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Carrillo JFC, Boaretto AG, Santana DJ, Silva DB. Skin secretions of Leptodactylidae (Anura) and their potential applications. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230042. [PMID: 38374940 PMCID: PMC10876013 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin of anuran species is a protective barrier against predators and pathogens, showing also chemical defense by substances that represent a potential source for bioactive substances. This review describes the current chemical and biological knowledge from the skin secretions of Leptodactylidae species, one of the most diverse neotropical frog families. These skin secretions reveal a variety of substances such as amines (12), neuropeptides (16), and antimicrobial peptides (72). The amines include histamine and its methylated derivatives, tryptamine derivatives and quaternary amines. The peptides of Leptodactylidae species show molecular weight up to 3364 Da and ocellatins are the most reported. The peptides exhibit commonly glycine (G) or glycine-valine (GV) as C-terminal amino acids, and the most common N-terminal amino acids are glutamic acid (E), lysine (K), and valine (V). The substances from Leptodactylidae species have been evaluated against pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the most active peptides showed MIC of 1-15 µM. Furthermore, some compounds showed also pharmacological properties such as immunomodulation, treatment of degenerative diseases, anticancer, and antioxidant. Currently, only 9% of the species in this family have been properly studied, highlighting a large number of unstudied species such as an entire subfamily (Paratelmatobiinae). The ecological context, functions, and evolution of peptides and amines in this family are poorly understood and represent a large field for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. C. Carrillo
- Program in Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Biosciences,
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Systematics and Biogeography of Amphibians and
Reptiles (Mapinguari), Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso
do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LaPNEM),
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University
of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Galdi Boaretto
- Program in Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Biosciences,
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LaPNEM),
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University
of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Diego J. Santana
- Program in Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Biosciences,
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Systematics and Biogeography of Amphibians and
Reptiles (Mapinguari), Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso
do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Program in Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Biosciences,
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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2
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Widodo A, Moses IB, Hasib A, Zahra RLA, Gelolodo MA, Kurniawati DA, Riwu KHP, Silaen OSM, Afnani DA, Ramandinianto SC. Kinship analysis of mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and risk factors from the farmers in Blitar, Indonesia. Vet World 2024; 17:216-225. [PMID: 38406357 PMCID: PMC10884576 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.216-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim There are numerous reports of subclinical mastitis cases in Blitar, which is consistent with the region's high milk production and dairy cattle population. Staphylococcus aureus, which is often the cause of mastitis cases, is widely known because of its multidrug-resistant properties and resistance to β-lactam antibiotic class, especially the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. This study aimed to molecular detection and sequence analysis of the mecA gene in milk and farmer's hand swabs to show that dairy cattle are reservoirs of MRSA strains. Materials and Methods A total of 113 milk samples and 39 farmers' hand swab samples were collected from a dairy farm for the isolation of S. aureus using Mannitol salt agar. The recovered isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Isolates confirmed as S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics. Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base testing was used to confirm the presence of MRSA, whereas the mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results A total of 101 samples were confirmed to be S. aureus. There were 2 S. aureus isolates that were multidrug-resistant and 14 S. aureus isolates that were MRSA. The mecA gene was detected in 4/14 (28.6%) phenotypically identified MRSA isolates. Kinship analysis showed identical results between mecA from milk and farmers' hand swabs. No visible nucleotide variation was observed in the two mecA sequences of isolates from Blitar, East Java. Conclusion The spread of MRSA is a serious problem because the risk of zoonotic transmission can occur not only to people who are close to livestock in the workplace, such as dairy farm workers but also to the wider community through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dharmawangsa Dalam Selatan No. 28-30, Kampus B Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki 480211, Nigeria
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Queensland, Australia
| | - Reichan Lisa Az Zahra
- Profession Program of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Maria Aega Gelolodo
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Jl. Adisucipto Penfui, Kupang 85001, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Indonesia Research Center for Veterinary Science, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 30, Bogor 16114, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Dasan Agung Baru, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6 Senen, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Daniah Ashri Afnani
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Dasan Agung Baru, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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3
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Lim KL, Khor WC, Ong KH, Timothy L, Aung KT. Occurrence and Patterns of Enterotoxin Genes, spa Types and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Staphylococcus aureus in Food and Food Contact Surfaces in Singapore. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1785. [PMID: 37512957 PMCID: PMC10386305 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus contamination of food and food contact surfaces is a public health concern given its virulent and antimicrobial-resistant properties worldwide. In this study, a total of 181 MSSA isolates were analyzed for SE genes, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and spa types. Overall, 24.9% of isolates were positive for SE gene detection, with sea being the most prevalent classical SE (18.8%). The most predominant sample sources for SE gene contamination were hand swabs for sea (6/48), meat dishes for seb (3/14) and seafood dishes for sec (2/24). Antimicrobial resistance was also observed at relatively high frequencies for the clinically important antibiotics penicillin G and ampicillin (both 54.7%), followed by tetracycline (14.9%) and azithromycin (8.8%). In addition, characterization of spa types revealed spa type t5078 to be the most predominant (40.3%), with significant associations between spa types t127 and t5521 and the sea gene. This study offers insights into the enterotoxin gene and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. aureus in cooked or ready-to-eat food to inform future surveillance and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ker Li Lim
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Wei Ching Khor
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Kar Hui Ong
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Lois Timothy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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4
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Alsolami A, ALGhasab NS, Alharbi MSM, Bashir AI, Saleem M, Syed Khaja AS, Aldakheel DF, Rakha E, Alshammari JA, Taha TE, Melibari Z, Alharbi YH, Almutlag AA, Said KB. Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitals: Age-Specificity and Potential Zoonotic-Zooanthroponotic Transmission Dynamics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2089. [PMID: 37370983 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages are a devastating clinical and public health issue. Data on local lineage profiles are limited. We report on the frequency of community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases (CA-MRSA, HA-MRSA). We studied 147 isolates from King Khalid tertiary care hospitals (KKH), each from a case in a patient and including 33 patients at the Maternity and Children's Hospital (MCH). Of the 147 isolates, 87 males (59%) and 60 females (41%) were in KKH. The overwhelming majority (80%; n = 119/147) were CA-MRSA in KKH. Intriguingly, despite significant differences between males (70%) and females (53%), lineage-acquisition remained age-specific around 58-60 years in both genders. However, while CA-MRSA dominated early in life (0-20, 70% MCH), it increased with age in KKH adults; 21-50 (28%), >50 (59%) until the overall 80% (n = 144/180). Major specimens included skin-wounds, surgeries (70.3%), blood (13.5%), sputum (8.8%), very rarely urine (4.1%), and nasal (3.4%), albeit most patients showed severe enteritis and necrotizing pneumonia. Antibiograms showed high beta lactam resistances, including amoxicillin-clavulanate (83%), oxacillin (84%), cefoxitin FOX (100%), penicillin and ampicillin (~100%), as well as high resistance (82%) to carbapenem. Fortunately, high susceptibility was seen to non-beta lactams and, to a lesser extent, gentamicin, erythromycin, and fusidic acid; 33%, 34%, and 38%, respectively, in KKH. A similar pattern was seen in MCH except for a low resistance pattern to gentamicin CN, clindamycin CD, erythromycin E, and tobramycin TOB; 34%, 31%, 39%, and 41%, respectively, except for fusidic acid. These findings have significant clinical implications for MRSA patient management strategies. Clinical- and lineage-profiles imply host-selection and zoonotic-zooanthroponotic transmission dynamics. Future molecular typing, sequencing, and characterization of dominant clone(s) is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alsolami
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Saad ALGhasab
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S M Alharbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhafiz I Bashir
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saleem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dakheel F Aldakheel
- Medical Coordination Unit, Ha'il General Hospital, Ha'il 55428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Rakha
- Departments of Microbiology, King Khalid Hospital, Ha'il 55421, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jabar Aziz Alshammari
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha E Taha
- Department of Epidemiology, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ziyad Melibari
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaseer H Alharbi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Almutlag
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamaleldin B Said
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel-By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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5
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Castanheira M, Mendes RE, Gales AC. Global Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:S166-S178. [PMID: 37125466 PMCID: PMC10150277 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex is the most commonly identified species in the genus Acinetobacter and it accounts for a large percentage of nosocomial infections, including bacteremia, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and urinary tract. A few key clones of A. baumannii-calcoaceticus are currently responsible for the dissemination of these organisms worldwide. Unfortunately, multidrug resistance is a common trait among these clones due to their unrivalled adaptive nature. A. baumannii-calcoaceticus isolates can accumulate resistance traits by a plethora of mechanisms, including horizontal gene transfer, natural transformation, acquisition of mutations, and mobilization of genetic elements that modulate expression of intrinsic and acquired genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana C Gales
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Ersoy SC, Gonçalves B, Cavaco G, Manna AC, Sobral RG, Nast CC, Proctor RA, Chambers HF, Cheung A, Bayer AS. Influence of Sodium Bicarbonate on Wall Teichoic Acid Synthesis and β-Lactam Sensitization in NaHCO 3-Responsive and Nonresponsive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0342222. [PMID: 36377886 PMCID: PMC9769754 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03422-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains pose major treatment challenges due to their innate resistance to most β-lactams under standard in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing conditions. A novel phenotype among MRSA, termed "NaHCO3 responsiveness," where certain strains display increased susceptibility to β-lactams in the presence of NaHCO3, has been identified among a relatively large proportion of MRSA isolates. One underlying mechanism of NaHCO3 responsiveness appears to be related to decreased expression and altered functionality of several genes and proteins involved in cell wall synthesis and maturation. Here, we studied the impact of NaHCO3 on wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis, a process intimately linked to peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis and functionality, in NaHCO3-responsive versus -nonresponsive MRSA isolates. NaHCO3 sensitized responsive MRSA strains to cefuroxime, a specific penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2)-inhibitory β-lactam known to synergize with early WTA synthesis inhibitors (e.g., ticlopidine). Combining cefuroxime with ticlopidine with or without NaHCO3 suggested that these latter two agents target the same step in WTA synthesis. Further, NaHCO3 decreased the abundance and molecular weight of WTA only in responsive strains. Additionally, NaHCO3 stimulated increased autolysis and aberrant cell division in responsive strains, two phenotypes associated with disruption of WTA synthesis. Of note, studies of key genes involved in the WTA biosynthetic pathway (e.g., tarO, tarG, dltA, and fmtA) indicated that the inhibitory impact of NaHCO3 on WTA biosynthesis in responsive strains likely occurred posttranslationally. IMPORTANCE MRSA is generally viewed as resistant to standard β-lactam antibiotics. However, a NaHCO3-responsive phenotype is observed in a substantial proportion of clinical MRSA strains in vitro, i.e., isolates which demonstrate enhanced susceptibility to standard β-lactam antibiotics (e.g., oxacillin) in the presence of NaHCO3. This phenotype correlates with increased MRSA clearance in vivo by standard β-lactam antibiotics, suggesting that patients with infections caused by such MRSA strains might be amenable to treatment with β-lactams. The mechanism(s) behind this phenotype is not fully understood but appears to involve mecA-PBP2a production and maturation axes. Our study adds significantly to this body of knowledge in terms of additional mechanistic targets of NaHCO3 in selected MRSA strains. This investigation demonstrates that NaHCO3 has direct impacts on S. aureus wall teichoic acid biosynthesis in NaHCO3-responsive MRSA. These findings provide an additional target for new agents being designed to synergistically kill MRSA using β-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Bacterial Pathogens, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cavaco
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Bacterial Pathogens, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Adhar C. Manna
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Rita G. Sobral
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Bacterial Pathogens, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cynthia C. Nast
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard A. Proctor
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Ambrose Cheung
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Arnold S. Bayer
- The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California, USA
- Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Satishkumar N, Lai LY, Mukkayyan N, Vogel BE, Chatterjee SS. A Nonclassical Mechanism of β-Lactam Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Its Effect on Virulence. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0228422. [PMID: 36314912 PMCID: PMC9769611 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02284-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of pathogenic bacteria that are infamously resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, a property attributed to the mecA gene. Recent studies have reported that mutations associated with the promoter region of pbp4 demonstrated high levels of β-lactam resistance, suggesting the role of PBP4 as an important non-mecA mediator of β-lactam resistance. The pbp4-promoter-associated mutations have been detected in strains with or without mecA. Our previous studies that were carried out in strains devoid of mecA described that pbp4-promoter-associated mutations lead to PBP4 overexpression and β-lactam resistance. In this study, by introducing various pbp4-promoter-associated mutations in the genome of a MRSA strain, we demonstrate that PBP4 overexpression can supplement mecA-associated resistance in S. aureus and can lead to increased β-lactam resistance. The promoter and regulatory region of pbp4 is shared with a divergently transcribed gene, abcA, which encodes a multidrug exporter. We demonstrate that the promoter mutations caused an upregulation of pbp4 and downregulation of abcA, confirming that the resistant phenotype is associated with PBP4 overexpression. PBP4 has also been associated with staphylococcal pathogenesis, however, its exact role remains unclear. Using a Caenorhabditis elegans model, we demonstrate that strains having increased PBP4 expression are less virulent than wild-type strains, suggesting that β-lactam resistance mediated via PBP4 likely comes at the cost of virulence. IMPORTANCE Our study demonstrates the ability of PBP4 to be an important mediator of β-lactam resistance in not only methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) background strains as previously demonstrated but also in MRSA strains. When present together, PBP2a and PBP4 overexpression can produce increased levels of β-lactam resistance, causing complications in treatment. Thus, this study suggests the importance of monitoring PBP4-associated resistance in clinical settings, as well as understanding the mechanistic basis of associated resistance, so that treatments targeting PBP4 may be developed. This study also demonstrates that S. aureus strains with increased PBP4 expression are less pathogenic, providing important hints about the role of PBP4 in S. aureus resistance and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Satishkumar
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Li-Yin Lai
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nagaraja Mukkayyan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce E. Vogel
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Som S. Chatterjee
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Barbuti MD, Myrbråten IS, Morales Angeles D, Kjos M. The cell cycle of Staphylococcus aureus: An updated review. Microbiologyopen 2022; 12:e1338. [PMID: 36825883 PMCID: PMC9733580 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As bacteria proliferate, DNA replication, chromosome segregation, cell wall synthesis, and cytokinesis occur concomitantly and need to be tightly regulated and coordinated. Although these cell cycle processes have been studied for decades, several mechanisms remain elusive, specifically in coccus-shaped cells such as Staphylococcus aureus. In recent years, major progress has been made in our understanding of how staphylococci divide, including new, fundamental insights into the mechanisms of cell wall synthesis and division site selection. Furthermore, several novel proteins and mechanisms involved in the regulation of replication initiation or progression of the cell cycle have been identified and partially characterized. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of the cell cycle processes in the spheroid model bacterium S. aureus, with a focus on recent advances in the understanding of how these processes are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Barbuti
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)ÅsNorway
| | - Ine S. Myrbråten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)ÅsNorway
| | - Danae Morales Angeles
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)ÅsNorway
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)ÅsNorway
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Sindelo A, Sen P, Nyokong T. Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using pyrrolidinium containing Schiff base phthalocyanines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Ivanovic I, Boss R, Romanò A, Guédon E, Le-Loir Y, Luini M, Graber H. Penicillin resistance in bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Genomic evaluation of the discrepancy between phenotypic and molecular test methods. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:462-475. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sionov RV, Banerjee S, Bogomolov S, Smoum R, Mechoulam R, Steinberg D. Targeting the Achilles’ Heel of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by the Endocannabinoid Anandamide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147798. [PMID: 35887146 PMCID: PMC9319909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major health issue that requires new therapeutic approaches. Accumulating data suggest that it is possible to sensitize these bacteria to antibiotics by combining them with inhibitors targeting efflux pumps, the low-affinity penicillin-binding protein PBP2a, cell wall teichoic acid, or the cell division protein FtsZ. We have previously shown that the endocannabinoid Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine; AEA) could sensitize drug-resistant S. aureus to a variety of antibiotics, among others, through growth arrest and inhibition of drug efflux. Here, we looked at biochemical alterations caused by AEA. We observed that AEA increased the intracellular drug concentration of a fluorescent penicillin and augmented its binding to membrane proteins with concomitant altered membrane distribution of these proteins. AEA also prevented the secretion of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and reduced the cell wall teichoic acid content, both processes known to require transporter proteins. Notably, AEA was found to inhibit membrane ATPase activity that is necessary for transmembrane transport. AEA did not affect the membrane GTPase activity, and the GTPase cell division protein FtsZ formed the Z-ring of the divisome normally in the presence of AEA. Rather, AEA caused a reduction in murein hydrolase activities involved in daughter cell separation. Altogether, this study shows that AEA affects several biochemical processes that culminate in the sensitization of the drug-resistant bacteria to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Shreya Banerjee
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Sergei Bogomolov
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (R.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (R.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
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12
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Masters EA, Ricciardi BF, Bentley KLDM, Moriarty TF, Schwarz EM, Muthukrishnan G. Skeletal infections: microbial pathogenesis, immunity and clinical management. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:385-400. [PMID: 35169289 PMCID: PMC8852989 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis remains one of the greatest risks in orthopaedic surgery. Although many organisms are linked to skeletal infections, Staphylococcus aureus remains the most prevalent and devastating causative pathogen. Important discoveries have uncovered novel mechanisms of S. aureus pathogenesis and persistence within bone tissue, including implant-associated biofilms, abscesses and invasion of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network. However, little clinical progress has been made in the prevention and eradication of skeletal infection as treatment algorithms and outcomes have only incrementally changed over the past half century. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion in S. aureus infection of the skeletal system as well as features of other osteomyelitis-causing pathogens in implant-associated and native bone infections. We also describe how the host fails to eradicate bacterial bone infections, and how this new information may lead to the development of novel interventions. Finally, we discuss the clinical management of skeletal infection, including osteomyelitis classification and strategies to treat skeletal infections with emerging technologies that could translate to the clinic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia A Masters
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin F Ricciardi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karen L de Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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13
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An Interplay of Multiple Positive and Negative Factors Governs Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0015921. [PMID: 35420454 PMCID: PMC9199415 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00159-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics has made Staphylococcus aureus a clinical burden on a global scale. MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) is commonly known as a superbug. The ability of MRSA to proliferate in the presence of β-lactams is attributed to the acquisition of mecA, which encodes the alternative penicillin binding protein, PBP2A, which is insensitive to the antibiotics. Most MRSA isolates exhibit low-level β-lactam resistance, whereby additional genetic adjustments are required to develop high-level resistance. Although several genetic factors that potentiate or are required for high-level resistance have been identified, how these interact at the mechanistic level has remained elusive. Here, we discuss the development of resistance and assess the role of the associated components in tailoring physiology to accommodate incoming mecA.
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14
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Identification of the Extracytoplasmic Function σ Factor σ P Regulon in Bacillus thuringiensis. mSphere 2022; 7:e0096721. [PMID: 35080471 PMCID: PMC8791391 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00967-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis and other members of the Bacillus cereus family are resistant to many β-lactams. Resistance is dependent upon the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor σP. We used label-free quantitative proteomics to identify proteins whose expression was dependent upon σP. We compared the protein profiles of strains which either lacked σP or overexpressed σP. We identified 8 members of the σP regulon which included four β-lactamases as well as three penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Using transcriptional reporters, we confirmed that these genes are induced by β-lactams in a σP-dependent manner. These genes were deleted individually or in various combinations to determine their role in resistance to a subset of β-lactams, including ampicillin, methicillin, cephalexin, and cephalothin. We found that different combinations of β-lactamases and PBPs are involved in resistance to different β-lactams. Our data show that B. thuringiensis utilizes a suite of enzymes to protect itself from β-lactam antibiotics. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance is major concern for public health. β-Lactams remain an important treatment option for many diseases. However, the spread of β-lactam resistance continues to rise. Many pathogens acquire antibiotic resistance from environmental bacteria. Thus, understanding β-lactam resistance in environmental strains may provide insights into additional mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Here, we describe how a single regulatory system, σP, in B. thuringiensis controls expression of multiple genes involved in resistance to β-lactams. Our findings indicate that some of these genes are partially redundant. Our data also suggest that the large number of genes controlled by σP results in increased resistance to a wider range of β-lactam classes than any single gene could provide.
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15
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Gostev V, Kalinogorskaya O, Ivanova K, Kalisnikova E, Lazareva I, Starkova P, Sidorenko S. In Vitro Selection of High-Level Beta-Lactam Resistance in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060637. [PMID: 34073276 PMCID: PMC8227848 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective pressure of beta-lactams is thought to be responsible for mutation selection in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). We used next-generation sequencing to compare the genomes of beta-lactamase-positive (SA0707) and -negative (SA0937) MSSA isolates with their derivatives obtained after selection with oxacillin, ceftaroline, or meropenem. Selection with oxacillin and ceftaroline caused a rapid and significant (6–8 times) increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of oxacillin, penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, and ceftaroline against the derivatives of both isolates, associated with growth impairment. Selection with meropenem caused a limited increase in the MICs of all beta-lactams against both isolates. During the initial stages of selection (after 5–15 passages), mutations were detected only in some reads, which indicated the heterogeneity of the population; however, during the later stages, either the population reversed to the wild type or fixation of the mutation was observed in the entire population. Selection with different beta-lactams caused diverse mutational events, but common mutations were detected in gdpP, all penicillin-binding proteins, cell wall regulators (vraST, graR), and deletions in the promoter region of pbp4. Therefore, the disk diffusion test with cefoxitin does not reveal resistance associated with these mechanisms in some cases, which can lead to the failure of beta-lactam therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gostev
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, 194017 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.G.); (O.K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I Mechnikov, 195067 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Kalinogorskaya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, 194017 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.G.); (O.K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Ksenia Ivanova
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, 194017 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.G.); (O.K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Kalisnikova
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, 194017 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.G.); (O.K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Irina Lazareva
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, 194017 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.G.); (O.K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Polina Starkova
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, 194017 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.G.); (O.K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Sergey Sidorenko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, 194017 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.G.); (O.K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (I.L.); (P.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I Mechnikov, 195067 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(963)-316-0808
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16
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Impact of Bicarbonate on PBP2a Production, Maturation, and Functionality in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02621-20. [PMID: 33649115 PMCID: PMC8092911 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02621-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains exhibit β-lactam-susceptibility in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in the presence of NaHCO3 (NaHCO3-responsive MRSA). Herein, we investigate the impact of NaHCO3 on factors required for PBP2a functionality. Prototype NaHCO3-responsive and -nonresponsive MRSA strains (as defined in vitro) were assessed for the impact of NaHCO3 on: expression of genes involved in PBP2a production-maturation pathways (mecA, blaZ, pbp4, vraSR, prsA, sigB, and floA); membrane PBP2a and PrsA protein content; and membrane carotenoid content. Following NaHCO3 exposure in NaHCO3-responsive (vs - nonresponsive) MRSA, there was significantly reduced expression of: i) mecA and blaZ; ii) the vraSR-prsA gene axis; and iii) pbp4 Carotenoid production was reduced, while floA expression was increased by NaHCO3 exposure in all MRSA strains. This work underscores the distinct regulatory impact of NaHCO3 on a cadre of genes encoding factors required for maintenance of the MRSA phenotype through PBP2a functionality and maturation.
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17
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams against the Fortress of the Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3412-3463. [PMID: 33373523 PMCID: PMC8653850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological diversity of the unicellular bacteria-whether assessed by shape, food, metabolism, or ecological niche-surely rivals (if not exceeds) that of the multicellular eukaryotes. The relationship between bacteria whose ecological niche is the eukaryote, and the eukaryote, is often symbiosis or stasis. Some bacteria, however, seek advantage in this relationship. One of the most successful-to the disadvantage of the eukaryote-is the small (less than 1 μm diameter) and nearly spherical Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. For decades, successful clinical control of its infection has been accomplished using β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and the cephalosporins. Over these same decades S. aureus has perfected resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics, which are then countered by new generations of β-lactam structure. This review addresses the current breadth of biochemical and microbiological efforts to preserve the future of the β-lactam antibiotics through a better understanding of how S. aureus protects the enzyme targets of the β-lactams, the penicillin-binding proteins. The penicillin-binding proteins are essential enzyme catalysts for the biosynthesis of the cell wall, and understanding how this cell wall is integrated into the protective cell envelope of the bacterium may identify new antibacterials and new adjuvants that preserve the efficacy of the β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
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18
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Tyson GH, Ceric O, Guag J, Nemser S, Borenstein S, Slavic D, Lippert S, McDowell R, Krishnamurthy A, Korosec S, Friday C, Pople N, Saab ME, Fairbrother JH, Janelle I, McMillan D, Bommineni YR, Simon D, Mohan S, Sanchez S, Phillips A, Bartlett P, Naikare H, Watson C, Sahin O, Stinman C, Wang L, Maddox C, DeShambo V, Hendrix K, Lubelski D, Burklund A, Lubbers B, Reed D, Jenkins T, Erol E, Patel M, Locke S, Fortner J, Peak L, Balasuriya U, Mani R, Kettler N, Olsen K, Zhang S, Shen Z, Landinez MP, Thornton JK, Thachil A, Byrd M, Jacob M, Krogh D, Webb B, Schaan L, Patil A, Dasgupta S, Mann S, Goodman LB, Franklin-Guild RJ, Anderson RR, Mitchell PK, Cronk BD, Aprea M, Cui J, Jurkovic D, Prarat M, Zhang Y, Shiplett K, Campos DD, Rubio JVB, Ramanchandran A, Talent S, Tewari D, Thirumalapura N, Kelly D, Barnhart D, Hall L, Rankin S, Dietrich J, Cole S, Scaria J, Antony L, Lawhon SD, Wu J, McCoy C, Dietz K, Wolking R, Alexander T, Burbick C, Reimschuessel R. Genomics accurately predicts antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius collected as part of Vet-LIRN resistance monitoring. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109006. [PMID: 33581494 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has changed our understanding of bacterial pathogens, aiding outbreak investigations and advancing our knowledge of their genetic features. However, there has been limited use of genomics to understand antimicrobial resistance of veterinary pathogens, which would help identify emerging resistance mechanisms and track their spread. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the correlation between resistance genotypes and phenotypes for Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, a major pathogen of companion animals, by comparing broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS. From 2017-2019, we conducted antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS on S. pseudintermedius isolates collected from dogs in the United States as a part of the Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN) antimicrobial resistance monitoring program. Across thirteen antimicrobials in nine classes, resistance genotypes correlated with clinical resistance phenotypes 98.4 % of the time among a collection of 592 isolates. Our findings represent isolates from diverse lineages based on phylogenetic analyses, and these strong correlations are comparable to those from studies of several human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. We uncovered some important findings, including that 32.3 % of isolates had the mecA gene, which correlated with oxacillin resistance 97.0 % of the time. We also identified a novel rpoB mutation likely encoding rifampin resistance. These results show the value in using WGS to assess antimicrobial resistance in veterinary pathogens and to reveal putative new mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Tyson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States.
| | - Olgica Ceric
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Jake Guag
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Sarah Nemser
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Stacey Borenstein
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
| | - Durda Slavic
- University of Guelph - Animal Health Laboratory, Canada
| | - Sarah Lippert
- University of Guelph - Animal Health Laboratory, Canada
| | | | | | - Shannon Korosec
- Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development - Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Canada
| | - Cheryl Friday
- Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development - Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Canada
| | - Neil Pople
- Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development - Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Isabelle Janelle
- Complexe de diagnostic et d'épidémiosurveillance vétérinaires du Québec, Canada
| | - Deanna McMillan
- University of Saskatchewan - Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc, Canada
| | | | - David Simon
- Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Shipra Mohan
- Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Ashley Phillips
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Paula Bartlett
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States
| | - Hemant Naikare
- University of Georgia - Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic & Investigational Laboratory, United States
| | - Cynthia Watson
- University of Georgia - Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic & Investigational Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | - Leyi Wang
- University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Carol Maddox
- University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Vanessa DeShambo
- University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | | | - Debra Lubelski
- Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | - Debbie Reed
- Murray State University Breathitt Veterinary Center, United States
| | - Tracie Jenkins
- Murray State University Breathitt Veterinary Center, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Peak
- Louisiana State University, United States
| | | | | | | | - Karen Olsen
- University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, United States
| | - Shuping Zhang
- University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Martha Pulido Landinez
- Mississippi State University, Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Lab System, United States
| | - Jay Kay Thornton
- Mississippi State University, Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Lab System, United States
| | - Anil Thachil
- North Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Lab System, United States
| | | | - Megan Jacob
- North Carolina State University, United States
| | - Darlene Krogh
- North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Lynn Schaan
- North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Amar Patil
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Sarmila Dasgupta
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Shannon Mann
- New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | | | - Renee R Anderson
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | | | - Brittany D Cronk
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Missy Aprea
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Jing Cui
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, United States
| | | | | | - Yan Zhang
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, United States
| | | | - Dubra Diaz Campos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Joany Van Balen Rubio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Akhilesh Ramanchandran
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboraotry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Scott Talent
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboraotry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- PA Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, United States
| | | | - Donna Kelly
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, United States
| | - Denise Barnhart
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, United States
| | - Lacey Hall
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, United States
| | - Shelley Rankin
- University of Pennsylvania, Ryan Veterinary Hospital, United States
| | - Jaclyn Dietrich
- University of Pennsylvania, Ryan Veterinary Hospital, United States
| | - Stephen Cole
- University of Pennsylvania, Ryan Veterinary Hospital, United States
| | - Joy Scaria
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, United States
| | - Linto Antony
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, United States
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, United States
| | - Christine McCoy
- Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services- Lynchburg Regional Animal Health Laboratory, United States
| | - Kelly Dietz
- Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services- Lynchburg Regional Animal Health Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | | | - Renate Reimschuessel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, United States
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19
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Rossato AM, Primon-Barros M, Rocha LDL, Reiter KC, Dias CAG, d’Azevedo PA. Resistance profile to antimicrobials agents in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospitals in South Brazil between 2014-2019. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200431. [PMID: 33174961 PMCID: PMC7670760 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0431-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections. Owing to the restricted use of beta-lactams in MRSA infections, non-beta-lactam antimicrobials are required for treatment. However, MRSA can develop resistance mechanisms to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials, which reduces viable treatment options. Here, we evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance genes of MRSA isolated from hospitalized patients in South Brazil. METHODS The antimicrobial susceptibilities of hospital MRSA (217) isolates were determined by disk diffusion or microdilution methods. Additionally, the presence of 14 resistance genes and SCCmec typing was performed by PCR. RESULTS Among the antimicrobials tested, we observed high erythromycin (74.2%), ciprofloxacin (64.5%), and clindamycin (46.1%) resistance rates and complete susceptibility to linezolid and vancomycin. Seventeen different patterns of MRSA antimicrobial resistance were observed, of which 42.9% represented multidrug resistance. Among erythromycin-resistant MRSA, 53.4%, 45.3%, 37.9%, 13.0%, and 6.8% carried ermA, msrA, msrB, ermC, and ermB genes, respectively. Among clindamycin-resistant MRSA, 83%, 17%, 10%, 4%, and 2% carried ermA, ermC, ermB, linA, and linB genes, respectively. Among gentamicin-resistant MRSA, 96.8%, 83.9%, and 9.7% carried aac(6')/aph(2''), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia genes, respectively. Among tetracycline-resistant MRSA, 6.5% and 93.5% carried tetK and tetM genes, respectively. Lastly, among trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant MRSA, 13.3% and 100% carried dfrA and dfrG genes, respectively. The SCCmec type IV isolates were detected more frequently, whereas the SCCmec type III isolates exhibited higher multidrug resistance. CONCLUSIONS The study data provides information regarding the MRSA resistance profile in South Brazil that is associated with the clinical conditions of patients and can contribute to clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Medianeira Rossato
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre,
Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Muriel Primon-Barros
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre,
Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Lisiane da Luz Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre,
Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Keli Cristine Reiter
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre,
Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Cícero Armídio Gomes Dias
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre,
Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Alves d’Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre,
Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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20
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Masters EA, de Mesy Bentley KL, Gill AL, Hao SP, Galloway CA, Salminen AT, Guy DR, McGrath JL, Awad HA, Gill SR, Schwarz EM. Identification of Penicillin Binding Protein 4 (PBP4) as a critical factor for Staphylococcus aureus bone invasion during osteomyelitis in mice. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008988. [PMID: 33091079 PMCID: PMC7608983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infection of bone is challenging to treat because it colonizes the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN) of cortical bone. To elucidate factors involved in OLCN invasion and identify novel drug targets, we completed a hypothesis-driven screen of 24 S. aureus transposon insertion mutant strains for their ability to propagate through 0.5 μm-sized pores in the Microfluidic Silicon Membrane Canalicular Arrays (μSiM-CA), developed to model S. aureus invasion of the OLCN. This screen identified the uncanonical S. aureus transpeptidase, penicillin binding protein 4 (PBP4), as a necessary gene for S. aureus deformation and propagation through nanopores. In vivo studies revealed that Δpbp4 infected tibiae treated with vancomycin showed a significant 12-fold reduction in bacterial load compared to WT infected tibiae treated with vancomycin (p<0.05). Additionally, Δpbp4 infected tibiae displayed a remarkable decrease in pathogenic bone-loss at the implant site with and without vancomycin therapy. Most importantly, Δpbp4 S. aureus failed to invade and colonize the OLCN despite high bacterial loads on the implant and in adjacent tissues. Together, these results demonstrate that PBP4 is required for S. aureus colonization of the OLCN and suggest that inhibitors may be synergistic with standard of care antibiotics ineffective against bacteria within the OLCN. Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent pathogen in osteomyelitis, and its infection of bone is difficult to cure. S. aureus colonization of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN) of cortical bone has been identified as a novel pathogenetic mechanism in chronic osteomyelitis. To elucidate factors involved in OLCN invasion, we conducted an in vitro genetic screen that identified pbp4 as a critical gene for S. aureus cell deformation and propagation through nanopores and demonstrated that PBP4 is critical for OLCN colonization in murine osteomyelitis. Thus, PBP4 inhibitors may be novel drugs to treat osteomyelitis in combination with standard of care antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia A. Masters
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Karen L. de Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Ann Lindley Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephanie P. Hao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Galloway
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Alec T. Salminen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Diamond R. Guy
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - James L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kannian P, Mohana S, Rohini MV, Punithavalli B, Gunasekaran P. Identification and evaluation of Anisochilus carnosus (L. fil.) Wall. as a novel candidate with therapeutic potential against multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Fergestad ME, Stamsås GA, Morales Angeles D, Salehian Z, Wasteson Y, Kjos M. Penicillin-binding protein PBP2a provides variable levels of protection toward different β-lactams in Staphylococcus aureus RN4220. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1057. [PMID: 32419377 PMCID: PMC7424258 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is resistant to most β-lactams due to the expression of an extra penicillin-binding protein, PBP2a, with low β-lactam affinity. It has long been known that heterologous expression of the PBP2a-encoding mecA gene in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) provides protection towards β-lactams, however, some reports suggest that the degree of protection can vary between different β-lactams. To test this more systematically, we introduced an IPTG-inducible mecA into the MSSA laboratory strain RN4220. We confirm, by growth assays as well as single-cell microfluidics time-lapse microscopy experiments, that PBP2a expression protects against β-lactams in S. aureus RN4220. By testing a panel of ten different β-lactams, we conclude that there is also a great variation in the level of protection conferred by PBP2a. Expression of PBP2a resulted in an only fourfold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for imipenem, while a 32-fold increase in MIC was observed for cefaclor and cephalexin. Interestingly, in our experimental setup, PBP2a confers the highest protection against cefaclor and cephalexin-two β-lactams that are known to have a high specific affinity toward the transpeptidase PBP3 of S. aureus. Notably, using a single-cell microfluidics setup we demonstrate a considerable phenotypic variation between cells upon β-lactam exposure and show that mecA-expressing S. aureus can survive β-lactam concentrations much higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations. We discuss possible explanations and implications of these results including important aspects regarding treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Ekeland Fergestad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gro Anita Stamsås
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Danae Morales Angeles
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Zhian Salehian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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23
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Constructing and deconstructing the bacterial cell wall. Protein Sci 2020; 29:629-646. [PMID: 31747090 PMCID: PMC7021008 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The history of modern medicine cannot be written apart from the history of the antibiotics. Antibiotics are cytotoxic secondary metabolites that are isolated from Nature. The antibacterial antibiotics disproportionately target bacterial protein structure that is distinct from eukaryotic protein structure, notably within the ribosome and within the pathways for bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis (for which there is not a eukaryotic counterpart). This review focuses on a pre-eminent class of antibiotics-the β-lactams, exemplified by the penicillins and cephalosporins-from the perspective of the evolving mechanisms for bacterial resistance. The mechanism of action of the β-lactams is bacterial cell-wall destruction. In the monoderm (single membrane, Gram-positive staining) pathogen Staphylococcus aureus the dominant resistance mechanism is expression of a β-lactam-unreactive transpeptidase enzyme that functions in cell-wall construction. In the diderm (dual membrane, Gram-negative staining) pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa a dominant resistance mechanism (among several) is expression of a hydrolytic enzyme that destroys the critical β-lactam ring of the antibiotic. The key sensing mechanism used by P. aeruginosa is monitoring the molecular difference between cell-wall construction and cell-wall deconstruction. In both bacteria, the resistance pathways are manifested only when the bacteria detect the presence of β-lactams. This review summarizes how the β-lactams are sensed and how the resistance mechanisms are manifested, with the expectation that preventing these processes will be critical to future chemotherapeutic control of multidrug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameSouth BendIndiana
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameSouth BendIndiana
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24
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Park M, Sutherland JB, Rafii F. β-Lactam resistance development affects binding of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of Clostridium perfringens to the fluorescent penicillin, BOCILLIN FL. Anaerobe 2020; 62:102179. [PMID: 32088319 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alteration in the binding of bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to β-lactams is important in the development of drug resistance. The PBPs of wild type Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 and three β-lactam-resistant mutants were compared for the ability to bind to a fluorescent penicillin, BOCILLIN FL. The binding of the high molecular weight protein PBP1, a transpeptidase, to BOCILLIN FL was reduced in all of the resistant strains. In contrast, the binding of BOCILLIN FL to a low molecular weight protein, PBP6, a D-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase that was more abundant in all three resistant strains, was substantially increased. A competition assay with β-lactams reduced the binding of all of the PBPs, including PBP6, to BOCILLIN FL. β-Lactams enhanced transcription of the putative gene for PBP6 in both wild type and resistant strains. This is the first report showing that mutations in a high molecular weight PBP and overexpression of a low molecular weight PBP in resistant C. perfringens strains affected their binding to β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miseon Park
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 71602, USA
| | - John B Sutherland
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 71602, USA
| | - Fatemeh Rafii
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 71602, USA.
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25
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Bicarbonate Resensitization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to β-Lactam Antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00496-19. [PMID: 31010857 PMCID: PMC6591647 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00496-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endovascular infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a major health care concern, especially infective endocarditis (IE). Standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) defines most MRSA strains as “resistant” to β-lactams, often leading to the use of costly and/or toxic treatment regimens. In this investigation, five prototype MRSA strains, representing the range of genotypes in current clinical circulation, were studied. Endovascular infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a major health care concern, especially infective endocarditis (IE). Standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) defines most MRSA strains as “resistant” to β-lactams, often leading to the use of costly and/or toxic treatment regimens. In this investigation, five prototype MRSA strains, representing the range of genotypes in current clinical circulation, were studied. We identified two distinct MRSA phenotypes upon AST using standard media, with or without sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation: one highly susceptible to the antistaphylococcal β-lactams oxacillin and cefazolin (NaHCO3 responsive) and one resistant to such agents (NaHCO3 nonresponsive). These phenotypes accurately predicted clearance profiles of MRSA from target tissues in experimental MRSA IE treated with each β-lactam. Mechanistically, NaHCO3 reduced the expression of two key genes involved in the MRSA phenotype, mecA and sarA, leading to decreased production of penicillin-binding protein 2a (that mediates methicillin resistance), in NaHCO3-responsive (but not in NaHCO3-nonresponsive) strains. Moreover, both cefazolin and oxacillin synergistically killed NaHCO3-responsive strains in the presence of the host defense antimicrobial peptide (LL-37) in NaHCO3-supplemented media. These findings suggest that AST of MRSA strains in NaHCO3-containing media may potentially identify infections caused by NaHCO3-responsive strains that are appropriate for β-lactam therapy.
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