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Li H, Jiang X, Mashiguchi K, Yamaguchi S, Lu S. Biosynthesis and signal transduction of plant growth regulators and their effects on bioactive compound production in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen). Chin Med 2024; 19:102. [PMID: 39049014 PMCID: PMC11267865 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are involved in multiple aspects of plant life, including plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. They are also vital for the formation of secondary metabolites in various plants. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a famous herbal medicine and has been used commonly for > 2000 years in China, as well as widely used in many other countries. S. miltiorrhiza is extensively used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in clinical practices and has specific merit against various diseases. Owing to its outstanding medicinal and commercial potential, S. miltiorrhiza has been extensively investigated as an ideal model system for medicinal plant biology. Tanshinones and phenolic acids are primary pharmacological constituents of S. miltiorrhiza. As the growing market for S. miltiorrhiza, the enhancement of its bioactive compounds has become a research hotspot. S. miltiorrhiza exhibits a significant response to various PGRs in the production of phenolic acids and tanshinones. Here, we briefly review the biosynthesis and signal transduction of PGRs in plants. The effects and mechanisms of PGRs on bioactive compound production in S. miltiorrhiza are systematically summarized and future research is discussed. This article provides a scientific basis for further research, cultivation, and metabolic engineering in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqin Li
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Xuwen Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Bairuijia Food Co., Ltd, No. 8008, Yi Road, Laizhou, Yantai, 261400, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kiyoshi Mashiguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Yamaguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Heslop-Harrison G, Nakabayashi K, Espinosa-Ruiz A, Robertson F, Baines R, Thompson CRL, Hermann K, Alabadí D, Leubner-Metzger G, Williams RSB. Functional mechanism study of the allelochemical myrigalone A identifies a group of ultrapotent inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100846. [PMID: 38460510 PMCID: PMC11211550 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Allelochemicals represent a class of natural products released by plants as root, leaf, and fruit exudates that interfere with the growth and survival of neighboring plants. Understanding how allelochemicals function to regulate plant responses may provide valuable new approaches to better control plant function. One such allelochemical, Myrigalone A (MyA) produced by Myrica gale, inhibits seed germination and seedling growth through an unknown mechanism. Here, we investigate MyA using the tractable model Dictyostelium discoideum and reveal that its activity depends on the conserved homolog of the plant ethylene synthesis protein 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO). Furthermore, in silico modeling predicts the direct binding of MyA to ACO within the catalytic pocket. In D. discoideum, ablation of ACO mimics the MyA-dependent developmental delay, which is partially restored by exogenous ethylene, and MyA reduces ethylene production. In Arabidopsis thaliana, MyA treatment delays seed germination, and this effect is rescued by exogenous ethylene. It also mimics the effect of established ACO inhibitors on root and hypocotyl extension, blocks ethylene-dependent root hair production, and reduces ethylene production. Finally, in silico binding analyses identify a range of highly potent ethylene inhibitors that block ethylene-dependent response and reduce ethylene production in Arabidopsis. Thus, we demonstrate a molecular mechanism by which the allelochemical MyA reduces ethylene biosynthesis and identify a range of ultrapotent inhibitors of ethylene-regulated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Heslop-Harrison
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Kazumi Nakabayashi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Ana Espinosa-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesca Robertson
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; Centre for Plant Molecular Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Robert Baines
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher R L Thompson
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Centre for Plant Molecular Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Robin S B Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK.
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3
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da Silva RC, Oliveira HC, Igamberdiev AU, Stasolla C, Gaspar M. Interplay between nitric oxide and inorganic nitrogen sources in root development and abiotic stress responses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 297:154241. [PMID: 38640547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plants, and the sources from which it is obtained can differently affect their entire development as well as stress responses. Distinct inorganic N sources (nitrate and ammonium) can lead to fluctuations in the nitric oxide (NO) levels and thus interfere with nitric oxide (NO)-mediated responses. These could lead to changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, hormone synthesis and signaling, and post-translational modifications of key proteins. As the consensus suggests that NO is primarily synthesized in the reductive pathways involving nitrate and nitrite reduction, it is expected that plants grown in a nitrate-enriched environment will produce more NO than those exposed to ammonium. Although the interplay between NO and different N sources in plants has been investigated, there are still many unanswered questions that require further elucidation. By building on previous knowledge regarding NO and N nutrition, this review expands the field by examining in more detail how NO responses are influenced by different N sources, focusing mainly on root development and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Caetano da Silva
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Marilia Gaspar
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil.
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Wang Z, Wei X, Cui X, Wang J, Wang Y, Sun M, Zhao P, Yang B, Wang Q, Jiang YQ. The transcription factor WRKY22 modulates ethylene biosynthesis and root development through transactivating the transcription of ACS5 and ACO5 in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14371. [PMID: 38837414 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The WRKY transcription factor (TF) genes form a large family in higher plants, with 72 members in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The gaseous phytohormone ethylene (ET) regulates multiple physiological processes in plants. It is known that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (ACSs, EC 4.4.1.14) limit the enzymatic reaction rate of ethylene synthesis. However, whether WRKY TFs regulate the expression of ACSs and/or ACC oxidases (ACOs, EC 1.14.17.4) remains largely elusive. Here, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis WRKY22 positively regulated the expression of a few ACS and ACO genes, thus promoting ethylene production. Inducible overexpression of WRKY22 caused shorter hypocotyls without ACC treatment. A qRT-PCR screening demonstrated that overexpression of WRKY22 activates the expression of several ACS and ACO genes. The promoter regions of ACS5, ACS11, and ACO5 were also activated by WRKY22, which was revealed by a dual luciferase reporter assay. A follow-up chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that the promoter regions of ACS5 and ACO5 could be bound by WRKY22 directly. Moreover, wrky22 mutants had longer primary roots and more lateral roots than wild type, while WRKY22-overexpressing lines showed the opposite phenotype. In conclusion, this study revealed that WRKY22 acts as a novel TF activating, at least, the expression of ACS5 and ACO5 to increase ethylene synthesis and modulate root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Khan W, Zhu Y, Khan A, Zhao L, Yang YM, Wang N, Hao M, Ma Y, Nepal J, Ullah F, Rehman MMU, Abrar M, Xiong YC. Above-and below-ground feedback loop of maize is jointly enhanced by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in drier soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170417. [PMID: 38280611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a potent abiotic stressor that arrests crop growth, significantly affecting crop health and yields. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can offer to protect plants from stressful environments through improving water, and nutrient use efficiency by strengthening plant root structure and harnessing favorable rhizosphere environments. When Acaulospora laevis (AMF) and Bacillus subtilus (PGPR) are introduced in combination, enhanced root growth and beneficial microbial colonization can mitigate drought stress. To assess this potential, a pot experiment was done with maize (Zea mays L.) to explore the effects of A. laevis and B. subtilus under different water levels (well-watered = 80 %; moderate water stress = 55 %; and severe water stress = 35 %) on maize yield, soil microbial activities, nutrients contents, root, and leaf functioning. Plants exposed to severe drought stress hampered their root and leaf functioning, and reduced grain yield compared with control plants. Combined use of AMF and PGPR increased root colonization (104.6 %-113.2 %) and microbial biomass carbon (36.38 %-40.23 %) under moderate to severe drought conditions over control. Higher root colonization was strongly linked with elevated ACC (aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) production, subsequently enhancing water use efficiency (21.62 %-12.77 %), root hydraulic conductivity (1.9 %-1.4 %) and root nutrient uptake under moderate to severe drought conditions. Enhanced nutrient uptake further promoted leaf photosynthetic rate by 27.3 %-29.8 % under moderate and severe drought stress. Improving leaf and root physiological functioning enhanced maize grain yield under stressful environments. Furthermore, co-inoculation with AMF-PGPR reduced cellular damage by lowering oxidative enzyme levels and increasing antioxidative enzyme activities, improving plant performance and grain yield under stressful environments. Conclusively, the synergistic interaction of AMF with PGPR ensured plant stress tolerance by reducing cellular injury, facilitating root-leaf functioning, enhancing nutrient-water-use-efficiencies, and increasing yield under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Application, Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Aziz Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yu-Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Meng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jaya Nepal
- Department of Soil, Water & Ecosystem Sciences, Indian River Research Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Fazal Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Maqsood Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Abrar
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - You-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, School of Life Sciences/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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Karady M, Hladík P, Cermanová K, Jiroutová P, Antoniadi I, Casanova-Sáez R, Ljung K, Novák O. Profiling of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and selected phytohormones in Arabidopsis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:41. [PMID: 38493175 PMCID: PMC10943774 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaseous phytohormone ethylene levels are directly influenced by the production of its immediate non-volatile precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Owing to the strongly acidic character of the ACC molecule, its quantification has been difficult to perform. Here, we present a simple and straightforward validated method for accurate quantification of not only ACC levels, but also major members of other important phytohormonal classes - auxins, cytokinins, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid from the same biological sample. RESULTS The presented technique facilitates the analysis of 15 compounds by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. It was optimized and validated for 10 mg of fresh weight plant material. The extraction procedure is composed of a minimal amount of necessary steps. Accuracy and precision were the basis for evaluating the method, together with process efficiency, recovery and matrix effects as validation parameters. The examined compounds comprise important groups of phytohormones, their active forms and some of their metabolites, including six cytokinins, four auxins, two jasmonates, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The resulting method was used to examine their contents in selected Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lines. CONCLUSION This profiling method enables a very straightforward approach for indirect ethylene study and explores how it interacts, based on content levels, with other phytohormonal groups in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Karady
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia.
| | - Pavel Hladík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Cermanová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia
| | - Petra Jiroutová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Rubén Casanova-Sáez
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, The Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czechia
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
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Qiao J, Quan R, Wang J, Li Y, Xiao D, Zhao Z, Huang R, Qin H. OsEIL1 and OsEIL2, two master regulators of rice ethylene signaling, promote the expression of ROS scavenging genes to facilitate coleoptile elongation and seedling emergence from soil. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100771. [PMID: 37994014 PMCID: PMC10943563 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Successful emergence from the soil is a prerequisite for survival of germinating seeds in their natural environment. In rice, coleoptile elongation facilitates seedling emergence and establishment, and ethylene plays an important role in this process. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we report that ethylene promotes cell elongation and inhibits cell expansion in rice coleoptiles, resulting in longer and thinner coleoptiles that facilitate seedlings emergence from the soil. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation are upregulated and genes involved in ROS scavenging are downregulated in the coleoptiles of ethylene-signaling mutants. Further investigations showed that soil coverage promotes accumulation of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 1 (OsEIL1) and OsEIL2 in the upper region of the coleoptile, and both OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 can bind directly to the promoters of the GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (VTC1) gene OsVTC1-3 and the peroxidase (PRX) genes OsPRX37, OsPRX81, OsPRX82, and OsPRX88 to activate their expression. This leads to increased ascorbic acid content, greater peroxidase activity, and decreased ROS accumulation in the upper region of the coleoptile. Disruption of ROS accumulation promotes coleoptile growth and seedling emergence from soil. These findings deepen our understanding of the roles of ethylene and ROS in controlling coleoptile growth, and this information can be used by breeders to produce rice varieties suitable for direct seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Qiao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruidang Quan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dinglin Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hua Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
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Castro-Camba R, Neves M, Correia S, Canhoto J, Vielba JM, Sánchez C. Ethylene Action Inhibition Improves Adventitious Root Induction in Adult Chestnut Tissues. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:738. [PMID: 38475584 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Phase change refers to the process of maturation and transition from the juvenile to the adult stage. In response to this shift, certain species like chestnut lose the ability to form adventitious roots, thereby hindering the successful micropropagation of adult plants. While auxin is the main hormone involved in adventitious root formation, other hormones, such as ethylene, are also thought to play a role in its induction and development. In this study, experiments were carried out to determine the effects of ethylene on the induction and growth of adventitious roots. The analysis was performed in two types of chestnut microshoots derived from the same tree, a juvenile-like line with a high rooting ability derived from basal shoots (P2BS) and a line derived from crown branches (P2CR) with low rooting responses. By means of the application of compounds to modify ethylene content or inhibit its signalling, the potential involvement of this hormone in the induction of adventitious roots was analysed. Our results show that ethylene can modify the rooting competence of mature shoots, while the response in juvenile material was barely affected. To further characterise the molecular reasons underlying this maturation-derived shift in behaviour, specific gene expression analyses were developed. The findings suggest that several mechanisms, including ethylene signalling, auxin transport and epigenetic modifications, relate to the modulation of the rooting ability of mature chestnut microshoots and their recalcitrant behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castro-Camba
- Department of Plant Production, Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC, Avda de Vigo s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mariana Neves
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Correia
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- InnovPlantProtect CoLab, Estrada de Gil Vaz, 7350-478 Elvas, Portugal
| | - Jorge Canhoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jesús M Vielba
- Department of Plant Production, Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC, Avda de Vigo s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Conchi Sánchez
- Department of Plant Production, Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC, Avda de Vigo s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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9
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Xie S, Luo H, Huang W, Jin W, Dong Z. Striking a growth-defense balance: Stress regulators that function in maize development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:424-442. [PMID: 37787439 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) cultivation is strongly affected by both abiotic and biotic stress, leading to reduced growth and productivity. It has recently become clear that regulators of plant stress responses, including the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), and jasmonic acid (JA), together with reactive oxygen species (ROS), shape plant growth and development. Beyond their well established functions in stress responses, these molecules play crucial roles in balancing growth and defense, which must be finely tuned to achieve high yields in crops while maintaining some level of defense. In this review, we provide an in-depth analysis of recent research on the developmental functions of stress regulators, focusing specifically on maize. By unraveling the contributions of these regulators to maize development, we present new avenues for enhancing maize cultivation and growth while highlighting the potential risks associated with manipulating stress regulators to enhance grain yields in the face of environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Xie
- Maize Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongbing Luo
- Maize Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Breeding of Major Crops, Fresh Corn Research Center of BTH, College of Agronomy & Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhaobin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Kościelniak P, Glazińska P, Kęsy J, Mucha J, Zadworny M. Identification of genetics and hormonal factors involved in Quercus robur root growth regulation in different cultivation system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:123. [PMID: 38373900 PMCID: PMC10877882 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular processes and hormonal signals that govern root growth is of paramount importance for effective forest management. While Arabidopsis studies have shed light on the role of the primary root in root system development, the structure of root systems in trees is considerably more intricate, posing challenges to comprehend taproot growth in acorn-sown and nursery-cultivated seedlings. In this study, we investigated Quercus robur seedlings using rhizotrons, containers, and transplanted containers to rhizotrons, aiming to unravel the impact of forest nursery practices on processes governing taproot growth and root system development. Root samples were subjected to RNA-seq analysis to identify gene expression patterns and perform differential gene expression and phytohormone analysis. Among studied cultivation systems, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibited significant diversity, where the number of co-occurring DEGs among cultivation systems was significantly smaller than the number of unique DEGs in different cultivation systems. Moreover, the results imply that container cultivation triggers the activation of several genes associated with linolenic acid and peptide synthesis in root growth. Upon transplantation from containers to rhizotrons, rapid enhancement in gene expression occurs, followed by gradual reduction as root growth progresses, ultimately reaching a similar expression pattern as observed in the taproot of rhizotron-cultivated seedlings. Phytohormone analysis revealed that taproot growth patterns under different cultivation systems are regulated by the interplay between auxin and cytokinin concentrations. Moreover, the diversification of hormone levels within the root zone and cultivation systems allows for taproot growth inhibition and prompt recovery in transplanted seedlings. Our study highlights the crucial role of hormone interactions during the early stages of taproot elongation, influencing root system formation across.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kościelniak
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jacek Kęsy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71a, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71a, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
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11
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Yu J, Gao B, Li D, Li S, Chiang VL, Li W, Zhou C. Ectopic Expression of PtrLBD39 Retarded Primary and Secondary Growth in Populus trichocarpa. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2205. [PMID: 38396881 PMCID: PMC10889148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary growth of trees are needed for increments in plant height and stem diameter, respectively, affecting the production of woody biomass for applications in timber, pulp/paper, and related biomaterials. These two types of growth are believed to be both regulated by distinct transcription factor (TF)-mediated regulatory pathways. Notably, we identified PtrLBD39, a highly stem phloem-specific TF in Populus trichocarpa and found that the ectopic expression of PtrLBD39 in P. trichocarpa markedly retarded both primary and secondary growth. In these overexpressing plants, the RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that PtrLBD39 directly or indirectly regulates TFs governing vascular tissue development, wood formation, hormonal signaling pathways, and enzymes responsible for wood components. This regulation led to growth inhibition, decreased fibrocyte secondary cell wall thickness, and reduced wood production. Therefore, our study indicates that, following ectopic expression in P. trichocarpa, PtrLBD39 functions as a repressor influencing both primary and secondary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (S.L.); (V.L.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Boyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (S.L.); (V.L.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Danning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (S.L.); (V.L.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (S.L.); (V.L.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Vincent L. Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (S.L.); (V.L.C.); (W.L.)
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (S.L.); (V.L.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (S.L.); (V.L.C.); (W.L.)
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12
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Jan M, Muhammad S, Jin W, Zhong W, Zhang S, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Liu J, Liu H, Munir R, Yue Q, Afzal M, Wang G. Modulating root system architecture: cross-talk between auxin and phytohormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1343928. [PMID: 38390293 PMCID: PMC10881875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1343928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Root architecture is an important agronomic trait that plays an essential role in water uptake, soil compactions, nutrient recycling, plant-microbe interactions, and hormone-mediated signaling pathways. Recently, significant advancements have been made in understanding how the complex interactions of phytohormones regulate the dynamic organization of root architecture in crops. Moreover, phytohormones, particularly auxin, act as internal regulators of root development in soil, starting from the early organogenesis to the formation of root hair (RH) through diverse signaling mechanisms. However, a considerable gap remains in understanding the hormonal cross-talk during various developmental stages of roots. This review examines the dynamic aspects of phytohormone signaling, cross-talk mechanisms, and the activation of transcription factors (TFs) throughout various developmental stages of the root life cycle. Understanding these developmental processes, together with hormonal signaling and molecular engineering in crops, can improve our knowledge of root development under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmood Jan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sajid Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weicai Jin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhao Zhong
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjie Lin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueni Zhou
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Raheel Munir
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
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13
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Qin H, Xiao M, Li Y, Huang R. Ethylene Modulates Rice Root Plasticity under Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:432. [PMID: 38337965 PMCID: PMC10857340 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Plants live in constantly changing environments that are often unfavorable or stressful. Root development strongly affects plant growth and productivity, and the developmental plasticity of roots helps plants to survive under abiotic stress conditions. This review summarizes the progress being made in understanding the regulation of the phtyohormone ethylene in rice root development in response to abiotic stresses, highlighting the complexity associated with the integration of ethylene synthesis and signaling in root development under adverse environments. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of ethylene in regulating root architecture and response to environmental signals can contribute to the genetic improvement of crop root systems, enhancing their adaptation to stressful environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (R.H.)
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Minggang Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150028, China;
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (R.H.)
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
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14
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Li Y, Chen Y, Fu Y, Shao J, Liu Y, Xuan W, Xu G, Zhang R. Signal communication during microbial modulation of root system architecture. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:526-537. [PMID: 37419655 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Every living organism on Earth depends on its interactions with other organisms. In the rhizosphere, plants and microorganisms constantly exchange signals and influence each other's behavior. Recent studies have shown that many beneficial rhizosphere microbes can produce specific signaling molecules that affect plant root architecture and therefore could have substantial effects on above-ground growth. This review examines these chemical signals and summarizes their mechanisms of action, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and providing references for the comprehensive development and utilization of these active components in agricultural production. In addition, we highlight future research directions and challenges, such as searching for microbial signals to induce primary root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yansong Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiahui Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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15
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Mohammadi S, Jabbari F, Cidonio G, Babaeipour V. Revolutionizing agriculture: Harnessing nano-innovations for sustainable farming and environmental preservation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105722. [PMID: 38225077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The agricultural sector is currently confronted with a significant crisis stemming from the rapid changes in climate patterns, declining soil fertility, insufficient availability of essential macro and micronutrients, excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and the presence of heavy metals in soil. These numerous challenges pose a considerable threat to the agriculture industry. Furthermore, the exponential growth of the global population has led to a substantial increase in food consumption, further straining agricultural systems worldwide. Nanotechnology holds great promise in revolutionizing the food and agriculture industry, decreasing the harmful effects of agricultural practices on the environment, and improving productivity. Nanomaterials such as inorganic, lipid, and polymeric nanoparticles have been developed for increasing productivity due to their unique properties. Various strategies can enhance product quality, such as the use of nano-clays, nano zeolites, and hydrogel-based materials to regulate water absorption and release, effectively mitigating water scarcity. The production of nanoparticles can be achieved through various methods, each of which has its own unique benefits and limitations. Among these methods, chemical synthesis is widely favored due to the impact that various factors such as concentration, particle size, and shape have on product quality and efficiency. This review provides a detailed examination of the roles of nanotechnology and nanoparticles in sustainable agriculture, including their synthetic methods, and presents an analysis of their associated advantages and disadvantages. To date, there are serious concerns and awareness about healthy agriculture and the production of healthy products, therefore the development of nanotech-enabled devices that act as preventive and early warning systems to identify health issues, offering remedial measures is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Mohammadi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro-Science (CLN(2)S), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Farzaneh Jabbari
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Tehran 14155-4777, Iran
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro-Science (CLN(2)S), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valiollah Babaeipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran 14155-4777, Iran.
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16
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Kumar V, Wegener M, Knieper M, Kaya A, Viehhauser A, Dietz KJ. Strategies of Molecular Signal Integration for Optimized Plant Acclimation to Stress Combinations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2832:3-29. [PMID: 38869784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3973-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Plant growth and survival in their natural environment require versatile mitigation of diverse threats. The task is especially challenging due to the largely unpredictable interaction of countless abiotic and biotic factors. To resist an unfavorable environment, plants have evolved diverse sensing, signaling, and adaptive molecular mechanisms. Recent stress studies have identified molecular elements like secondary messengers (ROS, Ca2+, etc.), hormones (ABA, JA, etc.), and signaling proteins (SnRK, MAPK, etc.). However, major gaps remain in understanding the interaction between these pathways, and in particular under conditions of stress combinations. Here, we highlight the challenge of defining "stress" in such complex natural scenarios. Therefore, defining stress hallmarks for different combinations is crucial. We discuss three examples of robust and dynamic plant acclimation systems, outlining specific plant responses to complex stress overlaps. (a) The high plasticity of root system architecture is a decisive feature in sustainable crop development in times of global climate change. (b) Similarly, broad sensory abilities and apparent control of cellular metabolism under adverse conditions through retrograde signaling make chloroplasts an ideal hub. Functional specificity of the chloroplast-associated molecular patterns (ChAMPs) under combined stresses needs further focus. (c) The molecular integration of several hormonal signaling pathways, which bring together all cellular information to initiate the adaptive changes, needs resolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Melanie Wegener
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Madita Knieper
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armağan Kaya
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andrea Viehhauser
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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17
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Montesinos Á, Rubio-Cabetas MJ, Grimplet J. Characterization of Almond Scion/Rootstock Communication in Cultivar and Rootstock Tissues through an RNA-Seq Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4166. [PMID: 38140493 PMCID: PMC10747828 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The rootstock genotype plays a crucial role in determining various aspects of scion development, including the scion three-dimensional structure, or tree architecture. Consequently, rootstock choice is a pivotal factor in the establishment of new almond (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch, syn P. dulcis (Mill.)) intensive planting systems, demanding cultivars that can adapt to distinct requirements of vigor and shape. Nevertheless, considering the capacity of the rootstock genotype to influence scion development, it is likely that the scion genotype reciprocally affects rootstock performance. In the context of this study, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of the scion/rootstock interaction in young almond trees, with a specific focus on elucidating the scion impact on the rootstock molecular response. Two commercial almond cultivars were grafted onto two hybrid rootstocks, thereby generating four distinct combinations. Through RNA-Seq analysis, we discerned that indeed, the scion genotype exerts an influence on the rootstock expression profile. This influence manifests through the modulation of genes associated with hormonal regulation, cell division, root development, and light signaling. This intricate interplay between scion and rootstock communication plays a pivotal role in the development of both scion and rootstock, underscoring the critical importance of a correct choice when establishing new almond orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Montesinos
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (UPM-INIA/CSIC), 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Calle Miguel Servet 4 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María José Rubio-Cabetas
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Calle Miguel Servet 4 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jérôme Grimplet
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Departamento de Ciencia Vegetal, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Calle Miguel Servet 4 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Jin Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang F, Qiu X, Liu P. Genome-wide linkage mapping of root system architecture-related traits in common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1274392. [PMID: 37900737 PMCID: PMC10612324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1274392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Identifying loci for root system architecture (RSA) traits and developing available markers are crucial for wheat breeding. In this study, RSA-related traits, including total root length (TRL), total root area (TRA), and number of root tips (NRT), were evaluated in the Doumai/Shi4185 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population under hydroponics. In addition, both the RILs and parents were genotyped using the wheat 90K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. In total, two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) each for TRL (QTRL.caas-4A.1 and QTRL.caas-4A.2), TRA (QTRA.caas-4A and QTRA.caas-4D), and NRT (QNRT.caas-5B and QNRT.caas-5D) were identified and each explaining 5.94%-9.47%, 6.85%-7.10%, and 5.91%-10.16% phenotypic variances, respectively. Among these, QTRL.caas-4A.1 and QTRA.caas-4A overlapped with previous reports, while QTRL.caas-4A.2, QTRA.caas-4D, QNRT.caas-5B, and QNRT.caas-5D were novel. The favorable alleles of QTRL.caas-4A.1, QTRA.caas-4A, and QTRA.caas-5B were contributed by Doumai, whereas the favorable alleles of QTRL.caas-4A.2, QTRA.caas-4D, and QTRA.caas-5D originated from Shi 4185. Additionally, two competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers, Kasp_4A_RL (QTRA.caas-4A) and Kasp_5D_RT (QNRT.caas-5D), were developed and validated in 165 wheat accessions. This study provides new loci and available KASP markers, accelerating wheat breeding for higher yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Jin
- Wheat Research Institute, Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou, China
| | - Yamei Wang
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jindong Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Wheat Research Institute, Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Qiu
- Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Wheat Research Institute, Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou, China
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Solanki M, Shukla LI. Recent advances in auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:290. [PMID: 37547917 PMCID: PMC10400529 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant proliferation is linked with auxins which in turn play a pivotal role in the rate of growth. Also, auxin concentrations could provide insights into the age, stress, and events leading to flowering and fruiting in the sessile plant kingdom. The role in rejuvenation and plasticity is now evidenced. Interest in plant auxins spans many decades, information from different plant families for auxin concentrations, transcriptional, and epigenetic evidences for gene regulation is evaluated here, for getting an insight into pattern of auxin biosynthesis. This biosynthesis takes place via an tryptophan-independent and tryptophan-dependent pathway. The independent pathway initiated before the tryptophan (trp) production involves indole as the primary substrate. On the other hand, the trp-dependent IAA pathway passes through the indole pyruvic acid (IPyA), indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), and indole acetamide (IAM) pathways. Investigations on trp-dependent pathways involved mutants, namely yucca (1-11), taa1, nit1, cyp79b and cyp79b2, vt2 and crd, and independent mutants of tryptophan, ins are compiled here. The auxin conjugates of the IAA amide and ester-linked mutant gh3, iar, ilr, ill, iamt1, ugt, and dao are remarkable and could facilitate the assimilation of auxins. Efforts are made herein to provide an up-to-date detailed information about biosynthesis leading to plant sustenance. The vast information about auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis is consolidated in this review with a simplified model of auxin biosynthesis with keys and clues for important missing links since auxins can enable the plants to proliferate and override the environmental influence and needs to be probed for applications in sustainable agriculture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Solanki
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
- Puducherry, India
| | - Lata Israni Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
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20
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Hao S, Zhang L, Zhao D, Zhou J, Ye C, Qu H, Li QQ. Inhibitor AN3661 reveals biological functions of Arabidopsis CLEAVAGE and POLYADENYLATION SPECIFICITY FACTOR 73. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:537-554. [PMID: 37335917 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) is a protein complex that plays an essential biochemical role in mRNA 3'-end formation, including poly(A) signal recognition and cleavage at the poly(A) site. However, its biological functions at the organismal level are mostly unknown in multicellular eukaryotes. The study of plant CPSF73 has been hampered by the lethality of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homozygous mutants of AtCPSF73-I and AtCPSF73-II. Here, we used poly(A) tag sequencing to investigate the roles of AtCPSF73-I and AtCPSF73-II in Arabidopsis treated with AN3661, an antimalarial drug with specificity for parasite CPSF73 that is homologous to plant CPSF73. Direct seed germination on an AN3661-containing medium was lethal; however, 7-d-old seedlings treated with AN3661 survived. AN3661 targeted AtCPSF73-I and AtCPSF73-II, inhibiting growth through coordinating gene expression and poly(A) site choice. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the accumulation of ethylene and auxin jointly inhibited primary root growth. AN3661 affected poly(A) signal recognition, resulted in lower U-rich signal usage, caused transcriptional readthrough, and increased the distal poly(A) site usage. Many microRNA targets were found in the 3' untranslated region lengthened transcripts; these miRNAs may indirectly regulate the expression of these targets. Overall, this work demonstrates that AtCPSF73 plays important part in co-transcriptional regulation, affecting growth, and development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqi Hao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lidan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Danhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Congting Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Haidong Qu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qingshun Q Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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21
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Mishra V, Sarkar AK. Serotonin: A frontline player in plant growth and stress responses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13968. [PMID: 37402164 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is a well-studied pineal hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter in mammals and is found in varying amounts in diverse plant species. By modulating gene and phytohormonal crosstalk, serotonin has a significant role in plant growth and stress response, including root, shoot, flowering, morphogenesis, and adaptability responses to numerous environmental signals. Despite its prevalence and importance in plant growth and development, its molecular action, regulation and signalling processes remain unknown. Here, we highlight the current knowledge of the role of serotonin-mediated regulation of plant growth and stress response. We focus on serotonin and its regulatory connections with phytohormonal crosstalk and address their possible functions in coordinating diverse phytohormonal responses during distinct developmental phases, correlating with melatonin. Additionally, we have also discussed the possible role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of serotonin biosynthesis. In summary, serotonin may act as a node molecule to coordinate the balance between plant growth and stress response, which may shed light on finding its key regulatory pathways for uncovering its mysterious molecular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Mishra
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananda K Sarkar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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22
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Ahmad N, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Hussain I, Yang X. Insights on Phytohormonal Crosstalk in Plant Response to Nitrogen Stress: A Focus on Plant Root Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043631. [PMID: 36835044 PMCID: PMC9958644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a vital mineral component that can restrict the growth and development of plants if supplied inappropriately. In order to benefit their growth and development, plants have complex physiological and structural responses to changes in their nitrogen supply. As higher plants have multiple organs with varying functions and nutritional requirements, they coordinate their responses at the whole-plant level based on local and long-distance signaling pathways. It has been suggested that phytohormones are signaling substances in such pathways. The nitrogen signaling pathway is closely associated with phytohormones such as auxin (AUX), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroid (BR), strigolactones (SLs), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). Recent research has shed light on how nitrogen and phytohormones interact to modulate physiology and morphology. This review provides a summary of the research on how phytohormone signaling affects root system architecture (RSA) in response to nitrogen availability. Overall, this review contributes to identifying recent developments in the interaction between phytohormones and N, as well as serving as a foundation for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhengjie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, Institute of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence:
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23
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Friero I, Larriba E, Martínez-Melgarejo PA, Justamante MS, Alarcón MV, Albacete A, Salguero J, Pérez-Pérez JM. Transcriptomic and hormonal analysis of the roots of maize seedlings grown hydroponically at low temperature. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111525. [PMID: 36328179 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged cold stress has a strong effect on plant growth and development, especially in subtropical crops such as maize. Soil temperature limits primary root elongation, mainly during early seedling establishment. However, little is known about how moderate temperature fluctuations affect root growth at the molecular and physiological levels. We have studied root tips of young maize seedlings grown hydroponically at 30 ºC and after a short period (up to 24 h) of moderate cooling (20 ºC). We found that both cell division and cell elongation in the root apical meristem are affected by temperature. Time-course analyses of hormonal and transcriptomic profiles were achieved after temperature reduction from 30 ºC to 20 ºC. Our results highlighted a complex regulation of endogenous pathways leading to adaptive root responses to moderate cooling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Friero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | | | | | - M Victoria Alarcón
- Área de Agronomía de Cultivos Leñosos y Hortícolas, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrarias "La Orden-Valdesequera" (CICYTEX), Junta de Extremadura, 06187 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Julio Salguero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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24
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Mandal D, Datta S, Raveendar G, Mondal PK, Nag Chaudhuri R. RAV1 mediates cytokinin signaling for regulating primary root growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:106-126. [PMID: 36423224 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Root growth dynamics is an outcome of complex hormonal crosstalk. The primary root meristem size, for example, is determined by antagonizing actions of cytokinin and auxin. Here we show that RAV1, a member of the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors, mediates cytokinin signaling in roots to regulate meristem size. The rav1 mutants have prominently longer primary roots, with a meristem that is significantly enlarged and contains higher cell numbers, compared with wild-type. The mutant phenotype could be restored on exogenous cytokinin application or by inhibiting auxin transport. At the transcript level, primary cytokinin-responsive genes like ARR1, ARR12 were significantly downregulated in the mutant root, indicating impaired cytokinin signaling. In concurrence, cytokinin induced regulation of SHY2, an Aux/IAA gene, and auxin efflux carrier PIN1 was hindered in rav1, leading to altered auxin transport and distribution. This effectively altered root meristem size in the mutant. Notably, CRF1, another member of the AP2/ERF family implicated in cytokinin signaling, is transcriptionally repressed by RAV1 to promote cytokinin response in roots. Further associating RAV1 with cytokinin signaling, our results demonstrate that cytokinin upregulates RAV1 expression through ARR1, during post-embryonic root development. Regulation of RAV1 expression is a part of secondary cytokinin response that eventually represses CRF1 to augment cytokinin signaling. To conclude, RAV1 functions in a branch pathway downstream to ARR1 that regulates CRF1 expression to enhance cytokinin action during primary root development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishti Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
| | - Saptarshi Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
| | - Giridhar Raveendar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Surjyamukhi Road, Amingaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Surjyamukhi Road, Amingaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Ronita Nag Chaudhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
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25
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Thuzar M, Sae-lee Y, Saensuk C, Pitaloka MK, Dechkrong P, Aesomnuk W, Ruanjaichon V, Wanchana S, Arikit S. Primary Root Excision Induces ERF071, Which Mediates the Development of Lateral Roots in Makapuno Coconut ( Cocos nucifera). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:105. [PMID: 36616233 PMCID: PMC9823405 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is widely recognized as one of nature's most beneficial plants. Makapuno, a special type of coconut with a soft, jelly-like endosperm, is a high-value commercial coconut and an expensive delicacy with a high cost of planting material. The embryo rescue technique is a very useful tool to support mass propagation of makapuno coconut. Nevertheless, transplanting the seedlings is a challenge due to poor root development, which results in the inability of the plant to acclimatize. In this study, primary root excision was used in makapuno to observe the effects of primary root excision on lateral root development. The overall results showed that seedlings with roots excised had a significantly higher number of lateral roots, and shoot length also increased significantly. Using de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis, we identified 512 differentially expressed genes in the excised and intact root samples. ERF071, encoding an ethylene-responsive transcription factor, was identified as a highly expressed gene in excised roots compared to intact roots, and was considered a candidate gene associated with lateral root formation induced by root excision in makapuno coconut. This study provides insight into the mechanism and candidate genes involved in the development of lateral roots in coconut, which may be useful for the future breeding and mass propagation of makapuno coconut through tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Thuzar
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Yonlada Sae-lee
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Chatree Saensuk
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Mutiara K. Pitaloka
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Punyavee Dechkrong
- Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex, Research and Academic Services Center, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Wanchana Aesomnuk
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Vinitchan Ruanjaichon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Samart Wanchana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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26
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Graças JP, Jamet E, Lima JE. Advances towards understanding the responses of root cells to acidic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 191:89-98. [PMID: 36195036 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
"Acid soil syndrome" is a worldwide phenomenon characterized by low pH (pH < 5.5), scarce nutrient availability (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, P), and mineral toxicity such as those caused by soluble aluminium (Al) forms. Regardless of the mineral toxicity, the low pH by itself is detrimental to crop development causing striking sensitivity responses such as root growth arrest. However, low pH-induced responses are still poorly understood and underrated. Here, we review and discuss the core evidence about the action of low pH upon specific root zones, distinct cell types, and possible cellular targets (cell wall, plasma membrane, and alternative oxidase). The role of different players in signaling processes leading to low pH-induced responses, such as the STOP transcription factors, the reactive oxygen species (ROS), auxin, ethylene, and components of the antioxidant system, is also addressed. Information at the molecular level is still lacking to link the low pH targets and the subsequent actors that trigger the observed sensitivity responses. Future studies will have to combine genetic tools to identify the signaling processes triggered by low pH, unraveling not only the mechanisms by which low pH affects root cells but also finding new ways to engineer the tolerance of domesticated plants to acidic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathas Pereira Graças
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antonio Carlos, 6627, Bloco I-2, 316, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP 24, chemin de Borde Rouge 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
| | - Joni Esrom Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antonio Carlos, 6627, Bloco I-2, 316, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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27
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Macabuhay A, Arsova B, Watt M, Nagel KA, Lenz H, Putz A, Adels S, Müller-Linow M, Kelm J, Johnson AAT, Walker R, Schaaf G, Roessner U. Plant Growth Promotion and Heat Stress Amelioration in Arabidopsis Inoculated with Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN Rhizobacteria Quantified with the GrowScreen-Agar II Phenotyping Platform. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2927. [PMID: 36365381 PMCID: PMC9655538 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High temperatures inhibit plant growth. A proposed strategy for improving plant productivity under elevated temperatures is the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). While the effects of PGPR on plant shoots have been extensively explored, roots-particularly their spatial and temporal dynamics-have been hard to study, due to their below-ground nature. Here, we characterized the time- and tissue-specific morphological changes in bacterized plants using a novel non-invasive high-resolution plant phenotyping and imaging platform-GrowScreen-Agar II. The platform uses custom-made agar plates, which allow air exchange to occur with the agar medium and enable the shoot to grow outside the compartment. The platform provides light protection to the roots, the exposure of it to the shoots, and the non-invasive phenotyping of both organs. Arabidopsis thaliana, co-cultivated with Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN at elevated and ambient temperatures, showed increased lengths, growth rates, and numbers of roots. However, the magnitude and direction of the growth promotion varied depending on root type, timing, and temperature. The root length and distribution per depth and according to time was also influenced by bacterization and the temperature. The shoot biomass increased at the later stages under ambient temperature in the bacterized plants. The study offers insights into the timing of the tissue-specific, PsJN-induced morphological changes and should facilitate future molecular and biochemical studies on plant-microbe-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allene Macabuhay
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Institute for Bio- & Geosciences (IBG-2), Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Borjana Arsova
- Institute for Bio- & Geosciences (IBG-2), Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Michelle Watt
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- Institute for Bio- & Geosciences (IBG-2), Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Henning Lenz
- Institute for Bio- & Geosciences (IBG-2), Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Alexander Putz
- Institute for Bio- & Geosciences (IBG-2), Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Sascha Adels
- Institute for Bio- & Geosciences (IBG-2), Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Mark Müller-Linow
- Institute for Bio- & Geosciences (IBG-2), Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Jana Kelm
- Institute for Bio- & Geosciences (IBG-2), Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Robert Walker
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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28
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Identification of Key Genes during Ethylene-Induced Adventitious Root Development in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112981. [PMID: 36361778 PMCID: PMC9658848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene (ETH), as a key plant hormone, plays critical roles in various processes of plant growth and development. ETH has been reported to induce adventitious rooting. Moreover, our previous studies have shown that exogenous ETH may induce plant adventitious root development in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). However, the key genes involved in this process are still unclear. To explore the key genes in ETH-induced adventitious root development, we employed a transcriptome technique and revealed 1415 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 687 DEGs up-regulated and 728 DEGs down-regulated. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, we further identified critical pathways that were involved in ETH-induced adventitious root development, including carbon metabolism (starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid degradation), secondary metabolism (phenylalanine metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis) and plant hormone signal transduction. In carbon metabolism, ETH reduced the content of sucrose, glucose, starch, the activity of sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose–phosphate synthase (SPS) and hexokinase (HK), and the expressions of CsHK2, pyruvate kinase2 (CsPK2), and CsCYP86A1, whereas it enhanced the expressions of β-amylase 1 (CsBAM1) and β-amylase 3 (CsBAM3). In secondary metabolism, the transcript levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (CsPAL) and flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase (CsF3′M) were negatively regulated, and that of primary-amine oxidase (CsPAO) was positively regulated by ETH. Additionally, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content and the expressions of auxin and ETH signaling transduction-related genes (auxin transporter-like protein 5 (CsLAX5), CsGH3.17, CsSUAR50, and CsERS) were suppressed, whereas the abscisic acid (ABA) content and the expressions of ABA and BR signaling transduction-related genes (CsPYL1, CsPYL5, CsPYL8, BRI1-associated kinase 1 (CsBAK1), and CsXTH3) were promoted by ETH. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of these genes were confirmed by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). These results indicate that genes related to carbon metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and plant hormone signaling transduction are involved in ETH-induced adventitious root development. This work identified the key pathways and genes in ETH-induced adventitious rooting in cucumber, which may provide new insights into ETH-induced adventitious root development and will be useful for investigating the molecular roles of key genes in this process in further studies.
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29
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Guillou MC, Vergne E, Aligon S, Pelletier S, Simonneau F, Rolland A, Chabout S, Mouille G, Gully K, Grappin P, Montrichard F, Aubourg S, Renou JP. The peptide SCOOP12 acts on reactive oxygen species homeostasis to modulate cell division and elongation in Arabidopsis primary root. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6115-6132. [PMID: 35639812 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Small secreted peptides have been described as key contributors to complex signalling networks that control plant development and stress responses. The Brassicaceae-specific PROSCOOP family encodes precursors of Serine riCh endOgenOus Peptides (SCOOPs). In Arabidopsis SCOOP12 has been shown to promote the defence response against pathogens and to be involved in root development. Here, we explore its role as a moderator of Arabidopsis primary root development. We show that the PROSCOOP12 null mutation leads to longer primary roots through the development of longer differentiated cells while PROSCOOP12 overexpression induces dramatic plant growth impairments. In comparison, the exogenous application of synthetic SCOOP12 peptide shortens roots through meristem size and cell length reductions. Moreover, superoxide anion (O2·-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in root tips vary according to SCOOP12 abundance. By using reactive oxygen species scavengers that suppress the proscoop12 phenotype, we showed that root growth regulation by SCOOP12 is associated with reactive oxygen species metabolism. Furthermore, our results suggest that peroxidases act as potential SCOOP12 downstream targets to regulate H2O2 production, which in turn triggers cell wall modifications in root. Finally, a massive transcriptional reprogramming, including the induction of genes from numerous other pathways, including ethylene, salicylic acid, and glucosinolates biosynthesis, was observed, emphasizing its dual role in defence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Vergne
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Sophie Aligon
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Aurélia Rolland
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Salem Chabout
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Grappin
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
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30
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Mahmoud A, Qi R, Zhao H, Yang H, Liao N, Ali A, Malangisha GK, Ma Y, Zhang K, Zhou Y, Xia Y, Lyu X, Yang J, Zhang M, Hu Z. An allelic variant in the ACS7 gene promotes primary root growth in watermelon. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3357-3373. [PMID: 35980402 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene mining in a C. lanatus × C. amarus population revealed one gene, ACS7, linked to primary root elongation in watermelon. Watermelon is a xerophytic crop characterized by a long primary root and robust lateral roots. Therefore, watermelon serves as an excellent model for studying root elongation and development. However, the genetic mechanism underlying the primary root elongation in watermelon remains unknown. Herein, through bulk segregant analysis we identified a genetic locus, qPRL.Chr03, controlling primary root length (PRL) using two different watermelon species (Citrullus lanatus and Citrullus amarus) that differ in their root architecture. Fine mapping revealed that xaa-Pro dipeptidase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 7 (ACS7) are candidate regulators of the primary root growth. Allelic variation in the delimited region among 193 watermelon accessions indicated that the long-root alleles might only exist in C. amarus. Interestingly, the discrepancy in PRL among the C. amarus accessions was clearly associated with a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism variant within the ACS7 gene. The ACS7 expression and ethylene levels in the primary root tips suggested that ethylene is a negative regulator of root elongation in watermelon, as supported by the application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC, the ethylene precursor) or 2-aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG, an ACS inhibitor). To the best of our knowledge, these findings provide the first description of the genetic basis of root elongation in watermelon. The detected markers of the ACS7 gene will facilitate marker-assisted selection for the PRL trait to improve water and nutrient use efficacy in watermelon and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahmoud
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Agriculture Research Center, Horticulture Research Institute, 9 Gmaa St, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Rui Qi
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoshun Zhao
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanqiao Liao
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Abid Ali
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guy Kateta Malangisha
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyuan Ma
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimei Zhou
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelin Xia
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Lyu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongyuan Hu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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García-Cárdenas E, Ortiz-Castro R, Ruiz-Herrera LF, Valencia-Cantero E, López-Bucio J. Micrococcus luteus LS570 promotes root branching in Arabidopsis via decreasing apical dominance of the primary root and an enhanced auxin response. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1139-1155. [PMID: 34792622 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of plant roots with bacteria is influenced by chemical signaling, where auxins play a critical role. Auxins exert positive or negative influences on the plant traits responsible of root architecture configuration such as root elongation and branching and root hair formation, but how bacteria that modify the plant auxin response promote or repress growth, as well as root structure, remains unknown. Here, we isolated and identified via molecular and electronic microscopy analysis a Micrococcus luteus LS570 strain as a plant growth promoter that halts primary root elongation in Arabidopsis seedlings and strongly triggers root branching and absorptive potential. The root biomass was exacerbated following root contact with bacterial streaks, and this correlated with inducible expression of auxin-related gene markers DR5:GUS and DR5:GFP. Cellular and structural analyses of root growth zones indicated that the bacterium inhibits both cell division and elongation within primary root tips, disrupting apical dominance, and as a consequence differentiation programs at the pericycle and epidermis, respectively, triggers the formation of longer and denser lateral roots and root hairs. Using Arabidopsis mutants defective on auxin signaling elements, our study uncovers a critical role of the auxin response factors ARF7 and ARF19, and canonical auxin receptors in mediating both the primary root and lateral root response to M. luteus LS570. Our report provides very basic information into how actinobacteria interact with plants and direct evidence that the bacterial genus Micrococcus influences the cellular and physiological plant programs ultimately responsible of biomass partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth García-Cárdenas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Randy Ortiz-Castro
- Catedrático CONACYT-Instituto de Ecología A.C. Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec, 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91073, México
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Eduardo Valencia-Cantero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
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Ethylene Signaling under Stressful Environments: Analyzing Collaborative Knowledge. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172211. [PMID: 36079592 PMCID: PMC9460115 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous plant growth hormone that regulates various plant developmental processes, ranging from seed germination to senescence. The mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signaling involve multistep mechanisms representing different control levels to regulate its production and response. Ethylene is an established phytohormone that displays various signaling processes under environmental stress in plants. Such environmental stresses trigger ethylene biosynthesis/action, which influences the growth and development of plants and opens new windows for future crop improvement. This review summarizes the current understanding of how environmental stress influences plants’ ethylene biosynthesis, signaling, and response. The review focuses on (a) ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in plants, (b) the influence of environmental stress on ethylene biosynthesis, (c) regulation of ethylene signaling for stress acclimation, (d) potential mechanisms underlying the ethylene-mediated stress tolerance in plants, and (e) summarizing ethylene formation under stress and its mechanism of action.
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Liu L, Pu Y, Niu Z, Wu J, Fang Y, Xu J, Xu F, Yue J, Ma L, Li X, Sun W. Transcriptomic Insights Into Root Development and Overwintering Transcriptional Memory of Brassica rapa L. Grown in the Field. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:900708. [PMID: 35937315 PMCID: PMC9355659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.900708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the only overwintering oil crop in the north area of China, living through winter is the primary feature of winter rapeseed. Roots are the only survival organ during prolonged cold exposure during winter to guarantee flowering in spring. However, little is known about its root development and overwintering memory mechanism. In this study, root collar tissues (including the shoot apical meristem) of three winter rapeseed varieties with different cold resistance, i.e., Longyou-7 (strong cold tolerance), Tianyou-4 (middle cold tolerance), and Lenox (cold-sensitive), were sampled in the pre-winter period (S1), overwintering periods (S2-S5), and re-greening stage (S6), and were used to identify the root development and overwintering memory mechanisms and seek candidate overwintering memory genes by measuring root collar diameter and RNA sequencing. The results showed that the S1-S2 stages were the significant developmental stages of the roots as root collar diameter increased slowly in the S3-S5 stages, and the roots developed fast in the strong cold resistance variety than in the weak cold resistance variety. Subsequently, the RNA-seq analysis revealed that a total of 37,905, 45,102, and 39,276 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), compared to the S1 stage, were identified in Longyou-7, Tianyou-4, and Lenox, respectively. The function enrichment analysis showed that most of the DEGs are significantly involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and spliceosome, ribosome, proteasome, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways. Furthermore, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were related to the difference in root development of the three varieties, DEGs involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism processes may participate in overwintering memory of Longyou-7 and Tianyou-4, and the spliceosome pathway may contribute to the super winter resistance of Longyou-7. The transcription factor enrichment analysis showed that the WRKY family made up the majority in different stages and may play an important regulatory role in root development and overwintering memory. These results provide a comprehensive insight into winter rapeseed's complex overwintering memory mechanisms. The identified candidate overwintering memory genes may also serve as important genetic resources for breeding to further improve the cold resistance of winter rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaoxia Niu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junyan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Shanghai OE Biotech Co., Ltd.,Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Xu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinli Yue
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuecai Li
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wancang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Lewsey MG, Yi C, Berkowitz O, Ayora F, Bernado M, Whelan J. scCloudMine: A cloud-based app for visualization, comparison, and exploration of single-cell transcriptomic data. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100302. [PMID: 35605202 PMCID: PMC9284053 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
scCloudMine is a cloud-based application for visualization, comparison, and exploration of single-cell transcriptome data. It does not require an on-site, high-power computing server, installation, or associated expertise and expense. Users upload their own or publicly available scRNA-seq datasets after pre-processing for visualization using a web browser. The data can be viewed in two color modes-Cluster, representing cell identity, and Values, showing levels of expression-and data can be queried using keywords or gene identification number(s). Using the app to compare studies, we determined that some genes frequently used as cell-type markers are in fact study specific. The apparent cell-specific expression of PHO1;H3 differed between GFP-tagging and scRNA-seq studies. Some phosphate transporter genes were induced by protoplasting, but they retained cell specificity, suggesting that cell-specific responses to stress (i.e., protoplasting) can occur. Examination of the cell specificity of hormone response genes revealed that 132 hormone-responsive genes display restricted expression and that the jasmonate response gene TIFY8 is expressed in endodermal cells, in contrast to previous reports. It also appears that JAZ repressors have cell-type-specific functions. These features identified using scCloudMine highlight the need for resources to enable biological researchers to compare their datasets of interest under a variety of parameters. scCloudMine enables researchers to form new hypotheses and perform comparative studies and allows for the easy re-use of data from this emerging technology by a wide variety of users who may not have access or funding for high-performance on-site computing and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew G Lewsey
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Changyu Yi
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Felipe Ayora
- BizData, Level 9/278, Collins Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Research and Advanced Computing, BizData, Level 31, 2-6, Gilmer Terrace, Wellington, 6011, New Zealand.
| | - Maurice Bernado
- BizData, Level 9/278, Collins Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Ganie SA, Bhat JA, Devoto A. The influence of endophytes on rice fitness under environmental stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:447-467. [PMID: 34859329 PMCID: PMC9213282 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Endophytes are crucial for the promotion of rice growth and stress tolerance and can be used to increase rice crop yield. Endophytes can thus be exploited in biotechnology and genetic engineering as eco-friendly and cost-effective means for the development of high-yielding and stress-tolerant rice plants. Rice (Oryza sativa) crop is continuously subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses, compromising growth and consequently yield. The situation is exacerbated by climate change impacting on ecosystems and biodiversity. Genetic engineering has been used to develop stress-tolerant rice, alongside physical and chemical methods to mitigate the effect of these stresses. However, the success of these strategies has been hindered by short-lived field success and public concern on adverse effects associated. The limited success in the field of stress-tolerant cultivars developed through breeding or transgenic approaches is due to the complex nature of stress tolerance as well as to the resistance breakdown caused by accelerated evolution of pathogens. It is therefore necessary to develop novel and acceptable strategies to enhance rice stress tolerance and durable resistance and consequently improve yield. In the last decade, plant growth promoting (PGP) microbes, especially endophytes, have drawn the attention of agricultural scientists worldwide, due to their ability to mitigate environmental stresses in crops, without causing adverse effects. Increasing evidence indicates that endophytes effectively confer fitness benefits also to rice under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Endophyte-produced metabolites can control the expression of stress-responsive genes and improve the physiological performance and growth of rice plants. This review highlights the current evidence available for PGP microbe-promoted tolerance of rice to abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought and to biotic ones, with special emphasis on endophytes. Associated molecular mechanisms are illustrated, and prospects for sustainable rice production also in the light of the impending climate change, discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Alessandra Devoto
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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36
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Fan H, He Q, Dong Y, Xu W, Lou Y, Hua X, Xu T. Selection of suitable candidate genes for mRNA expression normalization in bulbil development of Pinellia ternata. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8849. [PMID: 35614175 PMCID: PMC9133075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (Abbreviated as P. ternata). It is a commonly prescribed Chinese traditional medicinal herb for the treatment of phlegm, cough, and morning sick. Bulbil reproduction is one of the main reproductive methods of P. ternata. The accurate quantification of gene expression patterns associated with bulbil development might be helpful to explore the molecular mechanism involved in P. ternata reproduction. Quantitative real-time PCR was the most preferred method for expression profile and function analysis of mRNA. However, the reference genes in different tissues of P. ternata in different periods of bulbil development have not been studied in detail. In present study, the expression stability of eight candidate reference genes were determined with programs: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and refFinder. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was identified as the top- rated reference gene in all samples of P. ternata, while different combinations of reference gene proved to be the most stable depending on development stage and tissue type. Furthermore, the reliability of GAPDH expression was verified by six P. ternata related genes in hormone and nutrient biosynthesis pathways, and the expression profiles of these genes were agreed with the results of RNA-seq digital gene expression analysis. These results can contribute to studies of gene expression patterns and functional analysis of P. ternata involved in bulbil development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yiheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Lou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Hua
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
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Sun Y, Oh DH, Duan L, Ramachandran P, Ramirez A, Bartlett A, Tran KN, Wang G, Dassanayake M, Dinneny JR. Divergence in the ABA gene regulatory network underlies differential growth control. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:549-560. [PMID: 35501452 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a central regulator of acclimation to environmental stress; however, its contribution to differences in stress tolerance between species is unclear. To establish a comparative framework for understanding how stress hormone signalling pathways diverge across species, we studied the growth response of four Brassicaceae species to ABA treatment and generated transcriptomic and DNA affinity purification and sequencing datasets to construct a cross-species gene regulatory network (GRN) for ABA. Comparison of genes bound directly by ABA-responsive element binding factors suggests that cis-factors are most important for determining the target loci represented in the ABA GRN of a particular species. Using this GRN, we reveal how rewiring of growth hormone subnetworks contributes to stark differences in the response to ABA in the extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula. Our study provides a model for understanding how divergence in gene regulation can lead to species-specific physiological outcomes in response to hormonal cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Ha Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Lina Duan
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrea Ramirez
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anna Bartlett
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kieu-Nga Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Guannan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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38
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Qin H, Pandey BK, Li Y, Huang G, Wang J, Quan R, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Miao Y, Zhang D, Bennett MJ, Huang R. Orchestration of ethylene and gibberellin signals determines primary root elongation in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1273-1288. [PMID: 35021223 PMCID: PMC8972239 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary root growth in cereal crops is fundamental for early establishment of the seedling and grain yield. In young rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings, the primary root grows rapidly for 7-10 days after germination and then stops; however, the underlying mechanism determining primary root growth is unclear. Here, we report that the interplay of ethylene and gibberellin (GA) controls the orchestrated development of the primary root in young rice seedlings. Our analyses advance the knowledge that primary root growth is maintained by higher ethylene production, which lowers bioactive GA contents. Further investigations unraveled that ethylene signaling transcription factor ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE 1 (OsEIL1) activates the expression of the GA metabolism genes GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 1 (OsGA2ox1), OsGA2ox2, OsGA2ox3, and OsGA2ox5, thereby deactivating GA activity, inhibiting cell proliferation in the root meristem, and ultimately gradually inhibiting primary root growth. Mutation in OsGA2ox3 weakened ethylene-induced GA inactivation and reduced the ethylene sensitivity of the root. Genetic analysis revealed that OsGA2ox3 functions downstream of OsEIL1. Taken together, we identify a molecular pathway impacted by ethylene during primary root elongation in rice and provide insight into the coordination of ethylene and GA signals during root development and seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bipin K Pandey
- Future Food Beacon and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruidang Quan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Author for correspondence: (R.H.), (M.J.B.), and (D.Z.)
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Future Food Beacon and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Author for correspondence: (R.H.), (M.J.B.), and (D.Z.)
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
- Author for correspondence: (R.H.), (M.J.B.), and (D.Z.)
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39
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Interactions of Gibberellins with Phytohormones and Their Role in Stress Responses. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellins are amongst the main plant growth regulators. Discovered over a century ago, the interest in gibberellins research is growing due to their current and potential applications in crop production and their role in the responses to environmental stresses. In the present review, the current knowledge on gibberellins’ homeostasis and modes of action is outlined. Besides this, the complex interrelations between gibberellins and other plant growth regulators are also described, providing an intricate network of interactions that ultimately drives towards precise and specific gene expression. Thus, genes and proteins identified as being involved in gibberellin responses in model and non-model species are highlighted. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms governing the gibberellins’ relation to stress responses are also depicted. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art of the current perceptions of the interactions of gibberellins with other phytohormones, and their responses to plant stresses, thus allowing for the identification of the specific mechanisms involved. This knowledge will help us to improve our understanding of gibberellins’ biology, and might help increase the biotechnological toolbox needed to refine plant resilience, particularly under a climate change scenario.
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Syrova DS, Shaposhnikov AI, Yuzikhin OS, Belimov AA. Destruction and Transformation of Phytohormones By Microorganisms. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Kościelniak P, Glazińska P, Kȩsy J, Zadworny M. Formation and Development of Taproots in Deciduous Tree Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:772567. [PMID: 34925417 PMCID: PMC8675582 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trees are generally long-lived and are therefore exposed to numerous episodes of external stimuli and adverse environmental conditions. In certain trees e.g., oaks, taproots evolved to increase the tree's ability to acquire water from deeper soil layers. Despite the significant role of taproots, little is known about the growth regulation through internal factors (genes, phytohormones, and micro-RNAs), regulating taproot formation and growth, or the effect of external factors, e.g., drought. The interaction of internal and external stimuli, involving complex signaling pathways, regulates taproot growth during tip formation and the regulation of cell division in the root apical meristem (RAM). Assuming that the RAM is the primary regulatory center responsible for taproot growth, factors affecting the RAM function provide fundamental information on the mechanisms affecting taproot development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jacek Kȩsy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
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Huang Y, Zhou J, Li Y, Quan R, Wang J, Huang R, Qin H. Salt Stress Promotes Abscisic Acid Accumulation to Affect Cell Proliferation and Expansion of Primary Roots in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910892. [PMID: 34639232 PMCID: PMC8509385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary root is the basic component of the root system and plays a key role in early seedling growth in rice. Its growth is easily affected by environmental cues, such as salt stress. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an essential role in root development, but the molecular mechanism underlying ABA-regulated root growth in response to salt stress remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that salt stress inhibits primary root elongation and promotes primary root swelling. Moreover, salt stress induces the expression of ABA-responsive genes and ABA accumulation in the primary root, revealing that ABA plays an essential role in salt-modulated root growth. Transgenic lines of OsSAPK10-OE and OsABIL2-OE, which constitutively express OsSAPK10 or OsABIL2, with enhanced or attenuated ABA signaling, show increased and decreased sensitivity to salt, correspondingly. Microscopic analysis indicates that salt and ABA inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell expansion in the root apical meristem. Transcriptome analysis showed that ABA induces the expression of EXPANSIN genes. Further investigations indicate that ABA exerts these effects largely through ABA signaling. Thus, our findings deepen our understanding of the role of ABA in controlling primary root growth in response to salt stress, and this knowledge can be used by breeders to cultivate rice varieties suitable for saline–alkali land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.Q.); (J.W.); (R.H.)
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.Q.); (J.W.); (R.H.)
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.Q.); (J.W.); (R.H.)
| | - Ruidang Quan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.Q.); (J.W.); (R.H.)
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.Q.); (J.W.); (R.H.)
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.Q.); (J.W.); (R.H.)
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hua Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.Q.); (J.W.); (R.H.)
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
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An ethylene biosynthesis enzyme controls quantitative variation in maize ear length and kernel yield. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5832. [PMID: 34611160 PMCID: PMC8492687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize ear size and kernel number differ among lines, however, little is known about the molecular basis of ear length and its impact on kernel number. Here, we characterize a quantitative trait locus, qEL7, to identify a maize gene controlling ear length, flower number and fertility. qEL7 encodes 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate oxidase2 (ACO2), a gene that functions in the final step of ethylene biosynthesis and is expressed in specific domains in developing inflorescences. Confirmation of qEL7 by gene editing of ZmACO2 leads to a reduction in ethylene production in developing ears, and promotes meristem and flower development, resulting in a ~13.4% increase in grain yield per ear in hybrids lines. Our findings suggest that ethylene serves as a key signal in inflorescence development, affecting spikelet number, floral fertility, ear length and kernel number, and also provide a tool to improve grain productivity by optimizing ethylene levels in maize or in other cereals. Considerable genetic variation exists in maize ear size and kernel number. Here the authors show that variation in a gene encoding an ethylene biosynthetic enzyme impacts ear length, flower fertility and kernel yield suggesting an important role for ethylene signaling during inflorescence development.
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Martínez-Andújar C, Martínez-Pérez A, Albacete A, Martínez-Melgarejo PA, Dodd IC, Thompson AJ, Mohareb F, Estelles-Lopez L, Kevei Z, Ferrández-Ayela A, Pérez-Pérez JM, Gifford ML, Pérez-Alfocea F. Overproduction of ABA in rootstocks alleviates salinity stress in tomato shoots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2966-2986. [PMID: 34053093 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether root-supplied ABA alleviates saline stress, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Sugar Drop) was grafted onto two independent lines (NCED OE) overexpressing the SlNCED1 gene (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) and wild type rootstocks. After 200 days of saline irrigation (EC = 3.5 dS m-1 ), plants with NCED OE rootstocks had 30% higher fruit yield, but decreased root biomass and lateral root development. Although NCED OE rootstocks upregulated ABA-signalling (AREB, ATHB12), ethylene-related (ACCs, ERFs), aquaporin (PIPs) and stress-related (TAS14, KIN, LEA) genes, downregulation of PYL ABA receptors and signalling components (WRKYs), ethylene synthesis (ACOs) and auxin-responsive factors occurred. Elevated SlNCED1 expression enhanced ABA levels in reproductive tissue while ABA catabolites accumulated in leaf and xylem sap suggesting homeostatic mechanisms. NCED OE also reduced xylem cytokinin transport to the shoot and stimulated foliar 2-isopentenyl adenine (iP) accumulation and phloem transport. Moreover, increased xylem GA3 levels in growing fruit trusses were associated with enhanced reproductive growth. Improved photosynthesis without changes in stomatal conductance was consistent with reduced stress sensitivity and hormone-mediated alteration of leaf growth and mesophyll structure. Combined with increases in leaf nutrients and flavonoids, systemic changes in hormone balance could explain enhanced vigour, reproductive growth and yield under saline stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian C Dodd
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Fady Mohareb
- Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | | | - Zoltan Kevei
- Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | | | | | - Miriam L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences and Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Reynolds M, Atkin OK, Bennett M, Cooper M, Dodd IC, Foulkes MJ, Frohberg C, Hammer G, Henderson IR, Huang B, Korzun V, McCouch SR, Messina CD, Pogson BJ, Slafer GA, Taylor NL, Wittich PE. Addressing Research Bottlenecks to Crop Productivity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:607-630. [PMID: 33893046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetry of investment in crop research leads to knowledge gaps and lost opportunities to accelerate genetic gain through identifying new sources and combinations of traits and alleles. On the basis of consultation with scientists from most major seed companies, we identified several research areas with three common features: (i) relatively underrepresented in the literature; (ii) high probability of boosting productivity in a wide range of crops and environments; and (iii) could be researched in 'precompetitive' space, leveraging previous knowledge, and thereby improving models that guide crop breeding and management decisions. Areas identified included research into hormones, recombination, respiration, roots, and source-sink, which, along with new opportunities in phenomics, genomics, and bioinformatics, make it more feasible to explore crop genetic resources and improve breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University Canberra, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Mark Cooper
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian C Dodd
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - M John Foulkes
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Claus Frohberg
- BASF BBC-Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 101, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Graeme Hammer
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | | | - Susan R McCouch
- Plant Breeding & Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Carlos D Messina
- Corteva Agriscience, 7250 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50310, USA.
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University Canberra, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Gustavo A Slafer
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, AGROTECNIO, CERCA Center, Av. R. Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; ICREA, Catalonian Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Peter E Wittich
- Syngenta Seeds B.V., Westeinde 62, 1601 BK, Enkhuizen, The Netherlands.
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D E Lima CFF, Kleine-Vehn J, De Smet I, Feraru E. Getting to the Root of Belowground High Temperature Responses in Plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021:erab202. [PMID: 33970267 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment is continuously challenging plants. As a response, plants use various coping strategies, such as adaptation of their growth. Thermomorphogenesis is a specific growth adaptation that promotes organ growth in response to moderately high temperature. This would eventually enable plants to cool down by dissipating the heat. Although well understood for shoot organs, the thermomorphogenesis response in roots only recently obtained increasing research attention. Accordingly, in the last few years, the hormonal responses and underlying molecular players important for root thermomorphogenesis were revealed. Other responses triggered by high temperature in the root encompass modifications of overall root architecture and interactions with the soil environment, with consequences on the whole plant. Here, we review the scientific knowledge and highlight the current understanding on roots responding to moderately high and extreme temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio Flavio Fonseca D E Lima
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ive De Smet
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elena Feraru
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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An C, Gao Y. Essential Roles of the Linker Sequence Between Tetratricopeptide Repeat Motifs of Ethylene Overproduction 1 in Ethylene Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:657300. [PMID: 33936142 PMCID: PMC8081955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene Overproduction 1 (ETO1) is a negative regulator of ethylene biosynthesis. However, the regulation mechanism of ETO1 remains largely unclear. Here, a novel eto1 allele (eto1-16) was isolated with typical triple phenotypes due to an amino acid substitution of G480C in the uncharacterized linker sequence between the TPR1 and TPR2 motifs. Further genetic and biochemical experiments confirmed the eto1-16 mutation site. Sequence analysis revealed that G480 is conserved not only in two paralogs, EOL1 and EOL2, in Arabidopsis, but also in the homologous protein in other species. The glycine mutations (eto1-11, eto1-12, and eto1-16) do not influence the mRNA abundance of ETO1, which is reflected by the mRNA secondary structure similar to that of WT. According to the protein-protein interaction analysis, the abnormal root phenotype of eto1-16 might be caused by the disruption of the interaction with type 2 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (ACSs) proteins. Overall, these data suggest that the linker sequence between tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs and the glycine in TPR motifs or the linker region are essential for ETO1 to bind with downstream mediators, which strengthens our knowledge of ETO1 regulation in balancing ACSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjing An
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefang Gao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Landa P. Positive effects of metallic nanoparticles on plants: Overview of involved mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 161:12-24. [PMID: 33561657 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are considered as potential agents for agriculture as fertilizers, growth enhancers and pesticides. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that are responsible for their effects is important. Various studies demonstrated that the application of nontoxic concentrations can promote seed germination, enhance plant growth and increase the yield. Moreover, NPs can be used to protect plants from environmental impacts such as salt or drought stress and diminish accumulation and toxicity of heavy metals. NPs can serve as a source of micronutrients (e.g. ZnO, iron- and manganese-based NPs), thus increasing fitness and helps plants to cope with stress conditions. TiO2 and iron-based NPs are able to delay senescence and speed-up cell division via changes in phytohormonal levels. The application of some NPs can promote the activity of enzymes such as amylase, nitrate reductase, phosphatase, phytase and carbonic anhydrases, which are involved in metabolism and nutrient acquisition. E.g. ZnO and TiO2 NPs can stimulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic activity. Iron-based and CeO2 NPs enhance stomata opening resulting in better gas exchange and CO2 assimilation rate. NPs can also modulate oxidative stress by the stimulation of the antioxidant enzymes such peroxidases and superoxide dismutase. However, the knowledge about the fate, transformation, and accumulation of NPs in the environment and organisms is needed prior to their use in agriculture to avoid negative environmental impacts. Higher or lower toxicity of various NPs was established for microorganisms, plants or animals. In this overview, we focused on the possible mechanisms of Ag, ZnO, TiO2, Fe-based, CeO2, Al2O3, and manganese-based NPs responsible for their positive effects on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premysl Landa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
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Recent Advances in Understanding Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance and Response to Aluminum Toxicity. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13041782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major environmental stress that inhibits plant growth and development. There has been impressive progress in recent years that has greatly increased our understanding of the nature of Al toxicity and its mechanisms of tolerance. This review describes the transcription factors (TFs) and plant hormones involved in the adaptation to Al stress. In particular, it discusses strategies to confer plant resistance to Al stress, such as transgenic breeding, as well as small molecules and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) to alleviate Al toxicity. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the enhancement of plant production in acidic soils.
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Zluhan-Martínez E, López-Ruíz BA, García-Gómez ML, García-Ponce B, de la Paz Sánchez M, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Integrative Roles of Phytohormones on Cell Proliferation, Elongation and Differentiation in the Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659155. [PMID: 33981325 PMCID: PMC8107238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation, elongation and differentiation that are tightly regulated throughout development by internal and external stimuli. The plasticity of a growth response largely depends on the capacity of the organism to adjust the ratio between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana offers many advantages toward understanding growth homeostasis as root cells are continuously produced and move from cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that are processes spatially separated and could be studied along the longitudinal axis. Hormones fine tune plant growth responses and a huge amount of information has been recently generated on the role of these compounds in Arabidopsis primary root development. In this review, we summarized the participation of nine hormones in the regulation of the different zones and domains of the Arabidopsis primary root. In some cases, we found synergism between hormones that function either positively or negatively in proliferation, elongation or differentiation. Intriguingly, there are other cases where the interaction between hormones exhibits unexpected results. Future analysis on the molecular mechanisms underlying crosstalk hormone action in specific zones and domains will unravel their coordination over PR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Brenda Anabel López-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adriana Garay-Arroyo,
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