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Peters AM. The physiological basis of renal nuclear medicine. Nucl Med Commun 2024; 45:745-757. [PMID: 38903047 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Renal physiology underpins renal nuclear medicine, both academic and clinical. Clearance, an important concept in renal physiology, comprises tissue uptake rate of tracer (tissue clearance), disappearance rate from plasma (plasma clearance), appearance rate in urine (urinary clearance) and disappearance rate from tissue. In clinical research, steady-state plasma clearances of para-amino-hippurate and inulin have been widely used to measure renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), respectively. Routinely, GFR is measured at non-steady state as plasma clearance of a filtration agent, such as technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Scaled to three-dimensional whole body metrics rather than body surface area, GFR in women is higher than in men but declines faster with age. Age-related decline is predominantly from nephron loss. Tubular function determines parenchymal transit time, which is important in renography, and the route of uptake of technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid, which is via filtration. Resistance to flow is defined according to the pressure-flow relationship but in renography, only transit time can be measured, which, being equal to urine flow divided by collecting system volume, introduces further uncertainty because the volume is also unmeasurable. Tubuloglomerular feedback governs RBF and GFR, is regulated by the macula densa, mediated by adenosine and renin, and can be manipulated with proximal tubular sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Other determinants of renal haemodynamics include prostaglandins, nitric oxide and dopamine, while protein meal and amino acid infusion are used to measure renal functional reserve. In conclusion, for measuring renal responses to exogenous agents, steady-state para-amino-hippurate and inulin clearances should be replaced with rubidium-82 and gallium-68 EDTA for measuring RBF and GFR.
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Heydari R, Tavassolifar MJ, Fayazzadeh S, Sadatpour O, Meyfour A. Long non-coding RNAs in biomarking COVID-19: a machine learning-based approach. Virol J 2024; 21:134. [PMID: 38849961 PMCID: PMC11161961 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus pandemic that started in 2019 has caused the highest mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. Data on the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is scarce. We aimed to elucidate the relationship of three important lncRNAs in the inflammatory states, H19, taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1), and colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) with key factors in inflammation and fibrosis induction including signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (STAT3), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in COVID-19 patients with moderate to severe symptoms. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 28 COVID-19 patients and 17 healthy controls were collected. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to evaluate the expression of RNAs and lncRNAs. Western blotting analysis was also performed to determine the expression levels of STAT3 and α-SMA proteins. Machine learning and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were carried out to evaluate the distinguishing ability of lncRNAs. RESULTS The expression levels of H19, TUG1, and CRNDE were significantly overexpressed in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, STAT3 and α-SMA expression levels were remarkedly increased at both transcript and protein levels in patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy subjects and were correlated with Three lncRNAs. Likewise, IL-6 and TNF-α were considerably upregulated in COVID-19 patients. Machine learning and ROC curve analysis showed that CRNDE-H19 panel has the proper ability to distinguish COVID-19 patients from healthy individuals (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.86). CONCLUSION The overexpression of three lncRNAs in COVID-19 patients observed in this study may align with significant manifestations of COVID-19. Furthermore, their co-expression with STAT3 and α-SMA, two critical factors implicated in inflammation and fibrosis induction, underscores their potential involvement in exacerbating cardiovascular, pulmonary and common symptoms and complications associated with COVID-19. The combination of CRNDE and H19 lncRNAs seems to be an impressive host-based biomarker panel for screening and diagnosis of COVID-19 patients from healthy controls. Research into lncRNAs can provide a robust platform to find new viral infection-related mediators and propose novel therapeutic strategies for viral infections and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Heydari
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Tavassolifar
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Fayazzadeh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Sadatpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Gupta T, Kumar M, Kaur UJ, Rao A, Bharti R. Mapping ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expression in human brain tissue: implications for SARS-CoV-2 neurological manifestations. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01206-x. [PMID: 38600308 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets respiratory cells, but emerging evidence shows neurological involvement, with the virus directly affecting neurons and glia. SARS-CoV-2 entry into a target cell requires co-expression of ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2) and TMPRSS2 (Trans membrane serine protease-2). Relevant literature on human neurological tissue is sparse and mostly focused on the olfactory areas. This prompted our study to map brain-wide expression of these entry proteins and assess age-related changes. The normal brain tissue samples were collected from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem and cerebellum; and were divided into two groups - up to 40 years (n = 10) and above 40 years (n = 10). ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression analysis was done using qRT-PCR and protein co-expression was seen by immunofluorescence. The ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression was observed to be highest in hypothalamus and thalamus regions, respectively. Immunoreactivity for both ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 was observed in all examined brain regions, confirming the presence of these viral entry receptors. Co-localisation was maximum in hypothalamus. Our study did not find any trend related to different age groups. The expression of both these viral entry receptors suggests that normal human brain is susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, perhaps which could be related to the cognitive and neurological impairment that occur in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Munish Kumar
- Division of Neuro-anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ujjwal Jit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Asha Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Bharti
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Alkhawaldeh O, Jarrar Y, Gharaibeh M, Abudahab S, Abulebdah D, Jarrar B. Alterations in the gene expression of SARS-COV-2 entry receptors and enzymes in lungs and hearts of controlled and uncontrolled diabetic mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:328-340. [PMID: 37950353 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The entry of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into the host cell is carried out by specific receptors and enzymes, including human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and cathepsin-L (CTSL). COVID-19 patients with comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), are more prone to severe symptoms and have a higher risk of mortality. AIMS The present study aimed to investigate the impact of controlled and uncontrolled type 1 DM (T1DM) on the gene expression of mouse Ace2, Tmprss2, and Ctsl and correlate it with the pathological alterations in the lungs and the heart of DM mice. METHODS Balb/c mice were administered a single dose of 240 mg/kg streptozocin to induce T1DM. The blood glucose level was measured to confirm the induction of DM. Normalization of blood glucose levels in T1DM mice was achieved using 0.1 mL/kg Mixtard® insulin therapy. The mice's lungs and hearts were harvested, and the mRNA was extracted and converted to cDNA. The gene expression of Ace2, Tmprss2, Ctsl, Cyp4a11, and Adrb1 genes, which play a role in the homeostasis of lungs and hearts, were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The pathological alterations in the hearts and lungs induced by T1DM were evaluated using the relative heart and lung weights, in addition to the pathohistological examination. RESULTS After inducing T1DM for 14 days, we observed a significant reduction in the total weight of uncontrolled DM (UDM) mice (P < 0.05). Pathohistological examination of UDM lung tissues revealed thickening of the alveolar walls with narrowing of the surface of the alveolar sacs. Additionally, we found that UDM mice exhibited downregulation of Ace2 gene expression (P < 0.05) in their lungs, while both UDM and control DM (CDM) mice showed upregulation of Ctsl gene expression in their hearts (P < 0.05). Notably, Cyp4a12 gene expression was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) in UDM mice but returned to normal levels in CDM mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude from this study that T1DM downregulates Ace2 receptor and Cyp4a12 gene expression, which is correlated with the thickening of alveolar walls and narrowing of the surface of alveolar sacs in the lungs. Insulin administration for controlling T1DM ameliorated these pathological alterations. These results can help increase our understanding of the impact of controlled and uncontrolled T1DM on the lungs and may explain, at least in part, why DM patients with COVID-19 experience exacerbation of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohood Alkhawaldeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yazun Jarrar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Munir Gharaibeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sara Abudahab
- Deparment of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dina Abulebdah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Bashir Jarrar
- Nanobiology Unit, Department of Biology, College of Science, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan
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Grisard HBDS, Schörner MA, Barazzetti FH, Wachter JK, Valmorbida M, Wagner G, Fongaro G, Bazzo ML. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in patients before, during, and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1355809. [PMID: 38606293 PMCID: PMC11007167 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1355809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) were constantly under the scientific spotlight, but most studies evaluated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression levels in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of both proteins before, during, and after-infection. For that, nasopharyngeal samples from 26 patients were used to measure ACE2/TMPRSS2 ex-pression via qPCR. Symptomatic patients presented lower ACE2 expression levels before and after the infection than those in asymptomatic patients; however, these levels increased during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, symptomatic patients presented higher expression levels of TMPRSS2 pre-infection, which decreased in the following periods. In summary, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression levels are potential risk factors for the development of symptomatic COVID-19, and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 potentially modulates those levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Borges da Silva Grisard
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos André Schörner
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hartmann Barazzetti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Julia Kinetz Wachter
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Manoela Valmorbida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Glauber Wagner
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Bazzo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Choi CY, Gadhave K, Villano J, Pekosz A, Mao X, Jia H. Generation and characterization of a humanized ACE2 mouse model to study long-term impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29349. [PMID: 38185937 PMCID: PMC10783855 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has officially ended, the persistent challenge of long-COVID or post-acute COVID sequelae (PASC) continues to impact societies globally, highlighting the urgent need for ongoing research into its mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Our team has recently developed a novel humanized ACE2 mouse model (hACE2ki) designed explicitly for long-COVID/PASC research. This model exhibits human ACE2 expression in tissue and cell-specific patterns akin to mouse Ace2. When we exposed young adult hACE2ki mice (6 weeks old) to various SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including WA, Delta, and Omicron, at a dose of 5 × 105 PFU/mouse via nasal instillation, the mice demonstrated distinctive phenotypes characterized by differences in viral load in the lung, trachea, and nasal turbinate, weight loss, and changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cell profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Notably, no mortality was observed in this age group. Further, to assess the model's relevance for long-COVID studies, we investigated tau protein pathologies, which are linked to Alzheimer's disease, in the brains of these mice post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings revealed the accumulation and longitudinal propagation of tau, confirming the potential of our hACE2ki mouse model for preclinical studies of long-COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yong Choi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School, of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jason Villano
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School, of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Guzman-Esquivel J, Diaz-Martinez J, Ortega-Ortiz JG, Murillo-Zamora E, Melnikov V, Tejeda-Luna HR, Cosio-Medina VG, Llerenas-Aguirre KI, Guzman-Solorzano JA, Hernandez-Fuentes GA, Ochoa-Castro MR, Cardenas-Rojas MI, Rojas-Larios F, Delgado-Enciso I. Interactions between the principal risk factors for reduction of the eGFR in unvaccinated COVID‑19 survivors: Normal pre-COVID‑19 eGFR, not having diabetes and being hospitalized. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:580. [PMID: 38023357 PMCID: PMC10655052 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are contradictory results regarding changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors. An analysis of eGFR changes and clinical characteristics associated with those changes was conducted among COVID-19 survivors. eGFR values were compared at different time points (before and 4-, 8- and 12-months after COVID-19 infection). A multivariate generalized linear mixed model (GENLINMIXED procedure) with a binary logistic regression link was used to determine factors associated with eGFR reduction of ≥10 ml/min/1.73 m2. Being hospitalized (RR=2.90, 95% CI=1.10-7.68, P=0.032), treated with Ivermectin (RR=14.02, 95% CI=4.11-47.80, P<0.001) or anticoagulants (RR=6.51, 95% CI=2.69-15.73, P<0.001) are risk factors for a reduced eGFR. Having a low eGFR (<90 ml/min/1.73 m2) before COVID-19 infection, having B-positive blood type, diabetes, taking vitamin C during the acute phase of COVID-19 or suffering from chronic COVID-19 symptoms, were identified as protective factors. Analysis involving a two-way interaction (A x B, where A and B are factors) demonstrated that the combination of patients with a normal eGFR value before COVID-19 infection without diabetes (RR=58.60, 95% CI=11.62-295.38, P<0.001), or a normal eGFR value with being hospitalized for COVID-19 (RR=38.07, 95% CI=8.68-167.00, P<0.001), increased the probability of a reduced eGFR. The changes in eGFR in COVID-19 survivors varied depending on patient characteristics. Furthermore, the principal risk factors for post-COVID-19 eGFR reduction were analyzed in separate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Guzman-Esquivel
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28984, Mexico
| | - Janet Diaz-Martinez
- Research Center in Minority Institutions, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | - Efren Murillo-Zamora
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28984, Mexico
| | - Valery Melnikov
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Hector R. Tejeda-Luna
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28984, Mexico
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria R. Ochoa-Castro
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28984, Mexico
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Martha I. Cardenas-Rojas
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28984, Mexico
| | | | - Ivan Delgado-Enciso
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
- Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico
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Zakynthinos GE, Tsolaki V, Oikonomou E, Vavouranakis M, Siasos G, Zakynthinos E. New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6989. [PMID: 38002603 PMCID: PMC10672690 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12226989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
New-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia observed in patients with COVID-19 infection, particularly in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. The purpose of the present review is to delve into the occurrence of NOAF in COVID-19 and thoroughly review recent, pertinent data. However, the causality behind this connection has yet to be thoroughly explored. The proposed mechanisms that could contribute to the development of AF in these patients include myocardial damage resulting from direct virus-induced cardiac injury, potentially leading to perimyocarditis; a cytokine crisis and heightened inflammatory response; hypoxemia due to acute respiratory distress; disturbances in acid-base and electrolyte levels; as well as the frequent use of adrenergic drugs in critically ill patients. Additionally, secondary bacterial sepsis and septic shock have been suggested as primary causes of NOAF in ICU patients. This notion gains strength from the observation of a similar prevalence of NOAF in septic non-COVID ICU patients with ARDS. It is plausible that both myocardial involvement from SARS-CoV-2 and secondary sepsis play pivotal roles in the onset of arrhythmia in ICU patients. Nonetheless, there exists a significant variation in the prevalence of NOAF among studies focused on severe COVID-19 cases with ARDS. This discrepancy could be attributed to the inclusion of mixed populations with varying degrees of illness severity, encompassing not only patients in general wards but also those admitted to the ICU, whether intubated or not. Furthermore, the occurrence of NOAF is linked to increased morbidity and mortality. However, it remains to be determined whether NOAF independently influences outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients or if it merely reflects the disease's severity. Lastly, the management of NOAF in these patients has not been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the current guidelines for NOAF in non-COVID ICU patients appear to be effective, while accounting for the specific drugs used in COVID-19 treatment that may prolong the QT interval (although drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, hydrochlorothiazide, and azithromycin have been discontinued) or induce bradycardia (e.g., remdesivir).
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Affiliation(s)
- George E. Zakynthinos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.Z.); (E.O.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Vasiliki Tsolaki
- Critical Care Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.Z.); (E.O.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Manolis Vavouranakis
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.Z.); (E.O.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.Z.); (E.O.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Epaminondas Zakynthinos
- Critical Care Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
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Ocanto A, Mielgo-Rubio X, Luna Tirado J, Linares Mesa N, López Valcárcel M, Pedraza S, Barragan VV, Nieto PV, Martín JZ, Couñago F. Coronavirus disease 2019 and lung cancer: where are we? EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:1082-1094. [PMID: 38023992 PMCID: PMC10651354 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncology patients are more susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to hospital contact and an immunological system that can be compromised by antineoplastic therapy and supportive treatments. Certain similarities have been described in the physiopathology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and lung cancer (LC) that may explain the higher probability of these patients of developing a more serious disease with more frequent hospitalizations and even death, especially with the addition of smoking, cardiovascular and respiratory comorbidities, old age and corticosteroids use. Pre-existing lesions and cancer therapies change the normal architecture of the lungs, so diagnostic scales such as COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) are of vital importance for a correct diagnosis and patient homogenization, with a high inter-observer correlation. Moreover, anticancer treatments have required an adaptation to reduce the number of visits to the hospital [hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT), larger intervals between chemotherapy cycles, delay in follow-up tests, among others]. In a way, this has also caused a delay in the diagnosis of new cancers. On the other hand, vaccination has had a positive impact on the mortality of these patients, who maintain a similar seroprevalence to the rest of the population, with a similar impact in mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrahams Ocanto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesiCare Madrid, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesiCare Madrid, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xabier Mielgo-Rubio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Luna Tirado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Linares Mesa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez, 21005 Huelva, Spain
| | - Marta López Valcárcel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Pedraza
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Vera Barragan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Patricia Valencia Nieto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Zafra Martín
- Group of Translational Research in Cancer Immunotherapy, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Felipe Couñago
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesiCare Madrid, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesiCare Madrid, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emilio Vargas, GenesisCare Madrid, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Tanzadehpanah H, Lotfian E, Avan A, Saki S, Nobari S, Mahmoodian R, Sheykhhasan M, Froutagh MHS, Ghotbani F, Jamshidi R, Mahaki H. Role of SARS-COV-2 and ACE2 in the pathophysiology of peripheral vascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115321. [PMID: 37597321 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), created a serious challenge worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 has high infectivity, the ability to be transmitted even during the asymptomatic phase, and relatively low virulence, which has resulted in rapid transmission. SARS-CoV-2 can invade epithelial cells, hence, many patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have suffered from vascular diseases (VDs) in addition to pulmonary manifestations. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2 may can worsen the clinical condition of the patients with pre-existing VDs. Endothelial cells express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is a biological enzyme that converts angiotensin (Ang)- 2 to Ang-(1-7). SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 as a cell receptor for viral entry. Thus, the SARS-CoV-2 virus promotes downregulation of ACE2, Ang-(1-7), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as, an increase in Ang-2, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokines. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause hypertension, and endothelial damage, which can lead to intravascular thrombosis. In this review, we have concentrated on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 in peripheral vascular diseases (PVDs) and ACE2 as an enzyme in Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). A comprehensive search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, using related keywords. Articles focusing on ("SARS-CoV-2", OR "COVID-19"), AND ("Vascular disease", OR "Peripheral vascular disease", OR interested disease name) with regard to MeSH terms, were selected. According to the studies, it is supposed that vascular diseases may increase susceptibility to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection due to increased thrombotic burden and endothelial dysfunction. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism and vascular system pathogenesis is crucial for effective management and treatment in pre-existing vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tanzadehpanah
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Lotfian
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Medical Genetics Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sahar Saki
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan Iran
| | - Sima Nobari
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan Iran
| | - Roghaye Mahmoodian
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan Iran
| | - Mohsen Sheykhhasan
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Ghotbani
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Raoufeh Jamshidi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanie Mahaki
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Chaiwong W, Takheaw N, Pata S, Laopajon W, Duangjit P, Inchai J, Pothirat C, Bumroongkit C, Deesomchok A, Theerakittikul T, Limsukon A, Tajarernmuang P, Niyatiwatchanchai N, Trongtrakul K, Chuensirikulchai K, Cheyasawan P, Liwsrisakun C, Kasinrerk W. Neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants by heterologous CoronaVac/ChAdOx-1 vaccination in elderly subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Vaccine 2023; 41:5901-5909. [PMID: 37599143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 after receiving heterologous CoronaVac/ChAdOx-1 (CoVac/ChAd) vaccination in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are still limited. Therefore, we determined the neutralizing antibody (NAb) and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 wild type (WT) and variants of concern (VOCs) in COPD patients. METHODS The levels of NAb as well as specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 WT and VOCs were determined in COPD patients before and after vaccination. RESULTS Four weeks after vaccinations, the median levels of % inhibition of NAb against SARS-CoV-2 WT, Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants were significantly higher compared to pre-vaccination. The induction of NAb against Omicron was very low compared to other variants. At four weeks after vaccination, in comparison to pre-vaccination, the increasing trend of TNF-α-, IFN-γ-, IL-4-, IL-17-, IL-10-, and FasL-producing CD4 T-cells upon stimulation with WT spike peptides were demonstrated. No difference in T-cell responses to spike peptides of Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants and their WT homologs was observed. CONCLUSION Heterologous CoVac/ChAd vaccine induced the production of NAb against SARS-CoV-2 WT, Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants, but low for Omicron in COPD patients. Induction of CD4 T-cell subset responses was slightly observed by this vaccine regimen. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY This study was approved by the Clinical Trials Registry (Study ID: TCTR20210822002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Warawut Chaiwong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuchjira Takheaw
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Supansa Pata
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witida Laopajon
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pilaiporn Duangjit
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Inchai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chaicharn Pothirat
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Bumroongkit
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Athavudh Deesomchok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Theerakorn Theerakittikul
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Atikun Limsukon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattraporn Tajarernmuang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nutchanok Niyatiwatchanchai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Konlawij Trongtrakul
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kantinan Chuensirikulchai
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Passaworn Cheyasawan
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chalerm Liwsrisakun
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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12
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Verdiguel-Fernández L, Arredondo-Hernández R, Mejía-Estrada JA, Ortiz A, Verdugo-Rodríguez A, Orduña P, Ponce de León-Rosales S, Calva JJ, López-Vidal Y. Differential expression of biomarkers in saliva related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:602. [PMID: 37715121 PMCID: PMC10502992 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe COVID-19 is a disease characterized by profound dysregulation of the innate immune system. There is a need to identify highly reliable prognostic biomarkers that can be rapidly assessed in body fluids for early identification of patients at higher risk for hospitalization and/or death. This study aimed to assess whether differential gene expression of immune response molecules and cellular enzymes, detected in saliva samples of COVID-19 patients, occurs according to disease severity staging. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, subjects with a COVID-19 diagnosis were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe disease based on clinical features. Transcripts of genes encoding 6 biomarkers, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein, IDO1 and ACE2, were measured by RT‒qPCR in saliva samples of patients and COVID-19-free individuals. RESULTS The gene expression levels of all 6 biomarkers in saliva were significantly increased in severe disease patients compared to mild/moderate disease patients and healthy controls. A significant strong inverse relationship between oxemia and the level of expression of the 6 biomarkers (Spearman's correlation coefficient between -0.692 and -0.757; p < 0.001) was found. CONCLUSIONS Biomarker gene expression determined in saliva samples still needs to be validated as a potentially valuable predictor of severe clinical outcomes early at the onset of COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Verdiguel-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología Y Parasitología, Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CDMX, México
| | | | - Jesús Andrés Mejía-Estrada
- Departamento de Microbiología Y Parasitología, Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CDMX, México
| | - Adolfo Ortiz
- Departamento de Microbiología E Inmunología, Unidad de Bioseguridad de Brucella, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología E Inmunología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Patricia Orduña
- Laboratorio de Microbioma, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CDMX, México
| | | | - Juan José Calva
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", CDMX, México.
| | - Yolanda López-Vidal
- Departamento de Microbiología Y Parasitología, Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, CDMX, México.
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13
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Beyer D, Vaccarin C, Deupi X, Mapanao AK, Cohrs S, Sozzi-Guo F, Grundler PV, van der Meulen NP, Wang J, Tanriver M, Bode JW, Schibli R, Müller C. A tool for nuclear imaging of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor: molecular model and preclinical development of ACE2-selective radiopeptides. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:32. [PMID: 37074529 PMCID: PMC10113987 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2)-entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2-and its homologue, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), play a pivotal role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Potential changes in ACE2 expression levels and dynamics after SARS-CoV-2 infection have been barely investigated. The aim of this study was to develop an ACE2-targeting imaging agent as a noninvasive imaging tool to determine ACE2 regulation. METHODS DOTA-DX600, NODAGA-DX600 and HBED-CC-DX600 were obtained through custom synthesis and labeled with gallium-67 (T1/2 = 3.26 d) as a surrogate radioisotope for gallium-68 (T1/2 = 68 min). ACE2- and ACE-transfected HEK cells were used for the in vitro evaluation of these radiopeptides. The in vivo tissue distribution profiles of the radiopeptides were assessed in HEK-ACE2 and HEK-ACE xenografted mice and imaging studies were performed using SPECT/CT. RESULTS The highest molar activity was obtained for [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-DX600 (60 MBq/nmol), whereas the labeling efficiency of the other peptides was considerably lower (20 MBq/nmol). The radiopeptides were stable over 24 h in saline (> 99% intact peptide). All radiopeptides showed uptake in HEK-ACE2 cells (36-43%) with moderate ACE2-binding affinity (KD value: 83-113 nM), but no uptake in HEK-ACE cells (< 0.1%) was observed. Accumulation of the radiopeptides was observed in HEK-ACE2 xenografts (11-16% IA/g) at 3 h after injection, but only background signals were seen in HEK-ACE xenografts (< 0.5% IA/g). Renal retention was still high 3 h after injection of [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-DX600 and [67Ga]Ga-NODAGA-DX600 (~ 24% IA/g), but much lower for [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-DX600 (7.2 ± 2.2% IA/g). SPECT/CT imaging studies confirmed the most favorable target-to-nontarget ratio for [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-DX600. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated ACE2 selectivity for all radiopeptides. [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-DX600 was revealed as the most promising candidate due to its favorable tissue distribution profile. Importantly, the HBED-CC chelator enabled 67Ga-labeling at high molar activity, which would be essential to obtain images with high signal-to-background contrast to detect (patho)physiological ACE2 expression levels in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Beyer
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christian Vaccarin
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Division of Scientific Computing, Theory, and Data, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana Katrina Mapanao
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Susan Cohrs
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Fan Sozzi-Guo
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pascal V Grundler
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jinling Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Tanriver
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Haq IU, Krukiewicz K, Tayyab H, Khan I, Khan M, Yahya G, Cavalu S. Molecular Understanding of ACE-2 and HLA-Conferred Differential Susceptibility to COVID-19: Host-Directed Insights Opening New Windows in COVID-19 Therapeutics. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072645. [PMID: 37048725 PMCID: PMC10095019 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic variants of HLAs (human leukocyte antigens) play a crucial role in the virus–host interaction and pathology of COVID-19. The genetic variants of HLAs not only influence T cell immune responses but also B cell immune responses by presenting a variety of peptide fragments of invading pathogens. Peptide cocktail vaccines produced by using various conserved HLA-A2 epitopes provoke substantial specific CD8+ T cell responses in experimental animals. The HLA profiles vary among individuals and trigger different T cell-mediated immune responses in COVID-19 infections. Those with HLA-C*01 and HLA-B*44 are highly susceptible to the disease. However, HLA-A*02:01, HLA-DR*03:01, and HLA-Cw*15:02 alleles show resistance to SARS infection. Understanding the genetic association of HLA with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity is important because it can help in studying the transmission of COVID-19 and its physiopathogenesis. The HLA-C*01 and B*44 allele pathways can be studied to gain insight into disease transmission and physiopathogenesis. Therefore, integrating HLA testing is suggested in the ongoing pandemic, which will help in the rapid identification of highly susceptible populations worldwide and possibly acclimate vaccine development. Therefore, understanding the correlation between HLA and SARS-CoV-2 is critical in opening new insights into COVID-19 therapeutics, based on previous studies conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Hamnah Tayyab
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mehtab Khan
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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15
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Donniacuo M, De Angelis A, Rafaniello C, Cianflone E, Paolisso P, Torella D, Sibilio G, Paolisso G, Castaldo G, Urbanek K, Rossi F, Berrino L, Cappetta D. COVID-19 and atrial fibrillation: Intercepting lines. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1093053. [PMID: 36755799 PMCID: PMC9899905 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1093053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 20% of COVID-19 patients have a history of atrial fibrillation (AF), but also a new-onset AF represents a frequent complication in COVID-19. Clinical evidence demonstrates that COVID-19, by promoting the evolution of a prothrombotic state, increases the susceptibility to arrhythmic events during the infective stages and presumably during post-recovery. AF itself is the most frequent form of arrhythmia and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. One of the molecular factors involved in COVID-19-related AF episodes is the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 availability. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses ACE2 to enter and infect multiple cells. Atrial ACE2 internalization after binding to SARS-CoV-2 results in a raise of angiotensin (Ang) II, and in a suppression of cardioprotective Ang(1-7) formation, and thereby promoting cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, several pharmacological agents used in COVID-19 patients may have a higher risk of inducing electrophysiological changes and cardiac dysfunction. Azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, ibrutinib, and remdesivir, used in the treatment of COVID-19, may predispose to an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia. In this review, putative mechanisms involved in COVID-19-related AF episodes and the cardiovascular safety profile of drugs used for the treatment of COVID-19 are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Donniacuo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Maria Donniacuo,
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Rafaniello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cianflone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale Paolisso
- Cardiovascular Center Aalst, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium,Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Donato Cappetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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16
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Yu X, Lobo JD, Sundermann E, Baker DJ, Tracy RP, Kuchel GA, Stephenson KE, Letendre SL, Brew B, Cysique LA, Dale SK, Wallen C, Kunisaki KM, Guaraldi G, Milic J, Winston A, Moore DJ, Margolick JB, Erlandson KM. Current Challenges and Solutions for Clinical Management and Care of People with HIV: Findings from the 12th Annual International HIV and Aging Workshop. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023; 39:1-12. [PMID: 36322713 PMCID: PMC9889016 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
People with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) have longer life expectancy and are increasingly experiencing age-related comorbidities. Thus, aging with HIV has become a central issue in clinical care and research, which has been particularly challenging with the intersection of the ongoing coronavirus (COVID)-19 pandemic. Since 2009, the International Workshop on HIV and Aging has served as a multidisciplinary platform to share research findings from cross-disciplinary fields along with community advocates to address critical issues in HIV and aging. In this article, we summarize the key oral presentations from the 12th Annual International Workshop on HIV and Aging, held virtually on September 23rd and 24th, 2021. The topics ranged from basic science research on biological mechanisms of aging to quality of life and delivery of care under the COVID-19 pandemic. This workshop enriched our understanding of HIV and aging under the COVID-19 pandemic, identified challenges and opportunities to combat the impact of COVID-19 on HIV communities, and also provided updated research and future directions of the field to move HIV and aging research forward, with the ultimate goal of successful aging for older people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Judith D. Lobo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erin Sundermann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Darren J. Baker
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, Vermont, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, Vermont, USA
| | - George A. Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott L. Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bruce Brew
- Department of Neurology and HIV Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucette A. Cysique
- Faculty of Science, Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Neuroscience Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sannisha K. Dale
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Chelsie Wallen
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Ken M. Kunisaki
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic (MHMC), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jovana Milic
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic (MHMC), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alan Winston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristine M. Erlandson
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Divisions of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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18
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Significance of Catecholamine Biosynthetic/Metabolic Pathway in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Severity. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010012. [PMID: 36611805 PMCID: PMC9818320 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection was previously associated with the expression of the dopamine biosynthetic enzyme L-Dopa decarboxylase (DDC). Specifically, a negative correlation was detected between DDC mRNA and SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in in vitro infected epithelial cells and the nasopharyngeal tissue of COVID-19 patients with mild/no symptoms. However, DDC, among other genes related to both DDC expression and SARS-CoV-2-infection (ACE2, dACE2, EPO), was upregulated in these patients, possibly attributed to an orchestrated host antiviral response. Herein, by comparing DDC expression in the nasopharyngeal swab samples of severe/critical to mild COVID-19 cases, we showed a 20 mean-fold reduction, highlighting the importance of the expression of this gene as a potential marker of COVID-19 severity. Moreover, we identified an association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with the expression of key catecholamine biosynthesis/metabolism-related genes, in whole blood samples from hospitalized patients and in cultured cells. Specifically, viral infection downregulated the biosynthetic part of the dopamine pathway (reduction in DDC expression up to 7.5 mean-fold), while enhanced the catabolizing part (increase in monoamine oxidases A and B expression up to 15 and 10 mean-fold, respectively) in vivo, irrespectively of the presence of comorbidities. In accordance, dopamine levels in the sera of severe cases were reduced (up to 3.8 mean-fold). Additionally, a moderate positive correlation between DDC and MAOA mRNA levels (r = 0.527, p < 00001) in the blood was identified upon SARS-CoV-2-infection. These observations were consistent to the gene expression data from SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 and A549 epithelial cells. Furthermore, L-Dopa or dopamine treatment of infected cells attenuated the virus-derived cytopathic effect by 55% and 59%, respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 mediated suppression of dopamine biosynthesis in cell culture was, at least in part, attributed to hypoxia-like conditions triggered by viral infection. These findings suggest that L-Dopa/dopamine intake may have a preventive or therapeutic value for COVID-19 patients.
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19
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The Interplay of Lung Cancer, COVID-19, and Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315067. [PMID: 36499394 PMCID: PMC9738445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are more susceptible to a higher risk of coronavirus infection and its severe complications than the general population. In addition, these patients were not included in the pivotal clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, considerable uncertainty remains regarding the management of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and the safety of COVID-19 vaccinations in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge generated from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic on the vulnerability of cancer patients to the coronavirus disease, as well as the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in this population. We also discuss the available data on the effects of anticancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors on the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in cancer patients. Special attention in this review will be given to patients with lung cancer, as such patients are at an increased risk for severe effects from COVID-19.
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20
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Salmen T, Pietroșel VA, Mihai BM, Bica IC, Teodorescu C, Păunescu H, Coman OA, Mihai DA, Pantea Stoian A. Non-Insulin Novel Antidiabetic Drugs Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102624. [PMID: 36289885 PMCID: PMC9599217 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyse the published data and to realize an update about the use and pathogenesis of the novel antidiabetic drugs, respectively, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 Ra), and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Literature research in the PubMed and Web of Science database was performed in order to identify relevant published clinical trials and meta-analyses that include information about the treatment with novel antidiabetic agents in patients with T2DM and COVID-19. A total of seven articles were included, and their primary and secondary outcomes were reported and analysed. DPP-4i has mixed results on mortality in T2DM patients with COVID-19 but with an overall slightly favourable or neutral effect, whereas GLP-1 Ra seems to have a rather beneficial impact, while SGLT-2i may be useful in acute illness. Even if there are limited data, they seem to have favourable efficacy and safety profiles. The available evidence is heterogenous and insufficient to evaluate if the benefits of non-insulin novel antidiabetic drugs in COVID-19 treatment are due to the improvement of glycaemic control or to their intrinsic anti-inflammatory effects but highlights their beneficial effects in the pathogenesis and evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor Salmen
- Doctoral School, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valeria-Anca Pietroșel
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Prof. Dr N.C.Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bianca-Margareta Mihai
- Doctoral School, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Cristina Bica
- Doctoral School, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudiu Teodorescu
- Doctoral School, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Horia Păunescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Andreia Coman
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (O.A.C.); (D.-A.M.); Tel.: +40-755507110 (O.A.C.); +40-723591283 (D.-A.M.)
| | - Doina-Andrada Mihai
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Prof. Dr N.C.Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bld. Eroii Sanitari No. 8, 050471 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (O.A.C.); (D.-A.M.); Tel.: +40-755507110 (O.A.C.); +40-723591283 (D.-A.M.)
| | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Prof. Dr N.C.Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bld. Eroii Sanitari No. 8, 050471 Bucharest, Romania
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21
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Duarte T, Silva MDM, Michelotti P, Barbosa NBDV, Feltes BC, Dorn M, Rocha JBTD, Dalla Corte CL. The Drosophila melanogaster ACE2 ortholog genes are differently expressed in obesity/diabetes and aging models: Implications for COVID-19 pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166551. [PMID: 36116726 PMCID: PMC9474972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019, binds to its ACE2 receptor for internalization in the host cells. Elderly individuals or those with subjacent disorders, such as obesity and diabetes, are more susceptible to COVID-19 severity. Additionally, several SARS-CoV-2 variants appear to enhance the Spike-ACE2 interaction, which increases transmissibility and death. Considering that the fruit fly is a robust animal model in metabolic research and has two ACE2 orthologs, Ance and Acer, in this work, we studied the effects of two hypercaloric diets (HFD and HSD) and aging on ACE2 orthologs mRNA expression levels in Drosophila melanogaster. To complement our work, we analyzed the predicted binding affinity between the Spike protein with Ance and Acer. We show for the first time that Ance and Acer genes are differentially regulated and dependent on diet and age in adult flies. At the molecular level, Ance and Acer proteins exhibit the potential to bind to the Spike protein in different regions, as shown by a molecular docking approach. Acer, in particular, interacts with the Spike protein in the same region as in humans. Overall, we suggest that the D. melanogaster is a promising animal model for translational studies on COVID-19 associated risk factors and ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tâmie Duarte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mônica de Medeiros Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Michelotti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Nilda Berenice de Vargas Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Feltes
- Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 9500 Bento Gonçalves Avenue, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 9500 Bento Gonçalves Avenue, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Márcio Dorn
- Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 9500 Bento Gonçalves Avenue, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 9500 Bento Gonçalves Avenue, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology - Forensic Science, 6681 Ipiranga Avenue, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Lenz Dalla Corte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
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22
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Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS. COVID-19 disease and autoimmune disorders: A mutual pathway. World J Methodol 2022; 12:200-223. [PMID: 36159097 PMCID: PMC9350728 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i4.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a real challenge for humanity with high morbidity and mortality. Despite being primarily a respiratory illness, COVID-19 can affect nearly every human body tissue, causing many diseases. After viral infection, the immune system can recognize the viral antigens presented by the immune cells. This immune response is usually controlled and terminated once the infection is aborted. Nevertheless, in some patients, the immune reaction becomes out of control with the development of autoimmune diseases. Several human tissue antigens showed a strong response with antibodies directed against many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins, such as SARS-CoV-2 S, N, and autoimmune target proteins. The immunogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2 are due to the sizeable viral RNA molecules with interrupted transcription increasing the pool of epitopes with increased chances of molecular mimicry and interaction with the host immune system, the overlap between some viral and human peptides, the viral induced-tissue damage, and the robust and complex binding between sACE-2 and SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Consequently, COVID-19 and its vaccine may trigger the development of many autoimmune diseases in a predisposed patient. This review discusses the mutual relation between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases, their interactive effects on each other, the role of the COVID-19 vaccine in triggering autoimmune diseases, the factors affecting the severity of COVID-19 in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases, and the different ways to minimize the risk of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Chest Disease, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
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23
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Rolfo C, Meshulami N, Russo A, Krammer F, García-Sastre A, Mack PC, Gomez JE, Bhardwaj N, Benyounes A, Sirera R, Moore A, Rohs N, Henschke CI, Yankelevitz D, King J, Shyr Y, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Hirsch FR. Lung Cancer and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: Identifying Important Knowledge Gaps for Investigation. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 17:214-227. [PMID: 34774792 PMCID: PMC8579698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with lung cancer are especially vulnerable to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with a greater than sevenfold higher rate of becoming infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) COVID-19, a greater than threefold higher hospitalization rate with high complication rates, and an estimated case fatality rate of more than 30%. The reasons for the increased vulnerability are not known. In addition, beyond the direct impact of the pandemic on morbidity and mortality among patients with lung cancer, COVID-19, with its disruption of patient care, has also resulted in substantial impact on lung cancer screening and treatment/management.COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective in people with lung cancer. On the basis of the available data, patients with lung cancer should continue their course of cancer treatment and get vaccinated against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. For unknown reasons, some patients with lung cancer mount poor antibody responses to vaccination. Thus, boosting vaccination seems urgently indicated in this subgroup of vulnerable patients with lung cancer. Nevertheless, many unanswered questions regarding vaccination in this population remain, including the magnitude, quality, and duration of antibody response and the role of innate and acquired cellular immunities for clinical protection. Additional important knowledge gaps also remain, including the following: how can we best protect patients with lung cancer from developing COVID-19, including managing care in patient with lung cancer and the home environment of patients with lung cancer; are there clinical/treatment demographics and tumor molecular demographics that affect severity of COVID-19 disease in patients with lung cancer; does anticancer treatment affect antibody production and protection; does SARS-CoV-2 infection affect the development/progression of lung cancer; and are special measures and vaccine strategies needed for patients with lung cancer as viral variants of concern emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rolfo
- Center of Excellence for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Noy Meshulami
- Center of Excellence for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Papardo (A.O. Papardo), Messina, Italy
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Philip C Mack
- Center of Excellence for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jorge E Gomez
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Amin Benyounes
- Thoracic Oncology, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Rafael Sirera
- Unidad Mixta TRIAL, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amy Moore
- LUNGevity Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Rohs
- Center of Excellence for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - David Yankelevitz
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer King
- GO(2) Foundation for Lung Cancer, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Paul A Bunn
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John D Minna
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Center of Excellence for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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24
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Guaman-Bautista LP, Moreta-Urbano E, Oña-Arias CG, Torres-Arias M, Kyriakidis NC, Malcı K, Jonguitud-Borrego N, Rios-Solis L, Ramos-Martinez E, López-Cortés A, Barba-Ostria C. Tracking SARS-CoV-2: Novel Trends and Diagnostic Strategies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1981. [PMID: 34829328 PMCID: PMC8621220 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on economies and health systems globally, therefore a top priority is the development of increasingly better diagnostic and surveillance alternatives to slow down the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In order to establish massive testing and contact tracing policies, it is crucial to have a clear view of the diagnostic options available and their principal advantages and drawbacks. Although classical molecular methods such as RT-qPCR are broadly used, diagnostic alternatives based on technologies such as LAMP, antigen, serological testing, or the application of novel technologies such as CRISPR-Cas for diagnostics, are also discussed. The present review also discusses the most important automation strategies employed to increase testing capability. Several serological-based diagnostic kits are presented, as well as novel nanotechnology-based diagnostic methods. In summary, this review provides a clear diagnostic landscape of the most relevant tools to track COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda P. Guaman-Bautista
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador; (L.P.G.-B.); (E.M.-U.); (C.G.O.-A.)
| | - Erick Moreta-Urbano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador; (L.P.G.-B.); (E.M.-U.); (C.G.O.-A.)
| | - Claudia G. Oña-Arias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador; (L.P.G.-B.); (E.M.-U.); (C.G.O.-A.)
| | - Marbel Torres-Arias
- Immunology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Quito 171103, Ecuador;
| | - Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada a Biomedicina (BIOMED), Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito 170125, Ecuador
| | - Koray Malcı
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK; (K.M.); (N.J.-B.); (L.R.-S.)
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK
| | - Nestor Jonguitud-Borrego
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK; (K.M.); (N.J.-B.); (L.R.-S.)
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK; (K.M.); (N.J.-B.); (L.R.-S.)
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LE, UK
| | - Espiridion Ramos-Martinez
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 4510, Mexico;
| | - Andrés López-Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170147, Ecuador;
| | - Carlos Barba-Ostria
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud Quito, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170901, Ecuador
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