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Javadizadeh B, Ross J, Valenzuela MA, Adler TR, Wu B. What's the point in even trying? Women's perception of glass ceiling drains hope. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 164:488-510. [PMID: 36062539 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2119121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we focus on glass ceiling perceptions, characterized by women's subjective feelings about their ability to move upward in their organization. Drawing on social information processing and hope theory, we propose that glass ceiling perceptions decrease women's citizenship behaviors and increase their turnover intentions by draining their hope in the workplace. Moreover, we suggest that the strength of the association between glass ceiling perceptions, drained hope in the workplace, and these two outcomes is conditional upon women's perceptions of their work-family conflict. Using a two-study design, we tested our hypothesized relationships. We found a mediating effect of drained hope in the workplace between glass ceiling perceptions and (a) turnover intention and (b) organizational citizenship behaviors. This effect is significant when work-family conflict is high. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings regarding the tensions that women experience with simultaneously managing their careers and conflict in the family.
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Zhou RJ, Bailey B, Strunk DR. Testing the reciprocal relationship between depressive symptoms and insomnia. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:1391-1404. [PMID: 38408211 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the importance of sleep difficulties in emotional disorders has long been acknowledged, the nature of the potential reciprocal relationship between sleep and depressive symptoms is not yet well understood. The coronavirus disease 19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to study the interrelation of these symptoms over a period marked by increases in sleep and psychological difficulties. METHODS Using online data collection, we followed 1200 adults (59% male) through 1 year of the pandemic. Measures of sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms were assessed at eight time points. Factor analysis of the items from these two measures suggested separate insomnia and depressive symptom factors. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to assess within-person relationships between factor analysis-informed subscales of insomnia and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Depressive symptoms predicted subsequent changes in insomnia symptoms; however, insomnia did not predict changes in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the impact of depressive symptoms on insomnia is evident, but the reverse is not. Implications of this finding along with the need for research addressing depressive symptoms and insomnia as treatment targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Zhou
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brooklynn Bailey
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel R Strunk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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LaRowe LR, Williams DM. Activity-Induced Pain as a Predictor of Sedentary Behavior Among Midlife Adults. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:391-397. [PMID: 37466695 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2222783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Midlife adults have been estimated to spend over half of their waking time engaging in sedentary behavior, and greater sedentary behavior has been associated with a reduced likelihood of successful aging. Moreover, more than one-quarter of midlife adults report chronic pain, and there is reason to believe that pain may contribute to sedentary behavior among this population. The goal of these analyses was to test associations between self-reported increases in pain during activity and subsequent sedentary behavior among a sample of midlife adults with chronic pain. Methods: Participants included 200 midlife adults (age 50-64) who reported chronic pain and completed an online prospective survey. Activity-induced pain was assessed at baseline and total time spent engaging in sedentary behavior was assessed at baseline, 1-week, and 4-week follow-up assessments. Results: Activity-induced pain predicted greater sedentary behavior at 1-week (p < .05) and 4-week (p < .01) follow-up assessments, even after controlling for chronic pain intensity and baseline sedentary behavior. Conclusions: Activity-induced pain may represent an important mechanism underlying sedentary behavior among midlife adults with chronic pain, and programs designed to reduce sedentary behavior among this population may benefit from tailoring to account for the antithetical influence of activity-induced pain. Indeed, the current findings suggest that mitigating the extent to which pain increases during activity may be more important than reducing overall pain intensity when attempting to decrease sedentary behavior among this population. This and future work have the potential to inform the refinement of tailored interventions.
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Yang Y, Lindblom EN, Ward KD, Salloum RG. Would banning menthol cigarettes, flavored cigars, and flavored e-cigarettes prompt users to seek illicit channels for obtaining them in the United States? Prev Med 2024; 183:107954. [PMID: 38621422 PMCID: PMC11088487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Banning flavors in tobacco and nicotine products may reduce youth initiation and prompt quit attempts but such bans may lead to illicit markets. We examined how likely current users would be to seek flavored products from illicit channels under various ban scenarios. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys of 2552 current users of menthol cigarettes or flavored cigars and 2347 users of flavored e-cigarettes were conducted between 2021 and 2022 in the United States. For each ban scenario, respondents reported if they would have intentions to seek the banned flavored products from any illicit channels and identified the specific illicit channel they would consider. Logistic regressions were used to estimate how the likelihood of having intentions to seek illicit channels was associated with demographics, ban scenarios, and status of tobacco use. RESULTS Under various ban scenarios, 24-30% of people who smoked said they would seek illicit channels to obtain the banned products compared with 21-41% of dual users and 35-39% of users of flavored e-cigarettes. Online retailers were favored by people who smoked while users of flavored e-cigarettes favored local retailers. Heavy users were more likely to say they would try illicit channels. Under bans restricting more types of flavored tobacco products, users would be less likely to try illegal channels. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of users of flavored tobacco and nicotine products would not reject using illicit banned products. Tailored programs are needed to apply to the groups with a higher risk of seeking illicit channels for banned products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States of America.
| | - Eric N Lindblom
- O'Neill Institute for National & Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC 20001, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- College of Population Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States of America
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Yang Y. An Estimation of the Prevalence of Smoking and e-Cigarette Use among U.S. Adults If Menthol Cigarettes and Flavored Cigars Are Banned. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1394-1404. [PMID: 38725334 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2352616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People's reaction to the FDA's ban on flavored cigarettes and cigars may be modified by a concurrent ban on flavored e-cigarettes. We aim to estimate the prevalence of smoking and e-cigarette use among U.S. adults under various ban scenarios. METHODS We collected the reactions of people who used cigarettes, cigars, and e-cigarettes reactions to three hypothetical ban scenarios, (1) restricting menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars only, or (2) further restricting e-cigarettes with any flavors except menthol or tobacco, or (3) further restricting e-cigarettes with all flavors. The above data were analyzed to identify determinants of reactions and to estimate and calibrate the probabilities of quitting and switching to non-flavored cigarettes and cigars. Afterward, the probabilities were applied to 2018-2019 TUS-CPS respondents to estimate the prevalence of smoking and e-cigarette use. RESULTS Compared with the baseline, the prevalence of smoking decreased from 12.6% to 10.5%, and e-cigarette use increased from 2.6% to 3.8% in Scenario No.1. In Scenario No.2 and No.3, the prevalence of smoking was 10.5% and 10.7%, and the prevalence of e-cigarette use were 3.1% and 2.4%, respectively. For black people, the prevalence of smoking decreased from 14.2% in baseline to 8.1%-8.8% in three scenarios. CONCLUSIONS The result indicated that for a ban on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars, a concurrent ban on flavored e-cigarettes with an exemption of menthol flavor could be more effective in encouraging people to quit smoking. Black people may see a disproportionate benefit from all ban scenarios compared with other race/ethics groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Kutscher T, Eid M. Psychometric benefits of self-chosen rating scales over given rating scales. Behav Res Methods 2024:10.3758/s13428-024-02429-w. [PMID: 38710987 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Rating scales are susceptible to response styles that undermine the scale quality. Optimizing a rating scale can tailor it to individuals' cognitive abilities, thereby preventing the occurrence of response styles related to a suboptimal response format. However, the discrimination ability of individuals in a sample may vary, suggesting that different rating scales may be appropriate for different individuals. This study aims to examine (1) whether response styles can be avoided when individuals are allowed to choose a rating scale and (2) whether the psychometric properties of self-chosen rating scales improve compared to given rating scales. To address these objectives, data from the flourishing scale were used as an illustrative example. MTurk workers from Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform (N = 7042) completed an eight-item flourishing scale twice: (1) using a randomly assigned four-, six-, or 11-point rating scale, and (2) using a self-chosen rating scale. Applying the restrictive mixed generalized partial credit model (rmGPCM) allowed examination of category use across the conditions. Correlations with external variables were calculated to assess the effects of the rating scales on criterion validity. The results revealed consistent use of self-chosen rating scales, with approximately equal proportions of the three response styles. Ordinary response behavior was observed in 55-58% of individuals, which was an increase of 12-15% compared to assigned rating scales. The self-chosen rating scales also exhibited superior psychometric properties. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kutscher
- Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Department Research Data Center, Methods Development | Scaling and Test Design, Wilhelmsplatz 3, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Eid
- Department of Psychology, Division of Methods and Evaluation, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Cuskley C, Sulik J. The Burden for High-Quality Online Data Collection Lies With Researchers, Not Recruitment Platforms. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024:17456916241242734. [PMID: 38648556 DOI: 10.1177/17456916241242734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A recent article in Perspectives on Psychological Science (Webb & Tangney, 2022) reported a study in which just 2.6% of participants recruited on Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) were deemed "valid." The authors highlighted some well-established limitations of MTurk, but their central claims-that MTurk is "too good to be true" and that it captured "only 14 human beings . . . [out of] N = 529"-are radically misleading, yet have been repeated widely. This commentary aims to (a) correct the record (i.e., by showing that Webb and Tangney's approach to data collection led to unusually low data quality) and (b) offer a shift in perspective for running high-quality studies online. Negative attitudes toward MTurk sometimes reflect a fundamental misunderstanding of what the platform offers and how it should be used in research. Beyond pointing to research that details strategies for effective design and recruitment on MTurk, we stress that MTurk is not suitable for every study. Effective use requires specific expertise and design considerations. Like all tools used in research-from advanced hardware to specialist software-the tool itself places constraints on what one should use it for. Ultimately, high-quality data is the responsibility of the researcher, not the crowdsourcing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cuskley
- Language Evolution, Acquisition, and Development Group, Newcastle University
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8
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Yang Y, Lindblom EN, Ward KD, Salloum RG. Should menthol e-cigarettes be banned? Reaction of adult smokers and users of e-cigarettes to hypothetical bans. Tob Control 2024; 33:e125-e127. [PMID: 36446577 PMCID: PMC10225471 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examines how current smokers using menthol cigarettes or flavoured cigars, and current users of flavoured e-cigarettes may respond to three hypothetical flavour-ban scenarios: (1) banning only menthol cigarettes and flavoured cigars; (2) also banning e-cigarettes with any non-tobacco flavours except menthol; and (3) also banning e-cigarettes with any non-tobacco flavours, including menthol. METHODS Recruited from mTurk, respondents were asked if they would quit all tobacco-nicotine use or continue or start using products that were still legally available. The patterns of responding to each ban scenario, for both flavoured smokers and users of non-tobacco flavoured e-cigarettes, were summarised. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to estimate associations between demographics, smoking or e-cigarette use status and reactions to a ban. RESULTS A ban on menthol cigarettes and flavoured cigars would lead to 12%-20% of flavoured smokers trying to quit all tobacco use and 32%-52% switching to non-flavoured smoking, with the remaining switching to e-cigarettes or other products. Compared with a ban on only menthol cigarettes and flavoured cigars, also banning flavoured e-cigarettes would increase the likelihood of quitting all tobacco-nicotine use (OR=2.58) but also increase the likelihood of switching to non-flavoured smoking (OR=1.74). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a ban on menthol cigarettes and flavoured cigars would decrease smoking. However, it is unclear if adding a ban of menthol e-cigarettes would lead to additional benefits because without menthol e-cigarettes as an alternative, some smokers and e-cigarette users may switch to non-flavoured tobacco smoking, rather than quit all tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eric N Lindblom
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Keith MG, McKay AS. Too Anecdotal to Be True? Mechanical Turk Is Not All Bots and Bad Data: Response to Webb and Tangney (2022). PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024:17456916241234328. [PMID: 38451252 DOI: 10.1177/17456916241234328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
In response to Webb and Tangney (2022) we call into question the conclusion that data collected on Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) was "at best-only 2.6% valid" (p. 1). We suggest that Webb and Tangney made certain choices during the study-design and data-collection process that adversely affected the quality of the data collected. As a result, the anecdotal experience of these authors provides weak evidence that MTurk provides low-quality data as implied. In our commentary we highlight best practice recommendations and make suggestions for more effectively collecting and screening online panel data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander S McKay
- Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University
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10
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Bok S, Shum J, Lee M. Path analysis of perceived disease vulnerability, COVID-19 fear, and lower vaccine hesitancy within the context of protection motivation theory. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25889. [PMID: 38390175 PMCID: PMC10881856 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccinations have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing severe infections. However, vaccine hesitancy posed a major public health hurdle to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Online spread of vaccine conspiracy beliefs generated unwarranted mistrust and resistance to vaccines. While numerous studies have explored the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the interplay between perceived disease vulnerability, COVID-19 fear, and vaccine hesitancy. Protection motivation theory posits citizens will evaluate perceived threats and take actions to mitigate potential harm. With a large U.S. sample, path analysis demonstrated individuals' perceived disease vulnerability was associated with lower vaccine hesitancy. Greater perceived disease vulnerability was associated with higher COVID-19 fear. Greater COVID-19 fear was associated with lower vaccine hesitancy. Greater vaccine conspiracy beliefs associated with higher vaccine hesitancy. However, in the presence of perceived vulnerability to disease, vaccine conspiracy beliefs associated with higher fear of COVID-19 and thereby lower vaccine hesitancy. We found under circumstances of higher perceived vulnerability to disease and fear of COVID-19, vaccine conspiratorial believers were less vaccine hesitant. We discuss how public health messaging can highlight personal risks to contracting COVID-19 to appeal to those who self-identify as disease prone, but may have reservations about vaccines because of misinformation. Successfully combating diseases entails reaching and gaining cooperation from misbelievers because misinformation is expected to continue in the digital age. By understand individual differences to vaccine hesitancy, it can help increase vaccinations and prevent severe illnesses in the post COVID-19 pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bok
- Department of Marketing, College of Business and Economics, California State University, East Bay, United States
| | - James Shum
- School of Accounting, Golden Gate University, San Francisco, United States
| | - Maria Lee
- Department of Urban Planning and Public Policy, University of California, Irvine, United States
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Atoloye AT, Akinsola O, Murillo M. Examining Factors Associated with the Use of Community Food Resources: An Application of the Andersen Model to Inform Future Interventions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:76. [PMID: 38248540 PMCID: PMC10815130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The role of the food environment in shaping nutrition and health has gained substantial attention from policymakers, public health researchers, and advocacy groups. To promote equities in food access and nutrition outcomes, understanding factors linked with the utilization of local community food resources is crucial. Using Andersen's service utilization model, we explained how adults use their neighborhood food resources. In a cross-sectional study design, an online survey was conducted in REDCap Version 13.4.0 via the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) involving 1830 adults with a mean age of 37.9 ± 12.1 years. Participants answered questions on predisposing, enabling, and need factors that influence their use of different community food resources. The predisposing factors that were statistically significant included age, family size, marital status, race, and ethnicity. The enabling factors included travel time, travel mode, income, and shopping decision motivators (such as being able to use Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) vouchers, delivery services, great sales, and coupons). Food security and community food resources need for lower food price were the significant need factors. However, these factors vary by the types of food resources. In conclusion, enhancing the utilization of community-based food access initiatives and programs among underserved families requires consideration of family composition, racial and ethnic diversity, and transportation access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun T. Atoloye
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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12
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Albert DA, Smilek D. Comparing attentional disengagement between Prolific and MTurk samples. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20574. [PMID: 37996446 PMCID: PMC10667324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention often disengages from primary tasks in favor of secondary tasks (i.e., multitasking) and task-unrelated thoughts (i.e., mind wandering). We assessed whether attentional disengagement, in the context of a cognitive task, can substantially differ between samples from commonly used online participant recruitment platforms, Prolific and Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Initially, eighty participants were recruited through Prolific to perform an attention task in which the risk of losing points for errors was varied (high risk = 80% chance of loss, low risk = 20% chance of loss). Attentional disengagement was measured via task performance along with self-reported mind wandering and multitasking. On Prolific, we observed surprisingly low levels of disengagement. We then conducted the same experiment on MTurk. Strikingly, MTurk participants exhibited more disengagement than Prolific participants. There was also an interaction between risk and platform, with the high-risk group exhibiting less disengagement, in terms of better task performance, than the low-risk group, but only on MTurk. Platform differences in individual traits related to disengagement and relations among study variables were also observed. Platform differences persisted, but were smaller, after increasing MTurk reputation criteria and remuneration in a second experiment. Therefore, recruitment platform and recruitment criteria could impact results related to attentional disengagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Albert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Daniel Smilek
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Gallagher CM, Stevenor BA, Samo A, McAbee ST. A Short Measure of the Big Five Aspects: Development and Validation of the BFAS-40. J Pers Assess 2023; 105:719-732. [PMID: 36480596 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2153690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present psychometric evidence for the BFAS-40, an abbreviated measure of the Big Five Aspects Scale (DeYoung et al., 2007). In Study 1, we developed the BFAS-40 using metaheuristic algorithms and cross-validated the factor structure of the shortened measure. In Study 2, we demonstrated that the BFAS and BFAS-40 correlate with external criteria in similar ways. In Studies 3 and 4, we provide convergent validity evidence by examining correlations between the BFAS-40 and other measures of typical and clinically relevant personality. Finally, in Study 5, we provide evidence of test-retest reliability as well as additional construct validity evidence. Across these five studies, we demonstrate that the BFAS-40 is a short, reliable, and valid measure of the Big Five Aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent A Stevenor
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
| | - Andrew Samo
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
| | - Samuel T McAbee
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
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14
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Hughes IM, Lee J, Hong J, Currie R, Jex SM. They were uncivil, and now I am too: A dual process model exploring relations between customer incivility and instigated incivility. Stress Health 2023; 39:766-781. [PMID: 36636819 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Incivility from customers is a common occurrence for employees working in service-oriented organizations. Typically, such incivility engenders instigated mistreatment, both towards customers and colleagues. Not much is understood, however, about the mechanisms underlying the relations between customer incivility and instigated incivility. Answering recent calls from incivility scholars, the present research, drawing from Self-Regulatory Resource Theory and Stressor-Emotion models of workplace behaviour, explored cognitive (i.e., self-regulatory resource depletion) and affective (i.e., negative affect) pathways that would explain relations between customer incivility and instigated incivility towards others. Through two multi-wave studies with different time lags (N1 = 180, weekly lags; N2 = 192, within-week lags) and different operationalizations of the instigated incivility construct (i.e., broad [unidimensional] and narrow [multidimensional]), we find consistent support for the mediating effects of the affective pathway. While our first study finds that customer incivility is linked to broad instigated incivility through negative affect, our second study finds that customer incivility is linked to, more specifically, gossip, exclusionary behaviour, and hostility through negative affect. In both studies, however, no support was found for the mediating effects of the cognitive pathway. Implications for both research and practice are discussed, and future research directions are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Hughes
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Juseob Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Junyoung Hong
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Currie
- School of Hospitality Administration, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steve M Jex
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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15
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Mantas V, Kotoula V, Zheng C, Nielson DM, Stringaris A. An experimental approach to training mood for resilience. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290881. [PMID: 37676862 PMCID: PMC10484456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
According to influential theories about mood, exposure to environments characterized by specific patterns of punishments and rewards could shape mood response to future stimuli. This raises the intriguing possibility that mood could be trained by exposure to controlled environments. The aim of the present study is to investigate experimental settings that increase resilience of mood to negative stimuli. For this study, a new task was developed where participants register their mood when rewards are added or subtracted from their score. The study was conducted online, using Amazon MTurk, and a total of N = 1287 participants were recruited for all three sets of experiments. In an exploratory experiment, sixteen different experimental task environments which are characterized by different mood-reward relationships, were tested. We identified six task environments that produce the greatest improvements in mood resilience to negative stimuli, as measured by decreased sensitivity to loss. In a next step, we isolated the two most effective task environments, from the previous set of experiments, and we replicated our results and tested mood's resilience to negative stimuli over time, in a novel sample. We found that the effects of the task environments on mood are detectable and remain significant after multiple task rounds (approximately two minutes) for an environment where good mood yielded maximum reward. These findings are a first step in our effort to better understand the mechanisms behind mood training and its potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Mantas
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aiginiteion Hospital, Athens, Greece
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vasileia Kotoula
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles Zheng
- Machine Learning Team, Section for Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dylan M. Nielson
- Machine Learning Team, Section for Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aiginiteion Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Divisions of Psychiatry and Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Yang Y, Lindblom EN, Ward KD, Salloum RG. Reactions to hypothetical flavor bans among current users of flavored e-cigarettes. Transl Behav Med 2023; 13:533-538. [PMID: 36694931 PMCID: PMC10415732 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Banning flavors in e-cigarettes and other tobacco products may decrease their use. To examine how current users of flavored e-cigarettes might react to a ban on flavored e-cigarettes when: (i) menthol flavor is banned together with other flavors, or (ii) this ban on e-cigarettes is combined with a ban on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars. A national cross-sectional survey of 2,347 current users of flavored e-cigarettes was conducted in May 2022. For each hypothetical ban scenario, respondents reported if they would quit all tobacco product use, continue to use e-cigarettes with no flavor or flavors that were not banned, or switch to alternative tobacco products. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations between responses and ban scenarios, adjusting for tobacco use and demographic variables. If e-cigarettes with any flavors except menthol and tobacco were banned, the majority of current e-cigarette users would keep using e-cigarettes with no flavor or tobacco and menthol flavor. When menthol flavor was added to a ban, a greater proportion of respondents would quit all tobacco use; however, more would also switch to cigarettes or cigars. When menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars were added to a ban, those who used menthol flavor only would be less likely to switch to cigarettes and cigars. Among current e-cigarette users, the harm reduction (i.e., from quitting all use) from a ban on flavored e-cigarettes, particularly if menthol is also banned, may be outweighed by the harm increases (i.e., switching to cigarettes or cigars, or other products that are more harmful than using e-cigarettes). A concurrent ban on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars would secure more certain net reductions to public health harms from e-cigarette use and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Eric N Lindblom
- O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Taves A, Ihm E, Wolf M, Barlev M, Kinsella M, Vyas M. The Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences (INOE): Evidence of validity in the United States and India. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287780. [PMID: 37494339 PMCID: PMC10370766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers increasingly recognize that the mind and culture interact at many levels to constitute our lived experience, yet we know relatively little about the extent to which culture shapes the way people appraise their experiences and the likelihood that a given experience will be reported. Experiences that involve claims regarding deities, extraordinary abilities, and/or psychopathology offer an important site for investigating the interplay of mind and culture at the population level. However, the difficulties inherent in comparing culture-laden experiences, exacerbated by the siloing of research on experiences based on discipline-specific theoretical constructs, have limited our ability to do so. We introduce the Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences (INOE), which allows researchers to compare experiences by separating the phenomenological features from how they are appraised and asking about both. It thereby offers a new means of investigating the potentially universal (etic) and culture-specific (emic) aspects of lived experiences. To ensure that the INOE survey items are understood as intended by English speakers in the US and Hindi speakers in India, and thus can serve as a basis for cross-cultural comparison, we used the Response Process Evaluation (RPE) method to collect evidence of item-level validity. Our inability to validate some items drawn from other surveys suggests that they are capturing a wider range of experiences than researchers intend. Wider use of the RPE method would increase the likelihood that survey results are due to the differences that researchers intend to measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Taves
- Department of Religious Studies, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Elliott Ihm
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa Wolf
- Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Barlev
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael Kinsella
- Department of Religious Studies, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Maharshi Vyas
- Department of Religious Studies, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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18
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Cosgrove K, Wharton C. Food Appreciation Scale Development and Dimensionality Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6345. [PMID: 37510577 PMCID: PMC10378760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Food appreciation has been associated with favorable dietary and food waste behaviors. However, no validated food appreciation assessment currently exists. This study aimed to develop and validate a food appreciation scale (FAS) using data from two independent US-based samples recruited online. The 29-item FAS was based on existing literature regarding appreciation as a psychological construct, mindful eating, and epicurean tendencies. In Study 1, 311 participants completed the FAS, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted. In Study 2, 300 participants completed the FAS, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to determine whether the factor structure remained consistent. The EFA indicated a good model fit for a four-factor structure after excluding six items that loaded on multiple or no factors (TLI 0.95, CFI 0.97, SRMR 0.03, RMSEA 0.05), and Cronbach's alpha indicated excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha values 0.82-0.9). The CFA confirmed the four-factor structure (TLI 0.97, CFI 0.98, SRMR 0.08, RMSEA 0.05) and acceptable factor loadings with a simple structure. The factors assessed active food appreciation, reflective food appreciation, mindful epicurean tendencies, and food-related rituals. The validated FAS could allow researchers to assess food appreciation, measure changes in food appreciation over time, and compare food appreciation among different study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cosgrove
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Christopher Wharton
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Yang Y, Lindblom EN, Ward KD, Salloum RG. The impact of flavored e-cigarette bans on e-cigarette use in three US states. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.19.23290249. [PMID: 37292701 PMCID: PMC10246123 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.23290249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Beginning in 2019, several U.S. states implemented temporary or permanent bans on the sale of flavored e-cigarettes. This study examined the impact of flavor bans on adult e-cigarette use in Washington, New Jersey, and New York. Methods Adults who used e-cigarettes at least once a week before the flavor bans were recruited online. Respondents reported their e-cigarette use, primarily used flavor, and ways of obtaining e-cigarettes before and after the bans. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression models were applied. Results After the ban, 8.1% of respondents (N=1624) quit using e-cigarettes, those primarily used banned menthol or other flavors declined from 74.4% to 50.8, those using tobacco-flavored declined from 20.1% to 15.6%, and those using non-flavored increased from 5.4% to 25.4%. More frequent e-cigarette use and smoking cigarettes were associated with being less likely to quit e-cigarettes and more likely to use banned flavors. Of those primarily using banned flavors, 45.1% obtained e-cigarettes from in-state stores, 31.2% from out-of-state stores, 32% from friends, family, or others, 25.5% from Internet/mail sellers, 5.2% from illegal sellers, 4.2% mixed flavored e-liquids themselves, and 6.9% stocked up on e-cigarettes before the ban. Conclusions Most respondents continued to use e-cigarettes with banned flavors post-ban. Compliance of local retailers with the ban was not high, and many respondents obtained banned-flavor e-cigarettes through legal channels. However, the significant increase in the use of non-flavored e-cigarettes post-ban suggests that these may serve as a viable alternative among those who used previously used banned or tobacco flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152
| | - Eric N. Lindblom
- O'Neill Institute for National & Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC, 20001
| | - Kenneth D. Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152
| | - Ramzi G. Salloum
- Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
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20
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Dong S, Campbell A, Shadden P, Massie JD. Racial Identity and Mindfulness as Predictors of Posttraumatic Growth in Black Adults Experiencing Race-Based Trauma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2023; 45:1-19. [PMID: 37359034 PMCID: PMC10155663 DOI: 10.1007/s10447-023-09509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Racial discrimination and race-based trauma (RBT) have led to the development of various negative psychological and physiological effects among Black adults in the USA. There is a lack of understanding in relation to how various psychosocial factors influence posttraumatic growth (PTG) in the context of RBT among Black adults. The authors examined associations of RBT, racial identity, and mindfulness with PTG among Black adults while controlling for gender, household income, and duration of trauma. The sample consisted of 134 self-identified Black adults who met the criteria for RBT from the USA. The hierarchical regression analysis showed the final model with all the predictors accounted for 35% of the total variance of PTG, with racial identity and mindfulness facets accounting for 26% of the variance. The study provides a foundation for future research addressing RBT and promoting PTG in Black adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Dong
- Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems, College of Education, Florida State University, 1114 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA
| | - Amanda Campbell
- Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems, College of Education, Florida State University, 1114 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA
| | - Paige Shadden
- Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems, College of Education, Florida State University, 1114 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA
| | - Jada Devonn Massie
- Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems, College of Education, Florida State University, 1114 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA
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21
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Goodwin SR, Dwyer MJ, Caliva SL, Burrows CA, Raiff BR. Using Reddit as a recruitment strategy for addiction science research. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 148:209011. [PMID: 36924845 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Reddit is a forum-based social media and message board platform that has been used in the social sciences as a recruitment source of human subject data. In addiction science, Reddit remains a viable but underutilized tool, compared to other websites (e.g., Amazon's Mechanical Turk, Prolific). The purpose of this commentary is to provide a rationale and recommendations for the successful use of Reddit for addiction science researchers interested in adding it as a recruitment tool. We provide an example of how Reddit can be used to target specific populations of interest, such as individuals struggling with depression or alcohol use disorder. Last, we discuss the limitations of Reddit as a research tool and some considerations for future research to help promote effective use of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America
| | - M J Dwyer
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America
| | - S L Caliva
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America
| | - C A Burrows
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America
| | - B R Raiff
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, United States of America.
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22
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Yang Y, Lindblom EN, Salloum RG, Ward KD. Impact of flavours, device, nicotine levels and price on adult e-cigarette users' tobacco and nicotine product choices. Tob Control 2023; 32:e23-e30. [PMID: 34301836 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To understand the impact of e-cigarette devices, flavours, nicotine levels and prices on adult e-cigarette users' choices among closed-system and open-system e-cigarettes, cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs). METHODS Online discrete choice experiments were conducted among adult (≥18 years) e-cigarette users (n=2642) in August 2020. Conditional logit regressions were used to assess the relative impact of product attributes and the interactions between product attributes and user characteristics, with stratified analyses to examine differences by smoking status and primarily used e-cigarette device and flavour. RESULTS On average, participants preferred non-tobacco and non-menthol flavours most, preferred open-system over closed-system e-cigarettes and preferred regular nicotine level over low nicotine level. However, the preference varied by demographics, smoking status and the primarily used e-cigarette device and flavour. The differences in preference among products/devices were larger than the difference among flavours or nicotine levels. Participants who primarily used closed-system e-cigarettes exhibited similar preferences for closed-system and open-system e-cigarettes, but those who primarily used open-system e-cigarettes preferred much more open-system over closed-system e-cigarettes. HTP was the least preferred product, much lower than cigarettes in general, but participants living in states where IQOS is being sold had similar preferences to cigarettes and HTPs. CONCLUSIONS People are unlikely to switch to another product/device because of the restriction of flavour or nicotine level. If non-tobacco and non-menthol flavours were banned from open-system e-cigarettes, users may switch to menthol flavour e-cigarettes. Intervention strategies should be tailored to specific groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eric N Lindblom
- O'Neill Institute for National & Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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23
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The role of extraversion in the Great Resignation: A burnout-quitting process during the pandemic. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.112074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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24
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Valenzuela MA, Schwartz SJ. Acculturation spillovers between work and nonwork settings. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intman.2023.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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25
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Sharma A, Fix B, Hyland A, Quisenberry AJ, Bansal-Travers M, O'Connor RJ. Differences in demographics and behaviors across two web-based survey platforms: Observations from a study of risk perceptions of heated tobacco products (HTPs). Prev Med Rep 2023; 33:102194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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26
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Stevenor BA, Zickar MJ. Job Desperation: Scale Development and Construct Validation. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/10690727221149395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new construct to the vocational behavior literature: job desperation. Job desperation is defined as a state of despair in which a person feels pressure to find a new job, has a negative evaluation of his/her current employment situation, and will go to extreme lengths to find a new job. Using self-determination theory, we provide a theoretical rationale for job desperation . Across two studies, we developed and validated the job desperation scale (JDS). In Study 1, we generated a pool of items and evaluated them using a combination of psychometric techniques including item response theory. In Study 2, we examined the construct validity of the JDS. Results suggest that job desperation is a strong predictor of job search behavior, predicting unique variance in job search behavior over and above other relevant antecedents such as financial strain and job insecurity. We believe job desperation adds to and expands our knowledge of the antecedents of job search behavior by serving as a unique and relevant explanation for why people search for jobs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A. Stevenor
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Michael J. Zickar
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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Pummerer L, Ditrich L, Winter K, Sassenberg K. Think About It! Deliberation Reduces the Negative Relation Between Conspiracy Belief and Adherence to Prosocial Norms. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221144150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
People believing in conspiracy theories question mainstream thoughts and behavior, but it is unknown whether it is also linked to lower adherence to the prosocial norms of the broader society. Furthermore, interventions targeting correlates of the belief in conspiracy theories so far are scarce. In four preregistered, mixed-design experiments ( Ntotal = 1,659, Nobservations = 8,902), we tested whether believing in conspiracy theories is related to lower prosocial norm adherence and whether deliberation about the reason for the norms mitigates this relationship. Across four studies with the U.S. samples, we found that believing in conspiracy theories correlated negatively with prosocial norm adherence in the control condition, which was less pronounced after deliberation (effect size of interaction: d = 0.16). Whether the norm was related to the law or not did not moderate this effect. Results point toward possible ways of mitigating negative correlates and potentially also consequences of believing in conspiracy theories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Ditrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Winter
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai Sassenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Germany
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28
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Bok S, Martin D, Acosta E, Shum J, Harvie J, Lee M. Psychometric development of the COVID-19 vaccine misinformation scale and effects on vaccine hesitancy. Prev Med Rep 2022; 31:102087. [PMID: 36505271 PMCID: PMC9722623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To help inform post-COVID-19 pandemic practical health policies, the researchers created the COVID-19 vaccine misinformation scale (CVMS). During the COVID-19 pandemic, falsehoods spread online which casted doubt and concerns about the vaccine. Example misconceptions included vaccination leads to greater vulnerability to other illness and would alter someone's DNA. The researchers performed two large surveys with U.S. participants. The researchers reviewed debunked COVID-19 vaccine falsehoods online. Construction of the CVMS followed standard psychometric scale development steps. Statistical analysis provided support for the 10-item CVMS with satisfactory reliability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity. Predictive validity regression analysis demonstrated the CVMS associated with higher vaccine hesitancy. The prevalence of vaccine misbeliefs broadened pandemic healthcare challenges. On top of existing duties, healthcare workers had to explain vaccine efficacy and safety to dispel fallacies. The researchers discuss implications for the CVMS within the context of motivated reasoning theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bok
- Department of Marketing, College of Business and Economics, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Daniel Martin
- Department of Management, College of Business and Economics, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Erik Acosta
- California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - James Shum
- Golden Gate University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason Harvie
- California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Maria Lee
- Nutritional Therapist, NTP, CMT, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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29
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Kambanis PE, Bottera AR, Mancuso CJ, Spoor SP, Anderson LM, Burke NL, Eddy KT, Forbush KT, Keith JF, Lavender JM, Mensinger JL, Mujica C, Nagata JM, Perez M, De Young KP. Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire and Clinical Impairment Assessment norms for intersectional identities using an MTurk sample. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:1690-1707. [PMID: 36054425 PMCID: PMC10263063 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are limited data to guide the interpretation of scores on measures of eating-disorder psychopathology among underrepresented individuals. We aimed to provide norms for the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) across racial/ethnic, gender, and sexual identities, and sexual orientations and their intersections by recruiting a diverse sample of Amazon MTurk workers (MTurkers; N = 1782). METHOD We created a comprehensive, quantitative assessment of racial/ethnic identification, gender identification, sex assigned at birth, current sexual identification, and sexual orientation called the Demographic Assessment of Racial, Sexual, and Gender Identities (DARSGI). We calculated normative data for each demographic category response option. RESULTS Our sample was comprised of 68% underrepresented racial/ethnic identities, 42% underrepresented gender identities, 13% underrepresented sexes, and 49% underrepresented sexual orientations. We reported means and standard deviations for each demographic category response option and, where possible, mean estimates by percentile across intersectional groups. EDE-Q Global Score for a subset of identities and intersections in the current study were higher than previously reported norms for those identities/intersections. DISCUSSION This is the most thorough reporting of norms for the EDE-Q and CIA among racial/ethnic, sexual, and gender identities, and sexual orientations and the first reporting on multiple intersections, filling some of the gaps for commonly used measures of eating-disorder psychopathology. These norms may be used to contextualize eating-disorder psychopathology reported by underrepresented individuals. The data from the current study may help inform research on the prevention and treatment of eating-disorder psychopathology in underrepresented groups. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE We provide the most thorough reporting on racial/ethnic, sexual, and gender identities, and sexual orientations for the Eating Disorder Examination - Questionnaire and Clinical Impairment Assessment, and the first reporting on intersections, which fills some of the gaps for commonly used measures of eating-disorder psychopathology. These norms help inform research on the prevention and treatment of eating-disorder psychopathology in underrepresented groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lisa M. Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Kamryn T. Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jill F. Keith
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Human Nutrition and Food/Dietetics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Jason M. Lavender
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Bethesda, MD
- The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX
| | - Janell L. Mensinger
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
| | - Christin Mujica
- Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
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30
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Denning DM, Newlands RT, Gonzales A, Benuto LT. Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms in a Community Sample of Sexually and Gender Diverse Adults. J Pers Disord 2022; 36:701-716. [PMID: 36454158 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2022.36.6.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to identify borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptom disparities in sexually and/or gender diverse adults, determine if BPD symptoms vary across sexual orientation and gender identity, and identify factors related to BPD symptoms in this population. A sample of 218 sexually and gender diverse adults completed measures for BPD symptoms and trauma/stressors. Results suggest that sexually and/or gender diverse adults scored higher on six of the nine diagnostic criteria for BPD and were likely to have a probable BPD diagnosis, although these disparities were not observed across groups. Factors such as age, abuse and neglect and stigmatizing events were associated with more BPD symptoms, although the relationship between stigma and BPD symptoms did not remain when controlling for other factors. Results suggest that sexual orientation and gender identity are important factors when investigating BPD, and stigma may in part account for this disparity, although future research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic M Denning
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Arianna Gonzales
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno.,Department of Psychology, California State University, Sacramento
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31
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Webb MA, Tangney JP. Too Good to Be True: Bots and Bad Data From Mechanical Turk. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022:17456916221120027. [PMID: 36343213 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221120027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Psychology is moving increasingly toward digital sources of data, with Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) at the forefront of that charge. In 2015, up to an estimated 45% of articles published in the top behavioral and social science journals included at least one study conducted on MTurk. In this article, I summarize my own experience with MTurk and how I deduced that my sample was-at best-only 2.6% valid, by my estimate. I share these results as a warning and call for caution. Recently, I conducted an online study via Amazon's MTurk, eager and excited to collect my own data for the first time as a doctoral student. What resulted has prompted me to write this as a warning: it is indeed too good to be true. This is a summary of how I determined that, at best, I had gathered valid data from 14 human beings-2.6% of my participant sample (N = 529).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Webb
- Department of Criminology, Max-Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security, and Law Freiburg im Breisgau
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University
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Granados Samayoa JA, Moore CA, Ruisch BC, Boggs ST, Ladanyi JT, Fazio RH. A gateway conspiracy? Belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories prospectively predicts greater conspiracist ideation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275502. [PMID: 36288276 PMCID: PMC9604008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary focus of research on conspiracy theories has been understanding the psychological characteristics that predict people's level of conspiracist ideation. However, the dynamics of conspiracist ideation-i.e., how such tendencies change over time-are not well understood. To help fill this gap in the literature, we used data from two longitudinal studies (Study 1 N = 107; Study 2 N = 1,037) conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that greater belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories at baseline predicts both greater endorsement of a novel real-world conspiracy theory involving voter fraud in the 2020 American Presidential election (Study 1) and increases in generic conspiracist ideation over a period of several months (Studies 1 and 2). Thus, engaging with real-world conspiracy theories appears to act as a gateway, leading to more general increases in conspiracist ideation. Beyond enhancing our knowledge of conspiracist ideation, this work highlights the importance of fighting the spread of conspiracy theories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney A. Moore
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Shelby T. Boggs
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jesse T. Ladanyi
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Russell H. Fazio
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang Y, Lindblom EN, Ward KD, Salloum RG. How Smokers of Menthol Cigarettes and Flavored Cigars Might Respond to FDA's Proposed Bans. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1645-1653. [PMID: 35353183 PMCID: PMC9575974 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A ban on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars may reduce smoking and tobacco-related disparities. AIMS AND METHODS We aimed to examine the response of current smokers to a hypothetical ban on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars. Current smokers were recruited online and reported the alternative products that they may switch to under a hypothetical ban, if they would try to obtain the banned products from illicit channels, and their support to the ban. RESULTS 51% of current smokers would use nonflavored cigarettes and cigars as alternatives, 45% would switch to flavored heated tobacco products or e-cigarettes or quit smoking. 17% would try to obtain the banned flavored products from illicit markets. A majority of menthol only smokers opposed the ban. Daily smokers would be more likely to switch to nonflavored smoking, to try illicit market products, and were less supportive of the ban. Black smokers would be less likely to switch to nonflavored smoking and were more supportive of the ban. Smokers who used menthol cigarettes only would be more likely to switch to nonflavored smoking, less likely to try illicit market sellers, and were the least supportive of the ban. CONCLUSIONS In response to a ban of all added flavors for cigarettes or cigars, nearly half of the current smokers would quit smoking, largely by switching to nonsmoking products. However, smokers with more chronic use and those who used only menthol cigarettes would be more likely to switch to nonflavored smoking, diminishing the harm reduction potential. The ban may decrease the relatively higher prevalence of menthol cigarette smoking among Blacks compared with other groups. IMPLICATIONS A ban on the sale of menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars may decrease the prevalence of smoking because some current smokers may quit smoking and switch to nonsmoking products. However, smokers with more chronic use and those who used menthol cigarettes only were more likely to switch to nonflavored cigarettes or cigars, diminishing the harm reduction potential of the ban. Black smokers would be more likely to switch to products other than cigarettes and cigars thus decreasing their relatively higher prevalence of smoking compared with other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Eric N Lindblom
- O’Neill Institute for National & Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Rivero A, Killoren SE, Kline G, Campione-Barr N. Negative messages from parents and sisters and Latina college students' body image shame. Body Image 2022; 42:98-109. [PMID: 35688055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using the sociocultural model and risk and resilience theory, we examined the moderating role of Latinas' family relationship quality on the associations between negative eating and weight messages from fathers, mothers, and sisters, and Latinas' body image shame. Utilizing Amazon Mechanical Turk, we recruited a sample of 195 Latina young adults (Mage = 23.24, range = 18 -25; SD = 1.95; 67.4 % Mexican-origin) who reported retrospectively on negative appearance-related messages from each family member (i.e., fathers, mothers, and sisters), positive (e.g., parental warmth and sibling intimacy) and negative (i.e., parental psychological control and sibling negativity) relationship quality with parents and sisters, and current body image shame. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that negative eating and weight messages from fathers, mothers, and sisters and sibling negativity were positively and significantly associated with Latinas' body image shame. Further, we found that under conditions of high paternal psychological control but not low, the associations between fathers' messages and Latinas' body image shame were strengthened. For mothers, under conditions of low maternal psychological control but not high, the associations between mothers' messages and Latinas' body image shame were strengthened. Our findings reveal that family members' negative comments are harmful for Latinas' body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Rivero
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, United States.
| | - Sarah E Killoren
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, United States.
| | - Gabrielle Kline
- Department of Counseling and Learning Services, West Virginia University, United States.
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Keith MG, Stevenor BA, McAbee ST. Scale Mean and Variance Differences in MTurk and Non-MTurk Samples. JOURNAL OF PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We meta-analytically examined mean and variance differences between MTurk and non-MTurk samples for a variety of scales used in the organizational sciences. The influence of moderators (i.e., construct domain and valence, sample type, use of qualifications, and data cleaning procedures) was also examined. Across all scales (120 scales, N = 110,090), we found that, overall, MTurk and non-MTurk samples do not have significantly different scale means or variances. Our moderator analyses, however, indicated that MTurk samples may have larger variances than non-MTurk samples under certain conditions. Additionally, our results highlight the importance of data screening and cleaning procedures such that MTurk samples had larger variances than non-MTurk samples when MTurk samples were subjected to more stringent data screening and cleaning procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G. Keith
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Brent A. Stevenor
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Samuel T. McAbee
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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Yang Y. How the emergence of the omicron variant may change people's attitudes toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:922470. [PMID: 35967639 PMCID: PMC9372358 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.922470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to examine people's attitudes toward the COVID-19 pandemic before and after the emergence of the omicron variant. Methods Data were collected between November 15 and December 14, 2021, and three attitudes were included, namely, the negative influence on daily life, concerns of infection risk, and prediction of the ending of the pandemic. Results The majority of people perceived that daily life was at least somewhat negatively influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, and they worried at least once a week about infection risk. After the emergence of the omicron variant, the perceived negative influence and concern of infection risk decreased slightly while the prediction of ending increased significantly. People who were infected by COVID-19 perceived more negative influence and more concern of infection risk, but were more optimistic about the ending of the pandemic. People who did not get a vaccine perceived less negative influence and less concern of infection risk, but were more pessimistic about the ending of the pandemic. The attitudes varied significantly by individual and contextual characteristics. Conclusion The emergence of omicron significantly increased people's predicted ending time of the pandemic but did not change people's perception of the pandemic's negative influence on daily life and concern of infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
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Hrin ML, Bray JK, Feldman SR. Reassurance Techniques Do Not Significantly Impact Confidence in Biosimilars for Psoriasis: A Survey of a Convenience Sample of Individuals with Self-Identified Psoriasis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:2173-2180. [PMID: 35900655 PMCID: PMC9464285 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biosimilars are underutilized, and negative perceptions may hinder their acceptance by patients. Psychologic interventions have not been extensively studied in the context of alleviating biosimilar hesitancy. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of psychologic interventions on biosimilar confidence. METHODS Following institutional review board (IRB) approval, 1285 subjects with self-reported psoriasis were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing platform. Participants were randomized to one of ten groups. Group A started with a hypothetical bio-originator; group B started with a hypothetical biosimilar. The remaining groups were provided a hypothetical scenario in which they were switching to a biosimilar after achieving great results with a bio-originator, and were randomized to receive either no reassurance (group C) or one of the following psychologic interventions: reassurance of comparable effectiveness (group D), an illustration implying comparable effectiveness (group E), anecdote of great results obtained in "other psoriasis patients" (group F), anecdote of great results obtained in another psoriasis patient "a lot like you" (group G), reassurance of the rigorous evaluation process to gain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval (group H), engagement in a task designed to facilitate recognition of biosimilars' comparability through answering multiple choice (group I) or free response questions (group J). Confidence levels were assessed using six-point Likert scales and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-group t-tests. RESULTS While no statistically significant differences were detected, illustrations implying comparability (mean 4.19), explanations of the rigorous process to gain FDA approval (mean 4.21), testimonials of treatment success in another psoriasis patient "a lot like you" (mean 4.07) and "other psoriasis patients" (mean 4.01), and engagement with multiple choice (mean 4.02) and free response answers (mean 4.08) improved biosimilar confidence compared with the biosimilar switch control group (mean 3.96). CONCLUSION Identifying highly impactful methods of improving biosimilar confidence remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hrin
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Center for Dermatology Research, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1071, USA.
| | - Jeremy K Bray
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Center for Dermatology Research, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1071, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Center for Dermatology Research, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1071, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Porter ED, Sacks OA, Ramkumar N, Barth RJ. Surgery Prescription Opioid Misuse and Diversion in US Adults and Associated Risk Factors. J Surg Res 2022; 275:208-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xie J, Ifie K, Gruber T. The dual threat of COVID-19 to health and job security - Exploring the role of mindfulness in sustaining frontline employee-related outcomes. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH 2022; 146:216-227. [PMID: 35340762 PMCID: PMC8934737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Navigating the increasingly uncertain business world requires organizations and employees to be highly adaptive to threats and changes. During COVID-19, the dual threats to health and job security have been especially salient for frontline employees. Drawing on the job demands-resources (JD-R) model, we investigated individual and organizational mindfulness as valuable resources, which influence employee outcomes of preventative behaviors, emotional exhaustion, and job performance both directly, and indirectly through threat appraisals. We find that individual and organizational mindfulness influence threat appraisals in a "counterbalanced manner": individual mindfulness decreases threat appraisals, while organizational mindfulness heightens the perceived threat of contracting COVID-19. The threat to health further serves as a double-edged sword, predicting both emotional exhaustion and preventative behaviors, while job insecurity impairs all employee outcomes. Based on these findings, we provide key implications for research and practice, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Xie
- Loughborough University, United Kingdom
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Schoenegger P, Verheyen S. Taking a Closer Look at the Bayesian Truth Serum. Exp Psychol 2022; 69:226-239. [DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Over the past few decades, psychology and its cognate disciplines have undergone substantial scientific reform, ranging from advances in statistical methodology to significant changes in academic norms. One aspect of experimental design that has received comparatively little attention is incentivization, i.e., the way that participants are rewarded and incentivized monetarily for their participation in experiments and surveys. While incentive-compatible designs are the norm in disciplines like economics, the majority of studies in psychology and experimental philosophy are constructed such that individuals’ incentives to maximize their payoffs in many cases stand opposed to their incentives to state their true preferences honestly. This is in part because the subject matter is often self-report data about subjective topics, and the sample is drawn from online platforms like Prolific or MTurk where many participants are out to make a quick buck. One mechanism that allows for the introduction of an incentive-compatible design in such circumstances is the Bayesian Truth Serum (BTS; Prelec, 2004 ), which rewards participants based on how surprisingly common their answers are. Recently, Schoenegger (2021) applied this mechanism in the context of Likert-scale self-reports, finding that the introduction of this mechanism significantly altered response behavior. In this registered report, we further investigate this mechanism by (1) attempting to directly replicate the previous result and (2) analyzing if the Bayesian Truth Serum’s effect is distinct from the effects of its constituent parts (increase in expected earnings and addition of prediction tasks). We fail to find significant differences in response behavior between participants who were simply paid for completing the study and participants who were incentivized with the BTS. Per our pre-registration, we regard this as evidence in favor of a null effect of up to V = .1 and a failure to replicate but reserve judgment as to whether the BTS mechanism should be adopted in social science fields that rely heavily on Likert-scale items reporting subjective data, seeing that smaller effect sizes might still be of practical interest and results may differ for items different from the ones we studied. Further, we provide weak evidence that the prediction task itself influences response distributions and that this task’s effect is distinct from an increase in expected earnings, suggesting a complex interaction between the BTS’ constituent parts and its truth-telling instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schoenegger
- University of St Andrews, School of Economics & Finance; School of Philosophical, Anthropological and Film Studies, St Andrews, UK
| | - Steven Verheyen
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wynn CJ, Barrett TS, Borrie SA. Rhythm Perception, Speaking Rate Entrainment, and Conversational Quality: A Mediated Model. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2022; 65:2187-2203. [PMID: 35617456 PMCID: PMC9567410 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acoustic-prosodic entrainment, defined as the tendency for individuals to modify their speech behaviors to more closely align with the behaviors of their conversation partner, plays an important role in successful interaction. From a mechanistic perspective, acoustic-prosodic entrainment is, by its very nature, a rhythmic activity. Accordingly, it is highly plausible that an individual's rhythm perception abilities play a role in their ability to successfully entrain. Here, we examine the impact of rhythm perception in speaking rate entrainment and subsequent conversational quality. METHOD A round-robin paradigm was used to collect 90 dialogues from neurotypical adults. Additional assessments determined participants' rhythm perception abilities, social competence, and partner familiarity (i.e., whether the conversation partners knew each other prior to the interaction. Mediation analysis was used to examine the relationships between rhythm perception scores, speaking rate entrainment (using a measure of static local synchrony), and a measure of conversational success (i.e., conversational quality) based on third-party listener observations. Findings were compared to the same analysis with three additional predictive factors: participant gender, partner familiarity, and social competence. RESULTS Results revealed a relationship between rhythm perception and speaking rate entrainment. In unfamiliar conversation partners, there was a relationship between speaking rate entrainment and conversational quality. The relationships between entrainment and each of the three additional factors (i.e., gender, partner familiarity, and social competence) were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS In unfamiliar conversation partners, better rhythm perception abilities were indicative of increased conversational quality mediated by higher levels of speaking rate entrainment. These results support theoretical postulations specifying rhythm perception abilities as a component of acoustic-prosodic entrainment, which, in turn, facilitates conversational success. Knowledge of this relationship contributes to the development of a causal framework for considering a mechanism by which rhythm perception deficits in clinical populations may impact conversational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille J. Wynn
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | | | - Stephanie A. Borrie
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education, Utah State University, Logan, UT
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McLean CP, Moeck EK, Sharp G, Thomas NA. Characteristics and clinical implications of the relationship between veganism and pathological eating behaviours. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1881-1886. [PMID: 34786670 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Veganism may serve as a socially acceptable means to restrict food intake and disguise pathological eating behaviours. Studies that include vegan participants typically group them with other meat avoiders (e.g., vegetarians), potentially masking risk factors unique to veganism. METHOD We addressed this issue by recruiting two Amazon Mechanical Turk samples of 110 vegan and 118 omnivore participants, with comparable gender composition. We aimed to examine whether vegans showed higher disordered eating than omnivores, and if motives for pursuing a vegan diet impacted disordered eating. We assessed disordered eating using the Eating Attitudes Test, the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire, and the Eating Pathology Symptom Inventory. RESULTS Vegans displayed more pathological eating behaviours than omnivores, which was significantly predicted by cognitive restraint. However, body dissatisfaction levels were higher in omnivores than vegans. Diet motives did not influence vegans' disordered eating. CONCLUSION We propose vegans have high levels of cognitive restraint, possibly due to their intention to avoid animal products. In turn, cognitive restraint subscales in eating disorder measures might be over-pathologising rates of eating disorders in vegans. Future research should monitor the progression of people's eating-related attitudes and behaviours before and after they transition to veganism to establish whether veganism increases the risk of disordered eating, or vice versa. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV, cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P McLean
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Level 4, 607 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Ella K Moeck
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gemma Sharp
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Level 4, 607 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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Should I Pay or Should I Grow? Factors Which Influenced the Preferences of US Consumers for Fruit, Vegetables, Wine and Beer during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111536. [PMID: 35681284 PMCID: PMC9180933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the key factors that determine the preferences of US consumers towards the growing and processing used for horticultural products such as fruit, vegetables, wine and beer over their preferences for buying them both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings obtained using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) show that engagement with horticulture prior to and after the occurrence of COVID-19 influenced preferences for the growing and processing of fruit, vegetables, wine and beer over buying them in both the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 contexts. Engagement with horticulture before and after the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly impacted by attitudes towards US growers. Attitudes towards COVID-19 and human values such as self-enhancement, conservation and self-transcendence were also found to be significant factors, while openness to change was not found to be significant. Best practice recommendations are included on the basis of these findings for managers of community gardens, horticultural properties and specialized food stores.
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Activity-induced pain as a predictor of physical activity behavior among individuals with chronic pain: the role of physical activity enjoyment. J Behav Med 2022; 45:632-642. [PMID: 35501540 PMCID: PMC9308740 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-022-00318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 70% of adults with chronic pain experience increased pain during activity, and this may reduce enjoyment of physical activity (PA), and subsequent PA intention/behavior. The goal of this study was to examine increased pain during activity as a predictor of PA, via its effects on PA enjoyment. Participants included 178 overweight/obese midlife adults with chronic pain who completed an online prospective survey. Results indicated that greater increases in pain during activity were associated with less PA enjoyment, and, in turn, lower intention to exercise over the next week (p < 0.05). Activity-induced pain also predicted lower total volume of PA at 1-week follow-up, and this relationship was mediated by PA enjoyment (p < 0.05). These findings have the potential to inform the refinement of PA promotion interventions for individuals with chronic pain.
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Marks MJ, Busch TM, Wu A. The Relationship between the Sexual Double Standard and Women's Sexual Health and Comfort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2022; 34:409-423. [PMID: 38596271 PMCID: PMC10903628 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2022.2069179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The current research explores the relationship between Sexual Double Standard (SDS) endorsement and women's sexual health and attitudes. Women (n = 705) completed an SDS endorsement scale, and then answered a variety of questions in three main categories of outcome variables: sexual comfort, sexual reputation, and sexual health. Results suggest that women's SDS endorsement was not related to women's sexual comfort. Further, SDS endorsement was slightly positively related to how concerned women were about their sexual reputation. Regarding sexual health, SDS endorsement was related to a shorter timespan since women's last OBGYN screening, and unrelated to women's discomfort discussing birth control with their OBGYN. Results suggest there is much more to explore in targeted studies on the relationship of SDS endorsement to women's perceptions of their sexual reputations and their interactions with OBGYNs with respect to the SDS. Previous and related research is discussed, along with implications of the current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Marks
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Tara M. Busch
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina, Pembroke, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Wu
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
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Rognon C, Bunge T, Gao M, Conor C, Stephens-Fripp B, Brown C, Israr A. An Online Survey on the Perception of Mediated Social Touch Interaction and Device Design. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HAPTICS 2022; 15:372-381. [PMID: 34995194 DOI: 10.1109/toh.2022.3141339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Social touch is essential for our social interactions, communication, and well-being. It has been shown to reduce anxiety and loneliness; and is a key channel to transmit emotions for which words are not sufficient, such as love, sympathy, reassurance. However, direct physical contact is not always possible due to being remotely located, interacting in a virtual environment, or as a result of a health issue. Mediated social touch enables physical interactions, despite the distance, by transmitting the haptic cues that constitute social touch through devices. As this technology is fairly new, the users' needs and their expectations on a device design and its features are unclear, as well as who would use this technology, and in which conditions. To better understand these aspects of mediated interaction, we conducted an online survey on 258 respondents located in the USA. Results give insights on the type of interactions and device features that the US population would like to use.
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"Your help isn't helping me!" Unhelpful workplace social support, strain, and the role of individual differences. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 6:387-423. [PMID: 35372670 PMCID: PMC8951663 DOI: 10.1007/s41542-022-00115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the reception of social support at work is generally considered a net positive for employees, researchers have identified that particular kinds of social support, such as unhelpful workplace social support (UWSS), tend to evoke stress and contribute to strain for recipients. Although (Gray et al. Work and Stress, 34(4), 359–385, 2020), when validating the novel UWSS measure, uncovered relations between UWSS and various outcomes, more research is needed to further understand the impacts of UWSS. Furthermore, the extant social support literature is currently lacking in its understanding of how individual differences strengthen or weaken the relations such support has with strain. Drawing from the Theory of Stress as Offense to Self (Semmer et al. Occupational Health Science, 3(3), 205–238. 10.1007/s41542-019-00041-5, 2019), we, through two studies (N1 = 203, N2 = 277), further explore the relations of UWSS, focusing on behavioral and psychological strain, and examine how these relations are influenced by relevant individual differences (e.g., Big Five traits). Results from our first study replicate key findings from (Gray et al. Work and Stress, 34(4), 359–385, 2020), providing additional validity evidence for the novel measure of UWSS, and demonstrate that UWSS is related to various types of behavioral strain. Our second study shows that the strength of these deleterious relations varies based on characteristics of the recipient of UWSS. Altogether, the present research contributes to the literature on social support as a stressor by elucidating further the effects of UWSS, and, perhaps more importantly, for whom UWSS is particularly deleterious.
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Kim M, Beehr TA. Can reflection explain how empowering leadership affects spillover to family life? let me think about it. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2022.2054282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minseo Kim
- Department of Business Administration, Hankyong National University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Terry A. Beehr
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
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The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics on Brand Fidelity: The Importance of Brand Love and Brand Attitude. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics are perceived as distinct constructs by the consumer, although research from this perspective is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the impact of CSR and business ethics on brand fidelity. A theoretical review of CSR, business ethics, brand attitude, brand love, and brand fidelity was undertaken. From these constructs, a theoretical model was proposed, conducting an empirical study with a sample of 559 North American respondents. Through the statistical treatment of data with PLS-SEM, it was demonstrated that business ethics and CSR exert an indirect positive effect on brand fidelity, with relationships mediated by brand love. In turn, brand attitude exerts an indirect effect on brand fidelity, through the mediation of brand love. Based on the results, this study contributes to the approach of CSR and business ethics as distinct constructs and to the consolidation of the brand fidelity construct and its relationships. For management, this study helps organizations to perceive CSR and business ethics as important allies in a brand’s strategy. We conclude that although CSR remains important, customers value business ethics as a critical factor in their perceptions of the brand, contributing more strongly to brand fidelity.
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Frederick DA, Pila E, Malcarne VL, Compte EJ, Nagata JM, Best CR, Cook-Cottone CP, Brown TA, Convertino L, Crerand CE, Parent MC, Pennesi JL, Perez M, Rodgers RF, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Tylka TL, Murray SB. Demographic predictors of objectification theory and tripartite influence model constructs: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 40:182-199. [PMID: 34972020 PMCID: PMC9750803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined how demographic factors (gender, sexual orientation, racial group, age, body mass) were linked to measures of sociocultural appearance concerns derived from objectification theory and the tripartite influence model (McKinley & Hyde, 1996; Schaefer et al., 2015) among 11,620 adults. Men were less likely than women to report high body surveillance, thin-ideal internalization, appearance-related media pressures, and family pressures; did not differ in peer pressures; and reported greater muscle/athletic internalization. Both men and women expressed greater desire for their bodies to look "very lean" than to look "very thin". Compared to gay men, heterosexual men reported lower body surveillance, thin-ideal internalization, peer pressures, and media pressures. Black women reported lower thin-ideal internalization than White, Hispanic, and Asian women, whereas Asian women reported greater family pressures. Being younger and having higher BMIs were associated with greater sociocultural appearance concerns across most measures. The variation in prevalence of sociocultural appearance concerns across these demographic groups highlights the need for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Correspondence to: 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92860, USA. , (D.A. Frederick).
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassidy R. Best
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA,Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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