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Acosta D, Stark H, Hack G. The importance of incorporating systems thinking and One Health in global health classrooms: findings from a One Health simulation activity. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1299116. [PMID: 38481838 PMCID: PMC10933002 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1299116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There are several challenges and opportunities in health education in global health. Given the field's rapid expansion, demand for including systems thinking and One Health (a unifying approach that considers human, animal, and environmental health) in global health courses has recently increased. Simulation activities provide an avenue to attain and assess learning objectives that foster critical and systems thinking. This study carried out a One Health simulation activity in an undergraduate global health course, conducted a focus group discussion, and obtained responses from written questionnaires from students who participated in the activity. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results show that the One Health simulation was instrumental for students to understand the complex interactions between different actors and stakeholders in global health systems. The One Health simulation also improved class dynamics, peer-to-peer interactions, and collaborations in the remaining part of the course. The activity helped assess two of the critical thinking learning objectives of the course, and there was some evidence that student agency and confidence may have been improved. Evidence shows that the activity helped students understand the principles of systems thinking and apply them in complex scenarios. Findings support including interactive simulation activities in global health courses to include elements of system science and One Health into classroom activities innovatively and engagingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Acosta
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Heather Stark
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - George Hack
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Zortman I, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Arsevska E, Dub T, Van Bortel W, Lefrançois E, Vial L, Pollet T, Binot A. A social-ecological systems approach to tick bite and tick-borne disease risk management: Exploring collective action in the Occitanie region in southern France. One Health 2023; 17:100630. [PMID: 38024266 PMCID: PMC10665146 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are amongst the most important zoonotic disease vectors affecting human and animal health worldwide. Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are rapidly expanding geographically and in incidence, most notably in temperate regions of Europe where ticks are considered the principal zoonotic vector of Public Health relevance, as well as a major health and economic preoccupation in agriculture and equine industries. Tick-borne pathogen (TBP) transmission is contingent on complex, interlinked vector-pathogen-host dynamics, environmental and ecological conditions and human behavior. Tackling TBD therefore requires a better understanding of the interconnected social and ecological variables (i.e., the social-ecological system) that favor disease (re)-emergence. The One Health paradigm recognizes the interdependence of human, animal and environmental health and proposes an integrated approach to manage TBD. However, One Health interventions are limited by significant gaps in our understanding of the complex, systemic nature of TBD risk, in addition to a lack of effective, universally accepted and environmentally conscious tick control measures. Today individual prevention gestures are the most effective strategy to manage TBDs in humans and animals, making local communities important actors in TBD detection, prevention and management. Yet, how they engage and collaborate within a multi-actor TBD network has not yet been explored. Here, we argue that transdisciplinary collaborations that go beyond research, political and medical stakeholders, and extend to local community actors can aid in identifying relevant social-ecological risk indicators key for informing multi-level TBD detection, prevention and management measures. This article proposes a transdisciplinary social-ecological systems framework, based on participatory research approaches, to better understand the necessary conditions for local actor engagement to improve TBD risk. We conclude with perspectives for implementing this methodological framework in a case study in the south of France (Occitanie region), where multi-actor collaborations are mobilized to stimulate multi-actor collective action and identify relevant social-ecological indicators of TBD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyonna Zortman
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
- Kasetsart University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elena Arsevska
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Timothée Dub
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccination Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Unit Po Box 30. FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Unit Entomology and Outbreak Research Team, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat, 155, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Estelle Lefrançois
- LIRDEF, Université de Montpellier and Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Vial
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Pollet
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Binot
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
- Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Sud, Montpellier, France
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Janse M, Sesa G, van de Burgwal L. A Case Study of European Collaboration between the Veterinary and Human Field for the Development of RSV Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1137. [PMID: 37514953 PMCID: PMC10385505 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The One Health (OH) approach describes the interconnection between the health of animals, humans, and the environment. The need for collaboration between the veterinary and human fields is increasing due to the rise in several infectious diseases that cross human-animal barriers and need to be addressed jointly. However, such collaboration is not evident in practice, especially for non-zoonotic diseases. A qualitative research approach was used to explore the barriers and enablers influencing collaborative efforts on the development of vaccines for the non-zoonotic RSV virus. It was found that in the European context, most veterinary and human health professionals involved in RSV vaccine development see themselves as belonging to two distinct groups, indicating a lack of a common goal for collaboration. Next to this, the different conceptualizations of the OH approach, and the fact that RSV is not a zoonotic disease, strengthens the opinion that there is no shared need for collaboration. This paper adds insights on how, for a non-zoonotic situation, collaboration between human and veterinary professionals shaped the development of vaccines in both areas; thus, improving public health requires awareness, mutual appreciation, and shared goal setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marga Janse
- Athena Institute, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Sesa
- Athena Institute, VU Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nana SD, Caffin JH, Duboz R, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Binot A, Diagbouga PS, Hendrikx P, Bordier M. Towards an integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases in Burkina Faso: the case of anthrax. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1535. [PMID: 35962327 PMCID: PMC9372945 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anthrax is a zoonotic disease that causes frequent outbreaks in livestock and fatal human cases in Burkina Faso. Effective surveillance of this disease calls for the establishment of an integrated surveillance system, in line with the One Health concept. However, despite a strong technical and financial support from international partners, surveillance is still poorly conducted within an integrated approach. Based on stakeholder perspectives, the study has for objective to deepen our understanding of the anthrax surveillance system and to identify the obstacles and levers towards a more integrated approach to anthrax surveillance in Burkina Faso. Methods The data was collected from a literature review and interviews with surveillance stakeholders. We first conducted a qualitative descriptive analysis of the data to characterize the surveillance system (programmes, actors, collaboration). In a second step, we conducted a thematic analysis of the informants' discourse in order to identify what represents an obstacle or, conversely, a lever for a more integrated approach to anthrax surveillance. Results The surveillance system of anthrax in Burkina Faso includes three programmes (in the livestock, wildlife and human sectors), which involves 30 actors. These sectoral programmes operate almost independently from one another, although some collaborations are existing for the governance and implementation of surveillance activities. Analysis of the discourse of key stakeholders led to the identification of four categories of factors that may influence the implementation of an integrated surveillance system in the country: knowledge; technical, organizational and social capacities; motivation; intersectoral governance. Conclusions This study highlights the difficulty of translating One Health governance to the national level and the need to better articulate the visions of all categories of stakeholders. This study also reveals the need to develop specific evaluation systems for integrated policies in order to provide credible evidence of their added value for a better management of zoonotic diseases. Finally, our study underlines the need to act upstream the emergence of zoonoses and allocate more resources to the prevention of zoonoses than to their control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13878-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougrenoma Désiré Nana
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Raphaël Duboz
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Dakar, Senegal.,IRD, Sorbonne University, UMMISCO, Bondy, France.,National Laboratory for Livestock and Veterinary Research, Senegalese Institute of Research in Agriculture, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nicolas Antoine-Moussiaux
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Binot
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Potiandi Serge Diagbouga
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Etudes Formation Et Recherches Développement en Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- High Council for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas, Paris, France
| | - Marion Bordier
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France. .,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Dakar, Senegal. .,National Laboratory for Livestock and Veterinary Research, Senegalese Institute of Research in Agriculture, Dakar, Senegal.
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Grotelueschen DM, Funk RA, Groves JT, Goldsmith TJ, Vander Ley B. Current Reality of Beef Cattle Veterinary Practice in North America: A Systems Thinking Perspective. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:317-333. [PMID: 35691631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef cattle veterinarians provide services to the increasingly complex beef industry system. Systems thinking offers pathways to better understand and communicate ranges of issues such as prevailing mental models, importance of match quality relative to clientele needs, and identification of leverage to better adapt and continually improve. Thinking in systems identifies and helps us to understand patterns or structures that are organized and interconnected that result in the outcomes observed and experienced in the practice of beef cattle veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca A Funk
- GPVEC- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 148, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - John T Groves
- Livestock Veterinary Service, P.O. Box 353917 South Aurora Street, Eldon, MO 65026, USA
| | - Timothy J Goldsmith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue Street, Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Brian Vander Ley
- GPVEC- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 148, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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Queenan K, Cuevas S, Mabhaudhi T, Chimonyo M, Shankar B, Slotow R, Häsler B. A food systems approach and qualitative system dynamics model to reveal policy issues within the commercial broiler chicken system in South Africa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270756. [PMID: 35767595 PMCID: PMC9242500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global broiler production and consumption levels continue to rise. South Africa’s broiler system is dominated by commercial production and formal retail trade, with competition from cheap imports. Local broiler policies have narrow, production-driven, short-term aims for industry growth and national food security. However, these have unintended consequences that undermine the system’s future sustainability. Using a food systems approach, this study developed a qualitative system dynamics model of the South African commercial broiler system and used it to engage stakeholders in policy discussions within the boundaries of health, nutrition, and environmental sustainability. A problem statement and key system elements were drawn from a previously published qualitative study and were validated by 15 stakeholders via an online questionnaire. From this, a seed model was developed, expanded into a larger model, and shared in a modular format with stakeholders in virtual meetings, on an individual or institutional basis, for feedback and validation, and for discussion of areas for policy consideration. Refinements were incorporated into the modules, policy considerations were summarised, and crosscutting issues were identified. The model demonstrated the system’s complexity, interlinkages, feedbacks, reinforcing and balancing loops, and behaviour archetypes. The modular presentation format created a suitable platform for stakeholder engagement. Current policies focus on local commercial production, formal markets, and affordability without cognisance of the broader system represented by the model. Inequality pervades throughout the system. Commercial producers, linked to large supermarkets and fast-food chains, dominate the system, presenting barriers to entry. Affordability is unintentionally traded off against non-communicable disease risks through brining of most frozen products, and ultra-processing of fast-food items. Foodborne disease control is critical, given the proportion of vulnerable individuals, and greater coherence of food safety policy is urgently needed. The environmental footprint of broilers, whilst less than that of ruminants, deserves closer scrutiny based on its dependence on intensive cereal production for feed. This study’s food systems approach provides a system-wide perspective and a foundation for policymakers to develop more integrated and transformative policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Queenan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health (VEEPH) Research, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Soledad Cuevas
- Centre for Development, Environment and Policy, SOAS, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI-GH), Southern Africa Office, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael Chimonyo
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Bhavani Shankar
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health (VEEPH) Research, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Ho CWL. Operationalizing "One Health" as "One Digital Health" Through a Global Framework That Emphasizes Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits From the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Related Digital Technologies. Front Public Health 2022; 10:768977. [PMID: 35592084 PMCID: PMC9110679 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.768977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The operationalization of One Health (OH) through digitalization is a means to deploy digital technologies (including Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data and related digital technologies) to better capacitate us to deal with growing climate exigency and related threats to human, animal and plant health. With reference to the concept of One Digital Health (ODH), this paper considers how digital capabilities can help to overcome ‘operational brakes’ in OH through new and deeper insights, better predictions, and more targeted or precise preventive strategies and public health countermeasures. However, the data landscape is fragmented and access to certain types of data is increasingly restrictive as individuals, communities and countries seek to assert greater control over data taken from them. This paper proposes for a dedicated global ODH framework—centered on fairness and equity—to be established to promote data-sharing across all the key knowledge domains of OH and to devise data-driven solutions to challenges in the human-animal-ecosystems interface. It first considers the data landscape in relation to: (1) Human and population health; (2) Pathogens; (3) Animal and plant health; and (4) Ecosystems and biodiversity. The complexification from the application of advance genetic sequencing technology is then considered, with focus on current debates over whether certain types of data like digital (genetic) sequencing information (DSI) should remain openly and freely accessible. The proposed ODH framework must augment the existing access and benefit sharing (ABS) framework currently prescribed under the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in at least three different ways. First, the ODH framework should apply to all genetic resources and data, including DSI, whether from humans or non-humans. Second, the FAIRER principles should be implemented, with focus on fair and equitable benefit-sharing. Third, the ODH framework should adopt multilateral approaches to data sharing (such as through federated data systems) and to ABS. By operationalizing OH as ODH, we are more likely to be able to protect and restore natural habitats, secure the health and well-being of all living things, and thereby realize the goals set out in the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework under the CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Wai-Loon Ho
- Department of Law and Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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McAlister M, Zhang Q, Annis J, Schweitzer RW, Guidotti S, Mihelcic JR. Systems Thinking for Effective Interventions in Global Environmental Health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:732-738. [PMID: 34982546 PMCID: PMC8969763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental health risks such as household air pollution due to burning solid fuels, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene, and chemical pollution disproportionately affect the poorest and most marginalized populations. While billions of dollars and countless hours of research have been applied toward addressing these issues in both development and humanitarian contexts, many interventions fail to achieve or sustain desired outcomes over time. This pattern points to the perpetuation of linear thinking, despite the complex nature of environmental health within these contexts. There is a need and an opportunity to engage in critical reflection of the dominant paradigms in the global environmental health community, including how they affect decision-making and collective learning. These paradigms should be adapted as needed toward the integration of diverse perspectives and the uptake of systems thinking. Participatory modeling, complexity-aware monitoring, and virtual simulation modeling can help achieve this. Additionally, virtual simulation modeling is relatively inexpensive and can provide a low-stakes environment for testing interventions before implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha
M. McAlister
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Jonathan Annis
- USAID
Uganda Sanitation for Health Activity, Tetra
Tech, Plot 12A, Farady
Road, Bugolobi, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ryan W. Schweitzer
- Independent, 349 West Parkwood Road, Decatur, Georgia 30030, United States
| | - Sunny Guidotti
- Latin
America and Caribbean Regional Office, UNICEF, PO Box 0843-03045, Panama City, 07144, Panama
| | - James R. Mihelcic
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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Beltramello P, Bootz JP. How should We Operationalize Bioeconomics for Strong Sustainability? Toward a Transdisciplinary and Systemic Approach in Line with a Goergescu-Roegen Epistemology. JOURNAL OF INNOVATION ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.3917/jie.pr1.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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10
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Crosse AM, Barry MM, Lavelle MJ, Sixsmith J. Bridging Knowledge Systems: A Community-Participatory Approach to EcoHealth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312437. [PMID: 34886163 PMCID: PMC8657114 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems are integral to human and planetary health. Ecosystem services connect ecosystem functions to human wellbeing. The complex, multifaceted socio-ecological challenges of ecosystem decline necessitate a transdisciplinary approach, including the active and meaningful engagement and participation of local communities. Communities uniquely possess expert local knowledge, which, when integrated into policy development and community planning, has the potential to enhance and sustain ecosystem benefits for health and wellbeing. Community-informed mapping tools provide an opportunity for integrating science, policy, and public participation in data collection. However, there is a dearth of community-informed mapping tools demonstrating the interconnection of the ecological and social determinants of health at a place-based level. This paper presents a study that employs a community-based participatory research approach to mapping local knowledge systems on EcoHealth. The study seeks to develop a community mapping tool for shared dialogue and decision-making on EcoHealth between local communities and policymakers. The participatory research methods used to explore community awareness and knowledge regarding ecosystem services, health, and sustainability in the local area are described. The process of co-producing a Community EcoHealth Toolkit, based on the integration of different knowledge systems into local policy and planning, is discussed.
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Govindasamy K, Thompson PN, Harris BN, Rossouw J, Abernethy DA, Etter EMC. Bovine Brucellosis in Gauteng, South Africa: Seroprevalence amongst Cattle Handlers and Variables Associated with Seropositive Cattle Herds, 2014-2016. Pathogens 2021; 10:1547. [PMID: 34959502 PMCID: PMC8706623 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Africa, the prevalence of cattle handler exposure to Brucella on cattle farms is unknown and risk factors and cattle symptoms associated with infected cattle herds are unavailable. To address this gap, a case-control study of cattle herds was conducted in Gauteng province and farm workers and veterinary officials were tested for exposure to Brucella. Seroprevalence amongst farm workers exposed to case herds ranged from 4.0% (BrucellaCapt®) to 16.7% (IgG ELISA®), compared to those exposed to control herds, where seroprevalence ranged from 1.9% (BrucellaCapt®) to 5.7% (IgG ELISA®). Seroprevalence amongst veterinary officials was significantly greater compared to farm workers exposed to case herds for the outcome RBT+ IgM- IgG+ (OR = 11.1, 95% CI: 2.5-49.9, p = 0.002) and RBT- IgM- IgG+ (OR = 6.3, 95% CI: 2.3-17.3, p < 0.001). Risk factors associated with being an infected herd were: being a government-sponsored farm vs. private farm (OR 4.0; 95% CI: 1.4-11.3; p = 0.009), beef vs. dairy herd (OR 7.9; 95% CI: 1.4-44.9; p = 0.020), open vs. closed herd (OR 3.3; 95% CI: 1.1-10.4; p = 0.038) and the presence of antelope on the farm (OR 29.4; 95% CI: 4.0-218.2; p = 0.001). Abortions (OR = 5.1; 95% CI: 2.0-13.3; p < 0.001), weak calves in the herd (OR = 8.0; 95% CI: 2.6-24.4; p < 0.001), reduction in number of calves born (OR = 9.0; 95% CI: 2.1-43.6; p < 0.001), reduction in conception rate (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 0.8-18.3; p = 0.046), hygromas in cattle (p = 0.011) and farmers reporting brucellosis-like symptoms in their farm workers or in him/herself (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.3-8.7; p = 0.006) were more likely to be associated with Brucella infected herds than control herds. This evidence can be used in strategic planning to protect both human and herd health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krpasha Govindasamy
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (P.N.T.); (E.M.C.E.)
| | - Peter N. Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (P.N.T.); (E.M.C.E.)
| | - Bernice N. Harris
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa;
| | - Jennifer Rossouw
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa;
| | - Darrell A. Abernethy
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa;
- Aberystwyth School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK
| | - Eric M. C. Etter
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (P.N.T.); (E.M.C.E.)
- CIRAD, UMR AnimalS Health Territories Risks Ecosystems (ASTRE), 34070 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, 34070 Montpellier, France
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12
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Adams S, Rhodes T, Lancaster K. New directions for participatory modelling in health: Redistributing expertise in relation to localised matters of concern. Glob Public Health 2021; 17:1827-1841. [PMID: 34775919 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1998575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Participatory modelling seeks to foster stakeholder engagement to better attune models to their decision-making and policy contexts. Such approaches are increasingly advocated for use in the field of health. We review the instrumental and epistemological claims made in support of participatory modelling approaches. These accentuate participatory models as offering a better evidence-base for health policy decisions. By drawing attention to recent modelling experiments in a sector outside of health, that of water management, we outline a different way of thinking about participation and modelling. Here, the participatory model is configured in relation to matters of 'knowledge controversy', with modelling constituted as an 'evidence-making intervention' in relation to the making of science and expertise. Rather than presenting participatory models as an improved technical solution to addressing given policy problems within an evidence-based intervention approach, models are alternatively potentiated as sites for the redistribution of expertise among actor networks as they seek to engage politically in a matter of concern. This leads us to consider possible new directions for participatory modelling in the field of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Adams
- School of Humanities and Languages, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Rhodes
- School of Humanities and Languages, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kari Lancaster
- School of Humanities and Languages, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Using Systems Dynamics for Capturing the Multicausality of Factors Affecting Health System Capacity in Latin America while Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910002. [PMID: 34639304 PMCID: PMC8507654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Similar interventions to stop the spread of COVID-19 led to different outcomes in Latin American countries. This study aimed to capture the multicausality of factors affecting HS-capacity that could help plan a more effective response, considering health as well as social aspects. A facilitated GMB was constructed by experts and validated with a survey from a wider population. Statistical analyses estimated the impact of the main factors to the HS-capacity and revealed the differences in its mechanisms. The results show a similar four-factor structure in all countries that includes public administration, preparedness, information, and collective self-efficacy. The factors are correlated and have mediating effects with HS-capacity; this is the base for differences among countries. HS-capacity has a strong relation with public administration in Bolivia, while in Nicaragua and Uruguay it is related through preparedness. Nicaragua lacks information as a mediation effect with HS-capacity whereas Bolivia and Uruguay have, respectively, small and large mediation effects with it. These outcomes increase the understanding of the pandemic based on country-specific context and can aid policymaking in low-and middle-income countries by including these factors in future pandemic response models.
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14
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Gruel G, Diouf MB, Abadie C, Chilin-Charles Y, Etter EMC, Geffroy M, Herrmann Storck C, Meyer DF, Pagès N, Pressat G, Teycheney PY, Umber M, Vega-Rúa A, Pradel J. Critical Evaluation of Cross-Sectoral Collaborations to Inform the Implementation of the "One Health" Approach in Guadeloupe. Front Public Health 2021; 9:652079. [PMID: 34409004 PMCID: PMC8366749 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.652079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Guadeloupe, a French overseas territory located in the Eastern Caribbean, infectious and non-infectious diseases, loss of biodiversity, natural disasters and global change threaten the health and well-being of animals, plants, and people. Implementing the “One Health” (OH) approach is crucial to reduce the archipelago's vulnerability to these health threats. However, OH remains underdeveloped in Guadeloupe, hampering efficient and effective intersectoral and transdisciplinary collaborations for disease surveillance and control. A multidisciplinary research group of volunteer researchers working in Guadeloupe, with collective expertise in infectious diseases, undertook a study to identify key attributes for OH operationalization by reviewing past and current local collaborative health initiatives and analyzing how much they mobilized the OH framework. The research group developed and applied an operational OH framework to assess critically collaborative initiatives addressing local health issues. Based on a literature review, a set of 13 opinion-based key criteria was defined. The criteria and associated scoring were measured through semi-directed interviews guided by a questionnaire to critically evaluate four initiatives in animal, human, plant, and environmental health research and epidemiological surveillance. Gaps, levers, and prospects were identified that will help health communities in Guadeloupe envision how to implement the OH approach to better address local health challenges. The methodology is simple, generic, and pragmatic and relies on existing resources. It can be transposed and adapted to other contexts to improve effectiveness and efficiency of OH initiatives, based on lessons-learned of local past or current multi-interdisciplinary and intersectoral initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Gruel
- Laboratory for the Study of Microbial Ecosystem Interactions, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Unit Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity, Les Abymes, France
| | - Mame Boucar Diouf
- INRAE, UR ASTRO, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-97130, Capesterre Belle-Eau, France.,AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Abadie
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yolande Chilin-Charles
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-97130, Capesterre Belle-Eau, France
| | - Eric Marcel Charles Etter
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Mariana Geffroy
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Herrmann Storck
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CHU de Guadeloupe, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Humaine et Environnementale, Les Abymes, France
| | - Damien F Meyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Gersende Pressat
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-97130, Capesterre Belle-Eau, France.,AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Teycheney
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-97130, Capesterre Belle-Eau, France.,AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Umber
- INRAE, UR ASTRO, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France
| | - Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Unit Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity, Les Abymes, France
| | - Jennifer Pradel
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
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15
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Hitziger M, Berezowski J, Dürr S, Falzon LC, Léchenne M, Lushasi K, Markosyan T, Mbilo C, Momanyi KN, Özçelik R, Prejit N, Zinsstag J, Rüegg SR. System Thinking and Citizen Participation Is Still Missing in One Health Initiatives - Lessons From Fifteen Evaluations. Front Public Health 2021; 9:653398. [PMID: 34150701 PMCID: PMC8211880 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.653398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tackling complex public health challenges requires integrated approaches to health, such as One Health (OH). A key element of these approaches is the integration of knowledge across sectors, disciplines and stakeholders. It is not yet clear which elements of knowledge integration need endorsement to achieve best outcomes. This paper assesses 15 OH initiatives in 16 African, Asian and European countries to identify opportunities to improve knowledge integration and to investigate geographic influences on knowledge integration capacities. Two related evaluation tools, both relying on semi-quantitative questionnaires, were applied to two sets of case studies. In one tool, the questions relate to operations and infrastructure, while the other assigns questions to the three phases of “design,” “implementation,” and “evaluation” of the project life cycle. In both, the question scores are aggregated using medians. For analysis, extreme values were identified to highlight strengths and weaknesses. Seven initiatives were assessed by a single evaluator external to the initiative, and the other eight initiatives were jointly assessed by several internal and external evaluators. The knowledge integration capacity was greatest during the project implementation stage, and lowest during the evaluation stage. The main weaknesses pointing towards concrete potential for improvement were identified to be a lack of consideration of systemic characteristics, missing engagement of external stakeholders and poor bridging of knowledge, amplified by the absence of opportunities to learn and evolve in a collective process. Most users were unfamiliar with the systems approach to evaluation and found the use of the tools challenging, but they appreciated the new perspective and saw benefits in the ensuing reflections. We conclude that systems thinking and associated practises for OH require not only specific education in OH core competencies, but also methodological and institutional measures to endorse broad participation. To facilitate meta-analyses and generic improvement of integrated approaches to health we suggest including knowledge integration processes as elements to report according to the COHERE guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hitziger
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John Berezowski
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura C Falzon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monique Léchenne
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kennedy Lushasi
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tigran Markosyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Céline Mbilo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ranya Özçelik
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nambiar Prejit
- Centre for One Health Education, Advocacy, Research and Training, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon R Rüegg
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Bordier M, Goutard FL, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Pham-Duc P, Lailler R, Binot A. Engaging Stakeholders in the Design of One Health Surveillance Systems: A Participatory Approach. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:646458. [PMID: 34109232 PMCID: PMC8180848 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.646458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many One Health surveillance systems have proven difficult to enforce and sustain, mainly because of the difficulty of implementing and upholding collaborative efforts for surveillance activities across stakeholders with different values, cultures and interests. We hypothesize that only the early engagement of stakeholders in the development of a One Health surveillance system can create an environment conducive to the emergence of collaborative solutions that are acceptable, accepted and therefore implemented in sustainable manner. To this end, we have designed a socio-technical framework to help stakeholders develop a common vision of their desired surveillance system and to forge the innovation pathway toward it. We implemented the framework in two case studies: the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Vietnam and that of Salmonella in France. The socio-technical framework is a participatory and iterative process that consists of four distinct steps implemented during a workshop series: (i) definition of the problem to be addressed, (ii) co-construction of a common representation of the current system, (iii) co-construction of the desired surveillance system, (iv) identification of changes and actions required to progress from the current situation to the desired situation. In both case studies, the process allowed surveillance stakeholders with different professional cultures and expectations regarding One Health surveillance to gain mutual understanding and to reconcile their different perspectives to design the pathway toward their common vision of a desired surveillance system. While the proposed framework is structured around four essential steps, its application can be tailored to the context. Workshop facilitation and representativeness of participants are key for the success of the process. While our approach lays the foundation for the further implementation of the desired One Health surveillance system, it provides no guarantee that the proposed actions will actually be implemented and bring about the required changes. The engagement of stakeholders in a participatory process must be sustained in order to ensure the implementation of co-constructed solutions and evaluate their effectiveness and impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bordier
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Flavie Luce Goutard
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicolas Antoine-Moussiaux
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Phuc Pham-Duc
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Institute of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development (IEHSD), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Renaud Lailler
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France.,Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne, Créteil, France
| | - Aurelie Binot
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
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17
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The Crossovers and Connectivity between Systems Engineering and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Scoping Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13063176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The United Nation’s sustainable development goals (SDGs) are interconnected and indivisible and need to be addressed in a systematic and holistic way. However, a lack of stakeholder perspective, fragmented responses, and a dearth of integration across sectors have long been perceived as the SDGs’ main pitfalls. In recent years, scholars are calling to address these issues by adopting a systems engineering perspective, as this approach espouses a stakeholder-focused position, embraces a holistic and dynamic mindset, and provides a variety of technical and managerial toolkits, which can help to untangle the complexity and interactions inherent in global sustainability. Nevertheless, little has been done to map the existing literature, comprehensively review, and synthesize research evidence in this field. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a scoping study that analyzes the extant evidence to uncover the contributions of systems engineering in advancing the SDGs. A three-phase methodology integrating natural language processing and systematic literature review is used to investigate this space. We conclude that systems engineering has been an active catalyst promoting the SDGs, and that systems engineering has the potential to support more transdisciplinary research to achieve long-term transformational and sustainable change across sectors and disciplines.
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18
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Ezanno P, Picault S, Beaunée G, Bailly X, Muñoz F, Duboz R, Monod H, Guégan JF. Research perspectives on animal health in the era of artificial intelligence. Vet Res 2021; 52:40. [PMID: 33676570 PMCID: PMC7936489 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) approaches in animal health (AH) makes it possible to address highly complex issues such as those encountered in quantitative and predictive epidemiology, animal/human precision-based medicine, or to study host × pathogen interactions. AI may contribute (i) to diagnosis and disease case detection, (ii) to more reliable predictions and reduced errors, (iii) to representing more realistically complex biological systems and rendering computing codes more readable to non-computer scientists, (iv) to speeding-up decisions and improving accuracy in risk analyses, and (v) to better targeted interventions and anticipated negative effects. In turn, challenges in AH may stimulate AI research due to specificity of AH systems, data, constraints, and analytical objectives. Based on a literature review of scientific papers at the interface between AI and AH covering the period 2009-2019, and interviews with French researchers positioned at this interface, the present study explains the main AH areas where various AI approaches are currently mobilised, how it may contribute to renew AH research issues and remove methodological or conceptual barriers. After presenting the possible obstacles and levers, we propose several recommendations to better grasp the challenge represented by the AH/AI interface. With the development of several recent concepts promoting a global and multisectoral perspective in the field of health, AI should contribute to defract the different disciplines in AH towards more transversal and integrative research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Facundo Muñoz
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Raphaël Duboz
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Sorbonne Université, IRD, UMMISCO, Bondy, France
| | - Hervé Monod
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, MaIAGE France
| | - Jean-François Guégan
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Comité National Français Sur Les Changements Globaux, Paris, France
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19
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Stephens EC. ASAS-NANP SYMPOSIUM: Review of systems thinking concepts and their potential value in animal science research. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6149201. [PMID: 33626146 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, our collective research and policy institutions, including the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS), are calling for more systems-based research and analysis of society's most pressing and complex problems. However, the use of systems analysis within animal science remains limited and researchers may not have the tools to answer this call. This review thus introduces important concepts in systems thinking methodology, such as policy resistance, feedback processes, and dynamic complexity. An overall rationale for systems thinking and analysis is presented, along with examples of the application of these concepts in current animal science research. In order to contrast systems approaches to more frequently employed event-oriented research frameworks, both frameworks are then applied to the ASAS' identified "Grand Challenge" problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in order to compare these two kinds of analyses. Systems thinking stresses the importance of underlying system structures that lead to persistent problem behaviors vs a focus on unidirectional cause-and-effect relationships. A potential systems framework for animal production decisions to use antimicrobials is shown that more explicitly accounts for AMR in a way that can lead to different animal production decisions than the event-oriented framework. Acknowledging and accounting for fundamental system structures that can explain persistent AMR will lead to different potential solutions to this problem than would be suggested from more linear approaches. The challenges and benefits of incorporating systems methods into animal science research are then discussed.
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20
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De Garine-Wichatitsky M, Binot A, Ward J, Caron A, Perrotton A, Ross H, Tran Quoc H, Valls-Fox H, Gordon IJ, Promburom P, Ancog R, Anthony Kock R, Morand S, Chevalier V, Allen W, Phimpraphai W, Duboz R, Echaubard P. "Health in" and "Health of" Social-Ecological Systems: A Practical Framework for the Management of Healthy and Resilient Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems. Front Public Health 2021; 8:616328. [PMID: 33585387 PMCID: PMC7876377 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.616328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have seen an accumulation of theoretical and empirical evidence for the interlinkages between human health and well-being, biodiversity and ecosystem services, and agriculture. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the devastating impacts that an emerging pathogen, of animal origin, can have on human societies and economies. A number of scholars have called for the wider adoption of “One Health integrated approaches” to better prevent, and respond to, the threats of emerging zoonotic diseases. However, there are theoretical and practical challenges that have precluded the full development and practical implementation of this approach. Whilst integrated approaches to health are increasingly adopting a social-ecological system framework (SES), the lack of clarity in framing the key concept of resilience in health contexts remains a major barrier to its implementation by scientists and practitioners. We propose an operational framework, based on a transdisciplinary definition of Socio-Ecological System Health (SESH) that explicitly links health and ecosystem management with the resilience of SES, and the adaptive capacity of the actors and agents within SES, to prevent and cope with emerging health and environmental risks. We focus on agricultural transitions that play a critical role in disease emergence and biodiversity conservation, to illustrate the proposed participatory framework to frame and co-design SESH interventions. Finally, we highlight critical changes that are needed from researchers, policy makers and donors, in order to engage communities and other stakeholders involved in the management of their own health and that of the underpinning ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel De Garine-Wichatitsky
- Animals, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystem (ASTRE), University of Montpellier, Agricultural research for Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France.,Agricultural research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aurélie Binot
- Animals, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystem (ASTRE), University of Montpellier, Agricultural research for Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - John Ward
- Mekong Region Futures Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Animals, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystem (ASTRE), University of Montpellier, Agricultural research for Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France.,Universidad E. Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Arthur Perrotton
- Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,UMR Eco&Sols, IRD, Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - Helen Ross
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hoa Tran Quoc
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Research unit Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas (GECO), Vientiane, Laos
| | - Hugo Valls-Fox
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Research Unit Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (SELMET), PPZS, Dakar, Sénégal.,Research Unit Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (SELMET), Univ Montpellier, Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Iain J Gordon
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Central Queensland University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Panomsak Promburom
- Center for Agricultural Resource System Research Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rico Ancog
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Richard Anthony Kock
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Morand
- Animals, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystem (ASTRE), University of Montpellier, Agricultural research for Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Animals, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystem (ASTRE), University of Montpellier, Agricultural research for Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France.,Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Will Allen
- Learning for Sustainability, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Raphaël Duboz
- Animals, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystem (ASTRE), University of Montpellier, Agricultural research for Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France.,Sorbonne Université, IRD, UMMISCO, Bondy, France
| | - Pierre Echaubard
- School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Roger FL, Fournié G, Binot A, Wieland B, Kock RA, Diallo A, Caron A, Jones BA. Editorial: Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR): Generating Evidence to Support Eradication Efforts. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:636509. [PMID: 33585614 PMCID: PMC7873520 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.636509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adama Diallo
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ISRA-LNERV, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alexandre Caron
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Bryony Anne Jones
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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22
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Echaubard P, Thy C, Sokha S, Srun S, Nieto-Sanchez C, Grietens KP, Juban NR, Mier-Alpano J, Deacosta S, Sami M, Braack L, Ramirez B, Hii J. Fostering social innovation and building adaptive capacity for dengue control in Cambodia: a case study. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:126. [PMID: 32883345 PMCID: PMC7469325 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The social-ecological systems theory, with its unique conception of resilience (social-ecological systems & resilience, SESR), provides an operational framework that currently best meets the need for integration and adaptive governance as encouraged by the Sustainable Development Goals. SESR accounts for the complex dynamics of social-ecological systems and operationalizes transdisciplinarity by focusing on community engagement, value co-creation, decentralized leadership and social innovation. Targeting Social Innovation (SI) in the context of implementation research for vector-borne diseases (VBD) control offers a low-cost strategy to contribute to lasting and contextualized community engagement in disease control and health development in low and middle income countries of the global south. In this article we describe the processes of community engagement and transdisciplinary collaboration underpinning community-based dengue management in rural primary schools and households in two districts in Cambodia. Methods Multiple student-led and community-based interventions have been implemented focusing on empowering education, communication for behavioral change and participatory epidemiology mapping in order to engage Cambodian communities in dengue control. We describe in particular the significance of the participatory processes that have contributed to the design of SI products that emerged following iterative consultations with community stakeholders to address the dengue problem. Results The SI products that emerged following our interaction with community members are 1) adult mosquito traps made locally from solid waste collections, 2) revised dengue curriculum with hands-on activities for transformative learning, 3) guppy distribution systems led by community members, 4) co-design of dengue prevention communication material by students and community members, 5) community mapping. Conclusions The initiative described in this article put in motion processes of community engagement towards creating ownership of dengue control interventions tools by community stakeholders, including school children. While the project is ongoing, the project’s interventions so far implemented have contributed to the emergence of culturally relevant SI products and provided initial clues regarding 1) the conditions allowing SI to emerge, 2) specific mechanisms by which it happens and 3) how external parties can facilitate SI emergence. Overall there seems to be a strong argument to be made in supporting SI as a desirable outcome of project implementation towards building adaptive capacity and resilience and to use the protocol supporting this project implementation as an operational guiding document for other VBD adaptive management in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Echaubard
- SOAS University London, Thornhaugh Street, London, WC1H 0XG, UK.
| | - Chea Thy
- Malaria Consortium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Soun Sokha
- Malaria Consortium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Set Srun
- Malaria Consortium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Noel R Juban
- Social Innovation and Health Initiatives, University of the Philipines, Manilla, Philippines
| | - Jana Mier-Alpano
- Social Innovation and Health Initiatives, University of the Philipines, Manilla, Philippines
| | - Sucelle Deacosta
- Social Innovation and Health Initiatives, University of the Philipines, Manilla, Philippines
| | | | - Leo Braack
- Malaria Consortium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bernadette Ramirez
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University of North Queesland, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Hallett LM, Hobbs RJ. Thinking systemically about ecological interventions: what do system archetypes teach us? Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Hallett
- Environmental Studies Program and Department of Biology University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 U.S.A
| | - Richard J. Hobbs
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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Developing Strategy for Water Conflict Management and Transformation at Euphrates–Tigris Basin. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing water technology and management systems is not sufficient to cope with the water shortage, where political decisions might be considered as a critical element in this context. The Euphrates–Tigris basin has been suffering for decades from political instability and mismanagement. The tension over the water allocation that was on the negotiating table since the 1960s ended with no substantial agreement between the riparian countries (Iraq, Turkey and Syria). The objective is to evaluate the impact of the political dimension by creating a conceptual model for the hydropolitical cycle, addressing the importance of the negotiation concepts to reach an agreement; the research also aims to develop a strategy that might support the transformation from conflict to collaboration. The approaches of situation map and systems thinking have been implemented to build the model. The tools of negotiation skills have been adopted to assist the water conflict. The results describe the challenges within different levels and demonstrating the hydropolitical cycle and adding a sustain toolkit to the theory of water conflict and transformation management. Moreover, the paper produces the structure and workflow of establishing the Global Water Security Council.
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Wilcox BA, Echaubard P, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Ramirez B. Vector-borne disease and climate change adaptation in African dryland social-ecological systems. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:36. [PMID: 31130141 PMCID: PMC6535848 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drylands, which are among the biosphere's most naturally limiting and environmentally variable ecosystems, constitute three-quarters of the African continent. As a result, environmental sustainability and human development along with vector-borne disease (VBD) control historically have been especially challenging in Africa, particularly in the sub-Saharan and Sahelian drylands. Here, the VBD burden, food insecurity, environmental degradation, and social vulnerability are particularly severe. Changing climate can exacerbate the legion of environmental health threats in Africa, the social dimensions of which are now part of the international development agenda. Accordingly, the need to better understand the dynamics and complex coupling of populations and environments as exemplified by drylands is increasingly recognized as critical to the design of more sustainable interventions. MAIN BODY This scoping review examines the challenge of vector-borne disease control in drylands with a focus on Africa, and the dramatic, ongoing environmental and social changes taking place. Dryland societies persisted and even flourished in the past despite changing climates, extreme and unpredictable weather, and marginal conditions for agriculture. Yet intrusive forces largely out of the control of traditional dryland societies, along with the negative impacts of globalization, have contributed to the erosion of dryland's cultural and natural resources. This has led to the loss of resilience underlying the adaptive capacity formerly widely exhibited among dryland societies. A growing body of evidence from studies of environmental and natural resource management demonstrates how, in light of dryland system's inherent complexity, these factors and top-down interventions can impede sustainable development and vector-borne disease control. Strengthening adaptive capacity through community-based, participatory methods that build on local knowledge and are tailored to local ecological conditions, hold the best promise of reversing current trends. CONCLUSIONS A significant opportunity exists to simultaneously address the increasing threat of vector-borne diseases and climate change through methods aimed at strengthening adaptive capacity. The integrative framework and methods based on social-ecological systems and resilience theory offers a novel set of tools that allow multiple threats and sources of vulnerability to be addressed in combination. Integration of recent advances in vector borne disease ecology and wider deployment of these tools could help reverse the negative social and environmental trends currently seen in African drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Wilcox
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, 999 Salaya Phuttamonthon, Nakon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Pierre Echaubard
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, 999 Salaya Phuttamonthon, Nakon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky
- ASTRE, Université de Montpellier, CIRA, INRA, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bernadette Ramirez
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Wilcox BA, Aguirre AA, De Paula N, Siriaroonrat B, Echaubard P. Operationalizing One Health Employing Social-Ecological Systems Theory: Lessons From the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Front Public Health 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 31192179 PMCID: PMC6547168 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of the interdependency of the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems emerged from the interplay of theory and concepts from medicine, public health and ecology among leading thinkers in these fields during the last century. The rationale for One Health and its focus on the “human, animal, and environmental interface” stems from this legacy and points to transdisciplinary, ecological and complex systems approaches as central to One Health practice. Demonstration of One Health's efficacy, its wider adoption and continual improvement require explicit operational criteria and evaluation metrics on this basis. Social-Ecological Systems Theory with its unique conception of resilience (SESR) currently offers the most well-developed framework for understanding these approaches and development of performance standards. This paper describes operational criteria for One Health developed accordingly, including a protocol currently being tested for vector borne disease interventions. Wider adoption of One Health is most likely to occur as One Health practitioners gain an increasing familiarity with ecological and complex systems concepts in practice employing a transdisciplinary process. Two areas in which this inevitably will be required for significant further progress, and where the beginnings of a foundation for building upon exist, include: (1) Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases, and (2) successful implementation of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The former includes the challenge of stemming the threat of new microbial pathogens, anti-microbial resistant variants of existing pathogens, as well as resurgence of malaria and other recalcitrant diseases. The applicability of SESR in this regard is illustrated with two case examples from the Greater Mekong Subregion, Avian Influenza (H5N1) and Liver Fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini). Each is shown to represent a science and policy challenge suggestive of an avoidable social-ecological system pathology that similarly has challenged sustainable development. Thus, SESR framing arguably is highly applicable to the SDGs, which, to a large extent, require consideration of human-animal-environmental health linkages. Further elaboration of these One Health operational criteria and metrics could contribute to the achievement of many of the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Wilcox
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakon Pathom, Thailand
| | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | | | - Boripat Siriaroonrat
- Department of Research and Conservation, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pierre Echaubard
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakon Pathom, Thailand
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