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Moffa S, Carradori S, Melfi F, Fontana A, Ciulla M, Di Profio P, Aschi M, Wolicki RD, Pilato S, Siani G. Fine-tuning of membrane permeability by reversible photoisomerization of aryl-azo derivatives of thymol embedded in lipid nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114043. [PMID: 38901266 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Responsiveness of liposomes to external stimuli, such as light, should allow a precise spatial and temporal control of release of therapeutic agents or ion transmembrane transport. Here, some aryl-azo derivatives of thymol are synthesized and embedded into liposomes from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to obtain light-sensitive membranes whose photo-responsiveness, release behaviour, and permeability towards Cl- ions are investigated. The hybrid systems are in-depth characterized by dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In liposomal bilayer the selected guests undergo reversible photoinduced isomerization upon irradiation with UV and visible light, alternately. Non-irradiated hybrid liposomes retain entrapped 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF), slowing its spontaneous leakage, whereas UV-irradiation promotes CF release, due to guest trans-to-cis isomerization. Photoisomerization also influences membrane permeability towards Cl- ions. Data processing, according to first-order kinetics, demonstrates that Cl- transmembrane transport is enhanced by switching the guest from trans to cis but restored by back-switching the guest from cis to trans upon illumination with blue light. Finally, the passage of Cl- ions across the bilayer can be fine-tuned by irradiation with light of longer λ and different light-exposure times. Fine-tuning the photo-induced structural response of the liposomal membrane upon isomerization is a promising step towards effective photo-dynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Moffa
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Francesco Melfi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; UdA-TechLab, Research Center, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Michele Ciulla
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; UdA-TechLab, Research Center, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Profio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Rafal Damian Wolicki
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Serena Pilato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; UdA-TechLab, Research Center, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Siani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; UdA-TechLab, Research Center, Università degli Studi Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.
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Sayed MA, Ghazy NM, El Sayed H, El-Bassuony AAH. Synergistic potential of essential oil combinations against Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00566-y. [PMID: 39186133 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Dermatophyte infections globally account for 20 to 25% of fungal infections. Dermatophytes have begun exhibiting antifungal drug resistance, making it challenging to treat this particular infection. Essential oils could be used as alternative solutions as they have been used for a long period to treat different infections. The research has demonstrated the antifungal efficacy of cinnamon, clove, lemongrass, tea tree, thyme, and garlic essential oils, and the impact of their combinations was assayed against Microsporum canis, Trichophyton tonsurans, T. violaceum, T. verrucosum, and Epidermophyton floccosum. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify the most prevalent M. canis. The accession number of M. canis was obtained as ON007275. All tested essential oils exhibited antidermatophytic action except garlic. A synergistic effect was attained by cinnamon + clove, cinnamon + lemongrass, clove + lemongrass, clove + tea tree, and thyme + tea tree combinations. Concerning antifungal activity, M. canis was the most susceptible dermatophytic species, except in the case of thyme T. violaceum, which was the most susceptible dermatophytic species. The maximum inhibition was recorded in the cases of cinnamon and cinnamon + lemongrass combination against M. canis. The least minimum inhibitory concentrations were attained by cinnamon and clove against M. canis, cinnamon + clove against M. canis and T. violaceum, and cinnamon + lemongrass against M. canis, T. violaceum, T. verrucosum, and E. floccosum. The least minimum fungicidal concentration showed by cinnamon against M. canis, cinnamon + clove against M. canis and T. violaceum, cinnamon + lemongrass against M. canis, T. violaceum, T. verrucosum, and E. floccosum, and clove + lemongrass against M. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen A Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Nahla M Ghazy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hagar El Sayed
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kasralainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Singh A, Ahuja A, Madan M, Singh D, Rastogi VK. Active packaging film of poly(lactic acid) incorporated with plant-based essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi as an antimicrobial agent and vanilla as an aroma corrector for waffles. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:135086. [PMID: 39191339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This study developed active packaging films of Polylactic acid incorporated with the plant-based essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi, T. ammi and Vanilla to package waffles, where the antimicrobial property was provided by T. ammi and its odor was masked by vanilla essential oil. Compared to conventional solvent-cast films of smaller sizes requiring a huge amount of solvents, bigger-size PLA-oil films with lower solvent demand were prepared by tape casting technique with 10, 30, and 50 wt% essential oil blends. Films were studied for their morphological, chemical, mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties. The presence and time-bound release of volatile oils from the films was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, with a continuous decrease of oils from the films till day 30. The plasticizing effect of oils in films was evidenced by decreased tensile strength and crystallinity. In contrast, an increase in elongation at break and water vapor permeability of oil films were also measured. Finally, when packed in PLA films containing 50 wt% blend of both oils, waffles shelf-life extended up to 30 days compared to 2 days for the neat PLA film, where Vanilla was found effective in masking the unpleasant odor of T.ammi as confirmed by sensory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Arihant Ahuja
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Manisha Madan
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Dimple Singh
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Vibhore Kumar Rastogi
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Movahedi F, Nirmal N, Wang P, Jin H, Grøndahl L, Li L. Recent advances in essential oils and their nanoformulations for poultry feed. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:110. [PMID: 39123220 PMCID: PMC11316336 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development. Essential oils (EOs), as natural, plant-derived compounds, have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. EOs may potentially improve poultry health and growth performance when included in poultry feed. Nevertheless, the incorporation of EOs as nutritional additives is hindered by their high volatility, low water solubility, poor intestinal absorption, and sensitivity to environmental conditions. Recently, nanoencapsulation strategies using nanoformulations have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges, improving the stability and bioavailability of EOs, and enabling targeted delivery in poultry feed. This review provides an overview of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of EOs, the current limitations of their applications in poultry feed, and the recent advancements in nano-engineering to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, we outline the potential future research direction on EO nanoformulations, emphasizing their promising role in advancing sustainable poultry nutrition.Highlights• Essential oils (EOs) are known as powerful antioxidants and antibacterial agents.• EOs have a high potential to replace antibiotics as feed additives.• Nanoformulations of EOs have shown improved bioactivity and storage stability of EOs.• Nanoformulation promotes the bioavailability and gut adsorption of EOs as feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Movahedi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nilesh Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongping Jin
- JECHO Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 2633, Zhongbin Avenue, Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city, Binhai New Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Lisbeth Grøndahl
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Begh MZA, Khan J, Al Amin M, Sweilam SH, Dharmamoorthy G, Gupta JK, Sangeetha J, Lokeshvar R, Nafady MH, Ahmad I, Alshehri MA, Emran TB. Monoterpenoid synergy: a new frontier in biological applications. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03342-x. [PMID: 39105799 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Monoterpenoids, compounds found in various organisms, have diverse applications in various industries. Their effectiveness is influenced by the oil's chemical composition, which in turn is influenced by plant genotype, environmental conditions, cultivation practices, and plant development stage. They are used in various industries due to their distinctive odor and taste, serving as ingredients, additives, insecticides, and repellents. These compounds have synergistic properties, resulting in superior combined effects over discrete ones, potentially beneficial for various health purposes. Many experimental studies have investigated their interactions with other ingredients and their antibacterial, insecticidal, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This review discusses potential synergistic interactions between monoterpenoids and other compounds, their sources, and biological functions. It also emphasizes the urgent need for more research on their bioavailability and toxicity, underlining the importance and relevance of this comprehensive study in the current scientific landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zamshed Alam Begh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Jishan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Md Al Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - G Dharmamoorthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, MB School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Babu University (Erstwhile Sree Vidyaniketan College of Pharmacy), Tirupati, India
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - J Sangeetha
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maisammaguda, Dhulapally, 500100, India
| | - R Lokeshvar
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, India
| | - Mohamed H Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, 12568, Egypt
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Alshehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
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Soltan Dallal MM, Siavashi M, Karimaei S, Siavashi V, Abdi M, Yaseri M, Razavi SA, Bakhtiari R. The effect of thyme essential oil and endothelial progenitor stem cells on lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in C57BL/6 mice. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024; 71:835-848. [PMID: 38515313 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a potentially fatal syndrome related to severe systemic inflammation developed by infection. Despite different antimicrobial therapies, morbidity and mortality rates remain high. Herbs along with cell therapy have been introduced as a promising option to improve the symptoms of sepsis. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of simultaneous administration of thyme essential oil (TEO) and endothelial progenitor stem cells (EPCs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in C57BL/6 mice. Sepsis was induced in C57Bl/6J mice by intraperitoneal injection of LPS, followed 2 h later by an intravenous injection of EPCs or oral administration of TEO or simultaneous administration of TEO and EPCs. After 10 days, the complete blood cell, renal and liver factors, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, and angiogenic factors were measured. Simultaneous treatment with EPCs and TEO significantly increased the survival of mice with sepsis and modulated the inflammatory response by reducing the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, this treatment significantly reduced the level of white blood cells and neutrophils and increased the number of red blood cells, the percentage of hematocrit, and hemoglobin. The combination of TEO with EPCs decreased organ injuries and was assessed by lower levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase compared to the sepsis group. Administration of EPCs and TEO also significantly improved angiogenic factors, lung function, and toll-like receptor 4 expression. EPCs in combination with TEO increase survival in the LPS-induced sepsis mice model by acting on several targets. Thus, the combination of TEO with EPCs can be a feasible approach for the future clinical treatment and control of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Siavashi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Karimaei
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Siavashi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Abdi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Razavi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Bakhtiari
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Safarbalou A, Abbasi A. Oral administration of liposome-encapsulated thymol could alleviate the inflammatory parameters in serum and hippocampus in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2024; 193:112473. [PMID: 38801839 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is closely related to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology, hence supplements with anti-inflammatory property could help attenuate the progression of AD. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of liposome encapsulated thymol (LET), administered orally, in prevention of Alzheimer in a rat model by anti-inflammatory mechanisms. METHODS The rats were grouped into six groups (n = 10 animals per group), including Control healthy (Con), Alzheimer's disease (AD) model, AD model treated with free thymol in 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight (TH40 and TH80), AD model treated with LET in 40 and 80 mg/kg of body weight (LET40 and LET80). The behavioral response of step through latency (Passive Avoidance Test), concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed in serum and hippocampus. RESULTS The results showed that significant increase in concentrations of IL-1β (P = 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.001), TNF-α (P = 0.001) and COX-2 (P = 0.001) in AD group compared with healthy control rats. AD induction significantly reduced step through latency and revealed deficits in passive avoidance performance. The results also showed the treatment with free thymol especially in higher concentrations and also LTE could decrease serum concentrations of IL-1β (P < 0.05), IL-6 (P < 0.05), TNF-α (P < 0.05), and COX-2 (P < 0.05) and increase BDNF (P < 0.05) compared with control Alzheimer rats in hippocampus and serum. There were also significant correlations between serum and hippocampus concentrations of IL-1β (r2 = 0.369, P = 0.001), IL-6 (r2 = 0.386, P = 0.001), TNF-α (r2 = 0.412, P = 0.001), and COX-2 (r2 = 0.357, P = 0.001). It means a closed and positive relation between serum and hippocampus concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. CONCLUSIONS LET demonstrates its ability to attenuate neuroinflammatory reaction in AD model through suppression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and COX-2 indicators. Hence, it can ameliorate AD pathogenesis by declining inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Safarbalou
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute for Intelligent Research, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Adeel Abbasi
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute for Intelligent Research, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Chen J, Zhao Y, Cheng J, Wang H, Pan S, Liu Y. The Antiviral Potential of Perilla frutescens: Advances and Perspectives. Molecules 2024; 29:3328. [PMID: 39064906 PMCID: PMC11279397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose a significant threat to human health, causing widespread diseases and impacting the global economy. Perilla frutescens, a traditional medicine and food homologous plant, is well known for its antiviral properties. This systematic review examines the antiviral potential of Perilla frutescens, including its antiviral activity, chemical structure and pharmacological parameters. Utilizing bioinformatics analysis, we revealed the correlation between Perilla frutescens and antiviral activity, identified overlaps between Perilla frutescens target genes and virus-related genes, and explored related signaling pathways. Moreover, a classified summary of the active components of Perilla frutescens, focusing on compounds associated with antiviral activity, provides important clues for optimizing the antiviral drug development of Perilla frutescens. Our findings indicate that Perilla frutescens showed a strong antiviral effect, and its active ingredients can effectively inhibit the replication and spread of a variety of viruses in this review. The antiviral mechanisms of Perilla frutescens may involve several pathways, including enhanced immune function, modulation of inflammatory responses, and inhibition of key enzyme activities such as viral replicase. These results underscore the potential antiviral application of Perilla frutescens as a natural plant and provide important implications for the development of new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Shu Pan
- Computer Science School, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China;
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Intelligent Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (H.W.)
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Keshavarz F, Soltanshahi M, Khosravani F, Bakhshiyan F, Ghanbari A, Hassanzadeh S, Amirpour M, Ghalamfarsa G. Thymol-loaded liposomes effectively induced apoptosis and decreased EGFR expression in colorectal cancer cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:5157-5165. [PMID: 38240780 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. Different factors, such as environmental and genetic factors and lifestyle, affect it. Owing to the presence of phenolic, alkaloid, antioxidant, and terpenoid compounds, herbal compounds can be effective in the treatment of various cancers. Thymol is a natural monoterpene phenol that is abundant in some plants and exerts several biological effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the apoptotic, anti-proliferative effect and EGFR gene expression under the influence of thymol-loaded nanoliposome in SW84 and SW111 cell lines derived from colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lipid thin-film hydration method was used to synthesize thymol-loaded liposomes, and their characterization was performed using TEM, DLS, and HPLC analyses. SW84 and SW1111 cells were treated with thymol- and thymol-loaded liposomes at different doses, the inhibition of cell proliferation was evaluated using an MTT assay, the rate of apoptosis induction was assessed using flow cytometry, and EGFR gene expression was measured using real-time PCR. RESULTS The nanoparticles produced were spherical, uniform, and 200 ± 10 nm in size. HPLC analysis showed that approximately 98% thymol was loaded into the nanoliposome. The results of the MTT assay showed that thymol and thymol-nanoliposomes decreased the proliferation of SW84 and SW1111 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 of thymol and thymol-nanoliposomes were 18 and 14.2 µg/ml for the SW48 cell line (P = 0.04) and 10.5 and 6.4 µg/ml for the SW1116 cell line (P = 0.001). Thymol-nanoliposomes significantly inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells compared to free thymol. Flow cytometry showed an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells, especially in the thymol-nanoliposome group in the treated cells. Real-time PCR results also showed that thymol and thymol-nanoliposome both caused a decrease in the expression of EGFR genes in both cell lines, but this effect of decreasing gene expression was significantly higher in the thymol-nanoliposome group. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that thymol-nanoliposomes reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, and decreased EGFR expression in colorectal cancer-derived cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Keshavarz
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Soltanshahi
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Bakhshiyan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Sajad Hassanzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Dr. Ghorban Ali Jalil Street, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Amirpour
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
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Ferrucci V, Miceli M, Pagliuca C, Bianco O, Castaldo L, Izzo L, Cozzolino M, Zannella C, Oglio F, Polcaro A, Randazzo A, Colicchio R, Galdiero M, Berni Canani R, Salvatore P, Zollo M. Modulation of innate immunity related genes resulting in prophylactic antimicrobial and antiviral properties. J Transl Med 2024; 22:574. [PMID: 38886736 PMCID: PMC11184722 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immunity acts during the early phases of infection and its failure in response to a multilayer network of co-infections is cause of immune system dysregulation. Epidemiological SARS-CoV-2 infections data, show that Influenza Virus (FLU-A-B-C) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) are co-habiting those respiratory traits. These viruses, especially in children (mostly affected by 'multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children' [MIS-C] and the winter pandemic FLU), in the aged population, and in 'fragile' patients are causing alteration in immune response. Then, bacterial and fungal pathogens are also co-habiting the upper respiratory traits (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans), thus contributing to morbidity in those COVID-19 affected patients. METHODS Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry using the quadrupole orbital ion trap analyser (i.e., UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was adopted to measure the polyphenols content of a new nutraceutical formula (Solution-3). Viral infections with SARS-CoV-2 (EG.5), FLU-A and RSV-A viruses (as performed in BLS3 authorised laboratory) and real time RT-PCR (qPCR) assay were used to test the antiviral action of the nutraceutical formula. Dilution susceptibility tests have been used to estimate the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC, respectively) of Solution-3 on a variety of microorganisms belonging to Gram positive/ negative bacteria and fungi. Transcriptomic data analyses and functional genomics (i.e., RNAseq and data mining), coupled to qPCR and ELISA assays have been used to investigate the mechanisms of action of the nutraceutical formula on those processes involved in innate immune response. RESULTS Here, we have tested the combination of natural products containing higher amounts of polyphenols (i.e., propolis, Verbascum thapsus L., and Thymus vulgaris L.), together with the inorganic long chain polyphosphates 'polyPs' with antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal behaviours, against SARS-CoV-2, FLU-A, RSV-A, Gram positive/ negative bacteria and fungi (i.e., Candida albicans). These components synergistically exert an immunomodulatory action by enhancing those processes involved in innate immune response (e.g., cytokines: IFNγ, TNFα, IL-10, IL-6/12; chemokines: CXCL1; antimicrobial peptides: HBD-2, LL-37; complement system: C3). CONCLUSION The prophylactic antimicrobial success of this nutraceutical formula against SARS-CoV-2, FLU-A and RSV-A viruses, together with the common bacteria and fungi co-infections as present in human oral cavity, is expected to be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ferrucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate 'Franco Salvatore', Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Elysium Cell Bio Ita, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Miceli
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate 'Franco Salvatore', Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliuca
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Orazio Bianco
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate 'Franco Salvatore', Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Castaldo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luana Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marica Cozzolino
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate 'Franco Salvatore', Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Franca Oglio
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate 'Franco Salvatore', Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Polcaro
- Polcaro Fitopreparazioni S.R.L, Via Sant Agnello, 9 D; 80030, Roccarainola, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
- UOC of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate 'Franco Salvatore', Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate 'Franco Salvatore', Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate 'Franco Salvatore', Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Elysium Cell Bio Ita, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- DAI Medicina di Laboratorio e Trasfusionale, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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11
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de Sousa Cutrim TA, Eloy MA, Barcelos FF, Meireles LM, de Freitas Ferreira LC, Reis TA, Gonçalves SS, Lacerda V, Fronza M, Morais PAB, Scherer R. New thymol-derived triazole exhibits promising activity against Trichophyton rubrum. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1287-1295. [PMID: 38453819 PMCID: PMC11153403 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have emerged worldwide, and azole antifungals are widely used to control these infections. However, the emergence of antifungal resistance has been compromising the effectiveness of these drugs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal and cytotoxic activities of the nine new 1,2,3 triazole compounds derived from thymol that were synthesized through Click chemistry. The binding mode prediction was carried out by docking studies using the crystallographic structure of Lanosterol 14α-demethylase G73E mutant from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The new compounds showed potent antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum but did not show relevant action against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. For T. rubrum, molecules nº 5 and 8 showed promising results, emphasizing nº 8, whose fungicidal and fungistatic effects were similar to fluconazole. In addition, molecule nº 8 showed low toxicity for keratinocytes and fibroblasts, concluding that this compound demonstrates promising characteristics for developing a new drug for dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum, or serves as a structural basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Antonio de Sousa Cutrim
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Comissário José Dantas de Melo St., 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Mariana Alves Eloy
- Agrochemical Graduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espirito Santo, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fontes Barcelos
- Plant Biotechnology Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Leandra Martins Meireles
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Comissário José Dantas de Melo St., 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Alves Reis
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Fronza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Comissário José Dantas de Melo St., 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais
- Agrochemical Graduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espirito Santo, 29500-000, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Scherer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Comissário José Dantas de Melo St., 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil.
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12
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Pilozo G, Villavicencio-Vásquez M, Chóez-Guaranda I, Murillo DV, Pasaguay CD, Reyes CT, Maldonado-Estupiñán M, Ruiz-Barzola O, León-Tamariz F, Manzano P. Chemical, antioxidant, and antifungal analysis of oregano and thyme essential oils from Ecuador: Effect of thyme against Lasiodiplodia theobromae and its application in banana rot. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31443. [PMID: 38831831 PMCID: PMC11145482 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity by spectrophotometric methods, the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect against Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the constitution of the essential oils (EO) of oregano and thyme in comparison with their commercial counterparts. The results showed by the EOs of extracted thyme (T-EO), commercial thyme (CT-EO), extracted oregano (O-EO) and commercial oregano (CO-EO), demonstrated antioxidant profiles with a radical neutralizing potential (DPPH•) of IC50: 1.11 ± 0.019; 1.08 ± 0.05; 40.56 ± 0.227 and 0.69 ± 0.004 mg/mL, respectively. They also revealed a ferric ion reducing capacity (FRAP) of 93.05 ± 0.52; 97.72 ± 0.42; 21.85 ± 0.57 and 117.24 ± 0.64 mg Eq Trolox/g. A reduction in β-carotene degradation of 65.71 ± 0.04; 51.97 ± 0.66; 43.58 ± 1.56 and 57.46 ± 1.56 %. A total phenol content (Folin-Ciocalteu) of 132.97 ± 0.77; 141.89 ± 2.56; 152.04 ± 0.10 and 25.66 ± 0.40 mg EGA/g. Chemical characterization performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the respective major components of the samples were thymol (T-EO: 45.78 %), thymol (CT-EO: 43.57 %), alloaromadendrene (O-EO: 25.17 %) and carvacrol (CO-EO: 62.06 %). Regarding antifungal activity, it was evident that at the in vitro level, both commercial EOs had a MIC of 250 ppm while the extracted thyme EO had a MIC of 500 ppm; In vivo studies demonstrated that the application of thyme EO had a behavior similar to the synthetic fungicide, slowing down rot in bananas under storage conditions. Finally, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and heat maps suggest p-cymene, carvacrol, linalool, eucalyptol, 4-terpineol, (z)-β-terpineol, alkanhol, caryophyllene, β-myrcene, d-limonene, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, d-α-pinene, camphene, caryophyllene oxide, δ-cadinene, terpinolene and thymol as relevant biomarkers associated with the assessed bioactive properties demonstrating the potential of extracted essential oils for the development of a botanical biofungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Pilozo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
| | - Mirian Villavicencio-Vásquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
| | - Ivan Chóez-Guaranda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
| | - Damon Vera Murillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
| | - Cynthia Duarte Pasaguay
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
| | - Christofer Tomalá Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
| | - Maria Maldonado-Estupiñán
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
| | - Omar Ruiz-Barzola
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
| | - Fabián León-Tamariz
- University of Cuenca, Universidad de Cuenca, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Campus Central Av. 12 de Abril, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Manzano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador
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13
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Danielewicz J, Grzanka M, Sobiech Ł, Jajor E, Horoszkiewicz J, Korbas M, Blecharczyk A, Stuper-Szablewska K, Matysiak K. Impact of Various Essential Oils on the Development of Pathogens of the Fusarium Genus and on Health and Germination Parameters of Winter Wheat and Maize. Molecules 2024; 29:2376. [PMID: 38792237 PMCID: PMC11123840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, researchers are looking for ways to replace synthetic pesticides with substances of natural origin. Essential oils are produced by plants, among other things, to protect against pathogens, which is why there is interest in their use as fungicides. This experiment assessed the composition of essential oils from a commercial source, their impact on the development of mycelium of pathogens of the Fusarium genus, and the possibility of using them as a pre-sowing treatment. Grains of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) were inoculated with a suspension of mycelium and spores of fungi of the Fusarium genus and then soaked in solutions containing oils of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). The obtained results indicate that thyme essential oil had the strongest effect on limiting the development of Fusarium pathogens and seedling infection, but at the same time it had an adverse effect on the level of germination and seedling development of the tested plants. The remaining essential oils influenced the mentioned parameters to varying degrees. Selected essential oils can be an alternative to synthetic fungicides, but they must be selected appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Danielewicz
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.D.); (E.J.); (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Monika Grzanka
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Łukasz Sobiech
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Ewa Jajor
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.D.); (E.J.); (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Joanna Horoszkiewicz
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.D.); (E.J.); (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Marek Korbas
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland; (J.D.); (E.J.); (J.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Andrzej Blecharczyk
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Kinga Stuper-Szablewska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Kinga Matysiak
- Department of Herbology and Plant Protection Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Władysława Wegorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland;
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14
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Peter S, Sotondoshe N, Aderibigbe BA. Carvacrol and Thymol Hybrids: Potential Anticancer and Antibacterial Therapeutics. Molecules 2024; 29:2277. [PMID: 38792138 PMCID: PMC11123974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is ranked among lethal diseases globally, and the increasing number of cancer cases and deaths results from limited access to effective therapeutics. The use of plant-based medicine has been gaining interest from several researchers. Carvacrol and its isomeric compound, thymol, are plant-based extracts that possess several biological activities, such as antimalarial, anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial. However, their efficacy is compromised by their poor bioavailability. Thus, medicinal scientists have explored the synthesis of hybrid compounds containing their pharmacophores to enhance their therapeutic efficacy and improve their bioavailability. Hence, this review is a comprehensive report on hybrid compounds containing carvacrol and its isomer, thymol, with potent anticancer and antibacterial agents reported between 2020 and 2024. Furthermore, their structural activity relationship (SAR) and recommended future strategies to further enhance their therapeutic effects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijongesonke Peter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa;
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15
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Pribac M, Motataianu A, Andone S, Mardale E, Nemeth S. Bridging the Gap: Harnessing Plant Bioactive Molecules to Target Gut Microbiome Dysfunctions in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4471-4488. [PMID: 38785539 PMCID: PMC11120375 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The correlation between neurodegenerative diseases and the gut microbiome is increasingly evident, with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) being particularly notable for its severity and lack of therapeutic options. The gut microbiota, implicated in the pathogenesis and development of ALS, plays a crucial role in the disease. Bioactive plant molecules, specifically volatile compounds in essential oils, offer a promising therapeutic avenue due to their anti-inflammatory properties and gut-modulating effects. Our narrative review aimed to identify microbiota-associated bacteria in ALS and analyze the benefits of administering bioactive plant molecules as much-needed therapeutic options in the management of this disease. A comprehensive search of PubMed database articles published before December 2023, encompassing research on cell, human, and animal ALS models, was conducted. After selecting, analyzing, and discussing key articles, bacteria linked to ALS pathogenesis and physiopathology were identified. Notably, positively highlighted bacteria included Akkermansia muciniphila (Verrucomicrobia phylum), Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Butyrivibrio spp. (Firmicutes phylum). Conversely, members of the Escherichia coli spp. (Proteobacteria phylum) and Ruminococcus spp. (Firmicutes phylum) stood out negatively in respect to ALS development. These bacteria were associated with molecular changes linked to ALS pathogenesis and evolution. Bioactive plant molecules can be directly associated with improvements in the microbiome, due to their role in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, emerging as one of the most promising natural agents for enriching present-day ALS treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Pribac
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Anca Motataianu
- Ist Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Sebastian Andone
- Ist Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | | | - Sebastian Nemeth
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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Osanloo M, Ranjbar R, Zarenezhad E. Alginate Nanoparticles Containing Cuminum cyminum and Zataria multiflora Essential Oils with Promising Anticancer and Antibacterial Effects. Int J Biomater 2024; 2024:5556838. [PMID: 38725434 PMCID: PMC11081758 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5556838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer and bacterial infections are major global health concerns driving the need for innovative medicines. This study investigated alginate nanoparticles loaded with essential oils (EOs) from Cuminum cyminum and Zataria multiflora as potential drug delivery systems. The nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zetasizer, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Their biological properties against two human skin cancer cell lines (A-375 and A-431) and three bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) were also evaluated. Alginate nanoparticles containing C. cyminum and Z. multiflora EOs exhibited sizes of 160 ± 8 nm and 151 ± 10 nm, respectively. Their zeta potentials and encapsulation efficiencies were -18 ± 1 mV and 79 ± 4%, as well as -27 ± 2 mV and 86 ± 5%, respectively. The IC50 values against the tested cell lines and bacteria revealed superior efficacy for nanoparticles containing Z. multiflora EO. Considering the proper efficacy of the proposed nanoparticles, the straightforward preparation method and low cost suggest their potential for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Osanloo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Razieh Ranjbar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Elham Zarenezhad
- Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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17
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Jafar M, Ahmad Khan MS, Akbar MJ, AlSaihaty HS, Alasmari SS. Obliteration of H. pylori infection through the development of a novel thyme oil laden nanoporous gastric floating microsponge. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29246. [PMID: 38638985 PMCID: PMC11024545 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyme oil (TO) is a valuable essential oil believed to possess a variety of bioactivities, including antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. These attributes grant TO the excellent capability to treat a wide range of diseases, particularly the effective eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach. However, its practical use is limited by its low stability under atmospheric conditions. Our current research aims to encapsulate TO in eudragit (EGT) microsponges to enhance its stability and improve its effectiveness against H. pylori. The TO microsponges were prepared using EGT as a polymer, polysorbate 80 as a stabilizer, and dichloromethane (DCM) as a solvent via the quasi-emulsion solvent evaporation method. The product yield, particle size, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer interaction, in-vitro floating, and in-vitro drug release of the microsponges were evaluated. The most promising microsponge was tested against H. pylori ATCC 43504 strains. The results showed that the microsponges exhibited a high product yield (ranging from 41 % ± 0.75-81.27 % ± 1.13), excellent entrapment efficiency (ranging from 63.01 % ± 0.79-88.64 % ± 0.98), prolonged in-vitro floating time (more than 12 h) and sustained in-vitro drug release for 18 h (81.53 %). Scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the microsponges were spherical in shape with a spongy surface. The average particle size of the selected microsponges was determined to be 49.79 ± 1.4 μm, and their average pore size was measured to be 0.81 ± 0.14 μm. DSC study results revealed that TO was physically entrapped in the microsponges. In-vitro anti-H. pylori activity studies demonstrated that TO in microsponge was more effective against H. pylori than pure TO. In conclusion, the developed microsponges containing thyme oil provide a promising alternative for the efficient targeting and eradication of H. Pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Jamal Akbar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Saleem AlSaihaty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Saad Alasmari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Pimentel LS, Bastos LM, Goulart LR, Ribeiro LNDM. Therapeutic Effects of Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds on Prostate Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:583. [PMID: 38794244 PMCID: PMC11125265 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since prostate cancer (PCa) relies on limited therapies, more effective alternatives are required. Essential oils (EOs) and their bioactive compounds are natural products that have many properties including anticancer activity. This review covers studies published between 2000 and 2023 and discusses the anti-prostate cancer mechanisms of the EOs from several plant species and their main bioactive compounds. It also provides a critical perspective regarding the challenges to be overcome until they reach the market. EOs from chamomile, cinnamon, Citrus species, turmeric, Cymbopogon species, ginger, lavender, Mentha species, rosemary, Salvia species, thyme and other species have been tested in different PCa cell lines and have shown excellent results, including the inhibition of cell growth and migration, the induction of apoptosis, modulation in the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes and the suppression of angiogenesis. The most challenging aspects of EOs, which limit their clinical uses, are their highly lipophilic nature, physicochemical instability, photosensitivity, high volatility and composition variability. The processing of EO-based products in the pharmaceutical field may be an interesting alternative to circumvent EOs' limitations, resulting in several benefits in their further clinical use. Identifying their bioactive compounds, therapeutic effects and chemical structures could open new perspectives for innovative developments in the field. Moreover, this could be helpful in obtaining versatile chemical synthesis routes and/or biotechnological drug production strategies, providing an accurate, safe and sustainable source of these bioactive compounds, while looking at their use as gold-standard therapy in the close future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Santos Pimentel
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Professor Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, Uberlândia 38405-302, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lígia Nunes de Morais Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Professor Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, Uberlândia 38405-302, MG, Brazil
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19
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Najar B, Pieracci Y, Fratini F, Pistelli L, Turchi B, Varriale D, Pistelli L, Bozzini MF, Marchioni I. Exploring the Volatile Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Edible Flower Hydrosols with Insights into Their Spontaneous Emissions and Essential Oil Chemistry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1145. [PMID: 38674554 PMCID: PMC11053853 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In the circular economy framework, hydrosols, by-products of the essential oil industry, are gaining attention for their potential in waste reduction and resource reuse. This study analyzed hydrosols from six edible flowers, investigating their chemical composition (VOC-Hyd) and antibacterial properties alongside volatile organic compounds of fresh flowers (VOC-Fs) and essential oils (EOs). Antirrhinum majus exhibited ketones as major VOC-Fs (62.6%) and VOC-Hyd (41.4%), while apocarotenoids dominated its EOs (68.0%). Begonia cucullata showed alkanes (33.7%) and aldehydes (25.7%) as primary VOC-Fs, while alkanes were prevalent in both extracts (65.6% and 91.7% in VOC-Hyd and in EOs, respectively). Calandula officinalis had monoterpenoids in VOC-Fs and VOC-Hyd (89.3% and 49.7%, respectively), while its EOs were rich in sesquiterpenoids (59.7%). Dahlia hortensis displayed monoterpenoid richness in both VOC-Fs and extracts. Monocots species' VOC-Fs (Polianthes tuberosa, Tulbaghia cominsii) were esters-rich, replaced by monoterpenoids in VOC-Hyd. P. tuberosa EO maintained ester richness, while T. cominsii EOs contained a significant percentage of sulfur compounds (38.1%). Antibacterial assays indicated comparable minimum inhibitory concentration profiles across VOC-Hyd: B. calcullata and P. tuberosa against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium, T. cominsii against Escherichia coli and S. enterica, A. majus and C. officinalis against S. aureus, and D. hortensis against S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Najar
- RD3—Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis & Drug Discovery Unit, Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels, Blvd Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/5, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ylenia Pieracci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (Y.P.); (L.P.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale dellle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (B.T.); (D.V.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NUTRA-FOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borgetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NUTRA-FOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borgetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali (DISAAA-a), Università di Pisa, Via del Borgetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale dellle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (B.T.); (D.V.)
| | - Dario Varriale
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale dellle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (B.T.); (D.V.)
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (Y.P.); (L.P.); (M.F.B.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute (NUTRA-FOOD), Università di Pisa, Via del Borgetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Francesca Bozzini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (Y.P.); (L.P.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Ilaria Marchioni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
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20
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Abdollahi A, Fereydouni N, Moradi H, Karimivaselabadi A, Zarenezhad E, Osanloo M. Nanoformulated herbal compounds: enhanced antibacterial efficacy of camphor and thymol-loaded nanogels. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:138. [PMID: 38566054 PMCID: PMC10985855 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbal components are highly useful assets for the advancement of novel antibacterial drugs. Nanotechnology holds great promise as an approach to enhance the effectiveness and develop the composition of these substances. The study developed nanogels incorporating camphor, thymol, and a combination derived from the initial nanoemulsions with particle sizes of 103, 85, and 135 nm, respectively. The viscosity of nanogels and the successful loading of compounds in them were examined by viscometery and ATR-FTIR studies. The bactericidal properties of the nanogels were examined against four bacterial strains. The nanogel containing camphor and thymol at 1250 µg/mL concentration exhibited complete growth suppression against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The thymol nanogel at 1250 µg/mL and the camphor nanogel at 2500 µg/mL exhibited complete inhibition of growth on Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, respectively. Both nanogels showed favorable effectiveness as antibacterial agents and could potentially examine a wide range of pathogens and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abdollahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Narges Fereydouni
- Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hamid Moradi
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Karimivaselabadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Zarenezhad
- Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Osanloo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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21
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Preljević K, Pašić I, Vlaović M, Matić IZ, Krivokapić S, Petrović N, Stanojković T, Živković V, Perović S. Comparative analysis of chemical profiles, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects of essential oils of two Thymus species from Montenegro. Fitoterapia 2024; 174:105871. [PMID: 38428618 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The essential oils of Thymus vulgaris (TVEO) and Thymus serpyllum (TSEO) show different biological activities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biological activities of TVEO and TSEO from Montenegro. The main components of TVEO were p-cymene (29.52%), thymol (22.8%) and linalool (4.73%) while the main components of TSEO were p-cymene (19.04%), geraniol (11,09%), linalool (9.16%), geranyl acetate (6.49%) and borneol (5.24%). Antioxidant activity determined via DPPH for TVEO was 4.49 and FRAP 1130.27, while for TSEO it was estimated that DPPH was 4.88 μL/mL and FRAP was 701.25 μmol FRAP/L. Both essential oils were active against all tested bacteria, with the highest level of sensitivity of E. coli with MIC of 1.5625 μL/mL. Essential oils showed strong cytotoxic effects on human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.20 to 0.24 μL/mL for TVEO and from 0.32 to 0.49 μL/mL for TSEO. TVEO caused apoptosis in cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells through activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8, while TSEO caused apoptosis through caspase-3. EOs decreased levels of oxidative stress in normal MRC-5 cells. HeLa cells treated with TVEO had reduced MMP2 expression levels, while cells treated with TSEO had lowered MMP2 and MMP9 levels. The treatment of HeLa cells with TVEO increased the levels of miR-16 and miR-34a, indicating potential tumor-suppressive properties. Our findings suggest that Thymus essential oils may be considered as good candidates for further investigation as cancer-chemopreventive and cancer-therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Preljević
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Ivana Pašić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milorad Vlaović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Ivana Z Matić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Slađana Krivokapić
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Nina Petrović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade 11000, Serbia; "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | | | - Vladimir Živković
- Center for Ecotoxicological Researches of Montenegro, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Svetlana Perović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
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22
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Mensah RQ, Adusei S, Azupio S, Kwakye R. Nutritive value, biological properties, health benefits and applications of Tetrapleura tetraptera: An updated comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27834. [PMID: 38515660 PMCID: PMC10955287 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the health benefits that medicinal plants present, they are applied in traditional healthcare in developing and developed countries alike. Tetrapleura tetraptera, a flowering plant mostly found in the western part of Africa has an essential chemical composition that gives it nutritive value and medicinal capacities. This review aims to highlight the nutritional attributes, biological properties, health benefits, and applications of T. tetraptera. The fruit of the plant has been revealed to possess about 58.48-63. 86% carbohydrates, 251.22-288.62 mg/g potassium, 182.11-200.02 mg/g calcium, 322.00-342.00 mg/g manganese, and 0.02-4.69 mg/g vitamins. Also, active phytochemical compounds including phenols (3.51 ± 0.03 mgGAE/g), flavonoids (0.87 ± 0.03 mgQE/g), saponins (4.27 ± 0.03 mgDE/g), tannins (23.87 ± 0.44 mg/100 g), and alkaloids (5.03 ± 0.15% w/w) have been discovered in the fruit of T. tetraptera. The plant's abundant phytochemicals account for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-parasitic, and anti-proliferative activities. These biological properties in turn translate to health benefits including lower blood pressure, enhanced immune system, malaria treatment, diabetes and hypertension management, and cancer prevention. The health-promoting assets of T. tetraptera underscore its applications in beverage production, food preservation and flavoring, feed supplementation, and pharmaceutical formulations. The data gathered in this piece is crucial for industrial food processing and the creation of potent pharmaceutical products and functional foods with superior health attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Q. Mensah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Stephen Adusei
- Value Addition Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Oil Palm Research Institute, Kade, Ghana
| | - Samuel Azupio
- Plant Pathology Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Oil Palm Research Institute, Kade, Ghana
| | - Richmond Kwakye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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23
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Gupta N, Bhattacharya S, Dutta A, Tauchen J, Landa P, Urbanová K, Houdková M, Fernández-Cusimamani E, Leuner O. Synthetic polyploidization induces enhanced phytochemical profile and biological activities in Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5608. [PMID: 38454146 PMCID: PMC10920654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oil from Thymus vulgaris L. has valuable therapeutic potential that is highly desired in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Considering these advantages and the rising market demand, induced polyploids were obtained using oryzalin to enhance essential oil yield. However, their therapeutic values were unexplored. So, this study aims to assess the phytochemical content, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of tetraploid and diploid thyme essential oils. Induced tetraploids had 41.11% higher essential oil yield with enhanced thymol and γ-terpinene content than diploid. Tetraploids exhibited higher antibacterial activity against all tested microorganisms. Similarly, in DPPH radical scavenging assay tetraploid essential oil was more potent with half-maximal inhibitory doses (IC50) of 180.03 µg/mL (40.05 µg TE/mg) than diploid with IC50 > 512 µg/mL (12.68 µg TE/mg). Tetraploids exhibited more effective inhibition of in vitro catalytic activity of pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) than diploids at 50 µg/mL concentration. Furthermore, molecular docking revealed higher binding affinity of thymol and γ-terpinene towards tested protein receptors, which explained enhanced bioactivity of tetraploid essential oil. In conclusion, these results suggest that synthetic polyploidization using oryzalin could effectively enhance the quality and quantity of secondary metabolites and can develop more efficient essential oil-based commercial products using this induced genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Soham Bhattacharya
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, Prague 6, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Adrish Dutta
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Landa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Lysolaje, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Urbanová
- Department of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Houdková
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eloy Fernández-Cusimamani
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Leuner
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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24
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Baby PN. Immunomodulatory and anticytokine therapeutic potential of three Indian spices constituents and its hyaluronic acid conjugates for prevention and post COVID-19 complications: a computational modeling approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38444326 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2310202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to SARS-CoV-2 host target proteins for preventing or blocking COVID-19 infection is making serious concern during COVID-19 pandemic and its consequent waves around the globe. People seek reliable, effective folkloric preventive medication for immediate and precautionary relief from COVID-19. These folkloric medicines were effective and saved many patients during the past COVID-19 pandemic. The current research study aims to deliver antiviral Indian spices phytocompounds and their hyaluronic acid conjugates to human host target proteins (ACE-2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, PAR-1) of SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit virus propagation and also to regulate early clinical complications of COVID-19. Targeted drug delivery of hyaluronic acid conjugated traditional natural bioactive agent produces more effective and fewer side effects in delivering novel drugs to human host proteins of COVID-19. In silico molecular docking study of six phytocompounds from three Indian spices and standard drug atazanavir and its hyaluronic acid conjugates reveals that phytocompounds and its hyaluronic acid conjugates possess high affinity to binding pockets of SARS-CoV-2 human host targets with more binding affinity scores. Most notably HA cyclocurcumin exhibit a docking score -9.9 kcal/mol against ACE-2 (PDB ID 1R42) target protein similarly HA-Hydrazinocurcumin exhibit a docking score -9.8 kcal/mol against PAR-1 (PDB ID 3VW7). ADMET validation of phytocompounds and their hyaluronic acid conjugates reveals its best pharmacokinetic profile over standard antiviral drug especially HA cyclocurcumin conjugate possesses high HIA (86%) and good pharmacokinetic profiles. DFT analysis affirms the reason behind the higher binding affinity of hyaluronic acid conjugates of spices phytocompounds towards all screened target proteins especially HA-hydrazinocurcumin conjugate possess high softness (19.1570 eV) and low hardness (0.0522 eV) values. Finally, MD simulation of best-docked compounds against ACE-2 and PAR-1 target protein revealed that hyaluronic acid conjugates of Indian spices compounds exhibit stable RMSD values and more protein-ligand interactions during simulation than hyaluronic acid conjugates of drug atazanavir.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nandu Baby
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Premier Healths, Edappal, Kerala, India
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25
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Weisany W, Yousefi S, Soufiani SP, Pashang D, McClements DJ, Ghasemlou M. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: A versatile platform for encapsulation and delivery of essential oils for food applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 325:103116. [PMID: 38430728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are biologically active and volatile substances that have found widespread applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there are some challenges to their commercial utilization due to their high volatility, susceptibility to degradation, and hydrophobicity. In their free form, EOs can quickly evaporate, as well as undergo degradation reactions like oxidation, isomerization, dehydrogenation, or polymerization when exposed to light, heat, or air. Encapsulating EOs within mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) could overcome these limitations and thereby broaden their usage. MSNPs may endow protection and slow-release properties to EOs, thereby extending their stability, enhancing their efficacy, and improving their dispersion in aqueous environments. This review explores and compares the design and development of different MSNP-based nanoplatforms to encapsulate, protect, and release EOs. Initially, a brief overview of the various types of available MSNPs, their properties, and their synthesis methods is given to better understand their roles as carriers for EOs. Several encapsulation technologies are then examined, including solvent-based and solvent-free methods. The suitability of each technology for EO encapsulation, as well as its impact on their stability and release, is discussed in detail. Opportunities and challenges for using EO-loaded MSNPs as preservatives, flavor enhancers, and antimicrobial agents in the food industry are then highlighted. Overall, this review aims to bridge a knowledge gap by providing a thorough understanding of EO encapsulation within MSNPs, which should facilitate the application of this technology in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weria Weisany
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shima Yousefi
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Pourbarghi Soufiani
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Pashang
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Julian McClements
- Biopolymers & Colloids Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mehran Ghasemlou
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.
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26
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Giannakas AE, Baikousi M, Karabagias VK, Karageorgou I, Iordanidis G, Emmanouil-Konstantinos C, Leontiou A, Karydis-Messinis A, Zafeiropoulos NE, Kehayias G, Proestos C, Salmas CE. Low-Density Polyethylene-Based Novel Active Packaging Film for Food Shelf-Life Extension via Thyme-Oil Control Release from SBA-15 Nanocarrier. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:423. [PMID: 38470754 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of natural raw substances for food preservation could provide a great contribution to food waste reduction, circular economy enhancement, and green process application widening. Recent studies indicated that the use of porous materials as adsorbents for natural essential oils provided nanohybrids with excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Following this trend in this work, a thymol oil (TEO) rich SBA-15 nanohybrid was prepared and characterized physiochemically with various techniques. This TEO@SBA-15 nanohybrid, along with the pure SBA-15, was extruded with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to develop novel active packaging films. Results indicated that TEO loading was higher than other porous materials reported recently, and the addition of both pure SBA-15 and TEO@SBA-15 to the LDPE increased the water/oxygen barrier. The film with the higher thyme-oil@SBA-15 nanohybrid content exhibited a slower release kinetic. The antioxidant activity of the final films ignited after 48 h, was in the range of 60-70%, and was almost constant for 7 days. Finally, all tests indicated a sufficient improvement by the addition of thyme-oil@SBA-15 nanohybrids in the pure LDPE matrix and the concentration of wt. 10% of such nanocarriers provided the optimum final LDPE/10TEO@SBE-15 active packaging film. This material could be a potential future product for active packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris E Giannakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Maria Baikousi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Karageorgou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - George Iordanidis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | | | - Areti Leontiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | | | | | - George Kehayias
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos E Salmas
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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27
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Parolin GA, Vital VG, de Vasconcellos SP, Lago JHG, Péres LO. Thymol as Starting Material for the Development of a Biobased Material with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Application. Molecules 2024; 29:1010. [PMID: 38474522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A biobased material, polythymol (PTF), was prepared using thymol, a monoterpene obtained from the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae), as a starting material with the aim of enhancing the antimicrobial properties of this natural product. Initially, different processes were performed in order to optimize the reaction conditions to obtain a macromolecule with a high purity and yield. PTF was characterized using different techniques, such as NMR, infrared, UV-Vis, and thermogravimetric analyses. The antimicrobial activity of both PTF and thymol was evaluated against different microorganisms, including S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. The obtained MIC values showed a higher potential for PTF than the monomer thymol-for example, against S. aureus (500 and 31.5 µg·mL-1 for thymol and PTF, respectively). Therefore, the obtained results show that the polymerization of thymol afforded more active biomaterial than the starting monomeric antimicrobial compound (thymol), suggesting that PTF is an important biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana A Parolin
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor G Vital
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Health and Environment Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzan P de Vasconcellos
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Health and Environment Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura O Péres
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil
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Folle C, Díaz-Garrido N, Mallandrich M, Suñer-Carbó J, Sánchez-López E, Halbaut L, Marqués AM, Espina M, Badia J, Baldoma L, Calpena AC, García ML. Hydrogel of Thyme-Oil-PLGA Nanoparticles Designed for Skin Inflammation Treatment. Gels 2024; 10:149. [PMID: 38391479 PMCID: PMC10887549 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyme oil (THO) possesses excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties which are suitable for skin inflammatory disorders such as acne vulgaris. However, THO is insoluble in water and its components are highly volatile. Therefore, these drawbacks may be overcome by its encapsulation in biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles (THO-NPs) that had been functionalized using several strategies. Moreover, cell viability was studied in HaCat cells, confirming their safety. In order to assess therapeutic efficacy against acne, bacterial reduction capacity and antioxidant properties were assessed. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing abilities of THO-NPs were also confirmed. Additionally, ex vivo antioxidant assessment was carried out using pig skin, demonstrating the suitable antioxidant properties of THO-NPs. Moreover, THO and THO-NPs were dispersed in a gelling system, and stability, rheological properties, and extensibility were assessed. Finally, the biomechanical properties of THO-hydrogel and THO-NP-hydrogel were studied in human volunteers, confirming the suitable activity for the treatment of acne. As a conclusion, THO has been encapsulated into PLGA NPs, and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assessments had been carried out, demonstrating excellent properties for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Folle
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Díaz-Garrido
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Biochemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute Sant Joan De Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Mallandrich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Suñer-Carbó
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lyda Halbaut
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Marqués
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Biochemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute Sant Joan De Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldoma
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Biochemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute Sant Joan De Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Jairajpuri DS, Khan S, Anwar S, Hussain A, Alajmi MF, Hassan I. Investigating the role of thymol as a promising inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 for targeted cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129314. [PMID: 38211912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinases have emerged as major contributors to various diseases. They are currently exploited as a potential target in drug discovery because they play crucial roles in cell signaling, growth, and regulation. Their dysregulation is associated with inflammatory disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3) has become an attractive drug target in cancer therapeutics. In the present study, we investigated the effective role of thymol in PDK3 inhibition due to the high affinity predicted through molecular docking studies. Hence, to better understand this inhibition mechanism, we carried out a 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to analyse the dynamics and stability of the PDK3-thymol complex. The PDK3-thymol complex was stable and energetically favourable, with many intramolecular hydrogen bond interactions in the PDK3-thymol complex. Enzyme inhibition assay showed significant inhibition of PDK3 by thymol, revealing potential inhibitory action of thymol towards PDK3 (IC50 = 2.66 μM). In summary, we established thymol as one of the potential inhibitors of PDK3, proposing promising therapeutic implications for severe diseases associated with PDK3 dysregulation. This study further advances our understanding of thymol's therapeutic capabilities and potential role in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeba Shamim Jairajpuri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Shama Khan
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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30
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Nasra S, Meghani N, Kumar A. Nanoemulsion-Based System as a Novel and Promising Approach for Enhancing the Antimicrobial and Antitumoral Activity of Thymus vulgaris (L.) Oil in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:949-970. [PMID: 37273096 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of medicinal plants and their essential oils is receiving more attention due to the ineffectiveness of current therapeutic methods in the treatment of various cancers and the rising incidence of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Thymol, an active ingredient of Thymus vulgaris, is known to have hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. To overcome major obstacles to their usage, such as quick oxidation and high volatility, plant essential oils must be administered through a system to improve the delivery of their active pharmaceutical ingredient. The bioavailability of active substances may be enhanced by the colloidal dispersion nanoemulsion. Therefore, this study aims to derive a comparative evaluation of the thyme oil nanoemulsion formulation and the characterisation of its antibacterial and antitumorigenic activities. A nanoemulsion (NE) with a droplet size of 122.2 ± 1.079 nm was discovered to be stable and mono-dispersed for 4 months and inhibited the growth of B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. It also displayed antitumorigenic capabilities in HepG2 cells by arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and upregulating the gene expression levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Caspase 3, 8, and 9, as well as a concomitant concentration-dependent decrease in B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 protein (BCL2). Along with an increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels, upregulation of the expression levels of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways was also seen, indicating of ROS formation in the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Nasra
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikita Meghani
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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31
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Hadzhieva B, Petkova-Dimitrova V. Proportion of Over-The-Counter Medicines Containing a Plant Component and Those with Synthetic Substances Administered among Children in a Bulgarian Population. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:192. [PMID: 38399407 PMCID: PMC10892009 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Over-the-counter medicines are intended to influence a number of symptoms and also to cure some human diseases without having to see the doctor. These medicines are used for self-medication and parents also give them to their children. The following fall within the scope of over-the-counter medicines: analgesics, antipyretics, antihistamines, decongestants, gastroprotectors, anti-cough medicines, and others. Their composition also includes one or a combination of medicinal plants. In addition to synthetic substances, some nonprescription medicines contain plant substances and their derivatives. Medicinal plants and their extracted derivatives are applicable in the therapies of a number of diseases. Considering the fact that over-the-counter medicines can be used among children from birth, the subject of our study is those whose composition includes biologically active plant substances. Within this study, we have established the number of nonprescription medicines containing a plant substance individually or in combination with another substance of the same kind and/or other substances, which have been included in a list published on the website of the Bulgarian Drug Agency. The objective of our study is to present the percentage of OTC medicines containing a plant substance intended to affect the symptoms of upper respiratory tract diseases and pain, which are used among children during different periods of their development. Some of these medicines also contain substances such as antihistamines (pheniramine maleate) and decongestants (pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine hydrochloride, dimetidine) that can cause various unwanted side effects. Considering the aforementioned aspects and also the peculiarities of childhood, we recommend that self-treatment be conducted only after consulting a health specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhidarka Hadzhieva
- Medical College, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15a Vasil Aprilov Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Valentina Petkova-Dimitrova
- Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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32
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Brożyna M, Dudek B, Kozłowska W, Malec K, Paleczny J, Detyna J, Fabianowska-Majewska K, Junka A. The chronic wound milieu changes essential oils' antibiofilm activity-an in vitro and larval model study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2218. [PMID: 38278929 PMCID: PMC10817982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential Oils (EOs) are currently being researched as potential antibiofilm agents to combat infections related to chronic wound biofilms. As documented in the literature, EOs' in vitro antibacterial properties are often assessed using standard microbiological media and conditions that do not accurately reflect the actual environment of a chronic wound. To address this issue, In vitro Wound Milieu (IVWM) medium, which closely resembles the environment of a chronic wound, was applied for culturing S. aureus biofilms (n = 12) in this research. Biofilms cultivated in the standard Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium served as a control for the experiment. Key biofilm features were analyzed and compared. Subsequently, staphylococci were exposed to the activity of thyme or rosemary EOs (T-EO and R-EO, respectively). As proof of concept, the cytotoxicity of T-EO and its antimicrobial in vivo activity were assessed using a G. mellonella larvae model. Key features of biofilm-forming cells were lower in the IVWM than in the TSB medium: biomass (up to 8 times), metabolic activity (up to 9 times), cell number (up to 100 times), and the live/dead cells ratio. Conversely, biofilm thickness was higher (up to 25%) in IVWM. These differences translated into varied responses of the biofilms to EOs exposure. The application of T-EO led to a greater reduction (up to 2 times) in 67% of biofilm-forming strains in IVWM compared to the TSB medium. Conversely, exposure to R-EO resulted in a higher reduction (up to 2.6 times) of 83% of biofilm-forming strains in TSB than in IVWM. The application of T-EO was not only non-toxic to G. mellonella larvae but also increased the survival of larvae infected with staphylococci (from 48 to 85%). Our findings suggest that EOs not only show promise as agents for treating biofilm-related wound infections but also that providing conditions reflecting the specific niche of the human body is of paramount importance in influencing the results obtained. However, before clinical application, challenges related to the methods of assessing their activity, microbial intra-species variability, and different levels of activity of various EOs should be analyzed and standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Brożyna
- Platform for Unique Models Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Platform for Unique Models Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Kozłowska
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malec
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Paleczny
- Platform for Unique Models Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Detyna
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Adam Junka
- Platform for Unique Models Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Maring M, Balaji C, Komala M, Nandi S, Latha S, Raghavendran HB. Aromatic Plants as Potential Resources to Combat Osteoarthritis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1434-1465. [PMID: 37861046 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073267213231004094629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis, which affects an estimated 10% of men and 18% of women over the age of 60 and is increasing in genetic prevalence and incidence, is acknowledged as the condition that degrades the quality of life for older adults in the world. There is currently no known treatment for osteoarthritis. The majority of therapeutic methods slow the progression of arthritis or treat its symptoms, making effective treatment to end the degenerative process of arthritis elusive. When non-pharmacological therapy is ineffective, various pharmacological therapies may be used to treat osteoarthritis. Pharmacological therapy, however, can have major adverse effects and be very expensive. As a result, alternative remedies have been researched. The promise for the safe and efficient management of osteoarthritis has been demonstrated by herbal remedies. Experimental research suggests that herbal extracts and compounds can reduce inflammation, inhibit catabolic processes, and promote anabolic processes that are important for treating osteoarthritis. Due to their therapeutic and innate pharmacological qualities, aromatic herbs are frequently employed as herbal remedies. Recent research has shown that aromatic plants have the potency to treat osteoarthritis. Additionally, complex mixtures of essential oils and their bioactive ingredients, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and are obtained from aromatic plants, are frequently utilized as complementary therapies for osteoarthritis. To establish new study avenues, the advantageous anti-osteoarthritic effects of aromatic herbal medicines, including plants, essential oils, and their bioactive components, are extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maphibanri Maring
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - C Balaji
- Department of Rheumatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - M Komala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, India
| | - S Latha
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - H Balaji Raghavendran
- Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Clinical Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
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Feng J, Zhang Y. The potential benefits of polyphenols for corneal diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115862. [PMID: 37979379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea functions as the primary barrier of the ocular surface, regulating temperature and humidity while providing protection against oxidative stress, harmful stimuli and pathogenic microorganisms. Corneal diseases can affect the biomechanical and optical properties of the eye, resulting in visual impairment or even blindness. Due to their diverse origins and potent biological activities, plant secondary metabolites known as polyphenols offer potential advantages for treating corneal diseases owing to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Various polyphenols and their derivatives have demonstrated diverse mechanisms of action in vitro and in vivo, exhibiting efficacy against a range of corneal diseases including repair of tissue damage, treatment of keratitis, inhibition of neovascularization, alleviation of dry eye syndrome, among others. Therefore, this article presents a concise overview of corneal and related diseases, along with an update on the research progress of natural polyphenols in safeguarding corneal health. A more comprehensive understanding of natural polyphenols provides a novel perspective for secure treatment of corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China.
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35
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Alotaibi N, Alotaibi MO, Alshammari N, Adnan M, Patel M. Network Pharmacology Combined with Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and In Vitro Experimental Validation Reveals the Therapeutic Potential of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil (Thyme Oil) against Human Breast Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48344-48359. [PMID: 38144096 PMCID: PMC10734022 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major global health issue for women. Thyme oil, extracted from Thymus vulgaris L., has shown promising anticancer effects. In the present study, we investigated how Thyme oil can influence breast cancer treatment using a multimethod approach. We used network pharmacology to identify the active compounds of Thyme oil, their molecular targets, and the pathways involved in breast cancer. We found that Thyme oil can modulate several key proteins (EGFR, AKT1, ESR1, HSP90AA1, STAT-3, SRC, IL-6, HIF1A, JUN, and BCL2) and pathways (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, prolactin signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, ERBB signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway) related to breast cancer progression. We then used molecular docking and dynamics to study the interactions and stability of the Thyme oil-compound complexes. We discovered three potent compounds (aromadendrene, α-humulene, and viridiflorene) that can bind strongly to important breast cancer proteins. We also performed in vitro experiments on MCF-7 cells to confirm the cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects of Thyme oil. We observed that Thyme oil can inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation at a concentration of 365.37 μg/mL. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological mechanism of Thyme oil in breast cancer treatment and suggest its potential as a new or adjuvant therapy. Further studies are needed to validate and optimize the therapeutic efficacy of Thyme oil and its active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahaa
M. Alotaibi
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Modhi O. Alotaibi
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alshammari
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Research
and Development Cell, Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute
of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
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36
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Faleye OS, Boya BR, Lee JH, Choi I, Lee J. Halogenated Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:90-141. [PMID: 37845080 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance presents us with a potential global crisis as it undermines the abilities of conventional antibiotics to combat pathogenic microbes. The history of antimicrobial agents is replete with examples of scaffolds containing halogens. In this review, we discuss the impacts of halogen atoms in various antibiotic types and antimicrobial scaffolds and their modes of action, structure-activity relationships, and the contributions of halogen atoms in antimicrobial activity and drug resistance. Other halogenated molecules, including carbohydrates, peptides, lipids, and polymeric complexes, are also reviewed, and the effects of halogenated scaffolds on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and factors affecting antimicrobial and antivirulence activities are presented. Furthermore, the potential of halogenation to circumvent antimicrobial resistance and rejuvenate impotent antibiotics is addressed. This review provides an overview of the significance of halogenation, the abilities of halogens to interact in biomolecular settings and enhance pharmacological properties, and their potential therapeutic usages in preventing a postantibiotic era. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Antimicrobial resistance and the increasing impotence of antibiotics are critical threats to global health. The roles and importance of halogen atoms in antimicrobial drug scaffolds have been established, but comparatively little is known of their pharmacological impacts on drug resistance and antivirulence activities. This review is the first to extensively evaluate the roles of halogen atoms in various antibiotic classes and pharmacological scaffolds and to provide an overview of their ability to overcome antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olajide Sunday Faleye
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharath Reddy Boya
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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37
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Dong Y, Wei Z, Yang R, Zhang Y, Sun M, Bai H, Mo M, Yao C, Li H, Shi L. Chemical Compositions of Essential Oil Extracted from Eight Thyme Species and Potential Biological Functions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4164. [PMID: 38140491 PMCID: PMC10747983 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Thymus is an herbaceous perennial or subshrub of the Lamiaceae family and is widely distributed worldwide. Essential oils extracted from thymus have attracted much attention, owing to their potential biological functions. Here, we evaluated the chemical compositions of eight thyme essential oils (TEOs) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and assessed their antioxidant activity. The results showed that (1) the main components in eight TEOs were monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes (84.26-92.84%), and the chemical compositions of the TEOs were affected by the specie factor; (2) eight TEOs could be divided into three groups (thymol-, geraniol-, and nerol acetate-types), and thymol was the main type; (3) eight TEOs had some common compounds, such as thymol and p-cymene, which were the main components in seven TEOs; (4) eight TEOs had antioxidant activity, and Thymus pulegioides, Thymus thracicus, and Thymus serpyllum EOs had stronger antioxidant activity than vitamin E (0.07-0.27 fold) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, while Thymus quinquecostatus and Thymus longicaulis EOs had relatively weak antioxidant activity. In addition, three chemical type standards were used to evaluate potential roles in antibacterial and tumor therapy. The results showed that thymol had strong antibacterial activity against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and antimigratory activity for A549 cell. Overall, our results can provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of natural products from thyme essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (R.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ziling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (R.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (R.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (R.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (R.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (R.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Meiling Mo
- Sinno Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528451, China; (M.M.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunlei Yao
- Sinno Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528451, China; (M.M.); (C.Y.)
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (R.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.D.); (Z.W.); (R.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
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Sindi AM, Rizg WY, Khan MK, Alkhalidi HM, Alharbi WS, Sabei FY, Alfayez E, Alkharobi H, Korayem M, Majrashi M, Alharbi M, Alissa M, Safhi AY, Jali AM, Hosny KM. Tailoring and optimization of a honey-based nanoemulgel loaded with an itraconazole-thyme oil nanoemulsion for oral candidiasis. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2173337. [PMID: 36708105 PMCID: PMC9888461 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2173337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of essential oil-based nanoemulsions (NEs) has been the subject of extensive research on a variety of conditions affecting the oral cavity. NEs are delivery methods that improve the solubility and distribution of lipid medicines to the intended areas. Because of their antibacterial and antifungal properties, itraconazole and thyme oil-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS) were created to protect oral health against oral microorganisms. The ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS were created utilizing an extreme verices mixture design, and varying concentrations of ThO (10% and 25%), labrasol (40% and 70%), and transcutol (20% and 40%) were used. The ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS had droplet sizes of less than 250 nm, a drug-loading efficiency of up to 64%, and a fungal growth inhibition zone of up to 20 mm. The accepted design was used to obtain the ideal formulation, which contained ThO in the amount of 0.18 g/ml, labrasol 0.62 g/ml, and transcutol 0.2 g/ml. The best ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS formulation was incorporated into a honey-based gel, which demonstrated improved release of ItZ in vitro and improved transbuccal permeation ex vivo. In addition, when compared with various formulations tested in rats, the optimized loaded emulgel decreased the ulcer index. This study therefore demonstrated that the ItZ-ThO-SNEDDS could offer an effective defense against oral diseases caused by microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M. Sindi
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Y. Rizg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Khalid Khan
- Department of Biochemical Materials, Beautsway commercial foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala M. Alkhalidi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Y. Sabei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alfayez
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa Alkharobi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Korayem
- Preventive Dental Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Majrashi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23890, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awaji Y. Safhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed M. Jali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah21589, Saudi Arabia,CONTACT Khaled M. Hosny Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Benedetti S, Nasoni MG, Luchetti F, Palma F. New insights into the cytotoxic effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on the human triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105705. [PMID: 37775061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are natural products that have gained wide interest due to their biological activities and anticancer properties through various mechanisms. The present study aimed to test the cytotoxicity of Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) EO of Italian origin, rich in thymol (49.6%) and p-cymene (18.8%), towards the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and to investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying its antitumor activity. Thyme EO reduced cancer cell viability in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h treatment, with an IC50 value equal to 75.1 ± 15.2 μg/ml; simultaneously, the inhibition of cancer cell migration and colony formation capacity was evidenced. Thyme EO antiproliferative effects were related to the induction of apoptosis as demonstrated by the increased expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, cleaved caspase-3, phospho-p53, and SMAC/Diablo and by the reduction of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, HIF-1α, survivin, and XIAP. Thyme EO administration led to the early formation of intracellular ROS, followed by the increment of MDA as an index of lipid peroxidation and by the decreased expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and PON2. The upregulation of Nrf2 mRNA expression and the strong induction of HO-1 sustained the activation of the Nrf2 pathway by thyme EO. These data showed that the EO from Thymus vulgaris L. might inhibit the malignant phenotype of MDA-MB-231, thus suggesting potential benefits against human triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Benedetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Maria Gemma Nasoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco Palma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, Urbino, Italy
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40
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Taha NM, Zalat RS, Khaled E, Elmansory BM. Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of some essential oils in experimentally immunosuppressed mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:733-743. [PMID: 38009149 PMCID: PMC10667177 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a serious intestinal disease affecting mal-nourished children and immunocompromised individuals with severe fatal diarrhea. Our present work was done to evaluate the possible curative effects of different essential oils (Mint, Thyme, Chamomile and Basil) on Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) in vivo compared with nitazoxanide (NTZ). Seventy immunosuppressed white Albino male mice were allocated in 7 groups as follows: group I infected and not treated (Positive control), group II (GII) treated with NTZ, group III (GIII) treated with Mint essential oil, group IV (GIV) treated with Thyme essential oil, group V (GV) treated with Chamomile essential oil, group VI (GVI) treated with Basil essential oil and group VII (GVII) naïve not infected mice (Negative control). Evaluation was done using parasitological, histopatholgical, serological as well as biochemical methods. All study groups revealed significant reduction (P value < 0.01) in the mean number of C. parvum oocysts in stool. Results of GII were the best with 87.7% reduction in the oocysts count followed by GIII (77.9%), GIV (74.7%), GVI (68.2%) and lastly GV (67.2%). Improvement of the histopathological damage in the small intestine was shown in treated groups. All treated mice showed significant upregulation in the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels, significant reduction in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (P value < 0.0001). It is concluded that Mint, Thyme, Chamomile and Basil oils showed promising anti-cryptosporidial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Madbouly Taha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab Sayed Zalat
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Khaled
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma M. Elmansory
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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41
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Salim AA, Butler MS, Blaskovich MAT, Henderson IR, Capon RJ. Natural products as anthelmintics: safeguarding animal health. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1754-1808. [PMID: 37555325 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Covering literature to December 2022This review provides a comprehensive account of all natural products (500 compounds, including 17 semi-synthetic derivatives) described in the primary literature up to December 2022, reported to be capable of inhibiting the egg hatching, motility, larval development and/or the survival of helminths (i.e., nematodes, flukes and tapeworms). These parasitic worms infect and compromise the health and welfare, productivity and lives of commercial livestock (i.e., sheep, cattle, horses, pigs, poultry and fish), companion animals (i.e., dogs and cats) and other high value, endangered and/or exotic animals. Attention is given to chemical structures, as well as source organisms and anthelmintic properties, including the nature of bioassay target species, in vivo animal hosts, and measures of potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Salim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072.
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Malka E, Margel S. Engineering of PVA/PVP Hydrogels for Agricultural Applications. Gels 2023; 9:895. [PMID: 37998985 PMCID: PMC10671072 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have gained significant popularity in agricultural applications in terms of minimizing waste and mitigating the negative environmental impact of agrochemicals. This review specifically examines the utilization of environmentally friendly, shapable hydrogels composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in various casings for crop protection against different pests, fertilizing, and watering. To activate their effectiveness, PVA/PVP hydrogels were loaded with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environmentally friendly pesticides, namely hydrogen peroxide (HP), the essential oil thymol, and urea as a fertilizer, either separately or in combination. This review covers various physical and chemical approaches used for loading, shaping, and controlling the release profiles of pesticides and fertilizers. Additionally, it explores the evaluation of the chemical composition, structure, classification, rheology, and morphology of the hydrogels as well as their impact on the thermal stability of the encapsulated pesticides and fertilizer, followed by biological tests. These hydrogels significantly contribute to the stabilization and controlled release of essential nutrients and biocides for plants, while maintaining excellent biocidal and fertilizing properties as well as sustainability characteristics. By shedding light on the latest insights into the concepts, applications, and results of these hydrogels, this review demonstrates their immense potential for widespread future use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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43
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Kaypetch R, Rudrakanjana P, Tua-Ngam P, Tosrisawatkasem O, Thairat S, Tonput P, Tantivitayakul P. Effects of two novel denture cleansers on multispecies microbial biofilms, stain removal and the denture surface: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:852. [PMID: 37951865 PMCID: PMC10640750 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuously increasing demand for removable denture appliances and the importance of adequate denture cleaning have led to the development of various denture cleansing products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two novel denture cleansing agents (GE and TM) and three commonly available cleansers (0.5% sodium hypochlorite; NaClO, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate; CHX, and Polident®; POL) on multispecies microbial biofilm formation, stain removal and physical properties of dentures. METHODS The antimicrobial activities of denture cleansing agents were determined against major oral opportunistic pathogens including Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, using time-kill assays. Multispecies microbial biofilms grown on acrylic resins for 72 h were generated to determine the antibiofilm effects of cleansing agents by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Evaluations of the tea and coffee stain removal properties and the alterations in the physical properties of dentures were also performed. The toxicity of cleanser residues released from denture acrylics to fibroblast cells was investigated using MTT assay. RESULTS All denture cleansing agents tested could effectively kill oral bacteria and Candida albicans. Furthermore, after immersion for more than 3 h, the cleansers Polident®, GE and TM could efficiently penetrate and inhibit multispecies denture biofilms with effects similar to 10 min of immersion in 0.5% NaClO. However, immersion in 0.12% CHX for 20 min showed less antibiofilm activity. The NaClO solution had the highest efficacy for removing stains from the artificial teeth. Conversely, the CHX solution enhanced tea and coffee staining, and the teeth immersed in this solution showed clinically unacceptable colour changes (ΔE > 5.5). However, the colour differences of teeth stained and immersed in POL, GE and TM cleansers were in the clinically acceptable range. There was no significant difference among the POL, GE and TM cleansers in terms of stain removal efficacy. The cleansers GE and TM did not alter the surface roughness and colour of the materials, moreover the residues of both cleansers did not exhibit cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Two novel denture cleansing agents containing natural products, GE and TM exhibited effective antimicrobial activity, antibiofilm and stain removal capabilities without toxicity or disturbance of the physical properties of acrylics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattiporn Kaypetch
- Research office, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Peerapong Tua-Ngam
- Research office, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orada Tosrisawatkasem
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothi Street, Rajthevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sarut Thairat
- Research office, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pairin Tonput
- Research office, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpen Tantivitayakul
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothi Street, Rajthevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Zabidi N'A, Zainal NN, Tawakkal ISMA, Mohd Basri MS, Ariffin SH, Naim MN. Effect of thymol on properties of bionanocomposites from poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene succinate)/nanofibrillated cellulose for food packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126212. [PMID: 37567533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study developed the formulation of active bionanocomposites films endowed with the abilities of high biodegradability and antimicrobials for active packaging applications. The aim of this work was to prepare poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene succinate) (PLA/PBS) blended films reinforced with different concentrations of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and 9 % of thymol essential oil (EO) using the casting method. The active films were further evaluated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); as well as mechanical, physical, water vapour permeability (WVP), thermal analysis (TGA), biodegradation, morphological, and antimicrobial (% reduction of bacteria) testing. The tensile strength (TS) of PLA/PBS blend films increased by 12 % with the incorporation of 2 wt% of NFC. The PLA/PBS/NFC with 9 % thymol EO has a good water barrier performance with its tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile modulus was 13.2 MPa, 13.1 %, and 513 MPa respectively. The presence of NFC promoted the disintegration of PLA/PBS films by 70.5 %. These films promoted the antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. The study demonstrates that the developed films improved the qualities of chicken fillets and have great potential to be used as active bionanocomposites in food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul 'Afifah Zabidi
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Najiha Zainal
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hajar Ariffin
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazli Naim
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Doghish AS, Shehabeldine AM, El-Mahdy HA, Hassanin MMH, Al-Askar AA, Marey SA, AbdElgawad H, Hashem AH. Thymus Vulgaris Oil Nanoemulsion: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:6910. [PMID: 37836753 PMCID: PMC10574288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oil nanoemulsions have received much attention due to their biological activities. Thus, a thyme essential oil nanoemulsion (Th-nanoemulsion) was prepared using a safe and eco-friendly method. DLS and TEM were used to characterize the prepared Th-nanoemulsion. Our findings showed that the nanoemulsion was spherical and ranged in size from 20 to 55.2 nm. The micro-broth dilution experiment was used to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of a Th-emulsion and the Th-nanoemulsion. The MIC50 values of the thymol nanoemulsion were 62.5 mg/mL against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca, 250 mg/mL against Bacillus cereus, and 125 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile, it emerged that the MIC50 values of thymol against four strains were not detected. Moreover, the Th-nanoemulsion exhibited promising antifungal activity toward A. brasiliensis and A. fumigatus, where inhibition zones and MIC50 were 20.5 ± 1.32 and 26.4 ± 1.34 mm, and 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the Th-nanoemulsion displayed weak antifungal activity toward C. albicans where the inhibition zone was 12.0 ± 0.90 and MIC was 50 mg/mL. Also, the Th-emulsion exhibited antifungal activity, but lower than that of the Th-nanoemulsion, toward all the tested fungal strains, where MIC was in the range of 12.5-50 mg/mL. The in vitro anticancer effects of Taxol, Th-emulsion, and Th-nanoemulsion were evaluated using the standard MTT method against breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). Additionally, the concentration of VEGFR-2 was measured, and the activities of caspase-8 (casp-8) and caspase-9 (casp-9) were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect was the most potent against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line after the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (20.1 ± 0.85 µg/mL), and was 125.1 ± 5.29 µg/mL after the Th-emulsion treatment. The lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value, 20.1 ± 0.85 µg/mL, was achieved when the MCF-7 cell line was treated with the Th-nanoemulsion. In addition, Th-nanoemulsion treatments on MCF-7 cells led to the highest elevations in casp-8 and casp-9 activities (0.66 ± 0.042 ng/mL and 17.8 ± 0.39 pg/mL, respectively) compared to those with Th-emulsion treatments. In comparison to that with the Th-emulsion (0.982 0.017 ng/mL), the VEGFR-2 concentration was lower with the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (0.672 ± 0.019ng/mL). In conclusion, the Th-nanoemulsion was successfully prepared and appeared in nanoform with a spherical shape according to DLS and TEM, and also exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, as well as anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt;
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Egypt;
| | - Amr M. Shehabeldine
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
| | - Hesham A. El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud M. H. Hassanin
- Ornamental, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Disease Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.-A.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Samy A. Marey
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.-A.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Amr H. Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
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Li T, Shi J, Wang L, Qin X, Zhou R, Dong M, Ren F, Li X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Liu Y, Piao Y, Shi Y, Xu S, Chen J, Li J. Thymol targeting interleukin 4 induced 1 expression reshapes the immune microenvironment to sensitize the immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e355. [PMID: 37655051 PMCID: PMC10466095 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockades are the most promising therapy in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the response rate remains limited, underscoring the urgent need for effective sensitizers. Interleukin 4 induced 1 (IL4I1) is reported to have immunoinhibitory and tumor-promoting effects in several cancers. However, the targetable value of IL4I1 in sensitizing the immunotherapy is not clear, and there is a lack of effective small molecules that specifically target IL4I1. Here, we show that silencing IL4I1 significantly remodels the immune microenvironment via inhibiting aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling, thereby enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody in LUAD, which suggests that IL4I1 is a potential drug target for the combination immunotherapy. We then identify thymol as the first small molecule targeting IL4I1 transcription through a drug screening. Thymol inhibits the IL4I1 expression and blocks AHR signaling in LUAD cells. Thymol treatment restores the antitumor immune response and suppresses the progression of LUAD in an orthotopic mouse model. Strikingly, the combination treatment of thymol with anti-PD-1 antibody shows significant tumor regression in LUAD mice. Thus, we demonstrate that thymol is an effective small molecule to sensitize the PD-1 blockade in LUAD via targeting IL4I1, which provides a novel strategy for the immunotherapy of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Lung Cancer SurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor MicroenvironmentLung Cancer InstituteTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Jie Shi
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | | | - Xuan Qin
- Department of Thyroid and Neck TumorTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Lung Cancer SurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor MicroenvironmentLung Cancer InstituteTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Fan Ren
- Department of Lung Cancer SurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor MicroenvironmentLung Cancer InstituteTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Lung Cancer SurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor MicroenvironmentLung Cancer InstituteTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Zihe Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer SurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor MicroenvironmentLung Cancer InstituteTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | | | - Yi Shi
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Lung Cancer SurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor MicroenvironmentLung Cancer InstituteTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer SurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor MicroenvironmentLung Cancer InstituteTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Jia Li
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
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47
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Pincigher L, Valenti F, Bergamini C, Prata C, Fato R, Amorati R, Jin Z, Farruggia G, Fiorentini D, Calonghi N, Zalambani C. Myrcene: A Natural Compound Showing Anticancer Activity in HeLa Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:6728. [PMID: 37764505 PMCID: PMC10537210 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, and myrcene are monoterpenes found in many essential oils extracted from a variety of plants and spices. Myrcene also occurs naturally in plants such as hops, cannabis, lemongrass, and verbena and is used as a flavoring agent in food and beverage manufacturing. In this research, the biological efficacy of γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, and myrcene was studied in human cell lines (HeLa, SH-SY5Y, and HDFa). Cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, cell migration, and morphology assays were performed to obtain detailed information on the anticancer properties. Our results show that myrcene has potential biological activity, especially in HeLa cells. In this cell line, it leads to an arrest of proliferation, a decrease in motility and morphological changes with loss of sphericity and thickness, and DNA damage. In addition, the interaction of γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, p-terpinene, and myrcene with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) was studied by UV-visible spectrophotometry. DNA binding experiments show that only myrcene can interact with DNA with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 29 × 10-6 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pincigher
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (F.V.); (C.B.); (C.P.); (R.F.); (G.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Francesca Valenti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (F.V.); (C.B.); (C.P.); (R.F.); (G.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (F.V.); (C.B.); (C.P.); (R.F.); (G.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (F.V.); (C.B.); (C.P.); (R.F.); (G.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (F.V.); (C.B.); (C.P.); (R.F.); (G.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Gobetti 83, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.A.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zongxin Jin
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Gobetti 83, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.A.); (Z.J.)
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (F.V.); (C.B.); (C.P.); (R.F.); (G.F.); (C.Z.)
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Via delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Fiorentini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (F.V.); (C.B.); (C.P.); (R.F.); (G.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Natalia Calonghi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (F.V.); (C.B.); (C.P.); (R.F.); (G.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chiara Zalambani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (F.V.); (C.B.); (C.P.); (R.F.); (G.F.); (C.Z.)
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48
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Aguzzi C, Perinelli DR, Cespi M, Zeppa L, Mazzara E, Maggi F, Petrelli R, Bonacucina G, Nabissi M. Encapsulation of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Essential Oils into Nanoemulsions for Potential Therapeutic Applications: Assessment of Cytotoxicological Profiles. Molecules 2023; 28:6479. [PMID: 37764255 PMCID: PMC10537312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), due to its bioactive compounds (terpenes and cannabinoids), has gained increasing interest in different fields, including for medical purposes. The evaluation of the safety profile of hemp essential oil (EO) and its encapsulated form (nanoemulsion, NE) is a relevant aspect for potential therapeutic applications. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicological effect of hemp EOs and NEs from cultivars Carmagnola CS and Uso 31 on three cell lines selected as models for topical and inhalant administration, by evaluating the cytotoxicity and the cytokine expression profiles. Results show that EOs and their NEs have comparable cytotoxicity, if considering the quantity of EO present in the NE. Moreover, cells treated with EOs and NEs showed, in most of the cases, lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared to Etoposide used as a positive control, and the basal level of inflammatory cytokines was not altered, suggesting a safety profile of hemp EOs and their NEs to support their use for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aguzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (C.A.); (L.Z.)
| | - Diego Romano Perinelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.R.P.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Marco Cespi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.R.P.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Laura Zeppa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (C.A.); (L.Z.)
| | - Eugenia Mazzara
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.R.P.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.R.P.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.R.P.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.R.P.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (F.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (C.A.); (L.Z.)
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49
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Bungau AF, Radu AF, Bungau SG, Vesa CM, Tit DM, Purza AL, Endres LM. Emerging Insights into the Applicability of Essential Oils in the Management of Acne Vulgaris. Molecules 2023; 28:6395. [PMID: 37687224 PMCID: PMC10489792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of pustules, comedones, nodules, and cysts defines acne vulgaris, a prevalent chronic inflammatory dermatological condition. In the past few decades, essential oils extracted from varied natural sources have acquired recognition due to their potential medicinal applications in acne therapy. However, there is not yet sufficient medical data to fully characterize this interaction. Multiple factors contribute to the development of acne vulgaris, including excessive sebaceous production, inflammatory processes, hyperkeratinization, and infection with Cutibacterium acnes. Essential oils, including oregano, lavender, lemon grass, myrtle, lemon, thyme, eucalyptus, rosemary, and tea tree, have been found to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which may target the multifactorial causes of acne. Analytical methods for determining antioxidant potential (i.e., total phenolic content, diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, ferrous ion chelating activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay, β-carotene bleaching assay, etc.) are essential for the evaluation of these essential oils, and their method optimization is crucial. Further studies could include the development of novel acne treatments incorporating essential oils and an assessment of their efficacy in large clinical trials. In addition, further research is necessary to ascertain the mechanisms of action of essential oils and their optimal doses and safety profiles for optimal implementation in the management of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Florina Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Cosmin Mihai Vesa
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Anamaria Lavinia Purza
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Laura Maria Endres
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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50
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Baloghová J, Michalková R, Baranová Z, Mojžišová G, Fedáková Z, Mojžiš J. Spice-Derived Phenolic Compounds: Potential for Skin Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:6251. [PMID: 37687080 PMCID: PMC10489044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells, primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Different types of skin cancer include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Despite the advancements in targeted therapies, there is still a need for a safer, highly efficient approach to preventing and treating cutaneous malignancies. Spices have a rich history dating back thousands of years and are renowned for their ability to enhance the flavor, taste, and color of food. Derived from various plant parts like seeds, fruits, bark, roots, or flowers, spices are important culinary ingredients. However, their value extends beyond the culinary realm. Some spices contain bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, which are known for their significant biological effects. These compounds have attracted attention in scientific research due to their potential health benefits, including their possible role in disease prevention and treatment, such as cancer. This review focuses on examining the potential of spice-derived phenolic compounds as preventive or therapeutic agents for managing skin cancers. By compiling and analyzing the available knowledge, this review aims to provide insights that can guide future research in identifying new anticancer phytochemicals and uncovering additional mechanisms for combating skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Baloghová
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.B.); (Z.B.); (Z.F.)
| | - Radka Michalková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Zuzana Baranová
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.B.); (Z.B.); (Z.F.)
| | - Gabriela Mojžišová
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Zuzana Fedáková
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (J.B.); (Z.B.); (Z.F.)
| | - Ján Mojžiš
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
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