associated with 3-D RSA phenotyping. In 2-week-old seedlings, 85% and 100% of radicle and crown roots were detected, when 16 cm and 20 cm diameter pots were used, respectively. The X-ray dose per scan was estimated at < 0.09 Gy, which did not impede rice growth. Using the developed process flow, we were able to follow daily RSA development, i.e., 4-D RSA development, of an upland rice variety, over 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS We developed a high-throughput process flow for 3-D rice RSA visualization by X-ray CT. The X-ray dose assay on plant growth has shown that this methodology could be applicable for 4-D RSA phenotyping. We named the RSA visualization method 'RSAvis3D' and are confident that it represents a potentially efficient application for 3-D RSA phenotyping of various plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Teramoto
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Satoko Takayasu
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Yuka Kitomi
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Yumiko Arai-Sanoh
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | | | - Yusaku Uga
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
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35
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Yamauchi T, Tanaka A, Inahashi H, Nishizawa NK, Tsutsumi N, Inukai Y, Nakazono M. Fine control of aerenchyma and lateral root development through AUX/IAA- and ARF-dependent auxin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20770-20775. [PMID: 31548376 PMCID: PMC6789968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907181116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) are derived from a parental root and contribute to water and nutrient uptake from the soil. Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid protein (AUX/IAA; IAA) and auxin response factor (ARF)-mediated signaling are essential for LR formation. Lysigenous aerenchyma, a gas space created by cortical cell death, aids internal oxygen transport within plants. Rice (Oryza sativa) forms lysigenous aerenchyma constitutively under aerobic conditions and increases its formation under oxygen-deficient conditions; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating constitutive aerenchyma (CA) formation remain unclear. LR number is reduced by the dominant-negative effect of a mutated AUX/IAA protein in the iaa13 mutant. We found that CA formation is also reduced in iaa13 We have identified ARF19 as an interactor of IAA13 and identified a lateral organ boundary domain (LBD)-containing protein (LBD1-8) as a target of ARF19. IAA13, ARF19, and LBD1-8 were highly expressed in the cortex and LR primordia, suggesting that these genes function in the initiation of CA and LR formation. Restoration of LBD1-8 expression recovered aerenchyma formation and partly recovered LR formation in the iaa13 background, in which LBD1-8 expression was reduced. An auxin transport inhibitor suppressed CA and LR formation, and a natural auxin stimulated CA formation in the presence of the auxin transport inhibitor. Our findings suggest that CA and LR formation are both regulated through AUX/IAA- and ARF-dependent auxin signaling. The initiation of CA formation lagged that of LR formation, which indicates that the formation of CA and LR are regulated differently by auxin signaling during root development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Aichi, Japan;
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012 Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, 113-8657 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, 113-8657 Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, 921-8836 Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, 113-8657 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inukai
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012 Saitama, Japan
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Aichi, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Aichi, Japan;
- The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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