Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems

The potential influence of microplastics on the microbiome and disease susceptibility in sea turtles

Microplastics (MPs) are particles with sizes of ≤5 mm formed when plastic materials break down. These contaminants are often found in marine environments, making it easy for sea turtles to ingest them and for their microbiome to be exposed. MPs can disrupt microbiome balance, leading to dysbiosis and making organisms more susceptible to diseases. Owing to the significance of these processes, it is crucial to dedicate research to studying the metabolic and genetic analysis of the gut microbiome in sea turtles. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of exposure to MPs on the gut microbiome of sea turtles, based on current knowledge. This review also aimed to explore the potential link between MP exposure and disease susceptibility in these animals. We show that the metabolites produced by the gut microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), polyamines, and polysaccharide A, can regulate the expression of host genes. Regulation occurs through various mechanisms, including histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and the modulation of cytokine gene expression. These processes are essential for preserving the integrity of the gut mucosa and enhancing the functionality of immune cells. Exposure to MPs disrupts the gut microbiome and alters gene expression, leading to immune system disturbances in sea turtles. This vulnerability makes turtles more susceptible to opportunistic microorganisms such as chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChAHV5), which is linked to the development of fibropapillomatosis (FP). Additionally, targeted dietary interventions or the use of live microorganisms such as probiotics can help restore microbial biodiversity and recover lost metabolic pathways. The goal of these interventions is to restore the functionality of the immune system in sea turtles undergoing rehabilitation at specialized centers. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in sea turtle health, sparking discussions and investigations that can potentially lead to promising treatments for these animals.

Synergy between nanoplastics and benzo[a]pyrene promotes senescence by aggravating ferroptosis and impairing mitochondria integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans

Micro-nano plastics have been reported as important carriers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for long-distance migration in the environment. However, the combined toxicity from long-term chronic exposure beyond the vehicle-release mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the synergistic action of Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and Polystyrene nanoparticles (PS) in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a combined exposure model with environmental concentrations. We found that the combined exposure to BaP and PS, as opposed to single exposures at low concentrations, significantly shortened the lifespan of C. elegans, leading to the occurrence of multiple senescence phenotypes. Multi-omics data indicated that the combined exposure to BaP and PS is associated with the disruption of glutathione homeostasis. Consequently, the accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) cannot be effectively cleared, which is highly correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the increase in ROS promoted lipid peroxidation in C. elegans and downregulated Ferritin-1 (Ftn-1), resulting in ferroptosis and ultimately accelerating the aging process of C. elegans. Collectively, our study provides a new perspective to explain the long-term compound toxicity caused by BaP and PS at real-world exposure concentrations.

Size-dependent deleterious effects of nano- and microplastics on sperm motility

INTRODUCTION

Growing concerns regarding the reproductive toxicity associated with daily life exposure to micro-/nano-plastics (abbreviated as MNPs) have become increasingly prevalent. In reality, MNPs exposure involves a heterogeneous mixture of MNPs of different sizes rather than a single size.

METHODS

In this study, an oral exposure mouse model was used to evaluate the effects of MNPs of four size ranges: 25-30 nm, 1-5 µm, 20-27 µm, and 125-150 µm. Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were administered environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.1 mg MNPs/day for 21 days. After that, open field test and computer assisted sperm assessment (CASA) were conducted. Immunohistochemical analyses of organ and cell type localization of MNPs were evaluated. Testicular transcriptome analysis was carried out to understand the molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

Our result showed that MNPs of different size ranges all impaired sperm motility, with a decrease in progressive sperm motility, linearity and straight-line velocity of sperm movement. Alterations did not manifest in animal locomotion, body weight, or sperm count. Noteworthy effects were most pronounced in the smaller MNPs size ranges (25-30 nm and 1-5 µm). Linear regression analysis substantiated a negative correlation between the size of MNPs and sperm curvilinear activity. Immunohistochemical analysis unveiled the intrusions of 1-5 µm MNPs, but not 20-27 µm and 125-150 µm MNPs, into Leydig cells and testicular macrophages. Further testicular transcriptomic analysis revealed perturbations in pathways related to spermatogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Particularly within the 1-5 µm MNPs group, a heightened perturbation in pathways linked to spermatogenesis and oxidative stress was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data support the size-dependent impairment of MNPs on sperm functionality, underscoring the pressing need for apprehensions about and interventions against the escalation of environmental micro-/nano-plastics contamination. This urgency is especially pertinent to small-sized MNPs.

A systematic review on the impact of micro-nanoplastics on human health: Potential modulation of epigenetic mechanisms and identification of biomarkers

Epigenetic-mediated modifications, induced by adverse environmental conditions, significantly alter an organism's physiological mechanisms. Even after elimination of the stimulus, these epigenetic modifications can be inherited through mitosis, thereby triggering transgenerational epigenetics. Plastics, with their versatile properties, are indispensable in various aspects of daily life. However, due to mismanagement, plastics have become so ubiquitous in the environment that no ecosystem on Earth is free from micro-nanoplastics (MNPs). This situation has raised profound concerns regarding their potential impact on human health. Recently, both in vivo animal and in vitro human cellular models have shown the potential to identify the harmful effects of MNPs at the genome level. The emerging epigenetic impact of MNP exposure is characterized by short-term alterations in chromatin remodelling and miRNA modulation. However, to understand long-term epigenetic changes and potential transgenerational effects, substantial and more environmentally realistic exposure studies are needed. In the current review, the intricate epigenetic responses, including the NHL-2-EKL-1, NDK-1-KSR1/2, and WRT-3-ASP-2 cascades, wnt-signalling, and TGF- β signalling, established in model organisms such as C. elegans, mice, and human cell lines upon exposure to MNPs, were systematically examined. This comprehensive analysis aimed to predict human pathways by identifying human homologs using databases and algorithms. We are confident that various parallel miRNA pathways, specifically the KSR-ERK-MAPK pathway, FOXO-Insulin cascade, and GPX3-HIF-α in humans, may be influenced by MNP exposure. This influence may lead to disruptions in key metabolic and immune pathways, including glucose balance, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. Therefore, we believe that these genes and pathways could serve as potential biomarkers for future studies. Additionally, this review emphasizes the origin, dispersion, and distribution of plastics, providing valuable insights into the complex relationship between plastics and human health while elaborating on the epigenetic impacts.

Oxidation enhances the toxicity of polyethylene microplastics to mouse eye: Perspective from in vitro and in vivo

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitously dispersed in the environment, and undergoing the process of oxidation that alters their physical and chemical properties. Eyes, which directly interface with the external milieu, inevitably encounter MPs. Nonetheless, the ophthalmic toxicity of MPs towards organisms remains unclear. In this study, primary mouse corneal epithelial cells (MCECs), C57BL/6 mice, and CX3CrlGFP/+ mice were utilized to evaluate the toxicity and differences between oxidized low-density polyethylene MPs (modified-MPs) and low-density polyethylene MPs (virgin-MPs) on eyes. The results manifested that virgin-MPs and modified-MPs could be endocytosed by primary MCECs, resulting in a range of cellular damage. Furthermore, they could diminish tear secretion, increase intraocular pressure, and could be internalized into cornea and retina in mice, instigating a series of detrimental reactions. Importantly, modified-MPs exhibited heightened toxicity towards mouse eyes, seemingly due to oxidation enhances the interaction between virgin-MPs/modified-MPs and tissues/cells, and leading to the release of toxic substances increased. In conclusion, our discoveries demonstrate that oxidation exacerbates the harm of virgin-MPs to eyes, and are of great significance for evaluating the risk of MPs to ocular health.

Unveiling the ecotoxicological impact of microplastics on organisms - the persistent organic pollutant (POP): A comprehensive review

Microplastics have been ubiquitous in our environment for decades, and numerous studies have revealed their extensive dispersion, reaching far beyond the surface of the land, soil, aquatic ecosystems. They have infiltrated the food-chain, the food web, even the air we breathe, as well as the water we drink. Microplastics have been detected in the food we consume, acting as vectors for hazardous chemicals that adhere to their hydrophobic surfaces. This can result in the transfer of these chemicals to the aquatic life, posing a threat to their well-being. The release of microplastics into different environmental settings can give rise to various eco-toxicological implications. The substantial body of literature has led scientists to the consensus that microplastic pollution is a global problem with the potential to impact virtually any type of ecosystem. This paper aims to discuss crucial information regarding the occurrence, accumulation, and ecological effects of microplastics on organisms. It also highlights the new and emerging disease named "Plasticosis" that is directly linked to microplastics and its toxicological effects like permanent scarring and long-term inflammation in the digestive system of the seabirds. By comprehending the behaviour of these microplastic pollutants in diverse habitats and evaluating their ecological consequences, it becomes possible to facilitate a better understanding of this toxicological issue.

Metagenome-derived SusD-homologs affiliated with Bacteroidota bind to synthetic polymers

Starch utilization system (Sus)D-homologs are well known for their carbohydrate-binding capabilities and are part of the sus operon in microorganisms affiliated with the phylum Bacteroidota. Until now, SusD-like proteins have been characterized regarding their affinity toward natural polymers. In this study, three metagenomic SusD homologs (designated SusD1, SusD38489, and SusD70111) were identified and tested with respect to binding to natural and non-natural polymers. SusD1 and SusD38489 are cellulose-binding modules, while SusD70111 preferentially binds chitin. Employing translational fusion proteins with superfolder GFP (sfGFP), pull-down assays, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has provided evidence for binding to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and other synthetic polymers. Structural analysis suggested that a Trp triad might be involved in protein adsorption. Mutation of these residues to Ala resulted in an impaired adsorption to microcrystalline cellulose (MC), but not so to PET and other synthetic polymers. We believe that the characterized SusDs, alongside the methods and considerations presented in this work, will aid further research regarding bioremediation of plastics.

IMPORTANCE

SusD1 and SusD38489 can be considered for further applications regarding their putative adsorption toward fossil-fuel based polymers. This is the first time that SusD homologs from the polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL), largely described for the phylum Bacteroidota, are characterized as synthetic polymer-binding proteins.

Plastic Fly: What Drosophila melanogaster Can Tell Us about the Biological Effects and the Carcinogenic Potential of Nanopolystyrene

Today, plastic pollution is one of the biggest threats to the environment and public health. In the tissues of exposed species, micro- and nano-fragments accumulate, leading to genotoxicity, altered metabolism, and decreased lifespan. A model to investigate the genotoxic and tumor-promoting potential of nanoplastics (NPs) is Drosophila melanogaster. Here we tested polystyrene, which is commonly used in food packaging, is not well recycled, and makes up at least 30% of landfills. In order to investigate the biological effects and carcinogenic potential of 100 µm polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs), we raised Oregon [R] wild-type flies on contaminated food. After prolonged exposure, fluorescent PSNPs accumulated in the gut and fat bodies. Furthermore, PSNP-fed flies showed considerable alterations in weight, developmental time, and lifespan, as well as a compromised ability to recover from starvation. Additionally, we noticed a decrease in motor activity in DNAlig4 mutants fed with PSNPs, which are known to be susceptible to dietary stressors. A qPCR molecular investigation of the larval intestines revealed a markedly elevated expression of the genes drice and p53, suggesting a response to cell damage. Lastly, we used warts-defective mutants to assess the carcinogenic potential of PSNPs and discovered that exposed flies had more aberrant masses than untreated ones. In summary, our findings support the notion that ingested nanopolystyrene triggers metabolic and genetic modifications in the exposed organisms, eventually delaying development and accelerating death and disease.

Influence of macromolecules and electrolytes on heteroaggregation kinetics of polystyrene nanoplastics and goethite nanoparticles in aquatic environments

Fate and transport of nanoplastics in aquatic environments are affected by their heteroaggregation with minerals in the presence of macromolecules. This study investigated the heteroaggregation of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) with goethite nanoparticles (GNPs) under the influence of macromolecules [humic acid (HA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and DNA] and electrolytes. Under 1 mg C/L macromolecule, raising electrolyte concentration promoted heteroaggregation via charge screening, except that calcium bridging with HA also enhanced heteroaggregation at CaCl2 concentration above 5 mM. At all NaCl concentrations and CaCl2 concentration below 5 mM, 1 mg C/L macromolecules strongly retarded heteroaggregation, ranking BSA > DNA > HA. Raising macromolecule concentration strengthened such stabilization effect of all macromolecules in NaCl solution and that of DNA and BSA in CaCl2 solution by enhancing steric hindrance. However, 0.1 mg C/L BSA slightly promoted heteroaggregation in CaCl2 solution due to stronger electrostatic attraction than steric hindrance. In CaCl2 solution, raising HA concentration strengthened its destabilization effect via calcium bridging. Macromolecules having more compact globular structure and higher molecular weight may exert greater steric hindrance to inhibit heteroaggregation more effectively. This study provides new insights on the effects of macromolecules and electrolytes on heteroaggregation between nanoplastics and iron minerals in aquatic environments.

The Interplay between Endogenous and Foodborne Pro-Oxidants and Antioxidants in Shaping Redox Homeostasis

Oxidative stress has been known about in biological sciences for several decades; however, the understanding of this concept has evolved greatly since its foundation. Over the past years, reactive oxygen species, once viewed as solely deleterious, have become recognized as intrinsic components of life. In contrast, antioxidants, initially believed to be cure-all remedies, have failed to prove their efficacy in clinical trials. Fortunately, research on the health-promoting properties of antioxidants has been ongoing. Subsequent years showed that the former assumption that all antioxidants acted similarly was greatly oversimplified. Redox-active compounds differ in their chemical structures, electrochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and bioavailability; therefore, their efficacy in protecting against oxidative stress also varies. In this review, we discuss the changing perception of oxidative stress and its sources, emphasizing everyday-life exposures, particularly those of dietary origin. Finally, we posit that a better understanding of the physicochemical properties and biological outcomes of antioxidants is crucial to fully utilize their beneficial impact on health.

Unveiling the impacts of microplastics on cadmium transfer in the soil-plant-human system: A review

The co-contamination of soils by microplastics (MPs) and cadmium (Cd), one of the most perilous heavy metals, is emerging as a significant global concern, posing risks to plant productivity and human health. However, there remains a gap in the literature concerning comprehensive evaluations of the combined effects of MPs and Cd on soil-plant-human systems. This review examines the interactions and co-impacts of MPs and Cd in soil-plant-human systems, elucidating their mechanisms and synergistic effects on plant development and health risks. We also review the origins and contamination levels of MPs and Cd, revealing that sewage, atmospheric deposition, and biosolid applications are contributors to the contamination of soil with MPs and Cd. Our meta-analysis demonstrates that MPs significantly (p<0.05) increase the bioavailability of soil Cd and the accumulation of Cd in plant shoots by 6.9 and 9.3 %, respectively. The MPs facilitate Cd desorption from soils through direct adsorption via surface complexation and physical adsorption, as well as indirectly by modifying soil physicochemical properties, such as pH and dissolved organic carbon, and altering soil microbial diversity. These interactions augment the bioavailability of Cd, along with MPs, adversely affect plant growth and its physiological functions. Moreover, the ingestion of MPs and Cd through the food chain significantly enhances the bioaccessibility of Cd and exacerbates histopathological alterations in human tissues, thereby amplifying the associated health risks. This review provides insights into the coexistence of MPs and Cd and their synergistic effects on soil-plant-human systems, emphasizing the need for further research in this critical subject area.

Polystyrene nanoplastics as an ecotoxicological hazard: cellular and transcriptomic evidences on marine and freshwater in vitro teleost models

The contamination of marine and freshwater environments by nanoplastics is considered a global threat for aquatic biota. Taking into account the most recent concentration range estimates reported globally and recognizing a knowledge gap in polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) ecotoxicology, the present work investigated the harmful effects of 20 nm and 80 nm PS-NPs, at increasing biological complexity, on the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss RTG-2 and gilthead seabream Sparus aurata SAF-1 cell lines. Twenty nm PS-NPs exerted a greater cytotoxicity than 80 nm ones and SAF-1 were approximately 4-fold more vulnerable to PS-NPs than RTG-2. The engagement of PS-NPs with plasma membranes was accompanied by discernible uptake patterns and morphological alterations along with a nuclear translocation already within a 30-min exposure. Cells were structurally damaged only by the 20 nm PS-NPs in a time-dependent manner as indicated by distinctive features of the execution phase of the apoptotic cell death mechanism such as cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, translocation of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane and DNA fragmentation. At last, functional analyses unveiled marked transcriptional impairment at both sublethal and lethal doses of 20 nm PS-NPs, with the latter impacting the "Steroid biosynthesis", "TGF-beta signaling pathway", "ECM-receptor interaction", "Focal adhesion", "Regulation of actin cytoskeleton" and "Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum" pathways. Overall, a distinct ecotoxicological hazard of PS-NPs at environmentally relevant concentrations was thoroughly characterized on two piscine cell lines. The effects were demonstrated to depend on size, exposure time and model, emphasizing the need for a comparative evaluation of endpoints between freshwater and marine ecosystems.

Recent Progress of Oral Functional Nanomaterials for Intestinal Microbiota Regulation

The gut microbiota is closely associated with human health, and alterations in gut microbiota can influence various physiological and pathological activities in the human body. Therefore, microbiota regulation has become an important strategy in current disease treatment, albeit facing numerous challenges. Nanomaterials, owing to their excellent protective properties, drug release capabilities, targeting abilities, and good biocompatibility, have been widely developed and utilized in pharmaceuticals and dietary fields. In recent years, significant progress has been made in research on utilizing nanomaterials to assist in regulating gut microbiota for disease intervention. This review explores the latest advancements in the application of nanomaterials for microbiota regulation and offers insights into the future development of nanomaterials in modulating gut microbiota.

Take-out food enhances the risk of MPs ingestion and obesity, altering the gut microbiome in young adults

Young people are consuming large amounts of microplastics (MPs) due to the booming development of the take-out industry. To investigate the association between MPs exposure and obesity, 121 volunteers were divided into high MPs exposure (HME) and low MPs exposure (LME) according to the frequency of take-out food consumption. Fecal samples were collected for MPs detection using Raman spectra analysis, and identification of the gut microbiota was based on 16 S rDNA/ITS, while metabolite analysis was performed by LC-MS/MS. High levels of MPs and body mass index (BMI) were observed in the HME group (P < 0.05). Both the multiple linear regression (MLR) model and the binary logistic regression (BLR) (OR: 1.264, 95 % CI: 1.108-1.441, P < 0.001) analysis showed a positive correlation between MPs content and BMI. Microbial community analysis revealed that Veillonella, Alistipes and Dothideomycotes (pathogenic fungi) increased in HME participants, whereas Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus decreased. Meanwhile, analysis of stool metabolites showed that vancomycin resistance, selenocompound metabolism and drug metabolism pathways were enhanced in HME participants. These findings indicate that frequent consumption of take-out food may elevate the intake of microplastics, consequently modifying the gut microbiota and metabolites of young adults, and could represent a potential risk factor for obesity.

Heteroaggregation kinetics of nanoplastics and soot nanoparticles in aquatic environments

Heteroaggregation between polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) and soot nanoparticles (STNPs) in aquatic environments may affect their fate and transport. This study investigated the effects of particle concentration ratio, electrolytes, pH, and humic acid on their heteroaggregation kinetics. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) ranked CCCPSNPs > CCCPSNPs-STNPs > CCCSTNPs, indicating that heteroaggregation rates fell between homoaggregation rates. In NaCl solution, as the PSNPs/STNPs ratio decreased from 9/1 to 3/7, heteroaggregation rate decreased and CCCPSNPs-STNPs increased from 200 to 220 mM due to enhanced electrostatic repulsion. Outlier was observed at PSNPs/STNPs= 1/9, where CCCPSNPs-STNPs= 170 mM and homoaggregation of STNPs dominated. However, in CaCl2 solution where calcium bridged with STNPs, heteroaggregation rate increased and CCCPSNPs-STNPs decreased from 26 to 5 mM as the PSNPs/STNPs ratio decreasing from 9/1 to 1/9. In composite water samples, heteroaggregation occurred only at estuarine and marine salinities. Acidic condition promoted heteroaggregation via charge screening. Humic acid retarded or promoted heteroaggregation in NaCl or CaCl2 solutions by steric hindrance or calcium bridging, respectively. Other than van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion, heteroaggregation was affected by steric hindrance, hydrophobic interactions, π - π interactions, and calcium bridging. The results highlight the role of black carbon on colloidal stability of PSNPs in aquatic environments.

Polystyrene microplastics enhance microcystin-LR-induced cardiovascular toxicity and oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos

The health risks associated with combined exposure to microplastics (MPs) and cyanobacteria toxins have gained increasing attention due to the large-scale prevalence of cyanobacterial blooms and accumulation of MPs in aquatic environments. Therefore, we explored the cardiovascular toxic effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR, 1, 10, 100 μg/L) in the presence of 5 μm polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs, 100 μg/L) and 80 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 100 μg/L) in zebrafish models. Embryos were exposed to certain PS-MPs and PS-NPs conditions in water between 3 h post-fertilization (hpf) and 168 hpf. Compared to MC-LR alone, a significant decrease in heart rate was observed as well as notable pericardial edema in the MC-LR + PS-MPs/NPs groups. At the same time, sinus venosus and bulbus arteriosus (SV-BA) distances were significantly increased. Furthermore, the addition of PS-MPs/NPs caused thrombosis in the caudal vein and more severe vascular damage in zebrafish larvae compared to MC-LR alone. Our findings revealed that combined exposure to PS-NPs and MC-LR could significantly decreased the expression of genes associated with cardiovascular development (myh6, nkx2.5, tnnt2a, and vegfaa), ATPase (atp1a3b, atp1b2b, atp2a1l, atp2b1a, and atp2b4), and the calcium channel (cacna1ab and ryr2a) compared to exposure to MC-LR alone. In addition, co-exposure with PS-MPs/NPs exacerbated the MC-LR-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as the ROS-stimulated apoptosis and heightened inflammation. We also discovered that astaxanthin (ASTA) treatment partially attenuated these cardiovascular toxic effects. Our findings confirm that exposure to MC-LR and PS-MPs/NPs affects cardiovascular development through calcium signaling interference and ROS-induced cardiovascular cell apoptosis. This study highlights the potential environmental risks of the co-existence of MC-LR and PS-MPs/NPs for fetal health, particularly cardiovascular development.

Understanding Human Health Impacts Following Microplastic Exposure Necessitates Standardized Protocols

Microplastics (MPs; 1 µm to 5 mm) are a persistent and pervasive environmental pollutant of emergent and increasing concern. Human exposure to MPs through food, water, and air has been documented and thus motivates the need for a better understanding of the biological implications of MP exposure. These impacts are dependent on the properties of MPs, including size, morphology, and chemistry, as well as the dose and route of exposure. This overview offers a perspective on the current methods used to assess the bioactivity of MPs. First, we discuss methods associated with MP bioactivity research with an emphasis on the variety of assays, exposure conditions, and reference MP particles that have been used. Next, we review the challenges presented by common instrumentation and laboratory materials, the lack of standardized reference materials, and the limited understanding of MP dosimetry. Finally, we propose solutions that can help increase the applicability and impact of future studies while reducing redundancy in the field. The excellent protocols published in this issue are intended to contribute toward standardizing the field so that the MP knowledge base grows from a reliable foundation. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Mapping Microplastics in Humans: Analysis of Polymer Types, and Shapes in Food and Drinking Water-A Systematic Review

Microplastics (MPs) pervade the environment, infiltrating food sources and human bodies, raising concerns about their impact on human health. This review is focused on three key questions: (i) What type of polymers are humans most exposed to? (ii) What are the prevalent shapes of MPs found in food and human samples? (iii) Are the data influenced by the detection limit on the size of particles? Through a systematic literature analysis, we have explored data on polymer types and shapes found in food and human samples. The data provide evidence that polyester is the most commonly detected polymer in humans, followed by polyamide, polyurethane, polypropylene, and polyacrylate. Fibres emerge as the predominant shape across all categories, suggesting potential environmental contamination from the textile industry. Studies in humans and drinking water reported data on small particles, in contrast to larger size MPs detected in environmental research, in particular seafood. Discrepancies in size detection methodologies across different reports were identified, which could impact some of the discussed trends. This study highlights the need for more comprehensive research on the interactions between MPs and biological systems and the effects of MPs on toxicity, together with standardised analytical methodologies to accurately assess contamination levels and human exposure. Understanding these dynamics is essential for formulating effective strategies to mitigate the environmental and health implications of MP pollution.

Exacerbated interfacial impacts of nanoplastics and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate by natural organic matter in adult zebrafish: Evidence through histopathology, gut microbiota, and transcriptomic analysis

Nanoplastics (NPs) interact with cooccurring chemicals and natural organic matter (NOM) in the environment, forming complexes that can change their bioavailability and interfacial toxicity in aquatic organisms. This study aims to elucidate the single and combined impacts of 21-day chronic exposure to low levels of polystyrene NPs (size 80 nm) at 1 mg/L and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFAES or F53B) at 200 μg/L in the presence and absence of NOM (humic acid-HA and bovine serum albumin-BSA at 10 mg/L) in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our findings through multiple bioassays, revealed that the mixture group (M), comprising of NPs, F53B, HA, and BSA, caused a higher level of toxicity compared to the single NPs (AN), single F53B (AF), and combined NPs+F53B (ANF) groups. The mixture exposure caused the highest level of vacuolization and nuclear condensation in hepatocytes, and most of the intestinal villi were fused and highly reduced in villi length and crypt depth. Further, the T-AOC levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05), while the MDA levels in the liver and intestine were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the M group with downregulation of nfkbiaa, while upregulation of prkcda, csf1ra, and il1b apoptosis genes in the liver. Pairwise comparison of gut microbiota showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) abundances of various genera in the M group, including Gordonia, Methylobacterium, Tundrisphaera, GKS98, Pedomicrobium, Clostridium, Candidatus and Anaerobacillus, as well as higher abundance of genera including pathogenic strains, while control group showed higher abundance of probiotic genus ZOR0006 than exposed group (p < 0.01). The transcriptomic analysis revealed highest number of DEGs in the M group (2815), followed by the AN group (506) and ANF group (206) with the activation of relaxin signaling pathway-RSP (slc9a1, slc9a2) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway (plin1), and suppression of the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway (tlr4a, tlr2, tlr1), cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (CCRI) pathway (tnfb, il21r1, il21, ifng1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) pathway (pfkfb3). Overall, toxicity in the M group was higher, indicating that the HA and BSA elevated the interfacial impacts of NPs and F53B in adult zebrafish after chronic environmentally relevant exposure, implying the revisitation of the critical interaction of NOM with co-occurring chemicals and associated impacts.

Micro-and nano-plastics induce kidney damage and suppression of innate immune function in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae

Aquatic environments serve as critical repositories for pollutants and have significantly accumulated micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) due to the extensive production and application of plastic products. While the disease resistance and immunity of fish are closely linked to the condition of their aquatic habitats, the specific effects of nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs) within these environments on fish immune functions are still not fully understood. The present study utilized zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae as model organisms to examine the impacts of polystyrene NPs (100 nm) and MPs (5 μm) on fish immune responses. Our findings reveal that NPs and MPs tend to accumulate on the surfaces of embryos and within the intestines of larvae, triggering oxidative stress and significantly increasing susceptibility to Edwardsiella piscicida infection in zebrafish larvae. Transmission electron microscopy examined that both NPs and MPs inflicted damage to the kidney, an essential immune organ, with NPs predominantly inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and MPs causing lipid accumulation. Transcriptomic analysis further demonstrated that both NPs and MPs significantly suppress the expression of key innate immune pathways, notably the C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway and the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. Within these pathways, the immune factor interleukin-1 beta (il1b) was consistently downregulated in both exposure groups. Furthermore, exposure to E. piscicida resulted in restricted upregulation of il1b mRNA and protein levels, likely contributing to diminished disease resistance in zebrafish larvae exposed to MNPs. Our findings suggest that NPs and MPs similarly impair the innate immune function of zebrafish larvae and weaken their disease resistance, highlighting the significant environmental threat posed by these pollutants.

Effects of polystyrene microspheres on the swimming behavior and metabolism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Microplastics (MPs) are a heterogeneous class of pollutants fouling aquatic environments and they are hazardous to aquatic organisms. This study investigated the size-dependent effects of polystyrene microspheres (PSMPs) on the swimming ability, metabolism, and oxidative stress of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Test fish were exposed to four sizes of PSMPs (0.07, 0.5, 5, and 20-μm), and swimming ability was tested after different exposure times (2, 7, and 15 days). To measure the effect on swimming ability, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was determined, and to assess metabolic effects, oxygen consumption (MO2), routine metabolic rate (RMR), maximum oxygen consumption (MMR), and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) were determined. To assess the effects on oxidative stress, the activities of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined in the liver and gills of test fish. After exposure to 20 μm PSMPs, there was a significant drop in Ucrit compared to the control group (P<0.05), with decreases of 22 % on Day 2 and Day 7, and 21 % on Day 15. The RMR and MMR increased significantly (P<0.05), the RMR by 23.9 % on Day 2 and the MMR by 17.2 % on Day 2 and on Day 15, 44.7 % and 20.0 % respectively. The EPOC decreased with exposure time, by 31 % (0.07-μm), 45 %-(0.5-μm), 49 % (5-μm), and 57 % (20-μm) after 15 days. Exposure to the larger PSMPs increased CAT and SOD activity more than the smaller PSMPs and the increases began with SOD activity in the gills. The larger PSMPs were consistently more harmful to juvenile grass carp than the smaller PSMPs. Our results clearly show that PSMPs have detrimental effects on juvenile grass carp and provide additional scientific evidence that environmental monitoring and regulation of microplastic pollution is necessary.

Detection of microplastics in the human penis

The proliferation of microplastics (MPs) represents a burgeoning environmental and health crisis. Measuring less than 5 mm in diameter, MPs have infiltrated atmospheric, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems, penetrating commonplace consumables like seafood, sea salt, and bottled beverages. Their size and surface area render them susceptible to chemical interactions with physiological fluids and tissues, raising bioaccumulation and toxicity concerns. Human exposure to MPs occurs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. To date, there is no direct evidence identifying MPs in penile tissue. The objective of this study was to assess for potential aggregation of MPs in penile tissue. Tissue samples were extracted from six individuals who underwent surgery for a multi-component inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP). Samples were obtained from the corpora using Adson forceps before corporotomy dilation and device implantation and placed into cleaned glassware. A control sample was collected and stored in a McKesson specimen plastic container. The tissue fractions were analyzed using the Agilent 8700 Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Chemical Imaging System (Agilent Technologies. Moreover, the morphology of the particles was investigated by a Zeiss Merlin Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), complementing the detection range of LDIR to below 20 µm. MPs via LDIR were identified in 80% of the samples, ranging in size from 20-500 µm. Smaller particles down to 2 µm were detected via SEM. Seven types of MPs were found in the penile tissue, with polyethylene terephthalate (47.8%) and polypropylene (34.7%) being the most prevalent. The detection of MPs in penile tissue raises inquiries on the ramifications of environmental pollutants on sexual health. Our research adds a key dimension to the discussion on man-made pollutants, focusing on MPs in the male reproductive system.

Features, Potential Invasion Pathways, and Reproductive Health Risks of Microplastics Detected in Human Uterus

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in global ecosystems and may pose a potential risk to human health. However, critical information on MP exposure and risk to female reproductive health is still lacking. In this study, we characterized MPs in human endometrium and investigated their size-dependent entry mode as well as potential reproductive toxicity. Endometrial tissues of 22 female patients were examined, revealing that human endometrium was contaminated with MPs, mainly polyamide (PA), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE), ranging from 2-200 μm in size. Experiments conducted in mice demonstrated that the invasion of the uterus by MPs was modulated either through diet-blood circulation (micrometer-sized particles) or via the vagina-uterine lacuna mode (larger particles reaching a size of 100 μm. Intravenous exposure to MPs resulted in reduced fertility and abnormal sex ratio in mouse offspring (P < 0.05). After 3.5 months of intragastric exposure, there was a significant inflammatory response in the endometrium (P < 0.05), confirmed by embryo transfer as a uterine factor leading to decreased fertility. Furthermore, human endometrial organoids cultured with MPs in vitro exhibited significantly apoptotic responses and disrupted growth patterns (P < 0.01). These findings raise significant concerns regarding MP contamination in the human uterus and its potential effects on reproductive health.

Microplastics and Co-pollutants in soil and marine environments: Sorption and desorption dynamics in unveiling invisible danger and key to ecotoxicological risk assessment

Microplastics (MPs) and their co-pollutants pose significant threats to soil and marine environments, necessitating understanding of their colonization processes to combat the plastic pandemic and protect ecosystems. MPs can act as invisible carriers, concentrating and transporting pollutants, leading to a more widespread and potentially toxic impact than the presence of either MPs or the pollutants alone. Analyzing the sorption and desorption dynamics of MPs is crucial for understanding pollutants amplification and predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in soil and marine environments. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the sorption and desorption dynamics of MPs, highlighting the importance of considering these dynamics in ecotoxicological risk assessment of MPs pollution. The review identifies limitations of current frameworks that neglect these interactions and proposes incorporating sorption and desorption data into robust frameworks to improve the ability to predict ecological risks posed by MPs and co-pollutants in soil and marine environments. However, failure to address the interplay between sorption and desorption can result in underestimation of the true impact of MPs and co-pollutants, affecting livelihoods and agro-employments, and exacerbate poverty and community disputes (SDGs 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, and 16). It can also affect food production and security (SDG 2), life below water and life on land (DSGs 14 and 15), cultural practices, and natural heritage (SDG 11.4). Hence, it is necessary to develop new approaches to ecotoxicological risk assessment that consider sorption and desorption processes in the interactions between the components in the framework to address the identified limitations.

The potential impact of nano- and microplastics on human health: Understanding human health risks

Plastics are used all over the world. Unfortunately, due to limited biodegradation, plastics cause a significant level of environmental pollution. The smallest recognized to date are termed nanoplastics (1 nm [nm] up to 1 μm [μm]) and microplastics (1 μm-5 mm). These nano- and microplastics can enter the human body through the respiratory system via inhalation, the digestive tract via consumption of contaminated food and water, or penetration through the skin via cosmetics and clothes contact. Bioaccumulation of plastics in the human body can potentially lead to a range of health issues, including respiratory disorders like lung cancer, asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, neurological symptoms such as fatigue and dizziness, inflammatory bowel disease and even disturbances in gut microbiota. Most studies to date have confirmed that nano- and microplastics can induce apoptosis in cells and have genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plastics' actions may help extrapolate the risks to humans. The article provides a comprehensive review of articles in databases regarding the impact of nano- and microplastics on human health. The review included retrospective studies and case reports of people exposed to nanoplastics and microplastics. This research highlights the need for further research to fully understand the extent of the impact of plastics on human health.

Degradation of PET microplastic particles to monomers in human serum by PETase

More than 8 billion tons of plastic waste has been generated, posing severe environmental consequences and health risks. Due to prolonged exposure, microplastic particles are found in human blood and other bodily fluids. Despite a lack of toxicity studies regarding microplastics, harmful effects for humans seem plausible and cannot be excluded. As small plastic particles readily translocate from the gut to body fluids, enzyme-based treatment of serum could constitute a promising future avenue to clear synthetic polymers and their corresponding oligomers via their degradation into monomers of lower toxicity than the material they originate from. Still, whereas it is known that the enzymatic depolymerization rate of synthetic polymers varies by orders of magnitude depending on the buffer and media composition, the activity of plastic-degrading enzymes in serum was unknown. Here, we report how an engineered PETase, which we show to be generally trans-selective via induced fit docking, can depolymerize two different microplastic-like substrates of the commodity polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into its non-toxic monomer terephthalic acid (TPA) alongside mono(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (MHET) in human serum at 37 °C. We show that the application of PETase does not influence cell viability in vitro. Our work highlights the potential of applying biocatalysis in biomedicine and represents a first step towards finding a future solution to the problem that microplastics in the bloodstream may pose.

Enhancing the coagulation process for the removal of microplastics from water by anionic polyacrylamide and natural-based Moringaoleifera

The existence of microplastics (MPs) in water is a significant global concern since they have the potential to pose a threat to human health. Therefore, there is a need to develop a sustainable treatment technology for MPs removal, as the conventional methods are inadequate to address this problem. Coagulation is a typical process in treatment plants that can capture MPs before releasing them into the environment. In this work, the removal behaviors of polyamide (PA), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE) MPs were systematically investigated through coagulation processes using aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds extract. Subsequently, the coagulation performance of Al2(SO4)3 was improved by the separate addition of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) and naturally derived MO. Results showed that Al2(SO4)3 in combination with APAM had better performance than Al2(SO4)3 or MO alone. In the Al2(SO4)3+APAM system, the removal efficiencies were 93.47%, 81.25%, and 29.48% for PA, PS, and PE MPs, respectively. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the Al2(SO4)3 and MO blended system was approximately similar to the Al2(SO4)3+APAM system. However, the required amount of Al2(SO4)3 was decreased to 50% in the Al2(SO4)3+MO system compared to the optimal dosage in the Al2(SO4)3 system alone. The combination of 40 mg/L of Al2(SO4)3 and 60 mg/L of MO resulted in removal efficiencies of 92.99%, 80.48%, and 28.94% for PA, PS, and PE MPs, respectively. The high efficacy of these enhanced methods was due to the synergic effects of charge neutralization and agglomeration adsorption, which were validated through zeta potential assessments and visual analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. In the case of experimental conditions, initial pH had little impact on removal efficiency, while NaCl salinity and stirring speed directly affected MPs removal. Consequently, this research took a step toward finding a green strategy to remove MPs from water systems.

Microplastics exposure altered hematological and lipid profiles as well as liver and kidney function parameters in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)

The global occurrence of microplastics and their poorly understood health implications underscore the need for scientific investigation. This study aimed to assess the effects of microplastics exposure. Twenty-five (25) albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into five (5) groups, each consisting of five rats. Group 1 (the negative control) received normal feed; group 2 (the positive control) was administered a 10 % lead acetate solution; and groups 3, 4, and 5 were administered 1 %, 5 %, and 10 % microplastic solutions, respectively. The rats were monitored for 28 days, after which blood samples were taken for hematological and lipid profiles as well as liver and kidney function parameters. The results revealed dose-dependent significant (p < 0.05) alterations in the health indices of the treated rats and the positive control compared with the negative control. Specifically, the hematological parameters, including the white blood cells (WBC) and its subtypes, were reduced, indicating immunosuppressive effects, and the red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), platelets, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were reduced, indicating anemia. The 1 % and 5 % microplastic solutions raised the lipid profiles of the treated rats, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while the 10 % concentration decreased them, causing hyperlipidemia and hypolipidemia, respectively. The liver function parameters, including total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were elevated, indicating liver damage. Elevation of kidney function parameters, including sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), chloride ion (Cl-), urea, and creatinine (CRT), were noticed, suggesting kidney injuries. It can be inferred from these results that microplastics are toxic. Hence, human exposure to microplastics should be reduced to a minimum.

Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Polyethylene Terephthalate and Detection of Microplastic Particles Down to 1 μm

In response to increasing concern about the impact of plastic degradation on the environment, this study investigates the degradation of virgin and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under γ-irradiation in aqueous solutions, with particular focus on the resulting formation of microplastic particles (MP). By exposing both virgin and recycled PET samples to different doses of γ-irradiation (10, 50, and 100 kGy), a comprehensive analysis using UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy is presented. The results, highlighted by micro-Raman spectroscopy, show that γ-irradiation produces micrometer-sized plastic particles, with the recycled PET having a significantly higher MP content than its original counterpart. Careful examination reveals the presence of a stabilizer in samples of recycled PET juice bottles. This study not only contributes to our understanding of the effects of γ-irradiation on PET but also highlights the need for further research into the environmental impact of such processes. The insights gained shed light on the behavior of PET under γ-irradiation and the resulting impact on microplastic pollution and make an important contribution to our understanding of the broader environmental context.

Inhibitory Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Nano-Polystyrene Particles on the MAP2K6/p38 MAPK Axis Inducing Embryonic Developmental Abnormalities in Mice

Nanoplastics, created by the fragmentation of larger plastic debris, are a serious pollutant posing substantial environmental and health risks. Here, we developed a polystyrene nanoparticle (PS-NP) exposure model during mice pregnancy to explore their effects on embryonic development. We found that exposure to 30 nm PS-NPs during pregnancy resulted in reduced mice placental weight and abnormal embryonic development. Subsequently, our transcriptomic dissection unveiled differential expression in 102 genes under PS-NP exposure and the p38 MAPK pathway emerged as being significantly altered in KEGG pathway mapping. Our findings also included a reduction in the thickness of the trophoblastic layer in the placenta, diminished cell invasion capabilities, and an over-abundance of immature red cells in the blood vessels of the mice. In addition, we validated our findings through the human trophoblastic cell line, HTR-8/SVneo (HTR). PS-NPs induced a drop in the vitality and migration capacities of HTR cells and suppressed the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. This research highlights the embryotoxic effects of nanoplastics on mice, while the verification results from the HTR cells suggest that there could also be certain impacts on the human trophoblast layer, indicating a need for further exploration in this area.

Effect of nanobubbles on the mobilization of microplastics in shorelines subject to seawater infiltration

The widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) in the ocean has varying degrees of impact on ecosystems and even human health. Coastal tidal zones are crucial in controlling the movement of MPs, which are influenced by waves and tidal forces. Meanwhile, natural nanobubbles (NBs) in the ocean can affect the hydrodynamic properties of the tidal zone. The mobilization of MPs in coastal tidal zones under the effect of NBs has been less studied. In this study, we explored natural NBs' influence on the mobilization of MPs in shorelines subject to seawater infiltration. Using glass beads as a substrate, a coastal porous environment was constructed through column experiments, and the pump-controlled water flow was used to study the transport of MPs subject to seawater movement within the substrate. The infiltration of MPs under continuous and transient conditions, as well as the upward transport induced by flood tide, were considered. The role of salinity in the interactions between NBs, MPs, and substrates was evaluated. Salinity altered the energy barriers between particles, which in turn affected the movement of MPs within the substrate. In addition, hydrophilic MPs were more likely to infiltrate within the substrate and had different movement patterns under continuous and transient flow conditions. The motion of the MPs within the substrate varied with flow rate, and NBs limited the vertical movement of MPs in the tidal zone. It was also observed that NBs adsorbed readily onto substrates, altering the surface properties of substrates, particularly their ability to attach and detach from other substances.

Neurotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on memory and microglial activation: Insights from in vivo and in vitro studies

Nanoplastics, arising from the fragmentation of plastics into environmental pollutants and specialized commercial applications, such as cosmetics, have elicited concerns due to their potential toxicity. Evidence suggests that the oral ingestion of nanoplastics smaller than 100 nm may penetrate the brain and induce neurotoxicity. However, comprehensive research in this area has been hampered by technical challenges associated with the detection and synthesis of nanoplastics. This study aimed to bridge this research gap by successfully synthesizing fluorescent polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs, 30-50 nm) through the incorporation of IR-813 and validating them using various analytical techniques. We administered PSNPs orally (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) to mice and observed that they reached brain tissues and induced cognitive dysfunction, as measured by spatial and fear memory tests, while locomotor and social behaviors remained unaffected. In vitro studies (200 μg/mL) demonstrated a predominant uptake of PSNPs by microglia over astrocytes or neurons, leading to microglial activation, as evidenced by immunostaining of cellular markers and morphological analysis. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that PSNPs altered gene expression in microglia, highlighting neuroinflammatory responses that may contribute to cognitive deficits. To further explore the neurotoxic effects of PSNPs mediated by microglial activation, we measured endogenous neuronal activity using a multi-electrode array in cultured hippocampal neurons. The application of conditioned media from microglia exposed to PSNPs suppressed neuronal activity, which was reversed by inhibitors of microglial activation. Our findings offer detailed insights into the mechanisms by which nanoplastics damage the brain, particularly emphasizing the potential environmental risk factors that contribute to cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases.

The cardiovascular toxicity of polystyrene microplastics in rats: based on untargeted metabolomics analysis

Background

Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) exhibit multi-target, multi-dimensional, chronic, and low toxicity to the cardiovascular system. They enter the bloodstream through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system, altering blood parameters and conditions, inducing thrombotic diseases, and damaging myocardial tissue through the promotion of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in myocardial cells. However, many of the links and mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods

In this study, 48 wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to different concentrations of PS-MPs: control group (0 mg/kg/d), low dose group (0.5 mg/kg/d), middle dose group (5 mg/kg/d) and high dose group (50 mg/kg/d), with 12 rats in each group. After 90 consecutive days of intragastric administration of PS-MPs, biochemical markers in myocardium, aorta and blood were detected, and HE staining was performed to observe the toxic effects of PS-mps on cardiovascular system. Furthermore, non-targeted metabolomics methods were used to analyze the effect of PS-MPs exposure on the metabolism of cardiovascular system in rats, and to explore its potential molecular mechanism.

Results

The results revealed no pathological changes in the heart and aorta following PS-MPs exposure. However, the myocardial enzyme levels in the high dose PS-MPs group of rats showed a significant increase. Moreover, exposure to polystyrene microplastics caused a disorder in lipid metabolism in rats, and led to an increase in indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress in myocardial and aortic tissues, but resulted in a decrease in the level of IL-6. Untargeted metabolomics results showed that metabolites with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, including equol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, were significantly upregulated.

Conclusion

These results suggest that long-term exposure to high concentrations of PS-MPs may lead to abnormal lipid metabolism and cardiovascular system damage. The mechanism may be related to oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Exogenous antioxidants and changes in own metabolites may have a protective effect on the injury. Therefore, understanding the toxicological mechanism of PS-MPs not only helps to elucidate its pathogenesis, but also provides new ideas for the treatment of chronic diseases.

Assessment of Ingested Micro- and Nanoplastic (MNP)-Mediated Genotoxicity in an In Vitro Model of the Small Intestinal Epithelium (SIE)

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have become ubiquitous contaminants of water and foods, resulting in high levels of human ingestion exposure. MNPs have been found in human blood and multiple tissues, suggesting that they are readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and widely distributed. Growing toxicological evidence suggests that ingested MNPs may pose a serious health threat. The potential genotoxicity of MNPs, however, remains largely unknown. In this study, genotoxicity of primary and environmentally relevant secondary MNPs was assessed in a triculture small intestinal epithelium (SIE) model using the CometChip assay. Aqueous suspensions of 25 and 1000 nm carboxylated polystyrene spheres (PS25C and PS1KC), and incinerated polyethylene (PEI PM0.1) were subjected to simulated GIT digestion to create physiologically relevant exposures (digestas), which were applied to the SIE model at final MNP concentrations of 1, 5, and 20 μg/mL for 24 or 48 h. PS25C and PS1KC induced DNA damage in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. To our knowledge, this is one of the first assessment of MNP genotoxicity in an integrated in vitro ingestion platform including simulated GIT digestion and a triculture SIE model. These findings suggest that ingestion of high concentrations of carboxylated PS MNPs could have serious genotoxic consequences in the SIE.

Neurotoxicities induced by micro/nanoplastics: A review focusing on the risks of neurological diseases

Pollution of micro/nano-plastics (MPs/NPs) is ubiquitously prevalent in the environment, leading to an unavoidable exposure of the human body. Despite the protection of the blood-brain barrier, MPs/NPs can be transferred and accumulated in the brain, which subsequently exert negative effects on the brain. Nevertheless, the potential neurodevelopmental and/or neurodegenerative risks of MPs/NPs remain largely unexplored. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of recent studies related to the neurotoxicity of MPs/NPs. It covers the environmental hazards and human exposure pathways, translocation and distribution into the brain, the neurotoxic effects, and the possible mechanisms of environmental MPs/NPs. MPs/NPs are widely found in different environment matrices, including air, water, soil, and human food. Ambient MPs/NPs can enter the human body by ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact, then be transferred into the brain via the blood circulation and nerve pathways. When MPs/NPs are present in the brain, they can initiate a series of molecular or cellular reactions that may harm the blood-brain barrier, cause oxidative stress, trigger inflammatory responses, affect acetylcholinesterase activity, lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, and impair autophagy. This can result in abnormal protein folding, loss of neurons, disruptions in neurotransmitters, and unusual behaviours, ultimately contributing to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative changes and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Key challenges and further research directions are also proposed in this review as more studies are needed to focus on the potential neurotoxicity of MPs/NPs under realistic conditions.

Oral subacute polypropylene microplastics administration effect on potential immunotoxicity in ICR mice

Exposure to microplastics may be associated with damage of immune system. Polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) with a wide range of beneficial applications have not been extensively studied with respect to the immune system. The aim of this investigation is to examine the influence of two different sizes of PP-MPs (5.2 and 23.9 μm diameter) on immune system components in ICR mice. PP-MPs were administered orally to female and male mice at 0 (corn oil vehicle), 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg/d for single and daily for 4-week repeated toxicity test, respectively. No significant differences were observed in number of thymic CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes, splenic helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells. The ratio of interferon-γ to interleukin-4 in culture supernatants from activated splenocytes ex vivo (48 hr) was lower in females which were repeatedly administered with PP-MPs compared to vehicle irrespective of PP-MPs size and dose. In contrast, the opposite trend was observed in males. Production of tumor necrosis factor-α was upregulated in females that were repeatedly exposed to PP-MPs. The serum IgG2a/IgG1 ratio was lowered in female receiving large-size PP-MPs. Data suggest that immune disturbances resulting in predominant type-2 helper T cell reactivity may occur in mice, especially in females, when repeatedly exposed to PP-MPs. Further investigations with longer exposure periods are necessary to determine the immunotoxicities attributed to PP-MPs.

Physiological and transcriptomic responses of seawater halobios to micro/nano-scale polystyrene-cadmium exposure in a marine food web

Micro/nano-plastics (MPs/NPs) represent an emerging contaminant, posing a significant threat to oceanic halobios. While the adverse effects of joint pollutants on marine organisms are well-documented, the potential biological impacts on the food chain transmission resulting from combinations of MPs/NPs and heavy metals (HMs) remain largely unexplored. This study exposed the microbial loop to combined contaminants (MPs/NPs + HMs) for 48h, bacteria and contaminants are washed away before feeding to the traditional food chain, employing microscopic observation, biochemical detection, and transcriptome analysis to elucidate the toxicological mechanisms of the top predator. The findings revealed that MPs/NPs combined with Cd2+ could traverse both the microbial loop and classical food chain. Acute exposure significantly affected the carbon biomass of the top predator Tigriopus japonicus (75.8% lower). Elevated antioxidant enzyme activity led to lipid peroxidation, manifesting in increased malondialdehyde levels. Transcriptome sequencing showed substantial differential gene expression levels in T. japonicus under various treatments. The upregulation of genes associated with apoptosis and inflammatory responses, highlighting the impact of co-exposure on oxidative damage and necroptosis within cells. Notably, NPs-Cd exhibited stronger toxicity than MPs-Cd. NPs-Cd led to a greater decrease in the biomass of top predators, accompanied by lower activities of GSH, SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX, resulting in increased production of lipid peroxidation product MDA and higher oxidative stress levels. This investigation provides novel insights into the potential threats of MPs/NPs combined with Cd2+ on the microbial loop across traditional food chain, contributing to a more comprehensive assessment of the ecological risks associated with micro/nano-plastics and heavy metals.

Molecular insights into nanoplastics-peptides binding and their interactions with the lipid membrane

Micro- and nanoplastics have become a significant concern, due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment. These particles can be internalized by the human body through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact, and then they can interact with environmental or biological molecules, such as proteins, resulting in the formation of the protein corona. However, information on the role of protein corona in the human body is still missing. Coarse-grain models of the nanoplastics and pentapeptides were created and simulated at the microscale to study the role of protein corona. Additionally, a lipid bilayer coarse-grain model was reproduced to investigate the behavior of the coronated nanoplastics in proximity of a lipid bilayer. Hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids have a high tendency to create stable bonds with all nanoplastics. Moreover, polystyrene and polypropylene establish bonds with polar and charged amino acids. When the coronated nanoplastics are close to a lipid bilayer, different behaviors can be observed. Polyethylene creates a single polymeric chain, while polypropylene tends to break down into its single chains. Polystyrene can both separate into its individual chains and remain aggregated. The protein corona plays an important role when interacting with the nanoplastics and the lipid membrane. More studies are needed to validate the results and to enhance the complexity of the systems.

A critical review on male-female reproductive and developmental toxicity induced by micro-plastics and nano-plastics through different signaling pathways

It is widely accepted that humans are constantly exposed to micro-plastics and nano-plastics through various routes, including inhalation of airborne particles, exposure to dust, and consumption of food and water. It is estimated that humans may consume thousand to millions of micro-plastic particles, equating to several milligrams per day. Prolonged exposure to micro-plastics and nano-plastics has been linked to negative effects on different living organisms, including neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity, and developmental toxicities. The main purpose of this review is to explore the effect of micro-plastics and nano-plastics on the male and female reproductive system, as well as their offspring, and the associated mechanism implicated in the reproductive and developmental toxicities. Micro-plastics and nano-plastics have been shown to exert negative effects on the reproductive system of both male and female mammals and aquatic animals, including developmental impacts on gonads, gametes, embryo, and their subsequent generation. In addition, micro-plastics and nano-plastics impact the hypothalamic-pituitary axes, leading to oxidative stress, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, developmental abnormalities, poor sperm quality, diminishes ovarian ovulation and immune toxicity. This study discusses the so many different signaling pathways associated in the male and female reproductive and developmental toxicity induced by micro-plastics and nano-plastics.

Liver Injury Induced by Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics Alone or in Combination with Cadmium in Mice Is Mediated by Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

Microplastics (MPs) have been considered an emerging environmental pollutant which, when combined with toxic metals, enter the circulatory system of mammals and eventually cause damage. Therefore, it is important to study the toxicity of the mixture of MPs and heavy metals for evaluating risk assessment of mammals. In the present study, the toxicological effects of different concentrations of polystyrene (PS)-MPs alone or in combination with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) during chronic exposure (8 weeks) were evaluated using intragastric administration in mice. Using comparative analysis, it was revealed that PS-MPs alone or in combination with Cd could destroy the normal structural morphology of liver tissue and increase the levels of two biochemical indicators of liver damage, thereby inducing changes in antioxidant and hyperoxide capacities. In addition, PS-MPs and/or Cd activated the antioxidant signaling pathway Nrf2-Keap1 and affected the endogenous apoptosis signaling pathway p53-Bcl-2/Bax, thus promoting apoptosis. These findings suggested that exposure to MPs alone or in combination with Cd led to adverse effects on the liver. Furthermore, it was revealed that co-exposure to MPs and Cd reduced Cd toxicity, thereby highlighting the possibility MPs may act as carriers of other toxic substances and coordinate with them. Therefore, evaluating the synergistic or anti-agonistic effects of MPs on the toxicity and bioavailability of xenobiotics is in the future critical in environmental toxicological studies.

The impact of nanomaterials on autophagy across health and disease conditions

Autophagy, a catabolic process integral to cellular homeostasis, is constitutively active under physiological and stress conditions. The role of autophagy as a cellular defense response becomes particularly evident upon exposure to nanomaterials (NMs), especially environmental nanoparticles (NPs) and nanoplastics (nPs). This has positioned autophagy modulation at the forefront of nanotechnology-based therapeutic interventions. While NMs can exploit autophagy to enhance therapeutic outcomes, they can also trigger it as a pro-survival response against NP-induced toxicity. Conversely, a heightened autophagy response may also lead to regulated cell death (RCD), in particular autophagic cell death, upon NP exposure. Thus, the relationship between NMs and autophagy exhibits a dual nature with therapeutic and environmental interventions. Recognizing and decoding these intricate patterns are essential for pioneering next-generation autophagy-regulating NMs. This review delves into the present-day therapeutic potential of autophagy-modulating NMs, shedding light on their status in clinical trials, intervention of autophagy in the therapeutic applications of NMs, discusses the potency of autophagy for application as early indicator of NM toxicity.

Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis of spermatogenic cells involved in male reproductive toxicity induced by polystyrene nanoplastics in mice

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have become hazardous materials due to the massive amount of plastic waste and disposable masks, but their specific health effects remain uncertain. In this study, fluorescence-labeled polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) were injected into the circulatory systems of mice to determine the distribution and potential toxic effects of NPs in vivo. Interestingly, whole-body imaging found that PS-NPs accumulated in the testes of mice. Therefore, the toxic effects of PS-NPs on the reproduction systems and the spermatocytes cell line of male mice, and their mechanisms, were investigated. After oral exposure to PS-NPs, their spermatogenesis was affected and the spermatogenic cells were damaged. The spermatocyte cell line GC-2 was exposed to PS-NPs and analyzed using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to determine the toxic mechanisms; a ferroptosis pathway was found after PS-NP exposure. The phenomena and indicators of ferroptosis were then determined and verified by ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), and it was also found that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) played an important role in spermatogenic cell ferroptosis induced by PS-NPs. Finally, it was confirmed in vivo that this mechanism of Nrf2 played a protective role in PS-NPs-induced male reproductive toxicity. This study demonstrated that PS-NPs induce male reproductive dysfunction in mice by causing spermatogenic cell ferroptosis dependent on Nrf2.

The adverse effects of developmental exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles on cognitive function in weaning rats and the protective role of trihydroxy phenolacetone

Polystyrene nanoplastic(PS-NP) can originate from sources such as plastic waste and industrial wastewater and have been shown to have deleterious effects on abnormal neurobehaviors. However, evidence regarding the health impacts, biological mechanisms, and treatment strategies underlying developmental exposure to low dose PS-NP is still lacking. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by administering low doses of PS-NP(50 and 100 μg/L) to weaning rats for 4 consecutive weeks. Behavioral and morphological experiments were performed to evaluate hippocampal damage, and transcriptomics and Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with hight-throughput sequencing(ATAC) analyses were conducted to identify potential key targets. Additionally, Connectivity Map(CMap) database, Limited proteolysis-mass spectrometry(LiP-SMap), and molecular-protein docking were used to examine potential phytochemicals with therapeutic effects on key targets. The results indicated that developmental exposure to PS-NP can induce hippocampal impairment and aberrant neurobehaviors in adulthood. Multi-omics analyses consistently showed that apoptosis-related signaling pathways were sensitive to PS-NP exposure, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3(Mapk3) was identified as the core gene by the gene network, which was further validated in vitro experiments. The CMap database provided a series of phytochemicals that might regulate Mapk3 expression, and trihydroxy-phenolacetone(THP) was found to have directly binding sites with Mapk3 through LiP-SMap and molecular docking analysis. Furthermore, THP administration could significantly alleviate apoptosis induced by PS-NP exposure in primary hippocampal cells through down-regulation of Mapk3. These findings suggested that developmental exposure to PS-NP has adverse effects on cognitive function and that THP can alleviate these effects by directly binding to Mapk3.

Impact of Micro- and Nano-Plastics on Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Epithelium

The development of patient-derived intestinal organoids represents an invaluable model for simulating the native human intestinal epithelium. These stem cell-rich cultures outperform commonly used cell lines like Caco-2 and HT29-MTX in reflecting the cellular diversity of the native intestinal epithelium after differentiation. In our recent study examining the effects of polystyrene (PS), microplastics (MPs), and nanoplastics (NPs), widespread pollutants in our environment and food chain, on the human intestinal epithelium, these organoids have been instrumental in elucidating the absorption mechanisms and potential biological impacts of plastic particles. Building on previously established protocols in human intestinal organoid culture, we herein detail a streamlined protocol for the cultivation, differentiation, and generation of organoid-derived monolayers. This protocol is tailored to generate monolayers incorporating microfold cells (M cells), key for intestinal particle uptake but often absent in current in vitro models. We provide validated protocols for the characterization of MPs/NPs via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for detailed imaging and their introduction to intestinal epithelial monolayer cells via confocal immunostaining. Additionally, protocols to test the impacts of MP/NP exposure on the functions of the intestinal barrier using transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and assessing inflammatory responses using cytokine profiling are detailed. Overall, our protocols enable the generation of human intestinal organoid monolayers, complete with the option of including or excluding M cells, offering crucial techniques for observing particle uptake and identifying inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells to advance our knowledge of the potential effects of plastic pollution on human gut health. These approaches are also amendable to the study of other gut-related chemical and biological exposures and physiological responses due to the robust nature of the systems. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Human intestinal organoid culture and generation of monolayers with and without M cells Support Protocol 1: Culture of L-WRN and production of WRN-conditioned medium Support Protocol 2: Neuronal cell culture and integration into intestinal epithelium Support Protocol 3: Immune cell culture and integration into intestinal epithelium Basic Protocol 2: Scanning electron microscopy: sample preparation and imaging Basic Protocol 3: Immunostaining and confocal imaging of MP/NP uptake in organoid-derived monolayers Basic Protocol 4: Assessment of intestinal barrier function via TEER measurements Basic Protocol 5: Cytokine profiling using ELISA post-MP/NP exposure.

Microplastics role in cell migration and distribution during cancer cell division

Amidst the global plastic pollution crisis, the gastrointestinal tract serves as the primary entry point for daily exposure to micro- and nanoplastics. We investigated the complex dynamics between polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics (PS-MNPs) and four distinct human colorectal cancer cell lines (HT29, HCT116, SW480, and SW620). Our findings revealed a significant size- and concentration dependent uptake of 0.25, 1, and 10 μm PS-MNPs across all cell lines, with HCT116 cells exhibiting the highest uptake rates. During cell division, particles were distributed between mother and daughter cells. Interestingly, we observed no signs of elimination from the cells. Short-term exposure to 0.25 μm particles significantly amplified cell migration, potentially leading to pro-metastatic effects. Particles demonstrated high persistence in 2D and 3D cultures, and accumulation in non-proliferating parts of spheroids, without interfering with cell proliferation or division. Our study unveils the disturbing fact of the persistence and bioaccumulation of MNPs in colorectal cancer cell lines, key toxicological traits under REACH (Regulation concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals). Our observations underscore the potential of MNPs as hidden catalysts for tumor progression, particularly through enhancing cell migration and possibly fueling metastasis - a finding that sheds light on a significant and previously underexplored area of concern.

Aged polystyrene microplastics exacerbate alopecia associated with tight junction injuries and apoptosis via oxidative stress pathway in skin

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive pollutants in the natural environment and contribute to increased levels of illness in both animals and humans. However, thespecific impacts of MPs on skin damage and alopeciaare not yet well understood. In this study, we have examined the effects of two types of polystyrene MPs (pristine and aged) on skin and hair follicle damage in mice. UV irradiation changed the chemical and physical properties of the aged MPs, including functional groups, surface roughness, and contact angles. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, skin and cell injuries related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, tight junctions (TJs), alopecia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and other damages were observed. Mechanistically, MPs and aged MPs can induce TJs damage via the oxidative stress pathway and inhibition of antioxidant-related proteins, and this can lead to alopecia. The regulation of cell apoptosis was also observed, and this is involved in the ROS-mediated mitochondrial signaling pathway. Importantly, aged MPs showed exacerbated toxicity, which may be due to their elevated surface irregularities and altered chemical compositions. Collectively, this study suggests a potential therapeutic approach for alopecia and hair follicle damage caused by MPs pollution.

In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Polystyrene or Mixed Polymer Microspheres and Metabolomic Analysis after Oral Exposure in Mice

BACKGROUND

Global plastic use has consistently increased over the past century with several different types of plastics now being produced. Much of these plastics end up in oceans or landfills leading to a substantial accumulation of plastics in the environment. Plastic debris slowly degrades into microplastics (MPs) that can ultimately be inhaled or ingested by both animals and humans. A growing body of evidence indicates that MPs can cross the gut barrier and enter into the lymphatic and systemic circulation leading to accumulation in tissues such as the lungs, liver, kidney, and brain. The impacts of mixed MPs exposure on tissue function through metabolism remains largely unexplored.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to investigate the impacts of polymer microspheres on tissue metabolism in mice by assessing the microspheres ability to translocate across the gut barrier and enter into systemic circulation. Specifically, we wanted to examine microsphere accumulation in different organ systems, identify concentration-dependent metabolic changes, and evaluate the effects of mixed microsphere exposures on health outcomes.

METHODS

To investigate the impact of ingested microspheres on target metabolic pathways, mice were exposed to either polystyrene (5 μ m ) microspheres or a mixture of polymer microspheres consisting of polystyrene (5 μ m ), polyethylene (1 - 4 μ m ), and the biodegradability and biocompatible plastic, poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (5 μ m ). Exposures were performed twice a week for 4 weeks at a concentration of either 0, 2, or 4 mg / week via oral gastric gavage. Tissues were collected to examine microsphere ingress and changes in metabolites.

RESULTS

In mice that ingested microspheres, we detected polystyrene microspheres in distant tissues including the brain, liver, and kidney. Additionally, we report on the metabolic differences that occurred in the colon, liver, and brain, which showed differential responses that were dependent on concentration and type of microsphere exposure.

DISCUSSION

This study uses a mouse model to provide critical insight into the potential health implications of the pervasive issue of plastic pollution. These findings demonstrate that orally consumed polystyrene or mixed polymer microspheres can accumulate in tissues such as the brain, liver, and kidney. Furthermore, this study highlights concentration-dependent and polymer type-specific metabolic changes in the colon, liver, and brain after plastic microsphere exposure. These results underline the mobility within and between biological tissues of MPs after exposure and emphasize the importance of understanding their metabolic impact. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13435.

Are you drowned in microplastic pollution? A brief insight on the current knowledge for early career researchers developing novel remediation strategies

Microplastics (MPs) composed of different polymers with various shapes, within a vast granulometric distribution (1 μm - 5 mm) and with a wide variety of physicochemical surface and bulk characteristics spiral around the globe, with different atmospheric, oceanic, cryospheric, and terrestrial residence times, while interacting with other pollutants and biota. The challenges of microplastic pollution are related to the complex relationships between the microplastic generation mechanisms (physical, chemical, and biological), their physicochemical properties, their interactions with other pollutants and microorganisms, the changes in their properties with aging, and their small sizes that facilitate their diffusion and transportation between the air, water, land, and biota, thereby promoting their ubiquity. Early career researchers (ERCs) constitute an essential part of the scientific community committed to overcoming the challenges of microplastic pollution with their new ideas and innovative scientific perspectives for the development of remediation technologies. However, because of the enormous amount of scientific information available, it may be difficult for ERCs to determine the complexity of this environmental issue. This mini-review aims to provide a quick and updated overview of the essential insights of microplastic pollution to ERCs to help them acquire the background needed to develop highly innovative physical, chemical, and biological remediation technologies, as well as valorization proposals and environmental education and awareness campaigns. Moreover, the recommendations for the development of holistic microplastic pollution remediation strategies presented here can help ERCs propose technologies considering the environmental, social, and practical dimensions of microplastic pollution while fulfilling the current government policies to manage this plastic waste.

Micro(nano)plastics and Their Potential Impact on Human Gut Health: A Narrative Review

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are becoming an increasingly severe global problem due to their widespread distribution and complex impact on living organisms. Apart from their environmental impact, the effects of MNPs on living organisms have also continued to attract attention. The harmful impact of MNPs has been extensively documented in marine invertebrates and larger marine vertebrates like fish. However, the research on the toxicity of these particles on mammals is still limited, and their possible effects on humans are poorly understood. Considering that MNPs are commonly found in food or food packaging, humans are primarily exposed to them through ingestion. It would be valuable to investigate the potential harmful effects of these particles on gut health. This review focuses on recent research exploring the toxicological impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on the gut, as observed in human cell lines and mammalian models. Available data from various studies indicate that the accumulation of MNPs in mammalian models and human cells may result in adverse consequences, in terms of epithelial toxicity, immune toxicity, and the disruption of the gut microbiota. The paper also discusses the current research limitations and prospects in this field, aiming to provide a scientific basis and reference for further studies on the toxic mechanisms of micro- and nanoplastics.

Colloidal Engineering of Microplastic Capture with Biodegradable Soft Dendritic "Microcleaners"

The introduction of colloidal principles that enable efficient microplastic collection from aquatic environments is a goal of great environmental importance. Here, we present a novel method of microplastic (MP) collection using biodegradable hydrogel soft dendritic colloids (hSDCs). These dendritic colloids have abundant nanofibrils and a large surface area, which provide an abundance of interfacial interactions and excellent networking capabilities, allowing for the capture of plastic particles and other contaminants. Here, we show how the polymer composition and morphology of the hSDCs can impact the capture of microplastics modeled by latex microbeads. Additionally, we use colloidal DLVO theory to interpret the capture efficiencies of microbeads of different sizes and surface functional groups. The results demonstrate the microplastic remediation efficiency of hydrogel dendricolloids and highlight the primary factors involved in the microbead interactions and adsorption. On a practical level, the results show that the development of environmentally benign microcleaners based on naturally sourced materials could present a sustainable solution for microplastic cleanup.