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Dominguez J, Holmes SK, Bartone RD, Tisch LJ, Tighe RM, Bonner JC, Payne CK. House Dust Mite Extract Forms a Der p 2 Corona on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Implications for Allergic Airway Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2024; 11:324-335. [PMID: 38577066 PMCID: PMC10990074 DOI: 10.1039/d3en00666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbons nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used in materials for the construction, automotive, and aerospace industries. Workers and consumers are exposed to these materials via inhalation. Existing recommended exposure limits are based on MWCNT exposures that do not take into account more realistic co-exposures. Our goal was to understand how a common allergen, house dust mites, interacts with pristine MWCNTs and lung fluid proteins. We used gel electrophoresis, western blotting, and proteomics to characterize the composition of the allergen corona formed from house dust mite extract on the surface of MWCNTs. We found that the corona is dominated by der p 2, a protein associated with human allergic responses to house dust mites. Der p 2 remains adsorbed on the surface of the MWCNTs following subsequent exposures to lung fluid proteins. The high concentration of der p 2, localized on surface of MWCNTs, has important implications for house dust mite-induced allergies and asthma. This research provides a detailed characterization of the complex house dust mite-lung fluid protein coronas for future cellular and in vivo studies. These studies will help to address the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the exacerbation of allergic lung disease by nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Dominguez
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27708
| | - Samantha K. Holmes
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27708
| | - Ryan D. Bartone
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 27695
| | - Logan J. Tisch
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 27695
| | - Robert M. Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - James C. Bonner
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 27695
| | - Christine K. Payne
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27708
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2
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Shi L, Xiong Q, Ao FK, Wan TY, Xiao X, Liu X, Sun B, Tungtrongchitr A, Leung TF, Tsui SKW. Comparative analysis of cysteine proteases reveals gene family evolution of the group 1 allergens in astigmatic mites. Clin Transl Allergy 2023; 13:e12324. [PMID: 38146799 PMCID: PMC10722327 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astigmatic mites contain potent allergens that can trigger IgE-mediated immune responses, leading to allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. In house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, group 1 allergens (Der p 1 and Der f 1), characterized as papain-like cysteine proteases, have been defined as the major allergens that have high prevalence and potency. Previous studies of mite group 1 allergens mainly focused on identification, comparison of sequence and structure, as well as the investigation of cross-reactivity. To achieve a comprehensive view of mite group 1 allergens, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of all the cysteine proteases in six astigmatic mite species to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of group 1 allergens. METHODS Based on the high-quality and annotated genomes, all the cysteine proteases in six astigmatic mite species were identified by sequence homology search. The phylogenetic relationships, gene synteny and expression levels were revealed by bioinformatic tools. The allergenicity of recombinant cysteine proteases was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Tandem duplication was revealed as the major feature of cysteine protease gene evolution in astigmatic mites. The high IgE-binding capacity and the significant expression level of the cysteine protease DP_007902.01 suggested its potential as a novel group 1 allergen of D. pteronyssinus. In addition, gene decay events were identified in the skin-burrowing parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei. CONCLUSION This comprehensive analysis provided insights into the evolution of cysteine proteases, as well as the component-resolved diagnosis of mite allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shi
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Bioinformatics CentreThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Qing Xiong
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Bioinformatics CentreThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina
| | - Fu Kiu Ao
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Bioinformatics CentreThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Tsz Yau Wan
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Bioinformatics CentreThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Xiaojun Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of PaediatricsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Stephen Kwok Wing Tsui
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Bioinformatics CentreThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Centre for Microbial Genomics and ProteomicsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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3
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O'Grady SM, Kita H. ATP functions as a primary alarmin in allergen-induced type 2 immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1369-C1386. [PMID: 37842751 PMCID: PMC10861152 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00370.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental allergens that interact with the airway epithelium can activate cellular stress pathways that lead to the release of danger signals known as alarmins. The mechanisms of alarmin release are distinct from damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which typically escape from cells after loss of plasma membrane integrity. Oxidative stress represents a form of allergen-induced cellular stress that stimulates oxidant-sensing mechanisms coupled to pathways, which facilitate alarmin mobilization and efflux across the plasma membrane. In this review, we highlight examples of alarmin release and discuss their roles in the initiation of type 2 immunity and allergic airway inflammation. In addition, we discuss the concept of alarmin amplification, where "primary" alarmins, which are directly released in response to a specific cellular stress, stimulate additional signaling pathways that lead to secretion of "secondary" alarmins that include proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-33, as well as genomic and mitochondrial DNA that coordinate or amplify type 2 immunity. Accordingly, allergen-evoked cellular stress can elicit a hierarchy of alarmin signaling responses from the airway epithelium that trigger local innate immune reactions, impact adaptive immunity, and exacerbate diseases including asthma and other chronic inflammatory conditions that affect airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States
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4
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Torres-Borrego J, Sánchez-Solís M. Dissecting Airborne Allergens. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5856. [PMID: 37762797 PMCID: PMC10532401 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous and very complex group of diseases, and includes different clinical phenotypes depending on symptoms, progression, exacerbation patterns, or responses to treatment, among other characteristics. The allergic phenotype is the most frequent, especially in pediatric asthma. It is characterized by sensitization (the production of specific IgEs) to allergens and frequent comorbidity with rhinitis as well as atopic dermatitis. Given the complexity of allergic asthma, knowledge of it must be approached from different points of view: clinical, histological, physiological, epidemiological, biochemical, and immunological, among others. Since partial approaches do not allow for the understanding of this complexity, it is necessary to have multidimensional knowledge that helps in performing the optimal management of each case, avoiding a "blind men and elephant parable" approach. Allergens are antigens that trigger the production of specific IgE antibodies in susceptible individuals, who present symptoms that will depend on the type and intensity of the allergenic load as well as the tissue where the interaction occurs. Airborne allergens cause their effects in the respiratory tract and eyes, and can be indoor or outdoor, perennial, or seasonal. Although allergens such as mites, pollens, or animal dander are generally considered single particles, it is important to note that they contain different molecules which could trigger distinct specific IgE molecules in different patients. General practitioners, pediatricians, and other physicians typically diagnose and treat asthma based on clinical and pulmonary function data in their daily practice. This nonsystematic and nonexhaustive revision aims to update other topics, especially those focused on airborne allergens, helping the diagnostic and therapeutic processes of allergic asthma and rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torres-Borrego
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Reina Sofia Children’s University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal sn, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Solís
- Pediatric Respiratory and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Avda Teniente Flomesta, 5, 30003 Murcia, Spain;
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5
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Altaş U, Altaş ZM, Ercan N, Özkars MY. The Effect of House Dust Sensitization on Skin Sebum and Moisture in Children with Allergic Respiratory Diseases. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1483. [PMID: 37761444 PMCID: PMC10529035 DOI: 10.3390/children10091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the levels of skin moisture and sebum in children with a house dust allergy without skin symptoms. This was a case-control study involving children, aged 0-18 years, who were being followed up for an allergic airway disease in a pediatric allergy clinic. Age, gender, hemogram parameters, and IgE values were evaluated. The skin moisture and sebum percentages of the patients and control group were measured by a non-invasive bioimpedance method using a portable digital skin moisture and sebum measurement device on the cubital fossa. The median value of the skin moisture percentage in the house dust mite allergy-positive patient group was significantly lower than that in the house dust mite allergy-negative patients and the control group (p < 0.001). The house dust mite allergy-positive patient group had the lowest skin sebum content. However, there was no statistical significance among the groups in terms of skin sebum percentage (p = 0.102). In the study, children with a house dust allergy were found to have lower levels of skin moisture and sebum. The regular use of moisturizers for children with a house dust allergy should be kept in mind as an effective solution to protect the skin barrier and reduce skin symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Altaş
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ümraniye, 34764 Istanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Zeynep Meva Altaş
- Ümraniye District Health Directorate, Ümraniye, 34764 Istanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Nazlı Ercan
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Gülhane Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, 06010 Ankara, Türkiye;
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Zeytinburnu, 34010 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Yaşar Özkars
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ümraniye, 34764 Istanbul, Türkiye;
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Pfisterer K, Wielscher M, Samardzic D, Weinzettl P, Symmank D, Shaw LE, Campana R, Huang HJ, Farlik M, Bangert C, Vrtala S, Valenta R, Weninger W. Non-IgE-reactive allergen peptides deteriorate the skin barrier in house dust mite-sensitized atopic dermatitis patients. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1240289. [PMID: 37675143 PMCID: PMC10478000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1240289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by type 2 cytokine-driven skin inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction. The latter is believed to allow the increased penetration of chemicals, toxins, and allergens into the skin. House dust mite allergens, particularly Der p 2, are important triggers in sensitized individuals with AD; the precise actions of these allergens in epithelial biology remain, however, incompletely understood. In this study, we compared the effects of the protein allergen Der p 2 and a mix of non-IgE-reactive Der p 2 peptides on skin cells using patch tests in AD patients and healthy participants. We then analyzed mRNA expression profiles of keratinocytes by single-cell RNA-sequencing. We report that existing barrier deficiencies in the non-lesional skin of AD patients allow deep penetration of Der p 2 and its peptides, leading to local microinflammation. Der p 2 protein specifically upregulated genes involved in the innate immune system, stress, and danger signals in suprabasal KC. Der p 2 peptides further downregulated skin barrier genes, in particular the expression of genes involved in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. Peptides also induced genes involved in hyperproliferation and caused disturbances in keratinocyte differentiation. Furthermore, inflammasome-relevant genes and IL18 were overexpressed, while KRT1 was downregulated. Our data suggest that Der p 2 peptides contribute to AD initiation and exacerbation by augmenting hallmark features of AD, such as skin inflammation, barrier disruption, and hyperplasia of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Pfisterer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Samardzic
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pauline Weinzettl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorte Symmank
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa E. Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huey-Jy Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Bangert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Busold S, Akkerdaas JH, Zijlstra-Willems EM, van der Graaf K, Tas SW, de Jong EC, van Ree R, Geijtenbeek TBH. Toll-like receptor 4 and Syk kinase shape dendritic cell-induced immune activation to major house dust mite allergens. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1105538. [PMID: 37614946 PMCID: PMC10442820 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background House dust mite (HDM) is a major cause of respiratory allergic diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in orchestrating adaptive allergic immune responses. However, it remains unclear how DCs become activated by HDM. Biochemical functions of the major HDM allergens Der p 1 (cysteine protease) and Der p 2 (MD2-mimick) have been implicated to contribute to DC activation. Methods We investigated the immune activating potential of HDM extract and its major allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 using monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Maturation and activation markers were monitored by flow cytometry and cytokine production by ELISA. Allergen depletion and proteinase K digestion were used to investigate the involvement of proteins, and in particular of the major allergens. Inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) were used to identify the involved receptors. The contribution of endotoxins in moDC activation was assessed by their removal from HDM extract. Results HDM extract induced DC maturation and cytokine responses in contrast to the natural purified major allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2. Proteinase K digestion and removal of Der p 1 or Der p 2 did not alter the immune stimulatory capacity of HDM extract. Antibodies against the CLRs Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and DC-SIGN did not affect cytokine responses. In contrast, Syk inhibition partially reduced IL-6, IL-12 and completely blocked IL-10. Blocking TLR4 signaling reduced the HDM-induced IL-10 and IL-12p70 induction, but not IL-6, while endotoxin removal potently abolished the induced cytokine response. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that HDM-induced DC activation is neither dependent on Der p 1 nor Der p 2, but depend on Syk and TLR4 activation, which might suggest a crosstalk between Syk and TLR4 pathways. Our data highlight that endotoxins play a potent role in immune responses targeting HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Busold
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap H. Akkerdaas
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther M. Zijlstra-Willems
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sander W. Tas
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Jang HJ, Lee JB, Yoon JK. Advanced In Vitro Three-Dimensional Skin Models of Atopic Dermatitis. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:539-552. [PMID: 36995643 PMCID: PMC10313606 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent inflammatory skin diseases that is characterized by eczematous rashes, intense itching, dry skin, and sensitive skin. Although AD significantly impacts the quality of life and the number of patients keeps increasing, its pathological mechanism is still unknown because of its complexity. The importance of developing new in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models has been underlined in order to understand the mechanisms for the development of therapeutics since the limitations of 2D models or animal models have been repeatedly reported. Thus, the new in vitro AD models should not only be created in 3D structure, but also reflect the pathological characteristics of AD, which are known to be associated with Th2-mediated inflammatory responses, epidermal barrier disruption, increased dermal T-cell infiltration, filaggrin down-regulation, or microbial imbalance. In this review, we introduce various types of in vitro skin models including 3D culture methods, skin-on-a-chips, and skin organoids, as well as their applications to AD modeling for drug screening and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Jang
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Fransen LFH, Leonard MO. Induced pluripotent and CD34+ stem cell derived myeloid cells display differential responses to particle and dust mite exposure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9375. [PMID: 37296179 PMCID: PMC10256772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells form an essential component of initial responses to environmental hazards and toxic exposures. The ability to model these responses in vitro is central to efforts tasked with identifying hazardous materials and understanding mechanisms of injury and disease. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived cells have been suggested as alternatives to more established primary cell testing systems for these purposes. iPSC derived macrophage and dendritic like cells were compared to CD34+ haematopoietic stem cell derived populations using transcriptomic analysis. Using single cell sequencing-based characterisation of iPSC derived myeloid cells, we identified transitional, mature and M2 like macrophages as well as dendritic like antigen presenting cells and fibrocytes. Direct transcriptomic comparisons between iPSC and CD34+ cell derived populations revealed higher expression of myeloid differentiation genes such as MNDA, CSF1R and CSF2RB in CD34+ cells, while iPSC populations had higher fibroblastic and proliferative markers. Exposure of differentiated macrophage populations to nanoparticle alone or in combination with dust mite, resulted in differential gene expression on combination only, with responses markedly absent in iPSC compared to CD34+ derived cells. The lack of responsiveness in iPSC derived cells may be attributable to lower levels of dust mite component receptors CD14, TLR4, CLEC7A and CD36. In summary, iPSC derived myeloid cells display typical characteristics of immune cells but may lack a fully mature phenotype to adequately respond to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie F H Fransen
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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10
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Liu AW, Gillis JE, Sumpter TL, Kaplan DH. Neuroimmune interactions in atopic and allergic contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:1169-1177. [PMID: 37149370 PMCID: PMC10167546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a barrier organ populated by many types of skin-resident immune cells and sensory neurons. It has become increasingly appreciated that neuroimmune interactions are an important component of inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Neuropeptides secreted from nerve terminals play an important role in mediating cutaneous immune cell function, and soluble mediators derived from immune cells interact with neurons to induce itch. In this review article, we will explore emerging research describing neuronal effector functions on skin immune cells in mouse models of atopic and contact dermatitis. We will also discuss the contributions of both specific neuronal subsets and secreted immune factors to itch induction and the associated inflammatory processes. Finally, we will explore how treatment strategies have emerged around these findings and discuss the relationship between scratching and dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Jacob E Gillis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Tina L Sumpter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.
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11
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Vidal-Quist JC, Declercq J, Vanhee S, Lambrecht BN, Gómez-Rial J, Vidal C, Aydogdu E, Rombauts S, Hernández-Crespo P. RNA viruses alter house dust mite physiology and allergen production with no detected consequences for allergenicity. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:173-186. [PMID: 36511188 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses have recently been detected in association with house dust mites, including laboratory cultures, dust samples, and mite-derived pharmaceuticals used for allergy diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the incidence of viral infection on Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus physiology and on the allergenic performance of extracts derived from its culture. Transcriptional changes between genetically identical control and virus-infected mite colonies were analysed by RNAseq with the support of a new D. pteronyssinus high-quality annotated genome (56.8 Mb, 108 scaffolds, N50 = 2.73 Mb, 96.7% BUSCO-completeness). Extracts of cultures and bodies from both colonies were compared by inspecting major allergen accumulation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), allergen-related enzymatic activities by specific assays, airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma, and binding to allergic patient's sera IgE by ImmunoCAP. Viral infection induced a significant transcriptional response, including several immunity and stress-response genes, and affected the expression of seven allergens, putative isoallergens and allergen orthologs. Major allergens were unaffected except for Der p 23 that was upregulated, increasing ELISA titers up to 29% in infected-mite extracts. By contrast, serine protease allergens Der p 3, 6 and 9 were downregulated, being trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymatic activities reduced up to 21% in extracts. None of the parameters analysed in our mouse model, nor binding to human IgE were significantly different when comparing control and infected-mite extracts. Despite the described physiological impact of viral infection on the mites, no significant consequences for the allergenicity of derived extracts or their practical use in allergy diagnosis have been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cristian Vidal-Quist
- Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jozefien Declercq
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Vanhee
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Gómez-Rial
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Unidad de Inmunología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Vidal
- Servicio de Alergología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eylem Aydogdu
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pedro Hernández-Crespo
- Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Dasatinib attenuates airway inflammation of asthma exacerbation in mice induced by house dust mites and dsRNA. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 33:101402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Zhang P, Jia Y, Jing Z, Huang J, Wu H, Sun X. Efficacy and safety of house dust mite subcutaneous immunotherapy in polysensitized children with allergic asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 78:102187. [PMID: 36603742 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of 3 years of HDM subcutaneous immunotherapy (HDM-SCIT) in allergic asthma (AA) children with mono- and polysensitized. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study, 51 AA children (aged 4-14 years) who had completed 3 years of standardized HDM-SCIT were enrolled in. Based on skin prick tests (SPT) and allergen-specific IgE antibody (sIgE) test results, children were classified into two groups: the monosensitized group (n = 31) and the polysensitized group (n = 20). Total asthma symptoms score (TASS), total medication score (TMS), visual analog scale (VAS) scores, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), lung function parameters, and adverse reactions were evaluated before treatment and at 6 months, 1, 2, 3 years of HDM-SCIT. RESULTS In terms of effectiveness, compared to baseline, TASS, TMS, VAS, FeNO and lung function parameters were significantly improved in both groups after 3 years of HDM-SCIT (all P < 0.05). The comparison between the two groups showed that efficacy indicators were no statistically significant difference at follow-up time points (all P > 0.05) except PEF%pred at 6 months (P = 0.048). In terms of security, the number of adverse reactions in both groups also no statistical difference between the two groups (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study confirmed that no significant difference was observed in the clinical efficacy and safety of HDM-SCIT between mono-and polysensitized children with allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zenghui Jing
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinli Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huajie Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Ralchev NR, Kerekov N, Mihaylova N, Kremlitzka M, Hristova D, Dzhorev J, Erdei A, Tchorbanov AI. Targeted suppression of Dpt-specific B cells in humanized Rag2- γc- mouse model of HDM allergy. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13241. [PMID: 36519562 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Der p 1 is one of the major allergenic molecules of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, causing house dust mite (HDM) allergy. The pathological B cells produce allergen-specific IgE antibodies that mediate the hypersensitivity reaction, therefore the selective elimination of these B cells is a legitimate therapeutic goal in allergy. Chimeric molecule Dp51-72 able to cross-link B cell inhibitory complement receptor type 1 and BCR on Der p 1-specific B cells was constructed. The signalling capabilities of this molecule have been tested on human B cells. A humanized mouse model of HDM allergy has been used to test the in vivo effects of the chimeric molecule administration. Administering the chimeric molecule to immunodeficient Rag2- γc- mice transferred with PBMCs from allergic patients resulted in reduction of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in the sera, and reduced infiltration of immune cells in lung histology preparations. Reduced numbers of human CD45+ and CD4+ cells in the lungs as well as inhibition of mast cell degranulation were also observed. The treatment with Dp51-72 chimera significantly decreased the local levels of anti-Dpt IgE antibodies in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The binding of the chimeric molecule to tonsillar B cells triggers the tyrosine phosphorylation of 30-32 kDa protein, which is most likely involved in the inhibitory process. Administration of constructed chimeric molecules to humanized mice with developed inflammation resulted in specific suppression of disease-associated IgE antibody-producing cells and preserved lung histology. This effective approach could be further developed into a therapeutic agent for treatment of patients with HDM allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Ralchev Ralchev
- The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikola Kerekov
- The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolina Mihaylova
- The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariann Kremlitzka
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diana Hristova
- Allergology Clinic, Alexander's University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Anna Erdei
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrey Ivanov Tchorbanov
- The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.,National Institute of Immunology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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15
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Liu Y, Zhao L, Wang J, Guo Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wu Z, Zhu M, Yang X, Xu P, Wu S, Gao Z, Sun JL. Serological analysis of allergic components of house dust mite provides more insight in epidemiological characteristics and clinical symptom development in North China. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1083755. [PMID: 37180108 PMCID: PMC10172571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1083755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background House dust mite (HDM) is the most common airborne source causing complex allergy symptoms. There are geographic differences in the allergen molecule sensitization profiles. Serological testing with allergen components may provide more clues for diagnosis and clinical management. Objective This study aims to investigate the sensitization profile of eight HDM allergen components in a large number of patients enrolled in the clinic and to analyze the relation of gender, age, and clinical symptoms in North China. Methods The 548 serum samples of HDM-allergic patients (ImmunoCAP® d1 or d2 IgE ≥0.35) were collected in Beijing City and divided in four different age groups and three allergic symptoms. The specific IgE of HDM allergenic components, Der p 1/Der f 1, Der p 2/Der f 2, Der p 7, Der p 10, Der p 21, and Der p 23, was measured using the micro-arrayed allergen test kit developed by Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co., Ltd. The new system was validated by comparing to single-component Der p 1, Der p 2, and Der p 23 tests by ImmunoCAP in 39 sera. The epidemiological study of these IgE profiles and the relation to age and clinical phenotypes were analyzed. Results A greater proportion of male patients was in the younger age groups, while more female patients were in the adult groups. Both the sIgE levels and the positive rates (approximately 60%) against Der p 1/Der f 1 and Der p 2/Der f 2 were higher than for the Der p 7, Der p 10, and Der p 21 components (below 25%). The Der f 1 and Der p 2 positive rates were higher in 2-12-year-old children. The Der p 2 and Der f 2 IgE levels and positive rates were higher in the allergic rhinitis group. The positive rates of Der p 10 increased significantly with age. Der p 21 is relevant in allergic dermatitis symptom, while Der p 23 contributes to asthma development. Conclusion HDM groups 1 and 2 were the major sensitizing allergens, with group 2 being the most important component relevant to respiratory symptoms in North China. The Der p 10 sensitization tends to increase with age. Der p 21 and Der p 23 might be associated with the development of allergic skin disease and asthma, respectively. Multiple allergen sensitizations increased the risk of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Allergy Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- R&D Department, Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaofeng Wang
- R&D Department, Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinshi Guo
- Allergy Department, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- R&D Department, Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China
| | - Lishan Zhang
- Allergy Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhoujie Wu
- R&D Department, Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhu
- R&D Department, Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China
| | - Xukai Yang
- R&D Department, Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China
| | - Puyang Xu
- R&D Department, Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China
| | - Shandong Wu
- R&D Department, Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Lyu Sun, ; Zhongshan Gao, ; Shandong Wu,
| | - Zhongshan Gao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Lyu Sun, ; Zhongshan Gao, ; Shandong Wu,
| | - Jin-Lyu Sun
- Allergy Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Lyu Sun, ; Zhongshan Gao, ; Shandong Wu,
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Čelakovská J, Čermákova E, Vaňková R, Boudkova P, Andrýs C, Krejsek J. Sensitisation to molecular components of mites in atopic dermatitis patients. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2022.2100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Čelakovská
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - E. Čermákova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech republic
| | - R. Vaňková
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - P. Boudkova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - C. Andrýs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - J. Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Lopandić Z, Dragačević L, Kosanović D, Burazer L, Gavrović-Jankulović M, Minić R. Differences in mouse strains determine the outcome of Der p 2 allergy induction protocols. J Immunol Methods 2022; 511:113382. [PMID: 36323342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In vivo animal models can provide worthy information on various aspects of asthma mechanism and pathogenesis. The genetic predisposition and phenotype of mice may affect the immune response itself. Here we compare the early immune response to Der p 2 or HDM allergen extract upon injection and inhalation in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were immunized with Der p 2 allergen subcutaneously followed by inhalation of Der p 2 or HDM extract. After challenge, the mice were euthanized; blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), spleens and lungs were collected. Cells from BAL were identified by May-Grünwald Giemsa staining and lung leukocyte populations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum antibody levels of Der p 2 specific IgE, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a were assessed by ELISA, and cytokine secretion (IL-4, IFN-γ and IL-10) was evaluated upon stimulation with Der p 2 or HDM extract. The Th2 immune response was confirmed by elevated allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the allergic reaction was evidenced by infiltration of eosinophils and/or neutrophils into BAL. We found that BALB/c mice were inefficient in integrating local with systemic immune response, evidenced by almost no IgG or IgE production upon one subcutaneous injection and subsequent inhalation of Der p 2 allergen; also, the bronchoalveolar lavage infiltrate in these mice consisted of neutrophil infiltration, unlike C57BL/6 mice in which eosinophilic infiltrate predominated. The differences between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice strains could be exploited for generating different types of responses to the Der p 2 allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana Lopandić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luka Dragačević
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera, Torlak, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejana Kosanović
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera, Torlak, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Burazer
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera, Torlak, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Gavrović-Jankulović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rajna Minić
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera, Torlak, Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia; Group for Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Pratama YA, Dinina F, Nurhan AD, Sari WF, Ardianto C, Khotib J. Effectiveness of Indonesian house dust mite allergenic extract in triggering allergic rhinitis sensitivity in a mouse model: A preliminary study. Vet World 2022; 15:2333-2341. [PMID: 36341054 PMCID: PMC9631360 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2333-2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Perennial allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic upper respiratory disease, with inflammation mediated by immunoglobulin E in the nasal mucosa caused by house dust mites. Recently, allergen immunotherapy showed promising allergic healing in patients with a definite history of sensitization. Based on this finding, a product was developed using Indonesian house dust mite (IHDM). This study aimed to optimize the allergenic rhinitis mouse model that was generated using IHDM to test the in vivo sensitivity and safety of this product. Materials and Methods: Seven groups of mice were used for effectiveness testing – normal, negative control with IHDM challenge, positive control with 0.1% histamine challenge, and AR group by both IHDM-induced sensitization at 12.5, 50, 250, or 500 μg and IHDM challenge. Mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal administration of IHDM once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. Thereafter, the challenge was given intranasally 5 times on alternate days. The number of nose rubbing and sneezing was noted. Eosinophil infiltration was assessed histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of interleukin-5 (IL-5) mRNA in the nasal mucosa was determined using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The induction of AR with IHDM significantly increased the number of nose rubbing and sneezing in the mouse model. Eosinophil infiltration was observed in the nasal mucosa; however, no significant change occurred in the expression of IL-5 mRNA. Conclusion: Overall, these data indicate that IHDM allergenic extract could be an effective sensitizing agent in a mouse model of AR. Although the use of IHDM is a limitation of this study because other sources of house dust mites might have different effects, this study provides a proper model for immunotherapy effectivity testing for in vivo pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Alif Pratama
- Master Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Fakhriyah Dinina
- Bachelor Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Winda Fatma Sari
- Bachelor Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Junaidi Khotib
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Janssen-Weets B, Kerff F, Swiontek K, Kler S, Czolk R, Revets D, Kuehn A, Bindslev-Jensen C, Ollert M, Hilger C. Mammalian derived lipocalin and secretoglobin respiratory allergens strongly bind ligands with potentially immune modulating properties. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:958711. [PMID: 35991307 PMCID: PMC9385959 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.958711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergens from furry animals frequently cause sensitization and respiratory allergic diseases. Most relevant mammalian respiratory allergens belong either to the protein family of lipocalins or secretoglobins. Their mechanism of sensitization remains largely unresolved. Mammalian lipocalin and secretoglobin allergens are associated with a function in chemical communication that involves abundant secretion into the environment, high stability and the ability to transport small volatile compounds. These properties are likely to contribute concomitantly to their allergenic potential. In this study, we aim to further elucidate the physiological function of lipocalin and secretoglobin allergens and link it to their sensitizing capacity, by analyzing their ligand-binding characteristics. We produced eight major mammalian respiratory allergens from four pet species in E.coli and compared their ligand-binding affinities to forty-nine ligands of different chemical classes by using a fluorescence-quenching assay. Furthermore, we solved the crystal-structure of the major guinea pig allergen Cav p 1, a typical lipocalin. Recombinant lipocalin and secretoglobin allergens are of high thermal stability with melting temperatures ranging from 65 to 90°C and strongly bind ligands with dissociation constants in the low micromolar range, particularly fatty acids, fatty alcohols and the terpene alcohol farnesol, that are associated with potential semiochemical and/or immune-modulating functions. Through the systematic screening of respiratory mammalian lipocalin and secretoglobin allergens with a large panel of potential ligands, we observed that total amino acid composition, as well as cavity shape and volume direct affinities to ligands of different chemical classes. Therefore, we were able to categorize lipocalin allergens over their ligand-binding profile into three sub-groups of a lipocalin clade that is associated with functions in chemical communication, thus strengthening the function of major mammalian respiratory allergens as semiochemical carriers. The promiscuous binding capability of hydrophobic ligands from environmental sources warrants further investigation regarding their impact on a molecule's allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Janssen-Weets
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frédéric Kerff
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Center for Protein Engineering-InBioS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kyra Swiontek
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stéphanie Kler
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rebecca Czolk
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dominique Revets
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carsten Bindslev-Jensen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Christiane Hilger
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20
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Morozova AA, Kosyakova NI, Prokhorenko IR. Participation of MAPK and PI3K in Regulation of Cytokine Secretion by Peripheral Blood Monocular Cells in Response to Escherichia coli LPS and rDer p 2 Combination. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:538-547. [PMID: 35790413 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922060050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Search for the effective approaches to treat acute inflammation caused by combination of allergens and infectious agents is an important task for public health worldwide. House dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are the source of allergens of the Der p groups and of microbial compounds, in particular, lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS and Der p 2 induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines via activation of kinases p38 MAPK, MEK1/2, and PI3K. Participation of these kinases in the regulation of cells response to combined exposure to LPS and Der p 2 has not been sufficiently studied. We studied the effects of kinases (p38 MAPK, MEK1/2, and PI3K) inhibition on secretion of cytokines (TNF, IL-8, and IL-6) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy volunteers in response to E. coli LPS and rDer p 2. Contribution of kinases to the regulation of cell response to different agents (rDer p 2 and/or LPS) was revealed. It was found that p38 MAPK plays a key role in the regulation of secretion TNF by PBMC in response to the combination of LPS and rDer p 2. MEK1/2-dependent signaling is the main pathway for the synthesis of TNF and IL-8 in response to LPS and rDer p 2. PI3K-dependent signaling negatively regulates TNF production during rDer p 2-induced cell activation, but is not involved in the response to the combination of LPS and rDer p 2. PI3K-dependent signaling in the regulation of PBMC cytokine synthesis is most pronounced in response to their activation by rDer p 2. Understanding the mechanisms of immune cell responses to combinations of inflammatory agents could facilitate the search for new intracellular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A Morozova
- Hospital of Pushchino Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Ninel I Kosyakova
- Hospital of Pushchino Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Isabella R Prokhorenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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21
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Ferguson TEG, Reihill JA, Martin SL, Walker B. Novel Inhibitors and Activity-Based Probes Targeting Trypsin-Like Serine Proteases. Front Chem 2022; 10:782608. [PMID: 35529696 PMCID: PMC9068901 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.782608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The trypsin-like proteases (TLPs) play widespread and diverse roles, in a host of physiological and pathological processes including clot dissolution, extracellular matrix remodelling, infection, angiogenesis, wound healing and tumour invasion/metastasis. Moreover, these enzymes are involved in the disruption of normal lung function in a range of respiratory diseases including allergic asthma where several allergenic proteases have been identified. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of peptide derivatives containing an N-alkyl glycine analogue of arginine, bearing differing electrophilic leaving groups (carbamate and triazole urea), and demonstrate their function as potent, irreversible inhibitors of trypsin and TLPs, to include activities from cockroach extract. As such, these inhibitors are suitable for use as activity probes (APs) in activity-based profiling (ABP) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E G Ferguson
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - James A Reihill
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - S Lorraine Martin
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Walker
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Nur Husna SM, Tan HTT, Md Shukri N, Mohd Ashari NS, Wong KK. Allergic Rhinitis: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:874114. [PMID: 35463011 PMCID: PMC9021509 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.874114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) represents a global health concern where it affects approximately 400 million people worldwide. The prevalence of AR has increased over the years along with increased urbanization and environmental pollutants thought to be some of the leading causes of the disease. Understanding the pathophysiology of AR is crucial in the development of novel therapies to treat this incurable disease that often comorbids with other airway diseases. Hence in this mini review, we summarize the well-established yet vital aspects of AR. These include the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria, AR in pediatrics, pathophysiology of AR, Th2 responses in the disease, as well as pharmacological and immunomodulating therapies for AR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Muhamad Nur Husna
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Hern-Tze Tina Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Norasnieda Md Shukri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Noor Suryani Mohd Ashari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Siti Sarah CO, Nur Husna SM, Md. Shukri N, Wong KK, Mohd Ashari NS. Zonula occludens-1 expression is reduced in nasal epithelial cells of allergic rhinitis patients. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13314. [PMID: 35480562 PMCID: PMC9037125 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common allergic disease characterized by disruption of nasal epithelial barrier. In this study, we investigated the mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), ZO-2 and ZO-3 and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC2 in AR patients compared to healthy controls. RNA samples were extracted from nasal epithelial cells of house dust mites (HDMs)-sensitized AR patients and healthy controls (n = 28 in each group). The RNAs were reverse transcribed into cDNAs for measurement of ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, HDAC1 and HDAC2 expression levels by quantitative PCR. The mRNA expression of ZO-1 was significantly decreased in AR patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.010). No significant difference was observed in the expression levels of ZO-2, ZO-3, HDAC1 and HDAC2 in AR patients compared to healthy controls. We found significant associations of higher HDAC2 levels in AR patients with lower frequency of changing bedsheet (p = 0.043) and with AR patients sensitized to Dermatophagoides farinae (p = 0.041). Higher expression of ZO-2 was observed in AR patients who had pets (p = 0.007). In conclusion, our data indicated that ZO-1 expression was lower in AR patients contributing to decreased integrity of nasal epithelial barrier integrity, and HDAC2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Othman Siti Sarah
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Muhamad Nur Husna
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norasnieda Md. Shukri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noor Suryani Mohd Ashari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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24
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Kaur K, Bachus H, Lewis C, Papillion AM, Rosenberg AF, Ballesteros-Tato A, León B. GM-CSF production by non-classical monocytes controls antagonistic LPS-driven functions in allergic inflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110178. [PMID: 34965421 PMCID: PMC8759241 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can either promote or prevent T helper 2 (Th2) cell allergic responses. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We show here that LPS activity switches from pro-pathogenic to protective depending on the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by non-classical monocytes. In the absence of GM-CSF, LPS can favor pathogenic Th2 cell responses by supporting the trafficking of lung-migratory dendritic cells (mDC2s) into the lung-draining lymph node. However, when non-classical monocytes produce GM-CSF, LPS and GM-CSF synergize to differentiate monocyte-derived DCs from classical Ly6Chi monocytes that instruct mDC2s for Th2 cell suppression. Importantly, only allergens with cysteine protease activity trigger GM-CSF production by non-classical monocytes. Hence, the therapeutic effect of LPS is restricted to allergens with this enzymatic activity. Treatment with GM-CSF, however, restores the protective effects of LPS. Thus, GM-CSF produced by non-classical monocytes acts as a rheostat that fine-tunes the pathogenic and therapeutic functions of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljeet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Holly Bachus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Crystal Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Amber M Papillion
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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González-Pérez R, Poza-Guedes P, Pineda F, Castillo M, Sánchez-Machín I. House Dust Mite Precision Allergy Molecular Diagnosis (PAMD@) in the Th2-prone Atopic Dermatitis Endotype. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1418. [PMID: 34947948 PMCID: PMC8705438 DOI: 10.3390/life11121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) endotyping might be important for developing personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to the different phenotypes. The current study investigated the IgE molecular profile to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) in a subset of patients afflicted with varying severity stages of atopic dermatitis in a subtropical region subjected to a high perennial house dust mite (HDM) exposure. We selected patients showing a clinically relevant sensitization to HDM with mild-to-moderate and severe AD according to their basal Severity Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Skin prick test (SPT) with standardized mite extracts, as well as a Precision Allergy Molecular Diagnosis (PAMD@) panel including nine different D. pteronyssinus allergens and the related protein allergenic characterization, were assessed in all serum samples. A total of 80 European American AD patients with the marked T2 endotype confirmed their eligibility for the study. Major allergens (Der p 23, Der p 2, and Der p 1) were present in more than 86% of all subjects, with mid-tier allergens (Der p 5, Der p 7, and Der p 21) reaching up to 65%. A serodominant role for Der p 11 could not be quantitatively confirmed in the present cohort. The proposed component resolved diagnosis (CRD) panel appeared to be sufficient to obtain a precise D. pteronyssinus molecular diagnosis in AD patients subjected to a climate-dependent high-mite allergen exposure. The raised seroprevalence of IgE response to Der p 23 confirmed this constituent as a major D. pteronyssinus allergen in severe stages of atopic dermatitis. A clinically driven molecular approach appears to be essential to frame a more precise diagnosis and therapy of this heterogeneous allergic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruperto González-Pérez
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Tenerife, Spain; (P.P.-G.); (I.S.-M.)
- Severe Asthma Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Paloma Poza-Guedes
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Tenerife, Spain; (P.P.-G.); (I.S.-M.)
- Severe Asthma Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
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26
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Vidal‐Quist JC, Vidal C, Escolar F, Lambrecht BN, Rombauts S, Hernández‐Crespo P. RNA viruses in the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, detection in environmental samples and in commercial allergen extracts used for in vivo diagnosis. Allergy 2021; 76:3743-3754. [PMID: 33914957 DOI: 10.1111/all.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to house dust mites (HDM), the most important source of indoor allergens worldwide, is diagnosed and treated using natural extracts from cultures that can contain immunoactive components from the HDM microbiome, including mite-infecting viruses. This study aimed to contribute to the discovery and characterization of RNA viruses from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, followed by their detection in different mite-derived sources. METHODS Viruses were assembled after in silico metatranscriptomic analysis of D. pteronyssinus RNA samples, visualized by electron microscopy, and RNA detected by direct RT-PCR or data mining. Mite culture performance was evaluated in vivo. RESULTS Seven RNA viruses were identified in our laboratory stock colony. Picornavirus-like viral particles were detected in epithelial cells of the digestive system and in fecal pellets. Most of these viruses could be persistently transmitted to an inbred virus-free colony by inoculating fecal material from the stock colony. Upon viral infection, no significant effect could be seen on mite population growth. Transcriptomic screening confirmed the presence of homolog sequences to these viruses in independent laboratory stocks of D. pteronyssinus and in other Astigmata mites. Noteworthy, RNA from most of the viruses could be detected by RT-PCR on house dust samples, reference standards, and/or commercial diagnostic D. pteronyssinus extracts. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that viral infections are common and widespread in D. pteronyssinus, both in natural and culture-based growth conditions. Potential effects on the mites themselves and consequences toward allergenicity in humans whether exposed naturally or after immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cristian Vidal‐Quist
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta‐Insecto Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas ‐ CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen Vidal
- Servicio de Alergología Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Fernando Escolar
- Servicio de Microscopía Electrónica Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas ‐ CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Center for Plant Systems Biology VIB Ghent Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Pedro Hernández‐Crespo
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta‐Insecto Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas ‐ CSIC Madrid Spain
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Karaguzel D, Sarac BE, Akel Bilgic H, Summak GY, Unal MA, Kalayci O, Karaaslan C. House dust mite-derived allergens effect on matrix metalloproteases in airway epithelial cells. Exp Lung Res 2021; 47:436-450. [PMID: 34739337 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2021.1998734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the Study: Many allergens have protease activities. Although the immunomodulatory effects of these antigens are well known, the effects attributed to their protease activities are not thoroughly investigated. We set out to determine the effects of house dust mite (HDM) allergens with varying protease activities on bronchial epithelial cell functions. Materials and methods: BEAS-2B cells were maintained in ALI-culture and stimulated with Der p1 (cysteine protease), Der p6 (serine protease), and Der p2 (non-protease) with and without specific protease inhibitors or heat denaturation. Cell viability and epithelial permeability were measured with MTT and paracellular flux assay, respectively. The effect of heat denaturation on allergen structure was examined using in silico models. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were investigated at the transcription (qPCR), protein (ELISA), and functional (zymography) levels. Results: Epithelial permeability increased only after Der p6 but not after Der p1 or Der p2 stimulation. Der p2 increased both MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, while Der p1 increased only MMP-9 expression. The heat-denatured form of Der p1 unexpectedly increased MMP-9 gene expression, which, through the use of in silico models, was attributed to its ability to change receptor connections by the formation of new electrostatic and hydrogen bonds. IL-8 and GM-CSF production were increased after Der p1 and Der p2 but decreased after Der p6 stimulation. IL-6 decreased after Der p1 but increased following stimulation with Der p6 and heat-denatured Der p2. Conclusion: Allergens in house dust mites are capable of inducing various changes in the epithelial cell functions by virtue of their protease activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Karaguzel
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Basak Ezgi Sarac
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Akel Bilgic
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gokce Yagmur Summak
- Department of Physics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Altay Unal
- Department of Physics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Kalayci
- Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Karaaslan
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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28
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Vidal-Quist JC, Ortego F, Hernández-Crespo P. Contribution of cysteine and serine proteases to proteolytic digestion in an allergy-eliciting house dust mite. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 133:104285. [PMID: 34284041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The digestive physiology of house dust mites (HDM) is of interest to understand their allergenicity towards humans since many of their allergens are digestive enzymes and/or are excreted into airborne fecal pellets. The aim of this study is to provide insight on the biochemical basis of proteolytic digestion in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, the most widespread HDM species. First, assays using non-specific protein substrates on purified fecal and body extracts determined that body-associated activity is almost exclusively dependent on cysteine proteases, and specifically on major allergen Der p 1. By contrast, cysteine and serine proteases contributed similarly to the activity estimated on fecal extracts. Second, the screening of group-specific peptide-based protease inhibitors followed by ingestion bioassays revealed that the human skin-derived cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin A produces a significant reduction in mite feeding (i.e. excreted guanine), and triggers the overproduction of Der p 1 (3-fold increase by ELISA). Noteworthy, the inhibition of cysteine proteases by cystatin A also resulted in a reduction in three non-target serine protease activities. Further incubation of these extracts with exogenous Der p 1, but not with other commercial cysteine proteases, restored trypsin (Der p 3) and chymotrypsin (Der p 6) activities, indicating that Der p 1 is responsible for their activation in vivo. Finally, the role of serine proteases on the mite's digestive physiology is discussed based on their remarkable activity in fecal extracts and the autocoprophagic behavior reported in mites in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cristian Vidal-Quist
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Spain.
| | - Félix Ortego
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Spain
| | - Pedro Hernández-Crespo
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CSIC, Spain
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Keshavarz B, Erickson LD, Platts-Mills TAE, Wilson JM. Lessons in Innate and Allergic Immunity From Dust Mite Feces and Tick Bites. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:692643. [PMID: 35387017 PMCID: PMC8974698 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.692643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases represent a major cause of morbidity in modern industrialized and developing countries. The origins and development of allergic immune responses have proven difficult to unravel and remain an important scientific objective. House dust mites (HDM) and ticks represent two important causes of allergic disease. Investigations into HDM fecal particles and tick bites have revealed insights which have and will continue to shape our understanding of allergic immunity. In the present review, focus is given to the role of innate immunity in shaping the respective responses to HDM and ticks. The HDM fecal particle represents a rich milieu of molecules that can be recognized by pathogen-recognition receptors of the innate immune system. Factors in tick saliva and/or tissue damage resultant from tick feeding are thought to activate innate immune signaling that promotes allergic pathways. Recent evidence indicates that innate sensing involves not only the direct recognition of allergenic agents/organisms, but also indirect sensing of epithelial barrier disruption. Although fecal particles from HDM and bites from ticks represent two distinct causes of sensitization, both involve a complex array of molecules that contribute to an innate response. Identification of specific molecules will inform our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to allergic immunity, however the key may lie in the combination of molecules delivered to specific sites in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Keshavarz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Loren D. Erickson
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Wilson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey M. Wilson
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Darnhofer B, Tomin T, Liesinger L, Schittmayer M, Tomazic PV, Birner‐Gruenberger R. Comparative proteomics of common allergenic tree pollens of birch, alder, and hazel. Allergy 2021; 76:1743-1753. [PMID: 33301602 PMCID: PMC8248232 DOI: 10.1111/all.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to known allergens, other proteins in pollen can aid the development of an immune response in allergic individuals. The contribution of the "unknown" protein allergens is apparent in phylogenetically related species where, despite of high homology of the lead allergens, the degree of allergenic potential can vary greatly. The aim of this study was to identify other potentially allergenic proteins in pollen of three common and highly related allergenic tree species: birch (Betula pendula), hazel (Corylus avellana) and alder (Alnus glutinosa). METHODS For that purpose, we carried out a comprehensive, comparative proteomic screening of the pollen from the three species. In order to maximize protein recovery and coverage, different protein extraction and isolation strategies during sample preparation were employed. RESULTS As a result, we report 2500-3000 identified proteins per each of the pollen species. Identified proteins were further used for a number of annotation steps, providing insight into differential distribution of peptidases, peptidase inhibitors and other potential allergenic proteins across the three species. Moreover, we carried out functional enrichment analyses that, interestingly, corroborated high species similarity in spite of their relatively distinct protein profiles. CONCLUSION We provide to our knowledge first insight into proteomes of two very important allergenic pollen types, hazel and alder, where not even transcriptomics data are available, and compared them to birch. Datasets from this study can be readily used as protein databases and as such serve as basis for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Darnhofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
- Omics Center GrazBiotechMed‐GrazGrazAustria
| | - Tamara Tomin
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
- Omics Center GrazBiotechMed‐GrazGrazAustria
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryInstitute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTechnische Universität Wien (TU Wien)ViennaAustria
| | - Laura Liesinger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
- Omics Center GrazBiotechMed‐GrazGrazAustria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
- Omics Center GrazBiotechMed‐GrazGrazAustria
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryInstitute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTechnische Universität Wien (TU Wien)ViennaAustria
| | - Peter Valentin Tomazic
- Division of PhoniatricsDepartment of OtorhinolaryngologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Ruth Birner‐Gruenberger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
- Omics Center GrazBiotechMed‐GrazGrazAustria
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryInstitute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTechnische Universität Wien (TU Wien)ViennaAustria
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31
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Jantrapirom S, Hirunsatitpron P, Potikanond S, Nimlamool W, Hanprasertpong N. Pharmacological Benefits of Triphala: A Perspective for Allergic Rhinitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:628198. [PMID: 33995026 PMCID: PMC8120106 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.628198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is considered a major nasal condition impacting a large number of people around the world, and it is now becoming a global health problem. Because the underlying mechanisms of AR are complex, the development of single-drug treatment might not be enough to treat a wide spectrum of the disease. Although the standard guidelines classify and provide suitable diagnosis and treatment, the vast majority of people with AR are still without any means of controlling it. Moreover, the benefits of AR drugs are sometimes accompanied by undesirable side effects. Thus, it is becoming a significant challenge to find effective therapies with limited undesirable side effects for a majority of patients suffering from uncontrolled AR. Aller-7/NR-A2, a polyherbal formulation, has revealed promising results in patients by reducing nasal symptoms and eosinophil counts without serious adverse effects. Interestingly, three out of seven of the herbals in the Aller-7/NR-A2 formulation are also found in an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation known as “Triphala,” which is a potential candidate for the treatment of AR. However, there are no current studies that have examined the effects of Triphala on the disease. This review aims to describe the complexity of AR pathophysiology, currently available treatments, and the effects of Triphala on AR in order to help develop it as a promising alternative treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salinee Jantrapirom
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Drosophila Center for Human Diseases and Drug Discovery (DHD), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai, University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pannaphak Hirunsatitpron
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saranyapin Potikanond
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wutigri Nimlamool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nutthiya Hanprasertpong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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32
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Bartley K, Chen W, Lloyd Mills RI, Nunn F, Price DRG, Rombauts S, Van de Peer Y, Roy L, Nisbet AJ, Burgess STG. Transcriptomic analysis of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, across all stages of the lifecycle. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:248. [PMID: 33827430 PMCID: PMC8028124 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood feeding poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, causes substantial economic damage to the egg laying industry worldwide, and is a serious welfare concern for laying hens and poultry house workers. In this study we have investigated the temporal gene expression across the 6 stages/sexes (egg, larvae, protonymph and deutonymph, adult male and adult female) of this neglected parasite in order to understand the temporal expression associated with development, parasitic lifestyle, reproduction and allergen expression. RESULTS RNA-seq transcript data for the 6 stages were mapped to the PRM genome creating a publicly available gene expression atlas (on the OrcAE platform in conjunction with the PRM genome). Network analysis and clustering of stage-enriched gene expression in PRM resulted in 17 superclusters with stage-specific or multi-stage expression profiles. The 6 stage specific superclusters were clearly demarked from each other and the adult female supercluster contained the most stage specific transcripts (2725), whilst the protonymph supercluster the fewest (165). Fifteen pairwise comparisons performed between the different stages resulted in a total of 6025 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) (P > 0.99). These data were evaluated alongside a Venn/Euler analysis of the top 100 most abundant genes in each stage. An expanded set of cuticle proteins and enzymes (chitinase and metallocarboxypeptidases) were identified in larvae and underpin cuticle formation and ecdysis to the protonymph stage. Two mucin/peritrophic-A salivary proteins (DEGAL6771g00070, DEGAL6824g00220) were highly expressed in the blood-feeding stages, indicating peritrophic membrane formation during feeding. Reproduction-associated vitellogenins were the most abundant transcripts in adult females whilst, in adult males, an expanded set of serine and cysteine proteinases and an epididymal protein (DEGAL6668g00010) were highly abundant. Assessment of the expression patterns of putative homologues of 32 allergen groups from house dust mites indicated a bias in their expression towards the non-feeding larval stage of PRM. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first evaluation of temporal gene expression across all stages of PRM and has provided insight into developmental, feeding, reproduction and survival strategies employed by this mite. The publicly available PRM resource on OrcAE offers a valuable tool for researchers investigating the biology and novel interventions of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Wan Chen
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | | | - Francesca Nunn
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Daniel R G Price
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lise Roy
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Stewart T G Burgess
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
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Park D, Kwak DW, Kim JH. Leukotriene B 4 receptors contribute to house dust mite-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation via T H2 cytokine production. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33612149 PMCID: PMC8016659 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Previous studies have reported that the receptors of LTB4, BLT1, and BLT2 play mediatory roles in the allergic airway inflammation induced by ovalbumin (OVA). However, considering that house dust mites (HDMs) are the most prevalent allergen and well-known risk factor for asthmatic allergies, we are interested in elucidating the contributory roles of BLT1/2 in HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. Our aim in this study was to investigate whether BLT1/2 play any roles in HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. In this study, we observed that the levels of ligands for BLT1/2 [LTB4 and 12(S)-HETE (12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid)] were significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after HDM challenge. Block-ade of BLT1 or BLT2 as well as of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) or 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) markedly suppressed the production of TH2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and alleviated lung inflammation and mucus secretion in an HDM-induced eosinophilic airway-inflammation mouse model. Together, these results indicate that the 5-/12-LO-BLT1/2 cascade plays a role in HDM-induced airway inflammation by mediating the production of TH2 cytokines. Our findings suggest that BLT1/2 may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with HDM-induced allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kwak
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Benedé S, Pérez-Rodríguez L, Martínez-Blanco M, Molina E, López-Fandiño R. Oral Exposure to House Dust Mite Activates Intestinal Innate Immunity. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030561. [PMID: 33803079 PMCID: PMC8000190 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SCOPE House dust mite (HDM) induces Th2 responses in lungs and skin, but its effects in the intestine are poorly known. We aimed to study the involvement of HDM in the initial events that would promote sensitization through the oral route and eventually lead to allergy development. METHODS AND RESULTS BALB/c mice were exposed intragastrically to proteolytically active and inactive HDM, as such, or in combination with egg white (EW), and inflammatory and type 2 responses were evaluated. Oral administration of HDM, by virtue of its proteolytic activity, promoted the expression, in the small intestine, of genes encoding tight junction proteins, proinflammatory and Th2-biasing cytokines, and it caused expansion of group 2 innate immune cells, upregulation of Th2 cytokines, and dendritic cell migration and activation. In lymphoid tissues, its proteolytically inactivated counterpart also exerted an influence on the expression of surface DC molecules involved in interactions with T cells and in Th2 cell differentiation, which was confirmed in in vitro experiments. However, in our experimental setting we did not find evidence for the promotion of sensitization to coadministered EW. CONCLUSION Orally administered HDM upregulates tissue damage factors and also acts as an activator of innate immune cells behaving similarly to potent oral Th2 adjuvants.
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Huber S, Gadermaier G, Bohle B, Ferreira F, Briza P. Proteomic profiling of commercial dust mite skin prick test solutions and allergy vaccines from India. World Allergy Organ J 2021; 14:100516. [PMID: 33717396 PMCID: PMC7921882 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin prick test (SPT) solutions and allergy vaccines (AVs) are crucial tools for diagnosis and therapy of allergies. It was the aim of this study to corroborate the content of products for diagnosis and treatment of dust mite allergies that are produced and sold in India. METHODS SDS-PAGE, immunoblots and high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis was performed with 16 house dust mite (HDM) SPT solutions and AVs from 3 Indian manufacturers. Authority-approved European SPT solutions and in-house extracts were used as references. RESULTS From the 5 Indian Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus products, none contained proteins from this source. Instead, 1 sample contained Dermatophagoides farinae and human serum proteins, 4 products contained allergens from the storage mite Suidasia medanensis, allergens from the legume Cicer arietinum (chickpea), and proteins from baker's yeast. From 4 Indian D. farinae-labeled products, 2 contained human serum proteins and a limited number of D. farinae allergens. Two contained only Suidasia, Cicer, and yeast proteins. In contrast, the European authority-approved D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae SPT solutions that were used as reference in this study, contained exclusively proteins of the respective species and covered the expected allergen spectra. The Blomia tropicalis sample contained no Blomia allergens at all, but consisted exclusively of Suidasia, Cicer, and yeast proteins. All 6 HDM samples consisted of human serum proteins and limited amounts of D. farinae allergens. CONCLUSIONS All commercial Indian SPT solutions and AVs analyzed in this study are not suitable for dust mite allergy diagnosis and therapy, as they contain either no, or only a limited number of, HDM allergens. In addition, their use could lead to misdiagnosis since some of them contain allergens from other sources, including the storage mite Suidasia, chickpea, as well as baker's yeast. Further, their application might be harmful to patients, as some products contain large amounts of proteins of human origin. Analysis of European SPT solutions, on the other hand, confirmed their suitability for dust mite allergy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Huber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Role of oncostatin M in the pathogenesis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: focus on tissue remodeling. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2021; 65:144-153. [PMID: 33403505 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-020-00791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a severe and recurrent allergic conjunctivitis, the mechanism of which is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of oncostatin M (OSM) in the pathogenesis of VKC, with a focus on tissue remodeling. STUDY DESIGN Clinical and experimental. PATIENTS AND METHODS The OSM concentrations in tear fluid samples obtained from VKC patients and healthy controls were measured using ELISA, and the expression of OSM mRNA and protein in giant papillae resected from VKC patients was investigated using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In cultured human conjunctival epithelial cells (HconEpiCs), expression of OSM receptor β (OSMRβ) was detected using immunocytochemical and FACS analyses. Finally, we investigated whether recombinant OSM activated STAT1 and STAT3 to induce the expression of various genes related to tissue remodeling in HconEpiCs, by using Western blot analysis, microarray analysis, and RT-PCR. RESULTS The OSM concentration was higher in the tear fluid of VKC patients than in that of the healthy controls, and strong expression of OSM mRNA was found in the giant papillae. We also detected T cells expressing OSM in the giant papillae. In addition, HconEpiCs showed surface expression of OSMRβ. Recombinant human OSM strongly activated both STAT1 and STAT3 in HconEpiCs and induced various tissue remodeling-related genes, including MMP-1, MMP-3, IL-24, IL-20, serpinB3, S100A7, tenascin C, and SOCS3. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that OSM is one of the key molecules involved in remodeling of giant papillae in VKC.
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Abu Khweek A, Kim E, Joldrichsen MR, Amer AO, Boyaka PN. Insights Into Mucosal Innate Immune Responses in House Dust Mite-Mediated Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:534501. [PMID: 33424827 PMCID: PMC7793902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.534501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma has been rising steadily for several decades, and continues to be a major public health and global economic burden due to both direct and indirect costs. Asthma is defined as chronic heterogeneous inflammatory diseases characterized by airway obstruction, mucus production and bronchospasm. Different endotypes of asthma are being recognized based on the distinct pathophysiology, genetic predisposition, age, prognosis, and response to remedies. Mucosal innate response to environmental triggers such as pollen, cigarette smoke, fragrances, viral infection, and house dust mite (HDM) are now recognized to play an important role in allergic asthma. HDM are the most pervasive allergens that co-habitat with us, as they are ubiquitous in-house dusts, mattress and bedsheets, and feed on a diet of exfoliated human skin flakes. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, is one among several HDM identified up to date. During the last decade, extensive studies have been fundamental in elucidating the interactions between HDM allergens, the host immune systems and airways. Moreover, the paradigm in the field of HDM-mediated allergy has been shifted away from being solely a Th2-geared to a complex response orchestrated via extensive crosstalk between the epithelium, professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) and components of the adaptive immunity. In fact, HDM have several lessons to teach us about their allergenicity, the complex interactions that stimulate innate immunity in initiating and perpetuating the lung inflammation. Herein, we review main allergens of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and their interactions with immunological sentinels that promote allergic sensitization and activation of innate immunity, which is critical for the development of the Th2 biased adaptive immunity to HDM allergens and development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Abu Khweek
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Marisa R Joldrichsen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amal O Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Greslehner GP. Not by structures alone: Can the immune system recognize microbial functions? STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 84:101336. [PMID: 32830048 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A central question for immunology is: what does the immune system recognize and according to which principles does this kind of recognition work? Immunology has been dominated by the idea of recognizing molecular structures and triggering an appropriate immune response when facing non-self or danger. Recently, characterizations in terms of function have turned out to be more conserved and explanatory in microbiota research than taxonomic composition for understanding microbiota-host interactions. Starting from a conceptual analysis of the notions of structure and function, I raise the title question whether it is possible for the immune system to recognize microbial functions. I argue that this is indeed the case, making the claim that some function-associated molecular patterns are not indicative of the presence of certain taxa (''who is there'') but of biochemical activities and effects (''what is going on''). In addition, I discuss case studies which show that there are immunological sensors that can directly detect microbial activities, irrespective of their specific structural manifestation. At the same time, the discussed account puts the causal role notions of function on a more realist and objective basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor P Greslehner
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, CNRS & University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
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Habener A, Happle C, Grychtol R, Skuljec J, Busse M, Dalüge K, Obernolte H, Sewald K, Braun A, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Hansen G. Regulatory B cells control airway hyperreactivity and lung remodeling in a murine asthma model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:2281-2294.e7. [PMID: 33249168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a widespread, multifactorial chronic airway disease. The influence of regulatory B cells on airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and remodeling in asthma is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze the role of B cells in a house dust mite (HDM)-based murine asthma model. METHODS The influence of B cells on lung function, tissue remodeling, and the immune response were analyzed by using wild-type and B-cell-deficient (μMT) mice and transfer of IL-10-proficient and IL-10-deficient B cells to μMT mice. RESULTS After HDM-sensitization, both wild-type and μMT mice developed AHR, but the AHR was significantly stronger in μMT mice, as confirmed by 2 independent techniques: invasive lung function measurement in vivo and examination of precision-cut lung slices ex vivo. Moreover, airway remodeling was significantly increased in allergic μMT mice, as shown by enhanced collagen deposition in the airways, whereas the numbers of FoxP3+ and FoxP3- IL-10-secreting regulatory T cells were reduced. Adoptive transfer of IL-10-proficient but not IL-10-deficient B cells into μMT mice before HDM-sensitization attenuated AHR and lung remodeling. In contrast, FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were equally upregulated by transfer of IL-10-proficient and IL-10-deficient B cells. CONCLUSION Our data in a murine asthma model illustrate a central role of regulatory B cells in the control of lung function and airway remodeling and may support future concepts for B-cell-targeted prevention and treatment strategies for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Habener
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Happle
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Grychtol
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jelena Skuljec
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mandy Busse
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathleen Dalüge
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Takahashi K, Yanuma N, Hirokawa M, Miyajima M, Ogawa M, Osada H, Sugita K, Kondo H, Ohmori K. Presence of the house dust mite allergen in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs with chronic enteropathy: A potential inducer of interleukin-1β. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 230:110150. [PMID: 33190867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
House dust mite (HDM) is an environmental allergen ubiquitously present indoors, causing allergic inflammation in dogs. However, it is unclear whether HDM allergens can be detected in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of dogs. In addition, although expression of interleukin (IL)-1β is increased in the intestinal mucosa of dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE), the role of HDM allergens in the production of IL-1β has not been evaluated. The objectives of this study were to determine the presence of HDM allergens in the GI tract of dogs and to elucidate the effect of HDM on IL-1β expression in canine macrophages. HDM allergen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) 1, was quantified in the gastric and duodenal fluids and the duodenal and colonic mucosae of dogs with CE and healthy laboratory dogs, and faeces of dogs with CE, healthy laboratory dogs and healthy client-owned dogs. Gene expression and protein levels of IL-1β were measured in HDM-stimulated canine peripheral macrophages from healthy laboratory dogs. Der p 1 was detected in the gastric and duodenal fluids of dogs with CE and healthy laboratory dogs, and faeces of all dogs examined. Der p 1 levels in the duodenal and colonic mucosae were significantly higher in dogs with CE than in healthy laboratory dogs. HDM increased both gene expression and protein levels of IL-1β in canine macrophages. These findings demonstrate the presence of HDM allergens in the GI tract of dogs and the possible involvement of HDM allergens in the pathogenesis of CE by promoting IL-1β expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Takahashi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Nanako Yanuma
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Marin Hirokawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyajima
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Misato Ogawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hironari Osada
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Koji Sugita
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Sugita Animal Hospital, 3-55-10 Shinshiraoka, Shiraoka, Saitama, 349-0212, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Increased Expression of TLR4 in Circulating CD4+T Cells in Patients with Allergic Conjunctivitis and In Vitro Attenuation of Th2 Inflammatory Response by Alpha-MSH. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217861. [PMID: 33114004 PMCID: PMC7672642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular allergic diseases are frequently seen in ophthalmological clinical practice. Immunological damage is mediated by a local Th2 inflammatory microenvironment, accompanied by changes in circulating cell subsets, with more effector cells and fewer T regulatory cells (Tregs). This study aimed to evaluate the involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in the immune regulation associated with perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC). We performed an Ag-specific stimulation during 72 h of culturing with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or α-MSH in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), analyzing the cell subsets and cytokines induced by the stimuli. We also determined α-MSH in tear samples from healthy donors (HD) or PAC patients. Our findings demonstrate an immunological dysregulation characterized by an increased frequency of CD4+TLR4+ in the PBMC of patients with PAC, compared to HD. Most of these CD4+TLR4+ cells were also CD25+, and when α-MSH was added to the culture, the percentage of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ increased significantly, while the percentage of CD69+ cells and cytokines IL-4 and IL-6 were significantly decreased. In tears, we found an increased concentration of α-MSH in PAC patients, compared with HD. These findings indicate a novel mechanism involved in controlling ocular allergic diseases, in which α-MSH diminishes the concentration of IL-6 and IL-4, restoring the frequency of Tregs and down-regulating CD4 activation. Moreover, we demonstrated the involvement of CD4+TLR4+ cells as an effector cell subset in ocular allergy.
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Zhang R, Trower J, Wu T. Degradation of bacterial permeability family member A1 (BPIFA1) by house dust mite (HDM) cysteine protease Der p 1 abrogates immune modulator function. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4022-4031. [PMID: 32890564 PMCID: PMC7467078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial permeability family member A1 (BPIFA1) is one of the most abundant proteins present in normal airway surface liquid (ASL). It is known to be diminished in asthmatic patients' sputum, which causes airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). What is currently unclear is how environmental factors, such as allergens' impact on BPIFA1's abundance and functions in the context of allergic asthma. House dust mite (HDM) is a predominant domestic source of aeroallergens. The group of proteases found in HDM is thought to cleave multiple cellular protective mechanisms, and therefore foster the development of allergic asthma. Here, we show that BPIFA1 is cleaved by HDM proteases in a time-, dose-, and temperature-dependent manner. We have also shown the main component in HDM that is responsible for BPIFA1's degradation is Der p1. Fragmented BPIFA1 failed to bind E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and hence elevated TNFα and IL-6 secretion in human whole blood. BPIFA1 degradation is also observed in vivo in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of mice which are intranasally instilled with HDM. These data suggest that proteases associated with environmental allergens such as HDM cleave BPIFA1 and therefore impair its immune modulator function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Jessika Trower
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 302 East Lawson Street, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Tongde Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 302 East Lawson Street, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise (BRITE), 302 East Lawson Street, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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Kortekaas Krohn I, Seys SF, Lund G, Jonckheere A, Dierckx de Casterlé I, Ceuppens JL, Steelant B, Hellings PW. Nasal epithelial barrier dysfunction increases sensitization and mast cell degranulation in the absence of allergic inflammation. Allergy 2020; 75:1155-1164. [PMID: 31769882 DOI: 10.1111/all.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased epithelial permeability has been reported in allergic rhinitis, with histamine and type-2 inflammation being responsible for tight junction dysfunction. The impact of an epithelial barrier defect on allergic sensitization and mast cell (MC) degranulation remains speculative. METHODS Transepithelial passage of allergens was evaluated on primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures. Active sensitization was attempted by repeated intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) applications in Naïve mice. In a passive sensitization model, mice were injected with IgE to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (rDer p)2 and then exposed intranasally to the allergen. Chitosan was used to disrupt nasal epithelial integrity in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Chitosan strongly reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and facilitated transepithelial allergen passage in cultured primary nasal epithelial cells. In vivo, intranasal chitosan affected occludin expression and facilitated allergen passage. After epithelial barrier disruption, intranasal OVA application induced higher OVA-specific IgG1 and total IgE in serum, and increased eosinophilia and interleukin-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) compared to sham-OVA mice. Chitosan exposure, prior to rDer p2 allergen challenge in passively sensitized mice, resulted in increased β-hexosaminidase levels in serum and BAL compared to sham-rDer p2 mice. Intranasal treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid fluticasone propionate prevented chitosan-induced barrier dysfunction, allergic sensitization, and MC degranulation. CONCLUSION Epithelial barrier dysfunction facilitates transepithelial allergen passage, allergic sensitization, and allergen-induced MC degranulation even in the absence of inflammatory environment. These results emphasize the crucial role of an intact epithelial barrier in prevention of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kortekaas Krohn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research group KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Sven F. Seys
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research group KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases (EUFOREA) Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Anne‐Charlotte Jonckheere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research group KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Isabelle Dierckx de Casterlé
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research group KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan L. Ceuppens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research group KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Brecht Steelant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research group KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Peter W. Hellings
- Clinical Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Clinical Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Ghent Ghent Belgium
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Abstract
House dust mites are an unsurpassed cause of atopic sensitization and allergic illness throughout the world. The major allergenic dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Euroglyphus maynei, and Blomia tropicalis are eight-legged members of the Arachnid class. Their approximately 3-month lifespan comprises egg, larval, protonymph, tritonymph, and adult stages, with adults, about one fourth to one third of a millimeter in size, being at the threshold of visibility. The geographic and seasonal distributions of dust mites are determined by their need for adequate humidity, while their distribution within substrates is further determined by their avoidance of light. By contacting the epithelium of the eyes, nose, lower airways, skin, and gut, the allergen-containing particles of dust mites can induce sensitization and atopic symptoms in those organs. Various mite allergens, contained primarily in mite fecal particles but also in shed mite exoskeletons and decaying mite body fragments, have properties that include proteolytic activity, homology with the lipopolysaccharide-binding component of Toll-like receptor 4, homology with other invertebrate tropomyosins, and chitin-cleaving and chitin-binding activity. Mite proteases have direct epithelial effects including the breaching of tight junctions and the stimulation of protease-activated receptors, the latter inducing pruritus, epithelial dysfunction, and cytokine release. Other components, including chitin, unmethylated mite and bacterial DNA, and endotoxin, activate pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system and act as adjuvants promoting sensitization to mite and other allergens. Clinical conditions resulting from mite sensitization and exposure include rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Systemic allergy symptoms can also occur from the ingestion of cross-reacting invertebrates, such as shrimp or snail, or from the accidental ingestion of mite-contaminated foods. Beyond their direct importance as a major allergen source, an understanding of dust mites leads to insights into the nature of atopy and of allergic sensitization in general.
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Burgess STG, Marr EJ, Bartley K, Nunn FG, Down RE, Weaver RJ, Prickett JC, Dunn J, Rombauts S, Van Leeuwen T, Van de Peer Y, Nisbet AJ. A genomic analysis and transcriptomic atlas of gene expression in Psoroptes ovis reveals feeding- and stage-specific patterns of allergen expression. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:756. [PMID: 31640546 PMCID: PMC6806590 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psoroptic mange, caused by infestation with the ectoparasitic mite, Psoroptes ovis, is highly contagious, resulting in intense pruritus and represents a major welfare and economic concern for the livestock industry Worldwide. Control relies on injectable endectocides and organophosphate dips, but concerns over residues, environmental contamination, and the development of resistance threaten the sustainability of this approach, highlighting interest in alternative control methods. However, development of vaccines and identification of chemotherapeutic targets is hampered by the lack of P. ovis transcriptomic and genomic resources. Results Building on the recent publication of the P. ovis draft genome, here we present a genomic analysis and transcriptomic atlas of gene expression in P. ovis revealing feeding- and stage-specific patterns of gene expression, including novel multigene families and allergens. Network-based clustering revealed 14 gene clusters demonstrating either single- or multi-stage specific gene expression patterns, with 3075 female-specific, 890 male-specific and 112, 217 and 526 transcripts showing larval, protonymph and tritonymph specific-expression, respectively. Detailed analysis of P. ovis allergens revealed stage-specific patterns of allergen gene expression, many of which were also enriched in “fed” mites and tritonymphs, highlighting an important feeding-related allergenicity in this developmental stage. Pair-wise analysis of differential expression between life-cycle stages identified patterns of sex-biased gene expression and also identified novel P. ovis multigene families including known allergens and novel genes with high levels of stage-specific expression. Conclusions The genomic and transcriptomic atlas described here represents a unique resource for the acarid-research community, whilst the OrcAE platform makes this freely available, facilitating further community-led curation of the draft P. ovis genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart T G Burgess
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Edward J Marr
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Kathryn Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Francesca G Nunn
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jackie Dunn
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
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Serhan N, Basso L, Sibilano R, Petitfils C, Meixiong J, Bonnart C, Reber LL, Marichal T, Starkl P, Cenac N, Dong X, Tsai M, Galli SJ, Gaudenzio N. House dust mites activate nociceptor-mast cell clusters to drive type 2 skin inflammation. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1435-1443. [PMID: 31591569 PMCID: PMC6858877 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergic skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), are clinically
characterized by severe itching and type 2 immunity-associated hypersensitivity
to widely-distributed allergens, including those derived from house dust mites
(HDMs). Here we found that HDMs with cysteine-protease activity directly
activated peptidergic nociceptors, which are neuropeptide-producing nociceptive
sensory neurons, that expressed the ion channel TRPV1 and Tac1,
the gene encoding the precursor for the neuropeptide substance P. Intravital
imaging and genetic approaches indicated that HDMs-activated nociceptors drove
the development of allergic skin inflammation by inducing the degranulation of
mast cells contiguous to such nociceptors through the release of substance P and
the activation of the cationic molecules receptor MRGPRB2 on mast cells. This
data indicates that, after exposure to HDM allergens, activation of
TRPV1+Tac1+
nociceptor-MRGPRB2+ sensory clusters represents a key early event
in the development of allergic skin reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Serhan
- Unité de Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, UMR 1056, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lilian Basso
- Unité de Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, UMR 1056, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Riccardo Sibilano
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Camille Petitfils
- IRSD, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - James Meixiong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chrystelle Bonnart
- IRSD, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Unit for Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 INSERM, Paris, France.,Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Toulouse III University, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA Institute and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.,WELBIO, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Unité de Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, UMR 1056, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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47
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Smith L, Gatault S, Casals-Diaz L, Kelly PA, Camerer E, Métais C, Knaus UG, Eissner G, Steinhoff M. House dust mite-treated PAR2 over-expressor mouse: A novel model of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1298-1308. [PMID: 31487753 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex skin disease involving causative effects from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources. Murine models of the disease often fall short in one of these components and, as a result, do not fully encapsulate these disease mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether the protease-activated receptor 2 over-expressor mouse (PAR2OE) with topical house dust mite (HDM) application is a more comprehensive and clinically representative AD model. METHODS Following HDM extract application to PAR2OE mice and controls, AD clinical scoring, itching behaviour, skin morphology and structure, barrier function, immune cell infiltration and inflammatory markers were assessed. Skin morphology was analysed using haematoxylin and eosin staining, and barrier function was assessed by transepidermal water loss measurements. Immune infiltrate was characterised by histological and immunofluorescence staining. Finally, an assessment of AD-related gene expression was performed using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS PAR2OE mice treated with HDM displays all the characteristic clinical symptoms including erythema, dryness and oedema, skin morphology, itch and inflammation typically seen in patients with AD. There is a significant influx of mast cells (P < .01) and eosinophils (P < .0001) into the dermis of these mice. Furthermore, the PAR2OE + HDM mice exhibit similar expression patterns of key differentially expressed genes as seen in human AD. CONCLUSION The PAR2OE + HDM mouse presents with a classic AD pathophysiology and is a valuable model in terms of reproducibility and overall disease representation to study the condition and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Smith
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Solene Gatault
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Laura Casals-Diaz
- Skin Biology and Pharmacology, Almirall R&D Centre, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela A Kelly
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Charles Métais
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Günther Eissner
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Dermatology, Hamad Medical Corporation and Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Resende RDO, Ynoue LH, Miranda JS, de Almeida KC, Silva DADO, Sopelete MC, Alves R, Gennari-Cardoso ML, Taketomi EA. IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 Reactivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Glycosylated Extract in Allergic Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9840890. [PMID: 31467923 PMCID: PMC6699324 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9840890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mites are important allergen sources and some of these allergenic proteins may contain carbohydrate moieties, which are able to be isolated using lectins, as Concanavalin A (ConA). This study aimed to investigate allergenicity (IgE) and antigenicity (IgG1 and IgG4) of ConA-unbound and ConA-bound Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) crude extracts using sera of mite-allergic patients as well as inhibition capacity of antibody binding. MATERIAL AND METHODS We obtained mannose-enriched and mannose-depleted fractions from Dpt by ConA affinity chromatography. Both ConA-bound and ConA-unbound fractions were evaluated by ELISA and Western Blotting for specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 reactivity with sera obtained from 95 mite-allergic patients (DP+) and 92 nonallergic (NA) subjects. Inhibition ELISA was used to assess cross-reactivity between Dpt extract and its fractions. RESULTS Among the DP+ patients, no difference was found between ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions regarding the levels of specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4. Nonallergic subjects had the same levels of specific IgG1 to both ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions, although for specific IgG4, values were higher for ConA-bound. A positive correlation was found among specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 levels when Dpt was compared to ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions. Recognition of crude Dpt by IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 was highly inhibited by ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions. Western Blotting revealed a broad spectrum of bands ranging from 14 to 116 kDa recognized by specific IgE and IgG4. However, IgG1 reached higher frequency values on high molecular weight polypeptides. CONCLUSION ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions derived from D. pteronyssinus crude extract revealed important components involved in the IgE recognition in allergic patients as well as IgG1 and/or IgG4 in allergic and healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Hideki Ynoue
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Miranda
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Karine Cristine de Almeida
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Monica Camargo Sopelete
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Alves
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Ernesto Akio Taketomi
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema S Aceves
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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50
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Yang JQ, Kalim KW, Li Y, Zheng Y, Guo F. Ablation of RhoA impairs Th17 cell differentiation and alleviates house dust mite-triggered allergic airway inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1139-1151. [PMID: 31260596 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0119-025rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic airway inflammation in which Th2 and Th17 cells are key players in its pathogenesis. We have reported that RhoA of Rho GTPases orchestrated glycolysis for Th2 cell differentiation and allergic airway inflammation by the use of a conditional RhoA-deficient mouse line. However, the role of RhoA in Th17 cells remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of RhoA deficiency on Th17 cells in the context of ex vivo cell culture systems and an in vivo house dust mites (HDM)-induced allergic airway inflammation. We found that RhoA deficiency inhibited Th17 differentiation and effector cytokine secretion, which was associated with the downregulations of Stat3 and Rorγt, key Th17 transcription factors. Furthermore, loss of RhoA markedly suppressed Th17 and neutrophil-involved airway inflammation induced by HDM in mice. The infiltrating inflammatory cells in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were dramatically reduced in conditional RhoA-deficient mice. Th17 as well as Th2 effector cytokines were suppressed in the airways at both protein and mRNA levels. Interestingly, Y16, a specific RhoA inhibitor, was able to recapitulate the most phenotypes of RhoA genetic deletion in Th17 differentiation and allergic airway inflammation. Our data demonstrate that RhoA is a key regulator of Th17 cell differentiation and function. RhoA might serve as a potential novel therapeutic target for asthma and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qi Yang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasitic and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Khalid W Kalim
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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