The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases

Screening of bioactive components in Ferula assafo dried oleo-gum resin and assessment of its protective function against cadmium-induced oxidative damage, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity in rats

Cadmium (Cd) is among the most ecologically harmful heavy metals. The purpose of this work was to identify the biologically active components in dried oleo-resin-gum of Ferula assafo extract (FAE) and assess their preventive efficacy against oxidative damage caused by Cd in rats. The biologically active components were identified using HPLC and GC-MS. Six groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned and received oral treatment for two weeks. They consisted of the control group, the groups that got FAE at low or high doses (150 and 250 mg/kg b.w.), the group that received CdCl2 (2 mg/kg b.w.), and the groups that received CdCl2 + FAE at the low or high dose. Tissues and blood samples were collected for different assays and pathological examinations. The HPLC detected 11 polyphenol compounds, whereas the GC-MS identified 24 bioactive compounds. The in vivo study revealed that CdCl2 alone disrupted all biochemical indices, oxidative indicators, cytokines, antioxidant enzymes, pro and anti-apoptotic mRNA gene expression, increased DNA fragmentation percentage, and caused pathological alterations in hepatic and renal sections. FAE plus CdCl2 therapy considerably improved all indicators and the histological architecture of the kidney and liver, with the higher dose being more effective in improving all of the measured parameters. Therefore, FAE is a promising option for food and pharmaceutical applications to protect against oxidative damage caused by Cd exposure.

Maternal protein restriction and postnatal sugar consumption increases inflammatory response and deregulates metabolic pathways in the liver of male offspring rats with aging

This study investigated the late effects of maternal protein restriction (MPR) and early postnatal sugar consumption on liver health in male Sprague-Dawley rat offspring, focusing on changes observed throughout the aging process. The animals were divided into the following groups: Control (CTR): Male offspring whose dams consumed a normal protein diet (NPD, 17% protein) and water ad libitum during gestation and lactation, and then fed a NPD and water until PND 540; Control + Sugar (CTR + SUG): The same treatment as CTR, but consuming a sugar solution (10% diluted in water) from postnatal day (PND) 21-90, and then fed a NPD and water until PND 540; Gestational and Lactational Low Protein (GLLP): Male offspring whose dams consumed a low-protein diet (LPD, 6% protein) during gestation and lactation and, then fed a NPD and water ad libitum until PND 540; Gestational and Lactational Low Protein + Sugar (GLLP + SUG): male offspring whose dams consumed a LPD during gestation and lactation, and then fed a NPD and a sugar solution (10% diluted in water) ad libitum from PND 21 to 90. On PND 540, the animals were anesthetized, weighed, and euthanized, and their livers were collected for morphological and molecular analyses. The GLLP and GLLP + SUG groups showed lower body weight and lower retroperitoneal fat weight compared to the CTR and CTR + SUG groups. Morphological analysis revealed inflammatory foci in the liver from the CTR + SUG, GLLP, and GLLP + SUG groups, compared to the CTR group. Hepatic activities of CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px were increased in the GLLP + SUG group and decreased in the GLLP group, compared to the CTR group. Immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase in occupied area per foci de hepatocytes positive for GSTpi (placental form) in the CTR + SUG, GLLP, and GLLP + SUG groups, compared to the CTR group. Proteomic analysis of the groups revealed significant changes in hepatic metabolic and inflammatory pathways. In the CTR + SUG group, upregulated pathways associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and downregulated pathways related to autophagy were observed. In the GLLP and GLLP + SUG groups, there was a significant impact on metabolic pathways, including glucose metabolism, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and cellular stress responses. An upregulation of pathways associated with chemokine- and cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes was also identified, indicating activation of the immune system in the liver during aging. Therefore, MPR, with or without postnatal sugar consumption, resulted in hepatic changes in metabolism and the antioxidant defense in old male offspring.

Coriander: A holistic outlook on its chemistry and pharmacology

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a nutraceutically renowned annual herb from Apiaceae family and used in cuisines in different countries in different ways to enhance the tastes, flavour and nutritional values of foods. Fruit (seed) has several medicinally valuable chemical components viz. Linalool, Geranyl acetate, Limonene, Camphor, Geraniol, and other while leaves are rich in (E)-2-Decenal, (E)-2-Dodecenal, Linalool, (E)-2-Undecenal, Decanol and other as the major constituents along with various noteworthy minor components. It has numerous traditional medicinal applications like useful in joint pain, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, digestive stimulant, carminative, anti-bilious, etc. Thus, this review has been prepared to comprehensively disclose its chemical constituents, chemical structures and main applications i.e. antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-allergic, anti-aging, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic effect, role in food preservation, skin sensitivity, natural alternative of antibiotics, and other miscellaneous applications. Toxicity of coriander has also been briefly described to present its safety profile.

Unraveling the dual role of bilirubin in neurological Diseases: A Comprehensive exploration of its neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects

Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons, causing substantial deficits in motor and cognitive functioning. Bilirubin is a yellow by-product of heme, existing in two primary isoforms namely unconjugated and conjugated, while initially produced unconjugated isomer is lipophilic and cytotoxic in nature. At physiological levels, bilirubin has an important role in brain function by acting as a powerful antioxidant, preventing brain tissues from oxidative damage by eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, it contributes to immune regulation through microglial activation, cytokine release, complement system interception, fragment crystallization (Fc) receptor modulation, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) expression modification, which lower the risk of inflammatory and autoimmune reactions in the central nervous system (CNS). As per the literature, serum bilirubin concentrations are associated with CNS diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy, schizophrenia and kernicterus spectrum disorder (KSD), which causes neuronal damage, especially in regions like the basal ganglia and cerebellum, which causes movement abnormalities and cognitive deficits. The aim of this article is to explore the dual role of bilirubin as neuroprotective and neurotoxic, essential for establishing effective therapeutic outcomes for neurodegenerative diseases by looking at its cellular mechanisms and discussing how bilirubin's antioxidant properties can shield neurons and, in some situations, may induce oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Do oxidized low-density lipoproteins link to extra hepatic manifestations in chronic, non-cirrhotic HCV patients?

Background

Tissue damage by viral hepatitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Oxidation reactions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) transform proteins and lipids in plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDL) into the abnormal oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces oxidative/nitrosative stress from multiple sources, including the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the mitochondrial electron transport chain, hepatocyte NAD(P)H oxidases (NOX enzymes), and inflammation. Further, HCV decreases reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis and regeneration.

Design

Cross-section.

Objective

to quantify ox-LDL in serum of chronic non-cirrhotic HCV patients, and to assess ox-LDL association with HCV-induced extra hepatic manifestations.

Patients and methods

Twenty chronic, non-cirrhotic HCV female patients with extra hepatic manifestations, twenty chronic, non-cirrhotic female HCV patients without extra hepatic manifestations and twenty healthy age, sex matched controls.

Methods

Serum was used for determination of liver function tests, ox-LDL and the extracellular antioxidant enzyme Superoxide Dismutase EC CuZn-SOD.

Results

Patients with extra hepatic manifestations had statistically higher ox-LDL (76.63 ± 6.86 μg/L) than patients without extra hepatic manifestations (63.05 ± 6.6 μg/L) p < 0.001, and both patient groups had higher ox-LDL levels than the control group (44.1 ± 4.1 μg/L) p < 0.001. EC CuZn-SOD correlated negatively with ox-LDL in HCV patients with extra hepatic manifestation only.

Conclusion

Extra hepatic manifestations were not risk for anthropometric changes seen with HCV infection. Extra hepatic manifestations were associated with high serum ox-LDL. High serum levels of ox-LDL associated with- or were due to deregulated expression of serum EC CuZn-SOD in chronic HCV patients.

Cationic liposomes as carriers of natural compounds from plant extract

Lipid-based nanocarriers provide versatile platforms for the encapsulation and delivery of many different bioactive compounds to improve the solubility, stability and therapeutic efficacy of bioactive phyto-compounds. In this study, liposomes were used to load leaf extract of Coffea Arabica, which is known to be rich beneficial substances such as alkaloids, flavonoids, etc. The aim of this work is to optimize the valorization of agricultural wastes containing natural antioxidants. The physico-chemical properties of the liposomes loaded with chlorogenic acid or Coffea arabica leaf extract were evaluated. The average size of empty and loaded liposomes was found to range of 120-150 nm, which is consistent with the fact that the addition of chlorogenic acid or Coffea arabica leaf extract can change the average size of the vesicles without affecting the physicochemical properties of the lipid bilayer, which remain stable systems. A structural and morphological characterization as well as an evaluation of biological properties such as viability in normal human dermal fibroblasts, is also been carried out. The cationic liposomes show a good average size and low polydispersity index values, indicating that the liposomes tend to be monodisperse and therefore stable. In particular, DOPC/DOTAP liposomes generally have better properties than DOPC/DDAB liposomes for use as encapsulation systems for natural plant extracts.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver fibrosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential

This paper reviews the important role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the patho mechanism of liver fibrosis and its potential as a potential target for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis is the result of sustained inflammation and injury to the liver due to a variety of factors, triggering excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and fibrous scar formation, which in turn leads to loss of liver function and a variety of related complications. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is one of the characteristics of chronic liver disease and is closely related to the pathological process of chronic liver disease, including alcohol-related liver disease, viral hepatitis, and liver fibrosis. The unfolded protein response is one of the important response mechanisms to endoplasmic reticulum stress. It is associated with several pathological aspects of liver fibrosis and the maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Interventions targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress for the treatment of liver fibrosis have potential research and application value. An in-depth understanding of the biological basis of endoplasmic reticulum stress is also needed in the treatment of liver fibrosis, as well as the development of more effective drugs and interventions to accurately regulate the endoplasmic reticulum signaling network, to achieve the restoration and maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis at the cellular and organ levels, and to further promote the reversal of the pathological process of liver fibrosis.

Ameliorative effect of phenolic compound-pterostilbene on corticosterone-induced hepatic lipid metabolic disorder in broilers

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effects of pterostilbene (PTE), a polyphenolic compound, on stress-induced lipid metabolic disorders in the liver of broiler chickens. Six hundred healthy, 1-day-old Arbor Acres with similar weight were randomly assigned to five groups, each consisting of eight replicates with 15 broilers per replicate. The groups included: a control group (fed a basal diet), and four groups treated with corticosterone (CORT) at varying dietary levels of PTE supplementation: CORT (0 mg/kg PTE), CORT-PT200 (200 mg/kg PTE), CORT-PT400 (400 mg/kg PTE), and CORT-PT600 (600 mg/kg PTE). The results indicated that PTE administration to corticosterone (CORT)-injected broilers significantly improved weight gain, reduced liver index, and lowered the elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations induced by CORT injection (P<.05), but had no significant effect on serum CORT concentration (P>.05). PTE also significantly reduced the increased rate of abdominal fat deposition induced by CORT, decreased the average size of adipocytes, and downregulated the expression of the FAS gene (P<.05). It reversed the increase in liver total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acids content induced by CORT (P<.05). PTE had no significant effect on the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (P>.05), but significantly upregulated the protein expression of Sirt1 and p-AMPK (P<.05), promoted the expression of lipid autophagy genes MAP1LC3B and lipolytic genes LPL, but inhibited the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes SREBP-1c, ACC, and SCD (P<.05). The addition of PTE to the diet alleviated CORT-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by enhancing T-SOD and GSH-Px activities, reducing MDA content, inhibiting p-NF-κB p65 and NLRP3 expression and the release of TNF-α and IL-1β in the serum, and increasing IL-4 content (P<.05). Overall, dietary PTE effectively regulates lipid metabolism and antioxidant status, offering a potential strategy to mitigate stress-induced metabolic disruptions in broilers.

Phenolics and Phenolic Glycosides from Wrightia pubescens and Their Hepatoprotective Activities

Thirty compounds including 13 new phenolic glycosides (1-6, 9-15) and 17 known aromatic compounds and aromatic glycosides (7-8, 16-30) were isolated from the roots of Wrightia pubescens. The structures of the new phenolic glycosides were established by extensive NMR spectroscopic data analysis as well as chemical derivatization method. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their hepatoprotective activities using cell model of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced HepG2 cells. The results indicated that phenolic glycosides (2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13) pretreatment enhanced the cells viability and reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The hepatoprotective mechanism of a representative new compound, wrightioside D (4), was further investigated. Compound 4 exhibited hepatoprotective effects via reducing oxidative stress by attenuating ROS formation and inhibiting apoptosis in APAP-treated HepG2 cells.

Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Liver Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the dose-response association between dietary inflammatory potential and the risk of liver cancer.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted across Medline (National Library of Medicine using PubMed as the search engine) and Web of Science and Embase databases published until January 9, 2024. Dietary inflammatory potential was expressed using a combination of dietary inflammatory index (DII) and empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP). The summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the association between dietary inflammatory potential and liver cancer risk. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore the potential dose-response relationship between the DII and liver cancer risk.

RESULTS

Seven articles were included, which involved 352,660 participants. The summary RR of liver cancer risk was 1.99 (95%CI:1.47-2.70) for the highest dietary inflammatory potential compared with the lowest dietary inflammatory potential. For higher dietary inflammatory potential compared with lower higher dietary inflammatory potential, the summary RR was 1.73 (95%CI:1.30-2.30). Each 1-unit increment of the DII score was associated with an increased risk of 23% for liver cancer (RR: 1.23, 95%CI:1.09-1.39). Dose-response analysis showed that, following a slight increase risk within baseline DII score, the risk of liver cancer increased in a nearly linear manner as the DII score progressed from the less proinflammatory threshold to the more proinflammatory threshold (p = 0.042 for nonlinearity).

CONCLUSION

High dietary inflammatory potential increases the risk of liver cancer. Ultra-processed foods have flooded the food marketplace and are nearly universally proinflammatory. Therefore, avoiding ultra-processed foods may help reduce the risk of liver cancer. A pressing need to reform the current food policy and subsidies clearly exists.

Exploring the mechanisms of Shugan-Jieyu-Jianpi formula against irritable bowel syndrome combined with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by network pharmacology and experimental validation

The study was aimed to investigate the clinical effect and mechanism of Shugan-Jieyu-Jianpi (SGJYJP) formula for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) combined with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The clinical efficacy of SGJYJP was evaluated in 54 patients with IBS-NAFLD. The potential molecular mechanism of SGJYJP formula was investigated by network pharmacology. Animal models were constructed to explore the related mechanism. From clinical studies, the total effective rate of patients in SGJYJP group was significantly higher than that in pinaverium group. The protein expression of TGFB1 was declined in IBS-NAFLD rats, together with the increased expression of PTGS2 and TNF, which was abolished by SGJYJP treatment. SGJYJP significantly reduced the expression of TNF signalling related molecules of TRAF2, caspase-8, and elevated the expression of Bcl-xl in IBS-NAFLD animal models. SGJYJP may exert therapeutic effect on IBS-NAFLD by targeting PTGS2, TGFB1, and TNF genes and TNF signalling.

Lyophilized ash gourd (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) juice alleviates diet-induced prediabetes in a rat model

Prediabetes is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, indicating an increased risk of developing diabetes. This study evaluated the effects of ash gourd (AG), a tropical fruit from the Cucurbitaceae family, on prediabetes, as well as its phytochemical composition. A prediabetic rat model was developed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by administering a high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. This model exhibited reduced pancreatic function, heightened insulin resistance, and decreased insulin sensitivity compared to a standard diet group, leading to hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, hallmarks of prediabetic conditions. Histological analysis of hepatic tissue revealed macro- and microvesicular fat accumulation and inflammatory changes, supporting these findings. This study highlights the utility of HFD-induced SD rats as a model for prediabetic conditions. Following this, lyophilized ash gourd juice (LAGJ) powder was administered to the prediabetic rat model to assess its potential for reversing prediabetic conditions. LAGJ administration resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Additionally, LAGJ significantly mitigated fatty liver changes compared to the prediabetic untreated control (PUC) group. Histological examination of liver tissue in the LAGJ treated group showed a typical architecture similar to that of the normal control group. These findings indicate that LAGJ could be a promising intervention for individuals with prediabetes who are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease. Phytochemical analysis of AG pulp revealed the presence of stigmasterol, stigmasteryl β-glucoside, and 6'-O-palmitoyl stigmasteryl β-glucoside.

Leveraging the dual role of ROS in liver diseases with nanomaterials: clearing and amplifying for therapy

The dual role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various liver diseases leads to the potential of nanomaterials in addressing challenges related to liver conditions. Considering the pivotal role of ROS in liver disease progression, the design and application of nanomaterials need to align with distinct disease characteristics and the unique liver microenvironment. By reviewing the interaction between nanomaterials and ROS in liver diseases and their potential applications in liver disease treatment, this work discusses the multifaceted properties of nanomaterials and their high specificity and prospects in liver disease treatments.

Bromelain and liver health: A comprehensive systematic review of preclinical studies

BACKGROUND

Liver diseases pose a significant challenge to the well-being of the public, given their high prevalence and the potential to escalate to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The efficacy of current therapies is rather limited, resulting in the manifestation of severe side effects. Bromelain, derived from the pineapple plant, exhibits promising prospects for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, cancer, and wound healing, although its impact on liver functionality remains largely unexplored.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficiency of bromelain in liver injuries, we performed a systematic review of preclinical studies.

METHOD

Our search was conducted in August 2020 on PubMed and Scopus, employing the search terms "Liver disease," "Liver injury," and "Bromelain," with subsequent updates in December 2023.

RESULTS

Out of the 329 articles that were examined, only 7 fulfilled the criteria for inclusion.

CONCLUSION

Our research suggests that bromelain possesses both prophylactic and curative qualities in terms of liver damage, as supported by its ability to decrease enzyme levels, enhance liver structure, reduce oxidative stress markers, and regulate lipid metabolism. In summary, bromelain demonstrates a capacity to enhance liver function across a range of injury types.

Acute Toxicity, Neurotoxic, Immunotoxic, and Behavioral Effects of Deltamethrin and Sulfamethoxazole in Adult Zebrafish: Insights into Chemical Interactions and Environmental Implications

The increasing presence of antimicrobial agents and pesticides in aquatic environments raises concerns about their potential impacts on non-target organisms. Among these chemicals, deltamethrin (DM), a widely used pesticide, and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), an antimicrobial commonly detected in water bodies, pose significant ecological risks. This study investigates the acute toxicity, neurotoxic effects, oxidative stress responses, immune-related gene expression, and feeding behavior of adult zebrafish exposed to DM and SMX. The 96 h LC50 for DM was 4.84 µg/L, indicating significant acute toxicity, while the LC50 for the DM + SMX mixture was 11.32 µg/L, suggesting that SMX may mitigate the toxicity of DM. Neurotransmitter alterations, including reduced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA), serotonin (5-HT), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were observed, with the combination of DM and SMX showing partial restoration of AChE activity. Oxidative stress markers revealed significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, with DM exposure increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, while decreasing catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. Immune-related gene expression demonstrated suppressed IgM, IgD, and IgZ levels, along with altered inflammatory responses, with both DM and DM + SMX exposure inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, feeding behavior was significantly impaired in the DM group at the 3 min mark, while the DM + SMX group showed partial mitigation of this effect. These findings highlight the neurotoxic, immunotoxic, and behavioral effects of DM and SMX, and underscore the potential for chemical interactions to modulate toxicity in aquatic organisms.

Innovative Approaches to Combat Duck Viral Hepatitis: Dual-Specific Anti-DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 Yolk Antibodies

Background and Objectives: Duck viral hepatitis (DVH), a highly contagious and acutely fatal avian disease, is characterized by convulsions, acute death, liver swelling, and hemorrhage, leading to substantial losses in the duck industry. However, there is no efficient prevention and control method for DHV infection. Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) is one of the primary pathogens responsible for DVH. Methods: In this study, we prepared a highly effective anti-DHAV IgY antibody by immunizing Hy-Line Brown laying hens at the peak of egg production. Results and Conclusions: The neutralization index of this antibody was found to be up to 38.90 (DHAV-1 QYD strain) and 141.25 (DHAV-3 GY strain) in vitro. The antibody also exhibited effective prophylactic effects in a model of hepatic inflammation following the viral challenge of ducklings, with a dose of 0.5 mL per duckling (containing 64 mg/mL of IgY) significantly reducing DHAV-related mortality by 66%, providing substantial protection against the infection. Furthermore, it effectively alleviated oxidative damage caused by DHAV in the ducklings. The results of this study indicate that IgY has the potential for treating DHAV infection; it also provides a new way for the treatment of poultry diseases with specific antibodies.

Thiacloprid Exposure Induces Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Apoptosis in the Liver of Mauremys reevesii

Among neonicotinoid insecticides, thiacloprid (THI) is extensively utilized in agricultural practices, which poses a potential toxicity risk to aquatic fauna. Turtles, integral to aquatic ecosystems, have not yet been comprehensively assessed for their vulnerability to THI exposure. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of THI on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and apoptosis in aquatic turtles. We categorized Mauremys reevesii into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups exposed to environmentally relevant (4.5 μg/mL) and high (15 mg/mL) concentrations of THI, respectively. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes significantly associated with the elimination of superoxide radicals, organelle inner membrane functions, peroxiredoxin activity, and apoptotic pathways were abundantly expressed in the high-concentration THI group. Notably, exposure to high concentrations of THI led to a marked increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, whereas catalase (CAT) activity declined and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels rose, indicating the presence of oxidative stress. Moreover, THI upregulated the expression of the ER stress marker GRP78. Simultaneously, the mRNA levels of pivotal unfolded protein response genes, including AFT6, AFT4, IRE1α, CHOP, XBP1, and eIF2α, were significantly elevated in response to THI exposure. Furthermore, high concentrations of THI significantly activated the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 enzymes in the liver tissue. The expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 was downregulated, whereas the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and caspase-3 were upregulated, leading to an increase in hepatic apoptotic cells following THI exposure. Collectively, our study indicates that THI can induce hepatic damage in turtles through the promotion of oxidative stress, ERS, and apoptosis. These findings gain a deeper understanding of the toxic effects of THI on keystone species in aquatic ecosystems, thereby improving our overall understanding of their environmental impacts.

A preliminary study of combined toxicity and underlying mechanisms of imidacloprid and cadmium coexposure using a multiomics integration approach

Imidacloprid (IMI) and cadmium (Cd) have been shown to be harmful to mammals separately, but their combined toxicity to mammals remains largely unknown. In this study, biochemical analysis (oxidative stress and serum indicators of liver and kidney function), pathological sections and multiomics (metabolomics and transcriptomics) methods were used to investigate the changes and mechanisms of liver and kidney in mice coexposed to IMI and Cd. Biochemical analysis and pathological section results showed that oxidative stress, organ function, and cell damage were aggravated after the combination of the two methods. Omics results revealed the following mechanism: When mouse liver and kidney cells were threatened by the external environment, mitochondrial DNA was inhibited, which leads to changes in energy metabolism. In this process, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism were disordered, resulting in the inhibition of substances related to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism that protect the body from oxidative damage, and then showed more serious liver and kidney oxidative stress and liver and kidney function and cell damage. This research offers novel insights for the assessment of the safety profile associated with the concurrent exposure of the two chemicals in mammalian species.

The effects of alpha-pinene against paracetamol-induced liver damage in male rats

This study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of alpha-pinene against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, paracetamol, (APA)-induced liver damage in rats. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 6): Group 1: Normal (control). Group 2: APA 640 mg/kg. Group 3: alpha-pinene 50 mg/kg (APA+ αPi 50 mg/kg). Group 4: alpha-pinene 100 mg/kg (APA+ αPi 100 mg/kg). Group 5: silymarin 50 mg/kg (APA+ SIL). Alpha-pinene or silymarin was orally administered after APA administration for 14 consecutive days. This study investigated liver damage by preparing pathology slides from liver tissue. Levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured. Inflammatory factors, including NF-kB gene expression and levels of IL-6 and TNF-a, were also measured. Administering alpha-pinene with APA can prevent liver damage induced by APA. Alpha-pinene can enhance TAC while reducing TOS, ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin. Moreover, the results have also revealed that alpha-pinene decreases NF-kB expression, which leads to a reduction in IL-6 and TNF-a levels. It appears that alpha-pinene induces liver protective effects against APA damage by reducing the activity of liver enzymes, improving antioxidant/oxidative status, and reducing inflammation through the regulation of NF-kB and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Adipokines regulate the development and progression of MASLD through organellar oxidative stress

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), which is increasingly being recognized as a leading cause of chronic liver pathology globally, is increasing. The pathophysiological underpinnings of its progression, which is currently under active investigation, involve oxidative stress. Human adipose tissue, an integral endocrine organ, secretes an array of adipokines that are modulated by dietary patterns and lifestyle choices. These adipokines intricately orchestrate regulatory pathways that impact glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function, thereby influencing the evolution of hepatic steatosis and progression to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). This review examines recent data, underscoring the critical interplay of oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, and redox signaling in adipokine-mediated mechanisms. The role of various adipokines in regulating the onset and progression of MASLD/MASH through mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. Due to the emerging correlation between adipokines and the development of MASLD positions, these adipokines are potential targets for the development of innovative therapeutic interventions for MASLD management. A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of MASLD/MASH is instrumental for identifying therapies for MASH.

Oxidized high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein in adolescents with obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasingly common in the pediatric population and may increase risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with MASLD. Oxidized high-density lipoprotein (oxHDL) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are modified, pro-atherosclerotic lipoproteins that are increased in adults with MASLD and CVD but have not been reported in adolescents with MASLD.

PURPOSE

To determine if oxLDL and oxHDL are increased in adolescents with MASLD.

METHODS

Fasting oxHDL and oxLDL were measured in adolescents (11-20 years) with obesity and biopsy-confirmed MASLD (n = 47), and peers without MASLD but with obesity (Ob; n = 28), or normal weight (NW; n = 29).

RESULTS

oxHDL was 27% higher (p < 0.05) in the MASLD group (mean ± SD: 11.9 ± 4.7 ng/mL) compared to the Ob group (9.3 ± 3.7 ng/mL, p < 0.05) but only 7% higher than the NW group (11.1 ± 3.8 ng/mL, p > 0.05). However, HDL-C was 19% and 32% lower in the MASLD group than in the Ob and NW groups, respectively. Thus, oxHDL/HDL-C ratio was 55% and 66% higher in MASLD compared to the Ob group (p < 0.004) and the NW group (p < 0.001), respectively. oxLDL (52.4 ± 16.0, 46.7 ± 10.1 and 47.1 ± 15.2 U/L for MASLD, Ob and NW, respectively), LDL-C and the oxLDL/LDL-C ratio did not differ among groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The elevated oxHDL and oxHDL/HDL-C in adolescents with MASLD compared to peers with Ob or NW suggests that there is some oxidative stress in MASLD independent of obesity and potential for increased CVD risk in the future.

Exploration of antioxidant peptides from crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) meat using modern information technology: Virtual-screening and antioxidant mechanisms

To develop a safe, stable and easily absorbed new antioxidant peptide. The myofibrillar protein hydrolysates of Siamese crocodile meat were prepared and purified, their free radical scavenging and Fe2+ chelating ability were determined. The results showed that isolated component 3 of neutral protease hydrolysate (N3) had the highest antioxidant activity. Subsequently, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to appraise the amino acid sequences within the N3 component, and 8 novel antioxidant peptides were screened by bioinformatics analysis, the antioxidant test proved that all 8 synthetic peptides had certain antioxidant activity. Among them, there was no significant difference in the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of GWDK, LWDK, ERWP, LGWK and LWAK (P > 0.05), which were higher than that of DFRDY and WYRDD (P < 0.05), the ABTS radical scavenging ability of DFRDY was similar to WYRDD (P > 0.05), but remarkably stronger than that of the other 6 peptides (P < 0.05). Finally, the binding mechanism of 8 novel peptides to Keap1 protein was explored through molecular docking, and it was found that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction were the primary forces that bind antioxidant peptides to Keap1 protein.

Review on ginseng and its potential active substance G-Rg2 against age-related diseases: Traditional efficacy and mechanism

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

According to the Shen Nong Herbal Classic, Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is documented to possess life-prolonging effects and is extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as qi deficiency, temper deficiency, insomnia, and forgetfulness. Ginseng is commonly employed for replenishing qi and nourishing blood, fortifying the body and augmenting immunity; it has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating fatigue, enhancing memory, and retarding aging. Furthermore, it exhibits a notable ameliorative impact on age-related conditions including cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. One of its active constituents - ginsenoside Rg2 (G-Rg2) - exhibits potential therapeutic efficacy in addressing these ailments.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The aim of this review is to explore the traditional efficacy of ginseng in anti-aging diseases and the modern pharmacological mechanism of its potential active substance G-Rg2, in order to provide strong theoretical support for further elucidating the mechanism of its anti-aging effect.

METHODS

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the traditional efficacy of ginseng and the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-age-related disease properties of G-Rg2, based on an extensive literature review up to March 12, 2024, from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases. Potential anti-aging mechanisms of G-Rg2 were predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis techniques.

RESULTS

In traditional Chinese medicine theory, ginseng has been shown to improve aging-related diseases with a variety of effects, including tonifying qi, strengthening the spleen and stomach, nourishing yin, regulating yin and yang, as well as calming the mind. Its potential active ingredient G-Rg2 has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in age-related diseases, especially central nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. G-Rg2 exhibited a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Meanwhile, the network pharmacological analyses and molecular docking results were consistent with the existing literature review, further validating the potential efficacy of G-Rg2 as an anti-aging agent.

CONCLUSION

The review firstly explores the ameliorative effects of ginseng on a wide range of age-related diseases based on TCM theories. Secondly, the article focuses on the remarkable significance and value demonstrated by G-Rg2 in age-related cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, G-Rg2 has broad prospects for development in intervening in aging and treating age-related health problems.

Impact of microplastics on the human digestive system: From basic to clinical

As a new type of pollutant, the harm caused by microplastics (MPs) to organisms has been the research focus. Recently, the proportion of MPs ingested through the digestive tract has gradually increased with the popularity of fast-food products, such as takeout. The damage to the digestive system has attracted increasing attention. We reviewed the literature regarding toxicity of MPs and observed that they have different effects on multiple organs of the digestive system. The mechanism may be related to the toxic effects of MPs themselves, interactions with various substances in the biological body, and participation in various signaling pathways to induce adverse reactions as a carrier of toxins to increase the time and amount of body absorption. Based on the toxicity mechanism of MPs, we propose specific suggestions to provide a theoretical reference for the government and relevant departments.

Vanin-1-Activated Fluorescent Probe for Real-Time In Vivo Imaging of Inflammatory Responses Across Multiple Tissue Types

Vanin-1 is a pantetheine hydrolase that plays a key role in inflammatory diseases. Effective tools for noninvasive, real-time monitoring of Vanin-1 are lacking, largely due to background fluorescence interference in existing probes. To address this issue, we developed a dual-modal fluorescent and colorimetric probe, MB-Van1, to detect Vanin-1 with high sensitivity and selectivity. MB-Van1 has a structure optimized to exhibit nearly zero background fluorescence, resulting in a high signal-to-noise ratio that enables the accurate detection of Vanin-1 activity in various biological tissues. In vitro experiments demonstrated that MB-Van1 had a detection limit as low as 0.031 ng/mL in the fluorescence mode. We successfully employ MB-Van1 to observe elevated Vanin-1 levels in inflammatory tissues of various mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) enteropathy models, within only 5 min. This advancement provides a novel approach for monitoring the dynamic changes of Vanin-1 during inflammation, offering new strategies for the early diagnosis and therapeutic assessment of other related diseases.

Supplementing the standard diet with brown rice bran powder might effectively improve the metabolic syndrome characteristics and antioxidant status: an open label randomized controlled trial

Purpose: This study explores the impact of brown rice bran powder (BRBP), known for its beneficial components, such as dietary fiber and γ-oryzanol, on individuals suffering from metabolic syndrome (MetS). Subjects/Methods: In this eight-week open-label controlled trial, fifty participants with MetS were randomly assigned to either a control group, which received a standard diet (SDiet), or an intervention group, which incorporated 15 grams of BRBP daily into their diet. Demographic, anthropometric and clinical data were collected, and blood samples were taken to assess metabolic factors and antioxidant enzyme activities. Additionally, the participants completed the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale questionnaire. Results: Analysis of covariance controlled for the baseline levels and medication consumptions revealed that postthis trial, compared to the controls, patients who received BRBP showed significant reductions in BMI (P-value = 0.001; effect size (ES): -1.13), waist circumference (P-value < 0.001; ES: -1.28), total-cholesterol (P-value = 0.028; ES: -0.74), LDL-cholesterol (P-value = 0.002; ES: -0.86), blood sugar (P-value = 0.013; ES: -0.82), as well as triglyceride glucose (TyG)-BMI index (as a marker of insulin resistance) (P-value < 0.001; ES: -1.35). Further, BRBP resulted in significant improvements in antioxidant enzyme activities, including glutathione peroxidase (P-value = 0.010; ES: 0.86), superoxide dismutase serum activities (P-value = 0.021; ES: 0.78), and constipation rate (P-value = 0.018; ES: -0.85) compared to SDiet alone. However, no significant changes were found regarding levels of triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, glutathione, catalase and blood pressure after the trial. Conclusion: The findings of this trial support the weight-reducing, hypocholestrolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, and antioxidative effects of adding BRBP to SDiet that is prescribed for MetS patients.

Study on toxicity responses in Xenopus tropicalis long-term exposure to norfloxacin, oxytetracycline and arsenic

The presence of residues of antibiotics and heavy metals in the global aquatic environment is a widespread potential environmental risk. Here, we studied their effect on Xenopus tropicalis by analysing the hepatotoxic effects of norfloxacin (NOR), oxytetracycline (OTC), and arsenic (As) on its histology, lipidomics, proteases, and cytokines. The results showed that development was inhibited, and additional vacuolation, sinusoids, pyknosis, nuclei, cell lysis, and leukocyte infiltration were observed in the liver after 72 days of exposure to NOR (0.1-4.0 mg L-1), OTC (0.1-4.0 mg L-1), and/or As (0.3-3.5 μg L-1). In addition, the size and number of lipid droplets increased with the superposition of drugs, disrupting lipid droplet homeostasis. Lipidomics proved that the intensity of lipid responses related to lipid metabolism was disrupted, especially for CerP and TAG. In addition, the lipotoxicity induced by joint exposure was more potent than that induced by a single exposure. Compared with the controls, the ROS levels in the liver were 7.21%-37.18% greater, which promoted oxidative stress damage. By revealing the underlying mechanisms involved, we found that the liver can resist oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by regulating the expression of multiple cytokines. Our study provides new insights into the hepatotoxicity and underlying mechanisms in aquatic amphibians caused by long-term exposure to low concentrations of NOR, OTC, and/or As.

New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease Based on Global Research

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the leading cause of death among alcohol-related diseases, yet its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This article employs data mining methods to conduct an indepth study of articles on ALD published in the past three decades, aiming to elucidate the pathogenesis of ALD.

METHODS

Firstly, articles related to the pathogenesis of ALD were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) database. CiteSpace 6.1.R2 and VOSviewer 1.6.18 were used to visually analyze the authors, institutions, journals, and keywords of the published articles. Secondly, by thoroughly reading the top 100 most cited articles and focusing on research hotspots such as cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), gut microbiota, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), the pathogenesis of ALD was preliminarily explored. Finally, the pathogenesis of ALD was further analyzed based on disease databases.

RESULTS

A total of 1521 articles were retrieved from the WOS database, and 384 of these were selected for in-depth reading. From GeneCards, 9084 genes related to ALD were identified. KEGG enrichment analysis was performed using DAVID, and the hsa04936: Alcoholic liver disease pathway was selected for visualization.

CONCLUSIONS

This study preliminarily elucidates the pathogenesis of ALD, which may be associated with the release of acetaldehyde, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and various pro-inflammatory factors during alcohol metabolism. It is also closely related to gut microbiota dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability induced by multiple factors.

The Novel Effect and Potential Mechanism of Lactoferrin on Organ Fibrosis Prevention

Organ fibrosis is gradually becoming a human health and safety problem, and various organs of the body are likely to develop fibrosis. The ultimate pathological feature of numerous chronic diseases is fibrosis, and few interventions are currently available to specifically target the pathogenesis of fibrosis. The medical detection of organ fibrosis has gradually matured. However, there is currently no effective treatment method for these diseases. Therefore, we need to strive for developing effective and reliable drugs or substances to treat and prevent fibrotic diseases. Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with many pathological and physiologically active effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, and it protects against pathological and physiological conditions in various disease models. This review summarizes the effects and underlying mechanisms of LF in preventing organ fibrosis. As a naturally active substance, LF can be used as a promising and effective drug for the prevention and remission of fibrotic diseases.

Cannabidiol mitigates methotrexate-induced hepatic injury via SIRT-1/p53 signaling and mitochondrial pathways: reduces oxidative stress and inflammation

Methotrexate (MTX), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, often induces hepatotoxicity, limiting its clinical utility. Cannabidiol (CBD), derived from hemp, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. This study aims to investigate CBD's protective effects against MTX-induced liver injury and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Thirty-two female Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups: control, MTX (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.] once), MTX+CBD (20 mg/kg i.p. once + 5 mg/kg i.p. for seven days), and CBD (5 mg/kg, i.p. for seven days). Biochemical analyses of serum and liver tissues were performed to assess oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, oxidative stress index), liver function tests (AST, ALT), and antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase). Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were conducted to evaluate liver tissue damage and TNF-α expression. Genetic analyses were performed to measure the expression levels of SIRT-1, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax genes using RT-qPCR. MTX administration increased oxidative stress markers, liver enzymes, TNF-α, p53, and Bax levels while decreasing antioxidant defenses and SIRT-1 expression. CBD administration reversed these alterations effectively. CBD mitigated MTX-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. It activates antioxidant defenses via SIRT-1 upregulation, suppresses inflammation by reducing TNF-α, and prevents apoptosis by modulating p53, Bcl-2, and Bax gene expressions. These findings suggest CBD could be a promising therapeutic agent for chemotherapy-induced liver damage. Further research is warranted to explore additional pathways and broader molecular mechanisms.

Hepatic effects of GLP-1 mimetics in diabetic milieu: A mechanistic review of involved pathways

Patients with diabetic are at a higher risk of developing hepatic disorders compared to non-diabetic individuals. This increased risk can be attributed to the diabetic environment, which triggers and exacerbates harmful pathways involved in both diabetic complications and hepatic disorders. Therefore, it is important to consider the use of antidiabetic agents that offer benefits beyond glycemic control and have positive effects on liver tissues. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics are a novel class of antidiabetic medications known for their potent blood sugar-lowering effects. Emerging evidence suggests that these drugs also have favorable effects on the liver. However, the precise effects and underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this review, we aim to provide a mechanistic perspective on the liver benefits of GLP-1 mimetics and outline the mediating mechanisms involved.

Aloe vera gel relieves cadmium triggered hepatic injury via antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic routes

Aloe vera (AV) gel extracted from fresh AV leaves was chosen in this study to evaluate its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities against cadmium (Cd) -induced liver injury. Forty Wistar male adult rats were equally divided into four groups. Group I (standard control) ingested with 2.5 ml/kg b.w. of physiological saline. Group II (Cd-intoxicated) received 3 mg/kg b.w./day of CdCl2 dissolved in saline. Group III (AV) received 200 mg/kg b.w./day of AV gel dissolved in saline. Group IV (Cd+AV) ingested with 200 mg/kg b.w./day of AV gel solution along with 3 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2. All groups were ingested orally by gavage for 3 consecutive weeks. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and HSP70 were measured in serum. The deposited Cd level, nitric oxide content, lipid peroxidation, collagen-1 (COL-1), and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were all determined in liver tissue homogenates. Gene expression of NF-κB and IL-6, Bax, and Bcl2, as well as immunohistochemistry analysis of activated caspase-3, was performed. Results showed that ingestion of AV gel greatly relieved all oxidative stress due to Cd exposure, modulated the NF-κB, IL-6, Bax, and Bcl2 expression levels, and improved the apoptotic state. In conclusion, AV gel confirmed its potential ameliorating effect against liver injury induced due to Cd exposure.

Recent Advancement in Drug Development for Treating Malaria using Herbal Medicine and Nanotechnological Approach

More than two hundred million people around the world are infected with malaria, a blood-borne disease that poses a significant risk to human life. Single medications, such as lumefantrine, primaquine, and chloroquine, as well as combinations of these medications with artemisinin or its derivatives, are currently being used as therapies. In addition, due to rising antimalarial drug resistance, other therapeutic options are needed immediately. Furthermore, due to anti-malarial medication failures, a new drug is required. Medication discovery and development are costly and time-consuming. Many malaria treatments have been developed however, most treatments have low water solubility and bioavailability. They may also cause drugresistant parasites, which would increase malaria cases and fatalities. Nanotechnology may offer a safer, more effective malaria therapy and control option. Nanoparticles' high loading capacity, concentrated drug delivery, biocompatibility, and low toxicity make them an attractive alternative to traditional therapy. Nanotechnologybased anti-malarial chemotherapeutic medications outperform conventional therapies in therapeutic benefits, safety, and cost. This improves patient treatment compliance. The limitations of malaria treatments and the importance of nanotechnological approaches to the treatment of malaria were also topics that were covered in this review. The most recent advancements in nanomaterials and the advantages they offer in terms of medication delivery are discussed in this article. The prospective therapy for malaria is also discussed. Additionally, the limitations of malaria therapies and the importance of nanotechnology-based approaches to the treatment of malaria were explored.

Association between composite dietary antioxidant index and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study from NHANES

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a typical hepatic steatosis with metabolic dysfunction. The composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) measures individual antioxidant capacity, and the relationship with MAFLD has received little attention. Our goal is to explore the association of CDAI with MAFLD.

METHODS

Participants were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2020. CDAI was calculated basing on six dietary antioxidants, including zinc, selenium, carotenoids, and vitamins A, C, and E. Univariate regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the correlation between CDAI and MAFLD. We performed subgroup analysis to study the correlation in various populations.

RESULTS

A total of 18,163 participants, including 13,969 MAFLD and 4,194 non-MAFLD, were included. CDAI was significantly negatively correlated with MAFLD. After adjusting for all confounders (including age, gender, race, marital status, poverty ratio, education level, drinking status, smoking status, and physical activity), individuals in the highest quartile of CDAI exhibited a 27% lower likelihood of developing MAFLD than those in the lowest quartile (OR = 0.73; 95% CI [0.66, 0.81], p < 0.001). Physical activity subgroup analysis showed that this negative association was significant in the moderate-intensity physical exercise population (Model 3 in Q4, OR = 0.72; 95% CI [0.58-0.89], p < 0.001). Additionally, the changes in vitamins C were independently associated with MAFLD (Model 3, OR = 0.90; 95% CI [0.86-0.93], p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

We found a negative relationship between higher CDAI scores and MAFLD. This study provided a new reference for exploring dietary interventions that affect MAFLD to reduce its incidence.

Rice-Fish Farming Improved Antioxidant Defences, Glucose Metabolism, and Muscle Nutrient of Carassius auratus in Sichuan Province

Rice-fish farming is an ancient and enduring aquaculture model in China. This study aimed to assess the variations in digestive enzymes, antioxidant properties, glucose metabolism, and nutritional content between Carassius auratus reared in paddy fields and ponds. Notably, the levels of amylase and trypsin in C. auratus from rice paddies were considerably higher compared to those from ponds. Additionally, the hepatic catalase (CAT) activity in fish from paddy (2.45 ± 0.16 U/mg) exceeded that of their pond counterparts (2.27 ± 0.25 U/mg). Regarding glucose metabolism, the activities of key enzymes such as Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) (paddy: 82.45 ± 6.11 U/g; pond: 78.53 ± 7.18 U/g), hexokinase (HK) (paddy: 9.55 ± 0.58 U/g; pond: 8.83 ± 0.72 U/g), glucokinase (GK) (paddy: 4.09 ± 0.21 IU/g; pond: 3.44 ± 0.33 IU/g), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) (paddy: 85.71 ± 4.49 IU/g; pond: 79.12 ± 9.34 IU/g), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) (paddy: 47.23 ± 3.22 U/g; pond: 42.31 ± 4.93 U/g) were significantly elevated in rice paddy-cultured fish compared to those in ponds. Conversely, phosphor-pyruvate kinase (PK) (paddy: 418.15 ± 31.89 U/g; pond: 570.16 ± 56.06 U/g) activity was markedly reduced in the paddy group. Hepatic glycogen content (paddy: 15.70 ± 0.98 ng/g; pond: 14.91 ± 1.24 ng/g) was also substantially higher in fish from paddy, although no significant differences in muscle glycogen content (paddy: 7.14 ± 0.59 ng/g; pond: 6.70 ± 0.52 ng/g) were observed between the two environments. In terms of nutritional composition, fish raised in paddy exhibited higher crude protein (paddy: 18.46 ± 0.47 g/100 g muscle; pond: 15.57 ± 0.25 g/100 g muscle) and crude ash (paddy: 1.19 ± 0.02 g/100 g muscle; pond: 0.97 ± 0.02 g/100 g muscle) than those in ponds, whereas the crude fat (paddy: 0.87 ± 0.04 g/100 g muscle; pond: 1.66 ± 0.04 g/100 g muscle) was notably lower in paddy fish. Furthermore, fish from rice paddies had a greater total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (paddy: 4.25 ± 0.24 g/100 g muscle; pond: 6.73 ± 0.27 g/100 g muscle), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) (paddy: 9.04 ± 0.3 g/100 g muscle; pond: 7.19 ± 0.21 g/100 g muscle), and delicious amino acids (DAA) (paddy: 7.11 ± 0.2 g/100 g muscle; pond: 5.45 ± 0.19 g/100 g muscle) compared to those from pond cultures. These findings suggest that rice-fish co-culture systems can yield healthier and more environmentally sustainable aquatic products by improving feed digestion and optimizing nutrient metabolism.

Electrochemical Biosensor for the Assessment of Cell Viability Using Methylene Blue. Application to the Detection of Ciguatoxins in Fish from the Canary Islands

Cell-based biosensors (CBBs) for the detection of marine neurotoxins such as ciguatoxins (CTXs) are of high interest due to the composite toxicological response they can provide and the low limits of quantification (LOQs) they can achieve with the use of sensitive neural cells. However, the development and validation of CBBs are challenging due to the use of living material and the need for appropriate signal transduction strategies. In this work, Neuro-2a cells have been immobilized on thin-film gold electrodes, and their viability after exposure to CTX1B has been evaluated with light optical microscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using methylene blue (MB) as a redox indicator. An LOQ of 0.93 pg CTX1B/mL has been obtained. The CBB has been applied to the analysis of fish samples from the Canary Islands, one of them implicated in a ciguatera poisoning (CP) outbreak, and results have been compared with those obtained with a conventional cell-based assay (CBA), showing a very good agreement. The combination of the benefits of cells with those provided by biosensor platforms in terms of ease of use, miniaturization, automatization, and portability could result in the ideal analytical tool for CP management. Additionally, this is the first time MB is used as a cell viability indicator in a CBB, providing a new versatile approach for multiple applications.

Antioxidants of commercial interest from Homalium tomentosum attenuates hepatocellular necrosis: Insights from experimental and computational studies

Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth, is a valuable agroforestry species and has industrial importance high-quality wood is used for malas, the manufacture of matches, and is suitable for making a wide range of articles. Nevertheless, leaves and bark are relatively rich in phenols and flavonoids, used for medicinal purposes. In this study, phenols and flavonoids rich in bio-privileged antioxidants in ethyl-acetate extracted fractions of bark (HTEB), and leaves (HTEL) at 300, and 400 mg/kg were examined in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. HTEB and HTEL (400) showed improvement in liver structural integrity, but, HTEB400 significantly improved serum (total protein, TP; alkaline phosphatase, ALP; total bilirubin, TB; serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, SGOT, and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, SGPT), and hepatic oxidative (catalase, CAT; thiobarbituric acid reactive species, TBARS; reduced glutathione, GSH; superoxide dismutase, SOD), and inflammatory (transforming growth factor, TGF-β; ineterleukin-6, IL-6) biomarkers accompanied by histopathological improvements of the liver. GC-MS analysis of HTEB and HTEL identified 14 and 18 compounds, but physicochemical properties of 3-major antioxidants of HTEB (levoglucosenone, (+)-borneol, α-N-normethadol), and HTEL (2-coumaranone, salicyl alcohol, D-allose) were satisfied for the parameters molecular weight, no. of H-acceptor and H-donor, partition co-efficient (clogP), and topological polar surface area (tPSA) of Lipinski's rule. ADME-Tox properties were directly related to the biological activities of HTEB and HTEL. Molecular docking investigation of α-N-normethadol showed the highest binding energy against TGF-β and IL-6 than other antioxidants. HTEB and HTEL were powerful antioxidant potential, but levoglucosenone, (+)-borneol, and α-N-normethadol of HTEB demonstrated better activities in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to preserve cellular membrane integrity in liver cirrhosis as found evidence in restoring the liver inflammatory cytokines. This study confirmed the economic interest of H. tomentosum bark as crude material for the preparation of biobased materials for the pharmaceutical and food industries.

DINCH Exposure Triggers Inflammatory, Oxidative, and Apoptotic Pathways in the Liver of Long-Evans Lactating Rats and Their Offspring

1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) is a non-phthalate plasticizer used as a replacement of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in daily usage items. It is not known whether continuous exposure to low doses of DINCH can lead to hepatic alterations, the liver being the organ responsible for its metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in the liver of lactating dams after DINCH exposure, and whether these effects may be observed on postnatal day 6 (PND6) offspring. Two doses of DINCH were tested by oral administration to the following three groups of Long-Evans rats: control, DINCH-lower dose (LDINCH, 30 mg/kg b.w./day), and DINCH-high dose (HDINCH, 300 mg/kg b.w./day). Inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB), mitochondrial transcriptional factors (PPARγ and PGC-1α), oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GSSG/GSH), and components of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (PUMA, BAX, BAD, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Cytochrome c, APAF-1, Caspase-3, AIF) were assessed by the gene and protein expression in the liver of lactating dams and offspring. Exposure to LDINCH promoted the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α and raised oxidative stress levels (GSSG/GSH), as well as increased Caspase-3 levels and reduced anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL), both in lactating dams and PND6 offspring. Thus, constant exposure to lower doses of DINCH can disrupt inflammatory and oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis, leading to hepatic tissue damage in lactating dams and having a perinatal effect in PND6 offspring.

Betalains: A Narrative Review on Pharmacological Mechanisms Supporting the Nutraceutical Potential Towards Health Benefits

Betalains are naturally occurring pigments sourced mainly from Beta vulgaris (beetroot), Hylocereus spp. (dragon fruit), Amaranthus spp., and Opuntia spp. Betalains are widely used for their vibrant colors and health-promoting properties. These nitrogenous, water-soluble pigments are crucial colorants in the food industry, responsible for the red, purple, and yellow plant tissues, predominantly in the order Caryophyllales. They are grouped into betacyanins, with reddish-violet hues, and betaxanthins, yellow to orange. Examples include beetroot stems for betacyanins and yellow pitaya pulp for betaxanthins. Several pharmacological activities were reviewed in the scientific literature, describing their potential implications for human health. In this review, we focused on the main and latest studies on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of betalains, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Overall, betalain consumption is considered safe, with no major adverse effects or allergic reactions reported. We also approached topics such as the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, stability, and enhanced stabilization of betalains. This article provides a comprehensive overview of bioactive potential of betalains, highlighting the biochemical mechanisms involved. The current knowledge broadens the clinical applicability of betalains, making them potential sources of nutraceutical compounds that can be used to develop functional foods.

Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals for the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in women and risk of development is greatly increased following menopause. Menopause occurs over several years and is associated with hormonal changes, including a reduction in estradiol and an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone. This hormonal shift may result in an increased risk of developing abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, vascular dysfunction, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Furthermore, with the onset of menopause, there is an increase in oxidative stress that is associated with impaired vascular function, inflammation, and thrombosis, further increasing the risk of CVD development. Despite the harmful consequences of the menopause transition being well known, women in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal stages are unlikely to be enrolled in research studies. Therefore, investigations on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in middle-aged women are still relatively limited. Whilst lifestyle interventions are associated with reduced CVD risk in this population sample, the evidence still remains inconclusive. Therefore, it is important to explore the effectiveness of early intervention and potential therapeutic approaches to maintain cellular redox balance, preserve endothelium, and reduce inflammation. Glycine, N-acetylcysteine, and L-theanine are amino acids with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and are identified as therapeutic interventions in the management of age-related and metabolic diseases. The benefits of the intake of these amino acids for improving factors associated with cardiovascular health are discussed in this review. Future studies using these amino acids are warranted to investigate their effect on maintaining the vascular health and cardiovascular outcomes of postmenopausal women.

Nobiletin protects against alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury by regulating the hepatic NRF1-TFAM signaling pathway

OBJECTIVES

Alcohol and its metabolites, such as acetaldehyde, induced hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction play a pathological role in the development of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD).

METHODS

In this study, we investigated the potential of nobiletin (NOB), a polymethoxylated flavone, to counter alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury.

RESULTS

Our findings demonstrate that NOB administration markedly attenuated alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and tissue damage in mice. NOB reversed hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in both alcohol-fed mice and acetaldehyde-treated hepatocytes. Mechanistically, NOB restored the reduction of hepatic mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) at both mRNA and protein levels. Notably, the protective effects of NOB against acetaldehyde-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death were abolished in hepatocytes lacking Tfam. Furthermore, NOB administration reinstated the levels of hepatocellular NRF1, a key transcriptional regulator of TFAM, which were decreased by alcohol and acetaldehyde exposure. Consistent with these findings, hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Nrf1 protected against alcohol-induced hepatic Tfam reduction, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and liver injury.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study elucidates the involvement of the NRF1-TFAM signaling pathway in the protective mechanism of NOB against chronic-plus-binge alcohol consumption-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury, suggesting NOB supplementation as a potential therapeutic strategy for ALD.

Methionine and vitamin E supplementation improve production performance, antioxidant potential, and liver health in aged laying hens

Sulfur metabolites of methionine (Met) and vitamin E (VE) have antioxidant potential and can maintain liver health in chickens. This study explored the underlying mechanisms of Met sources, the ratio of total sulfur amino acids to lysine (TSAA: Lys), and VE levels on production performances, antioxidant potential, and hepatic oxidation in aged laying hens. Eight hundred and sixty-four, Hy-Line Brown laying hens (70-week age) were divided into 12 treatment groups, each having 6 repeats and 12 birds/each repeat. The dietary treatments consisted of DL-Met (DL-Met), DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (OH-Met), 3 ratios of TSAA: Lys (0.90, 0.95, and 1.00), and 2 levels of VE (20 and 40 g/ton). Albumen height and Haugh unit significantly increased at a lower level of VE (P < 0.05). Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities (CAT) in the liver significantly reduced at 0.95 TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 alpha (CPT-1α) also upregulated at this TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Compared with the DL-Met group, the OH-Met group had lower Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) and higher TC, LDL, and VLDL concentrations (P < 0.05).The expression of FAS,CPT-1α), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), glutathione synthetase (GSS), and Nrf2 were significantly higher in OH-Met compared with the DL-Met group (P < 0.05). OH-Met at 0.95 and DL-Met at 0.90 TSAA: Lys ratio showed higher CAT and lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Moreover, OH-Met at 0.90 and DL-Met at 0.95 of the TSAA: Lys ratio had a significant reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). Overall, these results suggest that OH-Met source with a lower level of VE positively influenced production performance and improved liver health in aged laying hens through improved lipid metabolism and hepatic antioxidant function.

Dietary supplementation of poly-dihydromyricetin-fused zinc nanoparticles alleviates fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome by improving antioxidant capacity, intestinal health and lipid metabolism of laying hens

Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome is the main cause of noninfectious death of laying hens and results in substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. This study focused on evaluating the effects of Poly-dihydromyricetin-fused zinc nanoparticles (PDMY-Zn NPs) on antioxidant capacity, liver lipid metabolism, and intestinal health in laying hens. A total of 288 Jingfen laying hens (52 wk old) with similar body weights were randomly divided into 4 dietary groups with 6 replicates in each group for 8 wk. The control group received a basal diet, while the treatment groups were supplemented with PDMY-Zn NPs at levels of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg, respectively. The results indicate that PDMY-Zn NPs supplementation can enhance antioxidant parameters (P < 0.05) in the blood and liver of laying hens. Simultaneously, it can mitigate vacuolar degeneration and inflammatory necrosis in hepatocytes, improve the relative expression level of related parameters associated with liver lipid metabolism and key regulatory genes (P < 0.05). Furthermore, it has been observed to reshape the composition and diversity of cecum microbes by increasing beneficial probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Prevotella, while also enhancing villi height and villi/crypt ratio in the duodenum and ileum (P < 0.05). Additionally, it elevates liver bile acid content along with the relative expression of key genes involved in liver synthesis (P < 0.05). In summary, PDMY-Zn NPs showed potential to alleviate fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome by enhancing antioxidant capacity, regulating liver lipid metabolism, and maintaining intestinal health.

Arylacetamide deacetylase regulates hepatic iron homeostasis to protect against carbon tetrachloride-induced ferroptosis

Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) catalyzes the hydrolysis of small molecules containing ester and amide bonds. Recently, it has been reported that AADAC can suppress reactive oxygen species production in cancer cells. This study aimed to elucidate the possibility that AADAC protects against drug-induced liver injury accompanied by oxidative stress and to explore its molecular mechanisms. Intraperitoneal administration of carbon tetrachloride induced significantly more severe liver injury in Aadac knockout (KO) mice (plasma alanine aminotransferase level: 19,381 ± 10,578 U/L) than in wild-type (WT) mice (7219 ± 4729 U/L). More severe liver injury in Aadac KO mice was accompanied by higher hepatic malondialdehyde and antioxidant gene mRNA levels than those in WT mice. The increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase levels in Aadac KO mice was substantially suppressed by pretreatment with the ferroptosis inhibitors deferoxamine or ferrostatin-1, suggesting that Aadac deficiency increases susceptibility to ferroptosis. Immunoprecipitation followed by proteomic analysis revealed that AADAC interacts with ceruloplasmin (CP), which oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron. Hepatic CP activity was significantly lower in Aadac KO mice than that in WT mice, resulting in elevated hepatic ferrous iron levels in Aadac KO mice. Overexpression of human AADAC in Huh-7 cells significantly attenuated carbon tetrachloride-induced cytotoxicity by suppressing ferrous iron accumulation, suggesting that AADAC interacts with CP to suppress hepatic ferrous iron accumulation. The hepatoprotective role of Aadac in ferroptosis was also observed in mice with acetaminophen-induced liver injury. This study demonstrates a novel function of AADAC in protecting against ferroptosis induced by hepatotoxicants, carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen.

A review of nutritional recommendations for scuba divers

BACKGROUND

Scuba diving is an increasingly popular activity that involves the use of specialized equipment and compressed air to breathe underwater. Scuba divers are subject to the physiological consequences of being immersed in a high-pressure environment, including, but not limited to, increased work of breathing and kinetic energy expenditure, decreased fluid absorption, and alteration of metabolism. Individual response to these environmental stressors may result in a differential risk of decompression sickness, a condition thought to result from excess nitrogen bubbles forming in a diver's tissues. While the mechanisms of decompression sickness are still largely unknown, it has been postulated that this response may further be influenced by the diver's health status. Nutritional intake has direct relevancy to inflammation status and oxidative stress resistance, both of which have been associated with increased decompression stress. While nutritional recommendations have been determined for saturation divers, these recommendations are likely overly robust for recreational divers, considering that the differences in time spent under pressure and the maximum depth could result nonequivalent energetic demands. Specific recommendations for recreational divers remain largely undefined.

METHODS

This narrative review will summarize existing nutritional recommendations and their justification for recreational divers, as well as identify gaps in research regarding connections between nutritional intake and the health and safety of divers.

RESULTS

Following recommendations made by the Institute of Medicine and the Naval Medical Research Institute of Bethesda, recreational divers are advised to consume ~170-210 kJ·kg-1 (40-50 kcal·kg-1) body mass, depending on their workload underwater, in a day consisting of 3 hours' worth of diving above 46 msw. Recommendations for macronutrient distribution for divers are to derive 50% of joules from carbohydrates and less than 30% of joules from fat. Protein consumption is recommended to reach a minimum of 1 g of protein·kg-1 of body mass a day to mitigate loss of appetite while meeting energetic requirements. All divers should take special care to hydrate themselves with an absolute minimum of 500 ml of fluid per hour for any dive longer than 3 hours, with more recent studies finding 0.69 liters of water two hours prior to diving is most effective to minimize bubble loads. While there is evidence that specialized diets may have specific applications in commercial or military diving, they are not advisable for the general recreational diving population considering the often extreme nature of these diets, and the lack of research on their effectiveness on a recreational diving population.

CONCLUSIONS

Established recommendations do not account for changes in temperature, scuba equipment, depth, dive time, work of breathing, breathing gas mix, or individual variation in metabolism. Individual recommendations may be more accurate when accounting for basal metabolic rate and physical activity outside of diving. However, more research is needed to validate these estimates against variation in dive profile and diver demographics.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Opuntia Extracts on a Model of Diet-Induced Steatosis

Oxidative stress and inflammation are widely recognised as factors that can initiate and facilitate the development of MAFLD. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of low and high doses of Opuntia stricta var. dillenii peel extract (L-OD and H-OD, respectively) and Opuntia ficus-indica var. colorada pulp extract (L-OFI and H-OFI, respectively), which are rich in betalains and phenolic compounds, on oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis in rat livers with diet-induced steatosis. Steatotic diet led to increased final body and liver weight, serum transaminases, hepatic TG content, oxidative status and cell death. H-OFI treatment decreased serum AST levels, while L-OFI reduced hepatic TG accumulation. Oxidative stress was partially prevented with H-OD and H-OFI supplementation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were especially improved with H-OFI treatment. Moreover, H-OFI appears to prevent DNA damage markers. Finally, H-OD and L-OFI supplementation down-regulated the apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, both H-OD and H-OFI supplementation were effective in regulating the progression to metabolic steatohepatitis, triggering different mechanisms of action.

Management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma

In recent years, with the decline in HBV and HCV infections, there has been a corresponding reduction in both the morbidity and mortality of virus-associated HCC. Nevertheless, rising living standards, coupled with the increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity, have led to a rapid surge in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC) incidence. The mechanisms underlying the progression from NAFLD to NAFLD-HCC are multifaceted and remain incompletely understood. Current research suggests that genetic predisposition, metabolic dysregulation, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation are key contributing factors. Given the complexity of these mechanisms and the frequent occurrence of metabolic comorbidities like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease in NAFLD-HCC patients, there is a pressing need for tailored therapeutic strategies, along with novel prevention, monitoring, and treatment approaches that are personalized to the patient's pathophysiology. Due to the limited depth of research, incomplete understanding of pathogenesis, and insufficient clinical data on NAFLD-HCC treatment, current therapeutic approaches largely rely on tumor staging. In this review, we synthesize current research on the pathogenesis, surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NAFLD-HCC, and offer perspectives for future studies, particularly regarding its underlying mechanisms.

The Interaction of Apical Periodontitis, Cigarette Smoke, and Alcohol Consumption on Liver Antioxidant Status in Rats

This study aimed to investigate the impact of alcohol (A), secondhand cigarette smoking (ShS), and their combined effect on liver antioxidant activity and hepatic damage in rats with induced apical periodontitis (AP). Thirty-five female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 7): (1) control (rats without ShS, alcoholic diet, or AP), (2) control-AP (induced AP only), (3) ShS-AP (ShS exposure and induced AP), (4) A-AP (alcoholic diet and induced AP), and (5) A+ShS-AP (alcoholic diet, ShS exposure, and induced AP). Alcohol was administered through semi-voluntary intake, while ShS exposure involved the daily inhalation of cigarette smoke. The experimental period lasted 8 weeks, with AP induction occurring in the 4th week following molar pulp exposure. Liver samples were collected post-euthanasia for histomorphometric and antioxidant marker analyses. All AP-induced groups exhibited increased liver sinusoidal dilation compared to the control group (p < 0.05). AP significantly reduced total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) across all groups (p < 0.05). In AP-induced groups, FRAP levels were further decreased in ShS-AP and A+ShS-AP compared to control-AP (p < 0.05). AP also led to a decrease in the glutathione defense system (p < 0.05). Rats with alcohol exposure (A-AP and A+ShS-AP) showed reduced glutathione peroxidase activity (p < 0.05). Glutathione reductase activity was comparable in the control and control-AP groups (p > 0.05), but significantly decreased in the alcohol and ShS-exposed groups (p < 0.05). Apical periodontitis can relate to morphological changes in the liver's sinusoidal spaces and impairment of liver's antioxidant capacity of rats, particularly when combined with chronic alcohol consumption and exposure to cigarette smoke.

Evaluating the therapeutic effect of different forms of silymarin on liver status and expression of some genes involved in fat metabolism, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory in older laying hens

BACKGROUND

Silymarin, the predominant compound of milk thistle, is an extract took out from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans with strong antioxidant capability.

METHODS

The experiment was conducted using 70 Lohmann LSL-Lite hens at 80 weeks of age with 7 treatments each with 10 replicates. Treatments included: (1) control diet without silymarin, (2) daily intake of 100 mg silymarin powder/kg body weight (BW) (PSM100), (3) daily intake of 200 mg silymarin powder/kg BW (PSM200), (4) daily intake of 100 mg nano-silymarin/kg BW (NSM100), (5) daily intake of 200 mg nano-silymarin/kg BW (NSM200), (6) daily intake of 100 mg lecithinized silymarin/kg BW (LSM100) and (7) daily intake of 200 mg lecithinized silymarin/kg BW (LSM200). The birds were housed individually, and diets were fed for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

Scanning electron microscopy showed that NSM was produced with the average particle size of 20.30 nm. Silymarin treatment improved serum antioxidant enzyme activity. All groups receiving silymarin showed a decrease in liver malondialdehyde content, expression of fatty acid synthase, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6) genes in the liver, and hepatic steatosis than the control, except those fed the PSM100 diet. There were decreases in liver dry matter and fat contents, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocyte ballooning, and an increase in glutathione peroxidase gene expression and a decrease in iNOS gene expression in birds fed the NSM100, NSM200, LSM100 and LSM200 diets compared to the control group. Moreover, all groups receiving silymarin showed a significant decrease in liver weight compare to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the effects of silymarin when converted to NSM or LSM and offered at the level of 200 mg/kg BW were more pronounced on the hepatic variables and may be useful in the prevention of the liver disease in older laying hens.

Therapeutic Potential of Nutraceuticals against Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) continues to be a major concern in clinical practice, thus necessitating a need for novel therapeutic approaches to alleviate its impact on hepatic function. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of nutraceuticals against DILI, focusing on examining the underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways. In preclinical and clinical studies, nutraceuticals, such as silymarin, curcumin, and N-acetylcysteine, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in attenuating liver injury induced by diverse pharmaceutical agents. The molecular mechanisms underlying these hepatoprotective effects involve modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, this review examines cellular routes affected by these nutritional components focusing on their influence on hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells. Key evidence highlights that autophagy modulation as well as unfolded protein response are essential cellular processes through which nutraceuticals exert their cytoprotective functions. In conclusion, nutraceuticals are emerging as promising therapeutic agents for mitigating DILI, by targeting different molecular pathways along with cell processes involved in it concurrently.