1
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Parton TG, Parker RM, Osbild S, Vignolini S, Frka-Petesic B. Angle-resolved optical spectroscopy of photonic cellulose nanocrystal films reveals the influence of additives on the mechanism of kinetic arrest. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3695-3707. [PMID: 38629173 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are rod-like nanoparticles whose chiral self-assembly into photonic films has been promoted as a sustainable source of colouration. Upon drying, an aqueous CNC suspension passes through two regimes: first, a liquid phase, where the CNCs self-organise into a cholesteric liquid crystal, followed by a kinetically-arrested phase, where the helicoidal structure compresses upon loss of solvent, resulting in a solid film with vibrant structural colour. The transition between these two regimes plays an important role in the visual appearance of photonic CNC films, but details on when and how kinetic arrest occurs have remained elusive. In this work, we combine angle-resolved optical spectroscopy of photonic films (approx. 100 vol% CNC) with a model for compressed helicoidal structures to retrieve the suspension conditions during kinetic arrest (approx. 10 vol% CNC). This analysis indicates a shift in the mechanism of kinetic arrest from a glass transition at lower ionic strength to gelation at higher ionic strength, explaining the trends in domain size and film colour. In contrast, neutral additives (glucose, poly(ethylene glycol)) appear to primarily reduce the compression upon drying without affecting cholesteric behaviour, as supported by a general analytical model. These findings deepen our understanding of CNC co-assembly with various commonly-used additives, enabling better control over the production of multifunctional structurally coloured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Parton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard M Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Sonja Osbild
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, UK.
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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2
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Pignon F, Guilbert E, Mandin S, Hengl N, Karrouch M, Jean B, Putaux JL, Gibaud T, Manneville S, Narayanan T. Orthotropic organization of a cellulose nanocrystal suspension realized via the combined action of frontal ultrafiltration and ultrasound as revealed by in situ SAXS. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:914-925. [PMID: 38219310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Rodlike cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) exhibit significant potential as building blocks for creating uniform, sustainable materials. However, a critical hurdle lies in the need to enhance existing or devise novel processing that provides improved control over the alignment and arrangement of CNCs across a wide spatial range. Specifically, the challenge is to achieve orthotropic organization in a single-step processing, which entails creating non-uniform CNC orientations to generate spatial variations in anisotropy. EXPERIMENTS A novel processing method combining frontal ultrafiltration (FU) and ultrasound (US) has been developed. A dedicated channel-cell was designed to simultaneously generate (1) a vertical acoustic force thanks to a vibrating blade at the top and (2) a transmembrane pressure force at the bottom. Time-resolved in situ small-angle X-ray scattering permitted to probe the dynamical structural organization/orientation of CNCs during the processing. FINDINGS For the first time, a typical three-layer orthotropic structure that resembles the articular cartilage organization was achieved in one step during the FU/US process: a first layer composed of CNCs having their director aligned parallel to the horizontal membrane surface, a second intermediate isotropic layer, and a third layer of CNCs with their director vertically oriented along the direction of US wave propagation direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Pignon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Emilie Guilbert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Mandin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Hengl
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Karrouch
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LRP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Jean
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Gibaud
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Manneville
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France
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3
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Wang Z, Chu J, Shi L, Xing T, Gao X, Xu Y. Chiral Pearlescent Cellulose Nanocrystals Films with Broad-Range Tunable Optical Properties for Anti-Counterfeiting Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306810. [PMID: 38012531 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Pearlescent materials are of technological importance in a diverse array of industries from cosmetics to premium paints; however, chiral pearlescent materials remain unexplored. Here, chiral pearlescent films with on-demand iridescence and metallic appearance are simply organized by leveraging vertical pressure to direct the self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals. The films are formed with a bilayer planar anchored left-handed chiral nematic architecture, in which the bottom layer is featured with a vertical gradient pitch, and the top layer is featured with a uniform pitch. Simultaneous reflection of the rainbow colors and an on-demand color of left-handed polarized light with angle-dependent wavelength and polarization state accounts for the unique optical phenomenon based on experimental observation and theoretical analysis. Such chiroptical property can be readily tuned with architectural design, enabling reproducible optical appearance with high fidelity. Bringing the pearlescence, iridescence, and specular reflection together endows cellulose nanocrystal films with rich and tunable chiroptical properties that can be used for anti-counterfeiting applications. The current work marks the beginning of chiral pearlescent materials from renewable resources, while the pressure-directed self-assembly provides a step toward scalable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Tingyang Xing
- Institute of Digitized Medicine and Intelligent Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Gao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Road, Longwan District, Wenzhou, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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4
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Wei X, Lin T, Lu L, Yu M, Yin X. Enhanced homogeneity and flexibility in a humidity sensor using cellulose nanocrystal-based composite film with circular shear flow. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130293. [PMID: 38382791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) film is known to be one kind of dynamic color-sensing material, capable of reversible color changes in response to varying humidity levels. However, the brittleness, low hygroscopicity and poor homogeneity of these films have hindered their development. To address this limitation, we present a novel approach where we combine natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) with sorbitol under the influence of circular shear flow to craft a CNC humidity-sensitive film with enhanced flexibility, hygroscopicity and homogeneity. The inclusion of sorbitol and NADES enhances hygroscopicity and improves the flexibility. Surprisingly, the introduction of circular shear flow was found not only to improve homogeneity, macroscopically and microscopically, but also to further enhance flexibility, toughness, and water absorption capability. The resulting composite films demonstrated highly reversible color changes across the whole visible spectrum depending on the relative humidity, showing their capability to be reliable humidity-sensing materials. Thanks to the improved homogeneity and flexibility, the obtained humidity-sensing composite film can be employed in its entirety without the need for cutting, making it a promising candidate for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Wei
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lulu Lu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Meng Yu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Yin
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China.
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5
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Majoinen J, Gustavsson L, Wani O, Kiefer S, Liljeström V, Rojas OJ, Rannou P, Ikkala O. Controlling the Nematic Liquid Crystallinity of Cellulose Nanocrystals with an Alcohol Ethoxy Sulfonate Surfactant. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 38507559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are biobased colloidal nanorods that have unlocked new opportunities in the area of sustainable functional nanomaterials including structural films and coatings, biomedical devices, energy, sensing, and composite materials. While selective light reflection and sensing develop from the typical chiral nematic (cholesteric, Nem*) liquid crystallinity exhibited by CNCs, a wealth of technologies would benefit from a nematic liquid crystal (LC) with CNC uniaxial alignment. Therefore, this study answers the central question of whether surfactant complexation suppresses CNC chirality in favor of nematic lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystallinity. Therein, we use a common surfactant having both nonionic and anionic blocks, namely, oligo(ethylene glycol) alkyl-3-sulfopropyl diether potassium salt (an alcohol ethoxy sulfonate (AES)). AES forms complexes with CNCs in toluene (a representative for nonpolar organic solvent) via hydrogen bonding with an AES' oligo(ethylene glycol) block. A sufficiently high AES weight fraction endows the dispersibility of CNC in toluene. Lyotropic liquid crystallinity with Schlieren textures containing two- and four-point brush defects is observed in polarized optical microscopy (POM), along with the suppression of the cholesteric fingerprint textures. The results suggest a nematic (Nem) phase in toluene. Moreover, thermotropic liquid crystallinity is observed by incorporating an excess of AES, in the absence of an additional solvent and upon mild heating. The Schlieren textures suggest a nematic system that undergoes uniaxial alignment under mild shear. Importantly, replacing AES with a corresponding nonionic surfactant does not lead to liquid crystalline properties, suggesting electrostatic structural control of the charged end group of AES. Overall, we introduce a new avenue to suppress CNC chirality to achieve nematic structures, which resolves the long-sought uniaxial alignment of CNCs in filaments, composite materials, and optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Majoinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT, Biomaterial Processing and Products, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Lotta Gustavsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Owies Wani
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Samira Kiefer
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Patrice Rannou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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6
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Svagan AJ, Vilaplana F, Pettersson T, Anusuyadevi PR, Henriksson G, Hedenqvist M. Centrifuge fractionation during purification of cellulose nanocrystals after acid hydrolysis and consequences on their chiral self-assembly. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121723. [PMID: 38220326 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The inherent colloidal dispersity (due to length, aspect ratio, surface charge heterogeneity) of CNCs, when produced using the typical traditional sulfuric acid hydrolysis route, presents a great challenge when interpreting colloidal properties and linking the CNC film nanostructure to the helicoidal self-assembly mechanism during drying. Indeed, further improvement of this CNC preparation route is required to yield films with better control over the CNC pitch and optical properties. Here we present a modified CNC-preparation protocol, by fractionating and harvesting CNCs with different average surface charges, rod lengths, aspect ratios, already during the centrifugation steps after hydrolysis. This enables faster CNC fractionation, because it is performed in a high ionic strength aqueous medium. By comparing dry films from the three CNC fractions, discrepancies in the CNC self-assembly and structural colors were clearly observed. Conclusively, we demonstrate a fast protocol to harvest different populations of CNCs, that enable tailored refinement of structural colors in CNC films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Svagan
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Dept. of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Dept. of Chemistry, Div. Glycoscience, Albanova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden; Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Dept. of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Prasaanth Ravi Anusuyadevi
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Dept. of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Materials Science and Engineering Department (MSE), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Dept. of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedenqvist
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Dept. of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Geng Y, Honorato-Rios C, Noh J, Lagerwall JPF. Cholesteric Spherical Reflectors with Tunable Color from Single-Domain Cellulose Nanocrystal Microshells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305251. [PMID: 37797655 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The wavelength- and polarization-selective Bragg reflection of visible light exhibited by films produced by drying cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) render these biosourced nanoparticles highly potent for many optical applications. While the conventionally produced films are flat, the CLC-derived helical CNC arrangement would acquire new powerful features if given spherical curvature. Drying CNC suspension droplets does not work, because the onset of kinetic arrest in droplets of anisotropic colloids leads to severe buckling and loss of spherical shape. Here, these problems are avoided by confining the CNC suspension in a spherical microshell surrounding an incompressible oil droplet. This prevents buckling, ensures strong helix pitch compression, and produces single-domain cholesteric spherical reflector particles with distinct visible color. Interestingly, the constrained shrinkage leads to spontaneous puncturing, leaving every particle with a single hole through which the inner oil phase can be extracted for recycling. By mixing two different CNC types at varying fractions, the retroreflection color is tuned throughout the visible spectrum. The new approach adds a versatile tool in the quest to utilize bioderived CLCs, enabling spherically curved particles with the same excellent optical quality and smooth surface as previously obtained only in flat films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Geng
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg
- Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - JungHyun Noh
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg
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8
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Williams CA, Parker RM, Kyriacou A, Murace M, Vignolini S. Inkjet Printed Photonic Cellulose Nanocrystal Patterns. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307563. [PMID: 37965844 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Naturally-sourced cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are elongated, birefringent nanoparticles that can undergo cholesteric self-assembly in water to produce vibrant, structurally colored films. As such, they are an ideal candidate for use as sustainable and cost-effective inks in the printing of scalable photonic coatings and bespoke patterns. However, the small volume and large surface area of a sessile CNC drop typically leads to rapid evaporation, resulting in microfilms with a coffee-stain-like morphology and very weak coloration. Here, it is demonstrated that inkjet printing of CNC drops directly through an immiscible oil layer can immediately inhibit water loss, resulting in reduced internal mass flows and greater time for cholesteric self-assembly. The color of each microfilm is determined by the initial composition of the drop, which can be tuned on-demand by exploiting the overprinting and coalescence of multiple smaller drops of different inks. This enables the production of multicolored patterns with complex optical behaviors, such as angle-dependent color and polarization-selective reflection. Finally, the array can be made responsive to stimuli (e.g., UV light, polar solvent) by the inclusion of a degradable additive. This suite of functional properties promotes inkjet-printed photonic CNC arrays for smart colorimetric labeling or optical anticounterfeiting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyan A Williams
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kyriacou
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Domino Printing UK, Trafalgar Way, Bar Hill, CB23 8TU, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Murace
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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9
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Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE, Parker RM, Vignolini S. Structural Color from Cellulose Nanocrystals or Chitin Nanocrystals: Self-Assembly, Optics, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12595-12756. [PMID: 38011110 PMCID: PMC10729353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concerns over the impact of human activity on the environment have resulted in a desire to replace artificial functional materials with naturally derived alternatives. As such, polysaccharides are drawing increasing attention due to offering a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible feedstock for functional nanomaterials. In particular, nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin have emerged as versatile and sustainable building blocks for diverse applications, ranging from mechanical reinforcement to structural coloration. Much of this interest arises from the tendency of these colloidally stable nanoparticles to self-organize in water into a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal, which can be readily manipulated in terms of its periodicity, structure, and geometry. Importantly, this helicoidal ordering can be retained into the solid-state, offering an accessible route to complex nanostructured films, coatings, and particles. In this review, the process of forming iridescent, structurally colored films from suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is summarized and the mechanisms underlying the chemical and physical phenomena at each stage in the process explored. Analogy is then drawn with chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), allowing for key differences to be critically assessed and strategies toward structural coloration to be presented. Importantly, the progress toward translating this technology from academia to industry is summarized, with unresolved scientific and technical questions put forward as challenges to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- International
Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department
of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- B
CUBE − Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Ballu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV-CNRS,
CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P.O. Box
15100, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin E. Droguet
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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10
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Attia D, Mendelson O, Levi-Kalisman Y, Bitton R, Yerushalmi-Rozen R. Enantioselective disruption of cellulose nanocrystal self-assembly into chiral nematic phases in D-alanine solutions. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16890-16895. [PMID: 37847510 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The chiral environment of enantiomerically pure D-alanine solutions is observed to disrupt and modify the entropy-driven assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) into a chiral nematic mesophase. The effect is specific to D-alanine and cannot be attributed to the adsorption of alanine molecules (neither D- nor L-alanine) onto the CNC particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Attia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Orit Mendelson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
- Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Department of Chemistry, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - Yael Levi-Kalisman
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and the Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ronit Bitton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscience and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rachel Yerushalmi-Rozen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscience and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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11
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Wang Q, Niu W, Feng S, Liu J, Liu H, Zhu Q. Accelerating Cellulose Nanocrystal Assembly into Chiral Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37464327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions self-assembled into chiral nematic liquid crystals. This property has enabled the development of versatile optical materials with fascinating properties. Nevertheless, the scale-up production and commercial success of chiral nematic CNC superstructures face significant challenges. Fabrication of chiral nematic CNC nanostructures suffers from a ubiquitous pernicious trade-off between uniform chiral nematic structure and rapid self-assembly. Specifically, the chiral nematic assembly of CNCs is a time-consuming, spontaneous process that involves the organization of particles into ordered nanostructures as the solvent evaporates. This review is driven by the interest in accelerating chiral nematic CNC assembly and promoting a long-range oriented chiral nematic CNC superstructure. To start this review, the chirality origins of CNC and CNC aggregates are analyzed. This is followed by a summary of the recent advances in stimuli-accelerated chiral nematic CNC self-assembly procedures, including evaporation-induced self-assembly, continuous coating, vacuum-assisted self-assembly, and shear-induced CNC assembly under confinement. In particular, stimuli-induced unwinding, alignment, and relaxation of chiral nematic structures were highlighted, offering a significant link between the accelerated assembly approaches and uniform chiral nematic nanostructures. Ultimately, future opportunities and challenges for rapid chiral nematic CNC assembly are discussed for more innovative and exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wen Niu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shixuan Feng
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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12
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Geng Y, Lagerwall JPF. Multiresponsive Cylindrically Symmetric Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fibers Templated by Tubular Confinement. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2301414. [PMID: 37186075 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrically symmetric cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer (CLCE) fibers templated by tubular confinement are reported, displaying mechanochromic, thermochromic, and thermomechanical responses. The synthesis inside a sacrificial tube secures radial orientation of the cholesteric helix, and the ground state retroreflection wavelength is easily tuned throughout the visible spectrum or into the near-infrared by varying the concentration of a chiral dopant. The fibers display continuous, repeatable, and quantitatively predictable mechanochromic response, reaching a blue shift of more than -220 nm for 180% elongation. The cylindrical symmetry renders the response identical in all directions perpendicular to the fiber axis, making them exceptionally useful for monitoring complex strains, as demonstrated in revealing local strain during tying of different knots. The CLCE reflection color can be revealed with high contrast against any background by taking advantage of the circularly polarized reflection. Upon heating, the fibers respond-fully reversibly-with red shift and radial expansion/axial contraction. However, there is no transition to an isotropic state, confirming a largely forgotten theoretical prediction by de Gennes. These fibers and the easy way of making them may open new windows for large-scale application in advanced wearable technology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Geng
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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13
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Dong X, Wang ZL, Song F, Wang XL, Wang YZ. Construction of cellulose structural-color pigments with tunable colors and iridescence/non-iridescence. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120877. [PMID: 37182967 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural colorations have been recognized as a significant way to replace conventional organic dyes for paints, inks, packaging, and cosmetics because of brilliant colors, high stability, and eco-friendliness. However, most current structural-color pigments present an iridescent appearance, and it remains difficult to mitigate a trade-off between lowering the iridescence effect and maintaining the color saturation and brightness. Here, we demonstrate a universal yet economical approach to prepare cellulose structural-color pigments with different sizes. A combined ultrasonication and grinding treatment is explored to adjust the pigment colors as well as control the iridescence-to-non-iridescence transition that depends on the pigment size. The cellulose pigments can be applied on irregular and curved surfaces, having high water-, chemical-, and mechanical-resistances. With humidity-sensing behaviors, the pigments can be further integrated into monitoring systems for environmental management. Such a preparation strategy overcomes the limitation of controlling iridescent and non-iridescent structural colors without sacrificing color properties, which may bring more opportunities to develop new eco-friendly pigments for wide applications.
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14
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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15
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Klockars KW, Greca LG, Majoinen J, Mihhels K, Rojas OJ, Tardy BL. Drying stresses in cellulose nanocrystal coatings: Impact of molecular and macromolecular additives. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 303:120465. [PMID: 36657848 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The industrial implementation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in films and coatings requires thorough evaluation of the internal stresses post-consolidation, as they cause fracturing and peeling. Characterizing the impact of plasticizing additives on stress is therefore critical. Herein, we use the deflection of thin glass substrates to measure drying stresses in consolidating CNC films, and benchmark the impact of five additives (glucose, glycerol, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and bovine serum albumin). Glycerol and PEG reduced drying stresses effectively, while PEG of increased molecular weight (from 0.2 to 10 kDa), PVA, and BSA were less effective. We analyzed the temporal aspects of the process, where stress relaxation of up to 30 % was observed 2 years after coating formation. Finally, we provide a framework to evaluate the impact of CNC morphology on residual stresses. The introduced approach is expected to fast-track the optimization and implementation of coatings based on biocolloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad W Klockars
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G Greca
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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16
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De France KJ, Kummer N, Campioni S, Nyström G. Phase Behavior, Self-Assembly, and Adhesive Potential of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Bovine Serum Albumin Amyloid Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1958-1968. [PMID: 36576901 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Structural organization is ubiquitous throughout nature and contributes to the outstanding mechanical/adhesive performance of organisms including geckoes, barnacles, and crustaceans. Typically, these types of structures are composed of polysaccharide and protein-based building blocks, and therefore, there is significant research interest in using similar building blocks in the fabrication of high-performance synthetic materials. Via evaporation-induced self-assembly, the organization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) into a chiral nematic regime results in the formation of structured CNC films with prominent mechanical, optical, and photonic properties. However, there remains an important knowledge gap in relating equilibrium suspension behavior to dry film structuring and other functional properties of CNC-based composite materials. Herein, we systematically investigate the phase behavior of composite suspensions of rigid CNCs and flexible bovine serum albumin (BSA) amyloids in relation to their self-assembly into ordered films and structural adhesives. Increasing the concentration of BSA amyloids in the CNC suspensions results in a clear decrease in the anisotropic fraction volume percent via the preferential accumulation of BSA amyloids in the isotropic regime (as a result of depletion interactions). This translates to a blue shift or compression of the chiral nematic pitch in dried films. Finally, we also demonstrate the synergistic adhesive potential of CNC-BSA amyloid composites, with ultimate lap shear strengths in excess of 500 N/mg. We anticipate that understanding the systematic relationships between material interactions and self-assembly in suspension such as those investigated here will pave the way for a new generation of structured composite materials with a variety of enhanced functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J De France
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Division Street, Kingston, OntarioK7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nico Kummer
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zürich8092, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Campioni
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zürich8092, Switzerland
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17
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Chang MH, Oh-e M. Kinetic arrest during the drying of cellulose nanocrystal films from aqueous suspensions analogous to the freezing of thermal motions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21042. [PMID: 36470939 PMCID: PMC9722664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of controlling the iridescence of cellulose films by manipulating the alignment and helical pitch of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is required to advance cellulose photonics and its optoelectronic applications. Aqueous suspensions of CNCs exhibit a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) phase with structural color; however, attaining a uniformly colored film is extremely difficult. Presumably, because multiple interrelated factors influence the CNC molecular alignment and helical pitch, existing models are not necessarily conclusive and remain a subject of debate. To eventually achieve homogeneously colored films, we compare aqueous CNC suspensions as a lyotropic liquid LC with thermotropic ones, and we spectroscopically confirm that the coloration of CNC droplets originates from the periodic CNC structure. The suspension drying process significantly influences the quality of iridescence of CNC films. Rapidly drying a droplet of a CNC suspension forms a concentric rainbow film, with red edges and a blue center, typical of the coffee-ring effect observed in air-dried films. By contrast, slow drying under controlled humidity, which reduces capillary flow, provides higher uniformity and a large blue area. Orbitally shaking films while drying under high humidity further improves the uniformity. Therefore, the evaporation rate significantly influences the thermodynamically stabilized helical pitch of CNCs, which determines the structural color. We qualitatively model the kinetic arrest induced by the rapid evaporation of lyotropic LCs in a manner equivalent to that induced by the rate of temperature change in thermotropic LCs and other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsiang Chang
- grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Institute of Photonics Technologies, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Masahito Oh-e
- grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Institute of Photonics Technologies, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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18
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Agha H, Geng Y, Ma X, Avşar DI, Kizhakidathazhath R, Zhang YS, Tourani A, Bavle H, Sanchez-Lopez JL, Voos H, Schwartz M, Lagerwall JPF. Unclonable human-invisible machine vision markers leveraging the omnidirectional chiral Bragg diffraction of cholesteric spherical reflectors. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:309. [PMID: 36284089 PMCID: PMC9592545 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The seemingly simple step of molding a cholesteric liquid crystal into spherical shape, yielding a Cholesteric Spherical Reflector (CSR), has profound optical consequences that open a range of opportunities for potentially transformative technologies. The chiral Bragg diffraction resulting from the helical self-assembly of cholesterics becomes omnidirectional in CSRs. This turns them into selective retroreflectors that are exceptionally easy to distinguish-regardless of background-by simple and low-cost machine vision, while at the same time they can be made largely imperceptible to human vision. This allows them to be distributed in human-populated environments, laid out in the form of QR-code-like markers that help robots and Augmented Reality (AR) devices to operate reliably, and to identify items in their surroundings. At the scale of individual CSRs, unpredictable features within each marker turn them into Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs), of great value for secure authentication. Via the machines reading them, CSR markers can thus act as trustworthy yet unobtrusive links between the physical world (buildings, vehicles, packaging,…) and its digital twin computer representation. This opens opportunities to address pressing challenges in logistics and supply chain management, recycling and the circular economy, sustainable construction of the built environment, and many other fields of individual, societal and commercial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakam Agha
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yong Geng
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Xu Ma
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Deniz Işınsu Avşar
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Yan-Song Zhang
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ali Tourani
- University of Luxembourg, Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), 1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hriday Bavle
- University of Luxembourg, Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), 1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jose-Luis Sanchez-Lopez
- University of Luxembourg, Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), 1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Holger Voos
- University of Luxembourg, Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), 1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg,University of Luxembourg, Department of Engineering, L-1359, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mathew Schwartz
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, College of Architecture and Design, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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19
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Abbasi Moud A. Chiral Liquid Crystalline Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals: Fundamentals and Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30673-30699. [PMID: 36092570 PMCID: PMC9453985 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
By using an independent self-assembly process that is occasionally controlled by evaporation, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) may create films (pure or in conjunction with other materials) that have iridescent structural colors. The self-forming chiral nematic structures and environmental safety of a new class of photonic liquid crystals (LCs), referred to as CNCs and CNC-embedded materials, make them simple to make and treat. The structure of the matrix interacts with light to give structural coloring, as opposed to other dye pigments, which interact with light by adsorption and reflection. Understanding how CNC self-assembly constructs structures is vital in several fields, including physics, science, and engineering. To constructure this review, the colloidal characteristics of CNC particles and their behavior during the formation of liquid crystals and gelling were studied. Then, some of the recognized applications for these naturally occurring nanoparticles were summarized. Different factors were considered, including the CNC aspect ratio, surface chemistry, concentration, the amount of time needed to produce an anisotropic phase, and the addition of additional substances to the suspension medium. The effects of alignment and the drying process conditions on structural changes are also covered. The focus of this study however is on the optical properties of the films as well as the impact of the aforementioned factors on the final transparency, iridescent colors, and versus the overall response of these bioinspired photonic materials. Control of the examined factors was found to be necessary to produce reliable materials for optoelectronics, intelligent inks and papers, transparent flexible support for electronics, and decorative coatings and films.
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20
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Carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal films with tunable chiroptical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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da Rosa RR, Silva PES, Saraiva DV, Kumar A, de Sousa APM, Sebastião P, Fernandes SN, Godinho MH. Cellulose Nanocrystal Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions: Evidence of Density Inversion at the Isotropic-Liquid Crystal Phase Transition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108227. [PMID: 35502142 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The colloidal suspensions of aqueous cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are known to form liquid crystalline (LC) systems above certain critical concentrations. From an isotropic phase, tactoid formation, growth, and sedimentation have been determined as the genesis of a high-density cholesteric phase, which, after drying, originates solid iridescent films. Herein, the coexistence of a liquid crystal upper phase and an isotropic bottom phase in CNC aqueous suspensions at the isotropic-nematic phase separation is reported. Furthermore, isotropic spindle-like domains are observed in the low-density LC phase and high-density LC phases are also prepared. The CNCs isolated from the low- and high-density LC phases are found to have similar average lengths, diameters, and surface charges. The existence of an LC low-density phase is explained by the presence of air dissolved in the water present within the CNCs. The air dissolves out when the water solidifies into ice and remains within the CNCs. The self-adjustment of the cellulose chain conformation enables the entrapment of air within the CNCs and CNC buoyancy in aqueous suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela R da Rosa
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Pedro E S Silva
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Diogo V Saraiva
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Anant Kumar
- Centro de Física e Engenharia de Materiais Avançados, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - António P Mendes de Sousa
- RAIZ - Forest and Paper Research Institute, Quinta de S. Francisco, Rua José Estevão (EN 230-1), Eixo, 3800-783, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sebastião
- Centro de Física e Engenharia de Materiais Avançados, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Susete N Fernandes
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Godinho
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
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22
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Parker RM, Zhao TH, Frka-Petesic B, Vignolini S. Cellulose photonic pigments. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3378. [PMID: 35697688 PMCID: PMC9192732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When pursuing sustainable approaches to fabricate photonic structures, nature can be used as a source of inspiration for both the nanoarchitecture and the constituent materials. Although several biomaterials have been promised as suitable candidates for photonic materials and pigments, their fabrication processes have been limited to the small to medium-scale production of films. Here, by employing a substrate-free process, structurally coloured microparticles are produced via the confined self-assembly of a cholesteric cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspension within emulsified microdroplets. Upon drying, the droplets undergo multiple buckling events, which allow for greater contraction of the nanostructure than predicted for a spherical geometry. This buckling, combined with a solvent or thermal post-treatment, enables the production of dispersions of vibrant red, green, and blue cellulose photonic pigments. The hierarchical structure of these pigments enables the deposition of coatings with angular independent colour, offering a consistent visual appearance across a wide range of viewing angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tianheng H Zhao
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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23
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Wang T, Meng X, Lu S, Ma T, Hu X, Song Y. The preparation of cellulose nanocrystal/1,
3
‐butylene glycol composite structural color films and humidity‐responsive. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Xiangnan Meng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Shuyu Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Xinna Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Yi Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China
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24
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Parton TG, Parker RM, van de Kerkhof GT, Narkevicius A, Haataja JS, Frka-Petesic B, Vignolini S. Chiral self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals is driven by crystallite bundles. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2657. [PMID: 35550506 PMCID: PMC9098854 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of chirality across length-scales is an intriguing and universal natural phenomenon. However, connecting the properties of individual building blocks to the emergent features of their resulting large-scale structure remains a challenge. In this work, we investigate the origins of mesophase chirality in cellulose nanocrystal suspensions, whose self-assembly into chiral photonic films has attracted significant interest. By correlating the ensemble behaviour in suspensions and films with a quantitative morphological analysis of the individual nanoparticles, we reveal an inverse relationship between the cholesteric pitch and the abundance of laterally-bound composite particles. These 'bundles' thus act as colloidal chiral dopants, analogous to those used in molecular liquid crystals, providing the missing link in the hierarchical transfer of chirality from the molecular to the colloidal scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Parton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Richard M Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Gea T van de Kerkhof
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Johannes S Haataja
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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25
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Kuhnhold A, van der Schoot P. Structure of nematic tactoids of hard rods. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:104501. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study by means of Monte Carlo simulations the internal structure of nematic droplets or tactoids formed by hard, rod-like particles in a gas of spherical ghost particles that act as depletion agents for the rods. We find that the shape and internal structure of tactoids are strongly affected by the size of the droplets. The monotonically increasing degree of nematic order with increasing particle density that characterizes the bulk nematic phase is locally violated and more so the smaller the tactoid. We also investigate the impact of an external quadrupolar alignment field on tactoids and find that this tends to make the director field more uniform, but not to very significantly increase the tactoid’s aspect ratio. This agrees with recent theoretical predictions yet is at variance with experimental observations and dynamical simulations. We explain this discrepancy in terms of competing relaxation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kuhnhold
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg (Breisgau), Germany
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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26
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Cohen N, Attia D, Levi‐Kalisman Y, Bitton R, Yerushalmi‐Rozen R. Emergent hybrid mesophases in ternary mixtures of cellulose nanocrystals ‐ Pluronic micelles‐water. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neta Cohen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - David Attia
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Yael Levi‐Kalisman
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and The Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ronit Bitton
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscience and Technology Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Rachel Yerushalmi‐Rozen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscience and Technology Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
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27
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Shi Y, Ye X, Shen L, Bao N. Scalable production of concentrated graphene oxide dispersion from acidic graphite oxide within one system. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Qin J, Li N, Jiang M, Zong L, Yang H, Yuan Y, Zhang J. Ultrasonication pretreatment assisted rapid co-assembly of cellulose nanocrystal and metal ion for multifunctional application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118829. [PMID: 34893246 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Co-assembly of metal ion and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is a promising strategy to fabricate novel iridescent CNC materials with advanced applications. By combining ultrasonication pretreatment and vacuum-assisted self-assembly (VASA) technique, a facile and rapid strategy is proposed to prepare the Mn2+-doped carboxylated CNC (C-CNC) iridescent films with multifunctional application. The ultrasonication pretreatment temporarily disassembles the aggregates of C-CNC nanorods caused by the electrostatic interaction between negative charged C-CNC and Mn2+. The subsequent VASA process accelerates the self-assembly of chiral liquid crystals prior to the re-agglomeration of C-CNC by the bridge effect of Mn2+. Furthermore, the as-prepared Mn2+/CNC film exhibits a rapid and visible color change in ammonia atmosphere along with the formation of MnO2. The reversible change can be realized by the stimulation of reducing agent. The derived MnO2/C-CNC composite film displays efficient removal of methylene blue dye in aqueous solution by both of adsorption and degradation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Qin
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lu Zong
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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29
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Kaschuk JJ, Al Haj Y, Rojas OJ, Miettunen K, Abitbol T, Vapaavuori J. Plant-Based Structures as an Opportunity to Engineer Optical Functions in Next-Generation Light Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104473. [PMID: 34699648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the reconstruction of structural plant components (cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses) into materials displaying advanced optical properties. The strategies to isolate the main building blocks are discussed, and the effects of fibrillation, fibril alignment, densification, self-assembly, surface-patterning, and compositing are presented considering their role in engineering optical performance. Then, key elements that enable lignocellulosic to be translated into materials that present optical functionality, such as transparency, haze, reflectance, UV-blocking, luminescence, and structural colors, are described. Mapping the optical landscape that is accessible from lignocellulosics is shown as an essential step toward their utilization in smart devices. Advanced materials built from sustainable resources, including those obtained from industrial or agricultural side streams, demonstrate enormous promise in optoelectronics due to their potentially lower cost, while meeting or even exceeding current demands in performance. The requirements are summarized for the production and application of plant-based optically functional materials in different smart material applications and the review is concluded with a perspective about this active field of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Jaqueline Kaschuk
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, 00076, Finland
| | - Yazan Al Haj
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, 00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kati Miettunen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20500, Finland
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, SE-114 28, Sweden
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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30
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Chiappini M, Dussi S, Frka-Petesic B, Vignolini S, Dijkstra M. Modeling the cholesteric pitch of apolar cellulose nanocrystal suspensions using a chiral hard-bundle model. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:014904. [PMID: 34998357 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are naturally sourced elongated nanocolloids that form cholesteric phases in water and apolar solvents. It is well accepted that CNCs are made of bundles of crystalline microfibrils clustered side-by-side, and there is growing evidence that each individual microfibril is twisted. Yet, the origin of the chiral interactions between CNCs remains unclear. In this work, CNCs are described with a simple model of chiral hard splinters, enabling the prediction of the pitch using density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations. The predicted pitch P compares well with experimental observations in cotton-based CNC dispersions in apolar solvents using surfactants but also with qualitative trends caused by fractionation or tip sonication in aqueous suspensions. These results suggest that the bundle shape induces an entropy-driven chiral interaction between CNCs, which is the missing link in explaining how chirality is transferred from the molecular scale of cellulose chains to the cholesteric order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Chiappini
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Dussi
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Marjolein Dijkstra
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Seidi F, Yazdi MK, Jouyandeh M, Habibzadeh S, Munir MT, Vahabi H, Bagheri B, Rabiee N, Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR. Crystalline polysaccharides: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118624. [PMID: 34742405 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biodegradability and mechanical properties of polysaccharides are dependent on their architecture (linear or branched) as well as their crystallinity (size of crystals and crystallinity percent). The amount of crystalline zones in the polysaccharide significantly governs their ultimate properties and applications (from packaging to biomedicine). Although synthesis, characterization, and properties of polysaccharides have been the subject of several review papers, the effects of crystallization kinetics and crystalline domains on the properties and application have not been comprehensively addressed. This review places focus on different aspects of crystallization of polysaccharides as well as applications of crystalline polysaccharides. Crystallization of cellulose, chitin, chitosan, and starch, as the main members of this family, were discussed. Then, application of the aforementioned crystalline polysaccharides and nano-polysaccharides as well as their physical and chemical interactions were overviewed. This review attempts to provide a complete picture of crystallization-property relationship in polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Babak Bagheri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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32
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Schelski K, Reyes CG, Pschyklenk L, Kaul PM, Lagerwall JP. Quantitative volatile organic compound sensing with liquid crystal core fibers. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2021; 2:100661. [PMID: 35028624 PMCID: PMC8724680 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polymer fibers with liquid crystals (LCs) in the core have potential as autonomous sensors of airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with a high surface-to-volume ratio enabling fast and sensitive response and an attractive non-woven textile form factor. We demonstrate their ability to continuously and quantitatively measure the concentration of toluene, cyclohexane, and isopropanol as representative VOCs, via the impact of each VOC on the LC birefringence. The response is fully reversible and repeatable over several cycles, the response time can be as low as seconds, and high sensitivity is achieved when the operating temperature is near the LC-isotropic transition temperature. We propose that a broad operating temperature range can be realized by combining fibers with different LC mixtures, yielding autonomous VOC sensors suitable for integration in apparel or in furniture that can compete with existing consumer-grade electronic VOC sensors in terms of sensitivity and response speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schelski
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a Avenue de la Faiencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Institute of Safety and Security Research, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Catherine G. Reyes
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a Avenue de la Faiencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Institute of Safety and Security Research, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Lukas Pschyklenk
- Institute of Safety and Security Research, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Kaul
- Institute of Safety and Security Research, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Jan P.F. Lagerwall
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a Avenue de la Faiencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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33
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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34
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Surfactant-Mediated Co-Existence of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks and Cellulose Nanocrystal Mesophases. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113059. [PMID: 34835823 PMCID: PMC8624387 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hybrids comprising cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and percolated networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) may serve for the casting of hybrid materials with improved optical, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. However, CNC-dispersed SWNTs are depleted from the chiral nematic (N*) phase and enrich the isotropic phase. Herein, we report that SWNTs dispersed by non-ionic surfactant or triblock copolymers are incorporated within the surfactant-mediated CNC mesophases. Small-angle X-ray measurements indicate that the nanostructure of the hybrid phases is only slightly modified by the presence of the surfactants, and the chiral nature of the N* phase is preserved. Cryo-TEM and Raman spectroscopy show that SWNTs networks with typical mesh size from hundreds of nanometers to microns are distributed equally between the two phases. We suggest that the adsorption of the surfactants or polymers mediates the interfacial interaction between the CNCs and SWNTs, enhancing the formation of co-existing meso-structures in the hybrid phases.
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35
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Miyagi K, Teramoto Y. Construction of Functional Materials in Various Material Forms from Cellulosic Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2969. [PMID: 34835733 PMCID: PMC8621230 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Wide use of bio-based polymers could play a key role in facilitating a more sustainable society because such polymers are renewable and ecofriendly. Cellulose is a representative bio-based polymer and has been used in various materials. To further expand the application of cellulose, it is crucial to develop functional materials utilizing cellulosic physicochemical properties that are acknowledged but insufficiently applied. Cellulose derivatives and cellulose nanocrystals exhibit a cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLC) property based on rigidity and chirality, and this property is promising for constructing next-generation functional materials. The form of such materials is an important factor because material form is closely related with function. To date, researchers have reported cellulosic ChLC materials with a wide range of material forms-such as films, gels, mesoporous materials, and emulsions-for diverse functions. We first briefly review the fundamental aspects of cellulosic ChLCs. Then we comprehensively review research on cellulosic ChLC functional materials in terms of their material forms. Thus, this review provides insights into the creation of novel cellulosic ChLC functional materials based on material form designed toward the expanded application of cellulosics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Miyagi
- Department of Forest Resource Chemistry, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba 3058687, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Teramoto
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan
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36
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Abstract
A bio-photonic cavity quantum electrodynamic (C-QED) framework could be imagined as a system in which both the “cavity” and the “atom” participating in the light-matter interaction scenario are bio-inspired. Can a cavity be made of a bio-polymer? If so, how should such a cavity appear and what are the best polymers to fabricate it? Can a bioluminescent material stand the comparison with new-fashion semiconductors? In this review we answer these fundamental questions to pave the way toward an eco-friendly paradigm, in which the ever-increasing demand for more performing quantum photonics technologies meets the ever-increasing yet silent demand of our planet to reduce our environmental footprint.
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37
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Juárez-Rivera OR, Mauricio-Sánchez RA, Järrendahl K, Arwin H, Mendoza-Galván A. Shear-Coated Linear Birefringent and Chiral Cellulose Nanocrystal Films Prepared from Non-Sonicated Suspensions with Different Storage Time. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2239. [PMID: 34578554 PMCID: PMC8465068 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses are very attractive materials for creating structured films with unique optical properties using different preparation techniques. Evaporation-induced self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) aqueous suspensions produces iridescent films with selective circular Bragg reflection. Blade coating of sonicated CNC suspensions leads to birefringent CNC films. In this work, fabrication of both birefringent and chiral films from non-sonicated CNC suspensions using a shear-coating method is studied. Polarization optical microscopy and steady-state viscosity profiles show that non-sonicated CNC suspensions (concentration of 6.5 wt%) evolve with storage time from a gel-like shear-thinning fluid to a mixture of isotropic and chiral nematic liquid crystalline phases. Shear-coated films prepared from non-sonicated fresh CNC suspensions are birefringent, whereas films prepared from suspensions stored several weeks show reflection of left-handed polarized light. Quantification of linear and circular birefringence as well circular dichroism in the films is achieved by using a Mueller matrix formalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rubi Juárez-Rivera
- Cinvestav-Unidad Querétaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (O.R.J.-R.); (R.A.M.-S.)
| | | | - Kenneth Järrendahl
- Materials Optics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; (K.J.); (H.A.)
| | - Hans Arwin
- Materials Optics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; (K.J.); (H.A.)
| | - Arturo Mendoza-Galván
- Cinvestav-Unidad Querétaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (O.R.J.-R.); (R.A.M.-S.)
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38
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Delepierre G, Traeger H, Adamcik J, Cranston ED, Weder C, Zoppe JO. Liquid Crystalline Properties of Symmetric and Asymmetric End-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3552-3564. [PMID: 34297531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophilic polymer poly[2-(2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy)ethylacrylate] (POEG3A) was grafted onto the reducing end-groups (REGs) of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) allomorphs, and their liquid crystalline properties were investigated. The REGs on CNCs extracted from cellulose I (CNC-I) are exclusively located at one end of the crystallite, whereas CNCs extracted from cellulose II (CNC-II) feature REGs at both ends of the crystallite, so that grafting from the REGs affords asymmetrically and symmetrically decorated CNCs, respectively. To confirm the REG modification, several complementary analytical techniques were applied. The grafting of POEG3A onto the CNC REGs was evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and the coil-globule conformational transition of this polymer above 60 °C, i.e., its lower critical solution temperature. Furthermore, we investigated the self-assembly of end-tethered CNC-hybrids into chiral nematic liquid crystalline phases. Above a critical concentration, both end-grafted CNC allomorphs form chiral nematic tactoids. The introduction of POEG3A to CNC-I does not disturb the surface of the CNCs along the rods, allowing the modified CNCs to approach each other and form helicoidal textures. End-grafted CNC-II formed chiral nematic tactoids with a pitch observable by polarized optical microscopy. This is likely due to their increase in hydrodynamic radius or the introduced steric stabilization of the end-grafted polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Adamcik
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Justin O Zoppe
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Delepierre G, Vanderfleet OM, Niinivaara E, Zakani B, Cranston ED. Benchmarking Cellulose Nanocrystals Part II: New Industrially Produced Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8393-8409. [PMID: 34250804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The demand for industrially produced cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has been growing since 2012, when CelluForce Inc. opened its inaugural demonstration plant with a production capacity of 1 tonne per day. Currently, there are 10 industrial CNC producers worldwide, each producing a unique material. Thus, academic researchers and commercial users alike must consider the properties of all available CNCs and carefully select the material which will optimize the performance of their desired application. To support these efforts, this article presents a thorough characterization of four new industrially produced CNCs including sulfated CNCs from NORAM Engineering and Constructors Ltd. (in cooperation with InnoTech Alberta and Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc.) and Melodea Ltd., as well as carboxylated CNCs from Anomera Inc. and Blue Goose Biorefineries Inc. These materials were benchmarked against typical lab-made, sulfated CNCs. While all CNCs were similar in size, shape, crystallinity, and suspension quality, the sulfated CNCs had a higher surface charge density than their carboxylated counterparts, leading to higher colloidal stability. Additionally, significant differences in the rheological profiles of aqueous CNC suspensions, as well as CNC thermal stability and self-assembly behavior, were observed. As such, this article highlights both the subtle and significant differences between five CNC types and acts as a guide for end-users looking to optimize the performance of CNC-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Delepierre
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Oriana M Vanderfleet
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Behzad Zakani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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40
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Prince E, Wang Y, Smalyukh II, Kumacheva E. Cylindrical Confinement of Nanocolloidal Cholesteric Liquid Crystal. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8243-8250. [PMID: 34259528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The organization of nanocolloidal liquid crystals in constrained geometries has fundamental and practical importance, since under confinement, liquid crystals contain stable topological defects that can serve as templates for nanoparticle organization. Three-dimensional confinement of cholesteric (Ch) liquid crystals formed by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been extensively studied; however, their two-dimensional confinement remains under-investigated. Here, we report the results of systematic experimental studies of two-dimensional confinement of Ch-CNC liquid crystal in cylindrical capillaries with varying inner diameters. Confinement resulted in phase separation of the Ch-CNC liquid crystal into a Ch shell formed by concentric CNC pseudolayers with the helicoidal axis perpendicular to the inner surface of the capillary walls, and a micrometer-diameter isotropic core thread running parallel to the long axis of the capillary. The morphology of the confined Ch-CNC liquid crystal varied when progressively increasing the degree confinement. Finally, we show that phase separation of the Ch-CNC liquid crystal into a Ch shell and an isotropic core is preserved in flexible capillary tubing, suggesting the applicability of this system for the fabrication of flexible optical waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Prince
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yongliang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ivan I Smalyukh
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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41
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Quantification of Optical Chirality in Cellulose Nanocrystal Films Prepared by Shear-Coating. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evaporation-induced-self-assembly is widely used to produce chiral cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) free-standing films reflecting left-handed polarized light. Research on supported chiral CNC films is rather scarce. The reflection and/or transmission of unpolarized light are the most common optical techniques used to characterize the selective reflection of CNC films whereas the use of techniques to quantify chiral properties is limited. Here, the fabrication of chiral CNC films supported on glass substrates by a shear-coating method, as well as a full characterization of their polarization properties, are reported. Optical chirality is evidenced in films, showing a brilliant blue structural color when viewed through a left-handed polarizer and darkness through a right-handed polarizer. Mueller-matrix data in the reflection and transmission modes are used to quantitatively characterize the structural origin of color in the films. The quantification of the linear and circular birefringence, as well as circular dichroism, is performed by analytical inversion of the Mueller matrix data in the transmission mode and regression analysis using Tellegen constitutive equations. The equivalence of the two methods to quantify the structural chirality in CNC films is demonstrated. The swelling of films in water and kinetics during drying is studied by reflection spectroscopy.
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42
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Delepierre G, Heise K, Malinen K, Koso T, Pitkänen L, Cranston ED, Kilpeläinen I, Kostiainen MA, Kontturi E, Weder C, Zoppe JO, King AWT. Challenges in Synthesis and Analysis of Asymmetrically Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2702-2717. [PMID: 34060815 PMCID: PMC8382247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are isolated from cellulose microfibrils, the parallel arrangement of the cellulose chains in the crystalline domains is retained so that all reducing end-groups (REGs) point to one crystallite end. This permits the selective chemical modification of one end of the CNCs. In this study, two reaction pathways are compared to selectively attach atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators to the REGs of CNCs, using reductive amination. This modification further enabled the site-specific grafting of the anionic polyelectrolyte poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) from the CNCs. Different analytical methods, including colorimetry and solution-state NMR analysis, were combined to confirm the REG-modification with ATRP-initiators and PSS. The achieved grafting yield was low due to either a limited conversion of the CNC REGs or side reactions on the polymerization initiator during the reductive amination. The end-tethered CNCs were easy to redisperse in water after freeze-drying, and the shear birefringence of colloidal suspensions is maintained after this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Kiia Malinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Pitkänen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department
of Wood Science, The University of British
Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Justin O. Zoppe
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
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43
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Kádár R, Spirk S, Nypelö T. Cellulose Nanocrystal Liquid Crystal Phases: Progress and Challenges in Characterization Using Rheology Coupled to Optics, Scattering, and Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7931-7945. [PMID: 33756078 PMCID: PMC8158857 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) self-assemble and can be flow-assembled to liquid crystalline orders in a water suspension. The orders range from nano- to macroscale with the contributions of individual crystals, their micron clusters, and macroscopic assemblies. The resulting hierarchies are optically active materials that exhibit iridescence, reflectance, and light transmission. Although these assemblies have the potential for future renewable materials, details about structures on different hierarchical levels that span from the nano- to the macroscale are still not unraveled. Rheological characterization is essential for investigating flow properties; however, bulk material properties make it difficult to capture the various length-scales during assembly of the suspensions, for example, in simple shear flow. Rheometry is combined with other characterization methods to allow direct analysis of the structure development in the individual hierarchical levels. While optical techniques, scattering, and spectroscopy are often used to complement rheological observations, coupling them in situ to allow simultaneous observation is paramount to fully understand the details of CNC assembly from liquid to solid. This Review provides an overview of achievements in the coupled analytics, as well as our current opinion about opportunities to unravel the structural distinctiveness of cellulose nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kádár
- Department
of Industrial Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute
of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz
University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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44
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Bast L, Klockars KW, Greca LG, Rojas OJ, Tardy BL, Bruns N. Infiltration of Proteins in Cholesteric Cellulose Structures. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2067-2080. [PMID: 33899466 PMCID: PMC8154265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can spontaneously self-assemble into chiral nematic (cn) structures, similar to natural cholesteric organizations. The latter display highly dissipative fracture propagation mechanisms given their "brick" (particles) and "mortar" (soft matrix) architecture. Unfortunately, CNCs in liquid media have strong supramolecular interactions with most macromolecules, leading to aggregated suspensions. Herein, we describe a method to prepare nanocomposite materials from chiral nematic CNCs (cn-CNCs) with strongly interacting secondary components. Films of cn-CNCs were infiltrated at various loadings with strongly interacting silk proteins and bovine serum albumin. For comparison and to determine the molecular weight range of macromolecules that can infiltrate cn-CNC films, they were also infiltrated with a range of poly(ethylene glycol) polymers that do not interact strongly with CNCs. The extent and impact of infiltration were evaluated by studying the optical reflection properties of the resulting hybrid materials (UV-vis spectroscopy), while fracture dissipation mechanisms were observed via electron microscopy. We propose that infiltration of cn-CNCs enables the introduction of virtually any secondary phase for nanocomposite formation that is otherwise not possible using simple mixing or other conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia
K. Bast
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad W. Klockars
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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45
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Xu YT, Mody UV, MacLachlan MJ. Tuning the photonic properties of graphene oxide suspensions with nanostructured additives. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7558-7565. [PMID: 33876810 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photonic materials that can selectively reflect light across the visible spectrum are valuable for applications in optical devices, sensors, and decoration. Although two-dimensional (2D) colloids that stack into layers with spacing of hundreds of nanometers are able to selectively diffract light, controlling their separation in solution has proven challenging. In this work, we investigate the role of additives to control the photonic properties of hybrid colloidal suspensions of graphene oxide (GO). We discovered that low concentrations of colloidal additives like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and clay nanoparticles (hectorite) added to GO suspensions lead to dramatic color changes. These hybrid colloidal suspensions demonstrate tunable structural colors and temperature-sensitive properties that likely originate from the entropically driven ejection of guests between the sheets, and from the interactions between colloidal electrical double layers and additional counterions. On the other hand, blending polymeric or molecular additives with GO suspensions either deteriorates or does not impact the photonic properties. These results are helpful to understand the interaction between GO suspensions and additives over different length scales, and open a path to advancing photonic materials based on hybrid colloidal suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Urmi Vijay Mody
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada. and Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada and WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan and Bioproducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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46
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Ackroyd AJ, Holló G, Mundoor H, Zhang H, Gang O, Smalyukh II, Lagzi I, Kumacheva E. Self-organization of nanoparticles and molecules in periodic Liesegang-type structures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe3801. [PMID: 33863721 PMCID: PMC8051880 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemical organization in reaction-diffusion systems offers a strategy for the generation of materials with ordered morphologies and structural hierarchy. Periodic structures are formed by either molecules or nanoparticles. On the premise of new directing factors and materials, an emerging frontier is the design of systems in which the precipitation partners are nanoparticles and molecules. We show that solvent evaporation from a suspension of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and l-(+)-tartaric acid [l-(+)-TA] causes phase separation and precipitation, which, being coupled with a reaction/diffusion, results in rhythmic alternation of CNC-rich and l-(+)-TA-rich rings. The CNC-rich regions have a cholesteric structure, while the l-(+)-TA-rich bands are formed by radially aligned elongated bundles. The moving edge of the pattern propagates with a finite constant velocity, which enables control of periodicity by varying film preparation conditions. This work expands knowledge about self-organizing reaction-diffusion systems and offers a strategy for the design of self-organizing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Ackroyd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gábor Holló
- BME-MTA Condensed Matter Physics Research Group, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Haridas Mundoor
- Department of Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Honghu Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Oleg Gang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ivan I Smalyukh
- Department of Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - István Lagzi
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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47
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Structure-dependent re-dispersibility of graphene oxide powders prepared by fast spray drying. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Heise K, Kontturi E, Allahverdiyeva Y, Tammelin T, Linder MB, Ikkala O. Nanocellulose: Recent Fundamental Advances and Emerging Biological and Biomimicking Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004349. [PMID: 33289188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the effort toward sustainable advanced functional materials, nanocelluloses have attracted extensive recent attention. Nanocelluloses range from rod-like highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to longer and more entangled cellulose nanofibers, earlier denoted also as microfibrillated celluloses and bacterial cellulose. In recent years, they have spurred research toward a wide range of applications, ranging from nanocomposites, viscosity modifiers, films, barrier layers, fibers, structural color, gels, aerogels and foams, and energy applications, until filtering membranes, to name a few. Still, nanocelluloses continue to show surprisingly high challenges to master their interactions and tailorability to allow well-controlled assemblies for functional materials. Rather than trying to review the already extensive nanocellulose literature at large, here selected aspects of the recent progress are the focus. Water interactions, which are central for processing for the functional properties, are discussed first. Then advanced hybrid gels toward (multi)stimuli responses, shape-memory materials, self-healing, adhesion and gluing, biological scaffolding, and forensic applications are discussed. Finally, composite fibers are discussed, as well as nanocellulose as a strategy for improvement of photosynthesis-based chemicals production. In summary, selected perspectives toward new directions for sustainable high-tech functional materials science based on nanocelluloses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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49
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Meddeb AB, Chae I, Scurti F, Schwartz J, Kim SH, Ounaies Z. From a cholesteric non-aqueous cellulose nanocrystal suspension to a highly ordered film. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2020.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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De France KJ, Kummer N, Ren Q, Campioni S, Nyström G. Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystal–Lysozyme Composite Films with Varied Lysozyme Morphology. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5139-5147. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. De France
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nico Kummer
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9041 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Campioni
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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