Effect of Ginger on Inflammatory Diseases

Deciphering the role of cell signaling pathways in gout pathogenesis and the therapeutic potential of phytoconstituents in their modulation

PURPOSE

Gout, a type of inflammatory arthritis, arises from the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in joints, leading to severe pain and inflammation. While conventional treatments, such as uric acid-lowering agents and anti-inflammatory drugs, are effective, they are often associated with adverse effects. This review aims to explore the potential of phytoconstituents as alternative therapeutic agents for gout, focusing on their mechanisms of action and strategies to enhance their clinical efficacy.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze the role of phytochemicals in gout management. Key compounds such as quercetin, curcumin, and resveratrol were examined for their effects on inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and uric acid regulation. Furthermore, advancements in drug delivery systems, including nanotechnology-based formulations and CRISPR-mediated pathway modulation, were explored to address the limitations of phytoconstituents.

RESULTS

Phytoconstituents demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory properties. These compounds modulated critical pathways such as NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, and MAPK, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and uric acid levels. However, poor bioavailability and rapid metabolism remain key challenges, necessitating advanced formulation strategies to enhance their therapeutic potential.

CONCLUSION

Phytoconstituents offer a promising alternative for gout treatment by targeting multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Integrating nanotechnology and gene-editing approaches may improve their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Further research is warranted to facilitate clinical translation and optimize their application in gout management.

A Neutral Glucan Extracted from Dried Ginger (Zingiberis Rhizoma): Preparation, Structure Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity

A neutral glucan, GJ0D, was obtained from dried ginger (Zingiberis rhizoma) by enzymatic extraction and purification with column chromatography. The fine structure of GJ0D was assessed through monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. GJ0D has a relative molecular weight of 4.0 KDa and possesses a backbone consisting of 1,4-linked α-Glcp with substitution at C-6 of Glcp by T-Glcp. Immunoactivity assessment showed that GJ0D significantly upregulates the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was also increased in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the expression of several proteins associated with immune activation signaling pathways including TLR4, the phosphorylation of IKKβ, and NF-κB (p100 and p52) were significantly upregulated by GJ0D. These results suggest that GJ0D could promote inflammation through the TLR4/IKKβ/P100 signaling pathway, suggesting a potential application as an immunomodulating agent.

Understanding the role of ethosomes in rheumatoid arthritis: innovative solutions to challenges in transdermal delivery of synthetic drugs and phytoconstituents

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease, is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the joints leading to severe damage and cartilage destruction. Current therapies for RA such as DMARDs, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids and phytoconstituents often face challenges related to solubility and transdermal permeability. Considering the barriers posed by the stratum corneum in transdermal drug delivery, ethosomes have shown promising results in overcoming these hurdles. The presence of ethanol in ethosomes imparts flexibility and disrupts the skin's lipid bilayer, allowing for transdermal penetration. Researchers have explored the potential of ethosomal drug delivery systems loaded with various synthetic drugs and phytoconstituents for the management of RA. Despite promising preclinical findings, these systems have yet to transition from the bench to the bedside, and there is a lack of comprehensive review papers highlighting the potential of ethosomes in RA treatment. Considering the commercial challenges in scaling up such nano systems, this review aims to analyse the current state of the art and advancements in ethosomal formulations loaded with synthetic agents and phytoconstituents. Further, it explores the impact of excipients and processing parameters, on the preparation of ethosomes and their efficacy in overcoming skin barriers, to enhance the permeability of therapeutic agents.

Effect of precursors on carbon dot functionalization and applications: a review

Carbon dots (CDs) are a type of carbon-based nanoparticle (NP) that have risen in popularity due to their unique tuneable physicochemical and optical properties. CDs have received a significant amount of attention in biological based applications due to their low cytotoxicity, stable photoluminescence, and small size. They have demonstrated the ability to retain certain properties from their carbon precursors, enabling NP design via precursor selection. Thus, direct functionalization of a CD can be achieved without the need for post synthesis modification. However, CDs derived from the same class of carbon precursor can also have profoundly variable applications. Indicating that, in conjunction with precursor properties, other functional attributes can be imposed on the CD during the synthesis process to enable cross-cutting applications from a single carbon precursor. Here, we will highlight various CD precursors and the resulting multifunctional CDs, as well as rational design of CDs for specific biological and materials science applications via precursor selection.

Pharmacological modes of plant-derived compounds for targeting inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive review on immunomodulatory perspective

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory disease characterized by joint inflammation, synovial swelling, loss of articular structures, swelling, and pain. RA is a major cause of discomfort and disability worldwide, associated with infectious agents, genetic determinants, epigenetic factors, advancing age, obesity, and smoking. Although conventional therapies for RA alleviate the symptoms, but their long-term use is associated with significant side effects. This necessitates the urge to discover complementary and alternative medicine from natural products with minimum side effects.

PURPOSE

In this review, natural product's potential mechanism of action against RA has been documented in the setting of in-vivo, in-vitro and pre-clinical trials, which provides new treatment opportunities for RA patients. The bioefficacy of these natural product's bioactive compounds must be further studied to discover novel natural medications for RA with high selectivity, improved effectiveness, and economic replacement with minimum side effects.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The current review article was designed systematically in chronological order. Plants and their phytochemicals are discussed in an order concerning their mode of action. All the mechanisms of action are depicted in diagrams which are thoroughly generated by the Chembiodraw to maintain the integrity of the work. Moreover, by incorporating the recent data with simple language which is not incorporated previously, we tried to provide a molecular insight to the readers of every level and ethnicity. Moreover, Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Science Direct databases were used to collect the data.

SOLUTION

Traditionally, various plant extracts and bioactive compounds are effectively used against RA, but their comprehensive pharmacological mechanistic actions are rarely discussed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to systematically review the efficacy and proposed mechanisms of action of different plants and their bioactive compounds including Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (celastrol and triptolide), Nigella sativa (thymoquinone), Zingiber officinale (shogaols, zingerone), Boswellia serrata (boswellic acids), Curcuma longa (curcumin), and Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) against rheumatoid arthritis.

CONCLUSION

These plants have strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-arthritic effects in different study designs of rheumatoid arthritis with negligible side effects. Phytomedicines could revolutionize pharmacology as they act through alternative pathways hence seeming biocompatible.

6-shogaol alleviates excessive neuronal autophagy and calcium overload following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the expression of DAPK1

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is the primary pathological mechanism of ischemic stroke, leading to neuronal damage and triggering a series of pathological changes. This study investigates the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of 6-shogaol (6-SH) in CIRI. By establishing an in vitro OGD/R model and a rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model, we found that 6-SH significantly improved neuronal viability, alleviated pathological damage, and reduced autophagosome formation. Additionally, 6-SH treatment markedly inhibited the expression of DAPK1, decreased intracellular calcium ion concentration, and mitigated excessive autophagy. Mechanistic studies indicated that 6-SH reduces neuronal injury induced by CIRI by modulating DAPK1 phosphorylation and inhibiting its activity. This discovery provides a theoretical basis for considering 6-SH as a potential neuroprotective agent and offers new insights for clinical treatment of ischemic stroke.

In vitro evaluation of human enamel remineralization after treatment with Ginger, Ashwaganda and Maca herbal dentifrices versus commercially available fluoride containing dentifrice

BACKGROUND

Compare the remineralization efficiency of Ginger, Ashwaghanda and Maca dentifrices versus commercially fluoride containing dentifrice.

METHODS

Ginger, Ashwaghanda and Maca extracts were prepared by solvent extraction methodology and were characterized using transmission electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The pH of the dentifrices was evaluated by pH meter. Eighty teeth were collected and divided into five groups according to the treatment protocol. Enamel morphology was carried out by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy for the analysis of calcium, phosphorus, Ca/P ratio and carbon. Surface microhardness was evaluated by Vickers micro-hardness tester. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05).

RESULTS

Characterization results showed the highest calcium, phosphorus and fluoride ion release were associated to Maca, Ashwaganda and Ginger respectively. The pH results revealed that Ginger dentifrice exhibited the most alkaline pH, whereas Ashwaganda dentifrice exhibited the most acidic pH. Morphological analysis revealed that Ashwaganda showed lower remineralization ability compared to the other treated groups. Maca showed significant higher Ca/P ratio compared to other groups (p < 0.001) and Ginger showed significant higher surface microhardness recovery compared to Ashwaganda (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Ginger and Maca are promising remineralizing agents.

Association of Antioxidant Diet with Risk of Hyperemesis Gravidarum Among Chinese Pregnant Women: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

(1) Background: Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiologic of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). Epidemiological studies have explored the associations of specific antioxidant foods and nutrients with HG. However, evidence regarding the relationship between an antioxidant-rich diet and the risk of HG remains limited. The objective of this research was to explore the relationship between antioxidant-rich diet and HG. (2) Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study. A total of 2980 pregnant women were included in our population. A composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) was calculated by summing the standardized intakes of vitamins A, C, and E, selenium, zinc, and total carotene. A dietary antioxidant potential score (DAPS) was derived using reduced rank regression. Binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the associations of CDAI and DAPS with risk of HG. (3) Results: In total, 241 (8.09%) cases of HG were identified in this study. After adjusting for potential confounders, including age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, physical activity, current smoking status, current alcohol consumption, pre-pregnancy body mass index, nutritional supplement usage, total energy intake, gestational week, menstruation regularity, family history of HG, primigravida status, and quality of life during pregnancy, ORs (95% CIs) of HG in the highest tertiles were 0.31 (0.21-0.47) for CDAI and 0.41 (0.28-0.57) for DAPS when comparing lowest tertiles (all p-trend < 0.001). Such associations remained robust across multiple sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses. (4) Conclusions: Higher CDAI and DAPS, indicative of greater adherence to an antioxidant-rich diet, were associated with a lower risk of HG. This finding underscores the crucial role of consuming antioxidant-rich foods in the prevention of HG.

Phytochemical analysis of dried ginger extract and its inhibitory effect and mechanism on Helicobacter pylori and associated ureases

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), one of the most common infectious pathogens in the world, can cause gastritis, digestive ulcers, and even gastric cancer. H. pylori urease (HPU) is a distinctive virulence factor of H. pylori that allows it to be distinguished from other pathogens. Dried ginger is a famous edible and medicinal herb that is commonly used to prevent and treat gastrointestinal tract-related diseases. In this study, phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of dried ginger (DGE) and the inhibition of DGE on H. pylori was investigated. Subsequently, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of DGE against enzymes including HPU and jack bean urease (JBU) and determined its potential mechanism of action. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated that a total of 63 compounds including seven glycosides, nine terpenoids, two esters, seven phenols, eight lignans, five phenylpropanoids, and four phenolic acids were identified in DGE. DGE was observed to inhibit the growth of four H. pylori strains (ATCC 43504, NCTC 26695, SS1, and ICDC 111001) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values spanning the range of 0.05 to 1.50 mg mL-1. Moreover, DGE has higher enzyme inhibitory activity on HPU (IC50 = 0.49 ± 0.01 mg mL-1) than on JBU (IC50 = 0.54 ± 0.01 mg mL-1). Enzyme inhibitory kinetic analysis revealed that the inhibition type of DGE against HPU was slow-binding and anti-competitive, whereas it was slow-binding and mixed type on JBU. A further mechanism study indicated that the protective effect of sulfhydryl-containing compounds on enzyme activity was significantly better than that of inorganic compounds, indicating that the action site of DGE inhibition of enzyme was the sulfhydryl residue. The results of DTT reactivation experiments showed that the DGE-urease complex was reversible. Furthermore, molecular docking investigation showed that the main components of DGE interacted with sulfhydryl groups and Ni2+. In conclusion, DGE effectively inhibited the growth of H. pylori and the activity of its key virulence factor urease. And the in-depth study of the kinetic characteristics and the mechanism of action showed that the active site sulfhydryl group and Ni2+ might be the targets of urease inhibition by DGE. Our study may provide experimental evidence for the traditional application of dried ginger in the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastric diseases.

Selected Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Agents in IBD

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can cause significant psychological, physical, and economic burdens on patients and healthcare systems. Studies show over one-fifth of patients will seek nontraditional methods of treatment for managing their symptoms. Understanding the benefits - and potential harms - of these therapies is important to provide holistic and evidence-based care to our IBD patients.

RECENT FINDINGS

In this review, we present several studied herbal therapies for the management of both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These include cannabinoids, Tripterygium wilfordii, Chios mastic gum, Boswellia serrata, Indigo Naturalis, curcumin, resveratrol, and Zingiber officinale. While these herbal remedies have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and positive outcomes in IBD patients, larger scale studies are lacking and the use may be limited by bioavailability, lack of standardization of formulations, and adverse reactions. In reviewing the literature, we discuss the current data available including benefits, adverse reactions, and considerations for use surrounding several of the more common herbal remedies used for IBD.

Natural product extract fractions as potential arthritis treatments: A detailed analysis using in-silico, in-vivo, and in-vitro methods

Two characteristics of the systemic autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA) include extra-articular involvement and inflammatory arthritis. It is a long-term inflammatory condition that mostly affects the synovial joints and is often triggered by a confluence of environmental factors, including tobacco use, and genetics. The review investigates natural products' role in arthritis through three key approaches. In-silico analysis identifies molecular mechanisms and targets of these products, revealing their potential for therapeutic use. In-vivo studies evaluate how well these products work and their safety in reducing joint inflammation. In-vitro studies focus on how these compounds interact at the cellular level and their effects on signaling pathways. Together, these approaches offer a comprehensive understanding of how natural products could benefit arthritis management. This review focuses on translational studies and highlights the possible role of natural compounds as adjunctive therapies to conventional arthritis treatments. In conclusion, this study indicates that natural products have potential advantages in treating osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis based on in-silico analysis which shows anti-inflammatory effects, in-vivo studies that reduce joint inflammation, and in-vitro studies that amplify arthritis management. To improve the therapeutic advantages of natural products utilized for treating arthritis, an all-inclusive examination has been done to give direction for the following research efforts.

Medical Students' Knowledge and Perceptions of Herbal Medicine in Saudi Arabia: Should Medical Schools Take Immediate Action?

Background

Herbal medicine is integral to Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, which seeks to improve the healthcare system and promote alternative practices while ensuring safety through education and research. This study aims to evaluate medical students' knowledge and perceptions regarding herbal medicine in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students in three medical colleges in Saudi Arabia over a six-month period from 1 February to 31 July 2024. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the participants' characteristics, and categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. A chi-square test was used to test the relationships between variables. A p-value of < 0.05 was taken to indicate statistical significance.

Results

In total, 592 participants were included in the study. Females represented 65.7% of the participants. While 72.6% of the students agreed that medical students lack proper knowledge about the use of herbal medicines, 64.9% preferred having an elective course in complementary medicine (including herbal medicine). Also, 40.9% of students use herbal medicine believing they do not require expert knowledge and can safely experiment with various herbs, and 22.3% use it because they perceive it as having no side effects due to its natural ingredients. The most reported sources of information included family and friends (53.2%), whereas traditional herbalists (Attar) were the most reported sources of herbs (49.3%). The most used herbs among medical students were ginger (83%), turmeric (48.1%), chamomile (46.3%), and myrrh (26.5%). Only 37.7% of students who used herbs had an overall good knowledge and perception of them (P = 0.001). Gender showed a significant relationship with herb use among the students: 95.4% of female students used herbs, compared with 92.6% of male students (P = 0.049).

Conclusion

A considerable proportion of medical students demonstrated insufficient knowledge and perception regarding the use of herbal medicine. To improve their understanding, it is essential to integrate comprehensive courses, organize workshops led by experts, promote research and clinical experiences, and establish patient education initiatives.

Health-Related Messages About Herbs, Spices, and Other Botanicals Appearing in Print Issues and Websites of Legacy Media: Content Analysis and Evaluation

BACKGROUND

Legacy media are publications that existed before the internet. Many of these have migrated to a web format, either replacing or in parallel to their print issues. Readers place an economic value on access to the information presented as they pay for subscriptions and place a higher degree of trust in their content. Much has been written about inaccurate and misleading health information in social media; however, the content and accuracy of information contained in legacy media has not been examined in detail. Discussion of herbs, spices, and other botanicals has been absent from this context.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this study were to (1) identify the health associations of botanical products mentioned in legacy media targeted to a range of demographic groups and (2) evaluate these health associations for accuracy against published scientific studies.

METHODS

In total, 10 popular magazines targeting a range of gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation demographic groups were selected for analysis. Relevant content was extracted and coded over 1 year. Associations between specific botanical products and health factors were identified. For the most frequent botanical-health application associations, a PubMed search was conducted to identify reviews corresponding to each item's indicated applications. Where no systematic reviews were available, single research studies were sought.

RESULTS

A total of 237 unique botanical products were identified. There were 128 mentions of these in the print issues and 1215 on the websites. In total, 18 health applications were identified and used to categorize the indicated uses for the various products individually and as general categories. The most frequently mentioned applications were skin care, with 913 mentions, immunity enhancement, with 705 mentions, gastrointestinal health and probiotics, with 184 mentions, and cognitive function (stress and mental health), with 106 mentions. Comparison to published literature evaluating the efficacy of these functions identified positive support for aloe vera, argan oil, chamomile, jojoba oil, lavender, rosemary, and tea tree oil in skin care. Berries, ginger, turmeric, and green tea had the strongest evidence for a role in immunity enhancement. Ginger and oats were supported as having a role in gastrointestinal health. Finally, berries, lavender, ashwagandha, and cannabidiol were supported as having a role in managing stress. Other frequently mentioned items such as aloe vera, ashwagandha, or mushrooms for immunity were less strongly supported.

CONCLUSIONS

Comparison of the most prevalent associations between botanical products and health applications to published literature indicates that, overall, these associations were consistent with current scientific reports about the health applications of botanical products. While some products had a greater degree of research support than others, truly egregious falsehoods were absent. Therefore, legacy media may be considered a credible source of information to readers about these topics.

Ganjiang Huangqin Huanglian Renshen Decoction protects against ulcerative colitis by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a disease that is difficult to treat and has been associated with high rates of recurrence. Moreover, the current medications for UC induce serious side effects following prolonged use. Ganjiang Huangqin Huanglian Renshen Decoction (GJHQHLRSD), has been traditionally used to treat UC. However, its protective mechanisms have not been fully studied.

PURPOSE

In this study the mechanisms by which GJHQHLRSD treats UC was investigated.

METHODS

The GJHQHLRSD and GJHQHLRSD drug-containing serum (GJHQHLRSD-DS) were characterized using LC-MS/MS. The therapeutic effect of GJHQHLRSD on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC was explored by assessing various parameters including intestinal flora 16S rRNA, intestinal barrier function, oxidative stress (OS) response, inflammatory cytokines, colonic histopathological injury, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) and body weight.

RESULTS

Treatment with GJHQHLRSD increased body weight, ameliorated colon length shortening and edema, reduced the DAI score, improved the pathological injury, down-regulated the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, LPS, LDH, TLR4, and NLRP3, and up-regulated the ZO-1 and Occludin levels in UC mice. It also decreased intestinal oxidative stress in UC mice and improved mitogenic activity by modulating mitochondrial ultrastructure as well as the expression level of PINK1, LC3-II/Ⅰ, Beclin-1, p62, and Parkin proteins. In addition, we found that the effects of GJHQHLRSD on UC mice were inhibited by 3-MA.GJHQHLRSD treatment reduced the imbalance of intestinal flora in UC mice, by regulating the inflammation and oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggested that GJHQHLRSD effectively attenuated inflammatory responses, inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling, oxidative stress, and modulated the gut microbiota, and alleviated the DSS-induced UC symptoms, making it a promising and innovative therapeutic option for the treatment of UC.

Therapeutic Potential of Ginger Exosome-Like Nanoparticles for Alleviating Periodontitis-Induced Tissue Damage

Purpose

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory oral disease that causes defects in periodontal tissue. Conventional therapies are limited, and often lead to high recurrence rates. The emerging concept of medicinal food homology has shed light on the potential of ginger as a therapeutic adjuvant for periodontitis, given its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, fresh ginger exhibits poor stability and bioavailability. Ginger exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs), a derivative of ginger, have not been reported to exert therapeutic effects in periodontitis. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of GELNs on tissue damage caused by periodontitis and their underlying mechanisms of action.

Methods

The GELNs composition was analyzed using a widely targeted metabolome. Stability was assessed using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and zeta potential measurements, flavor was evaluated using an electronic nose, and membrane penetration was studied using confocal microscopy. A periodontitis model was established in SD rats, periodontal clinical indicators were monitored, and histological changes were assessed using H&E and TRAP staining. Co-culture experiments investigate the antioxidant and reparative abilities of GELNs on periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) in inflammatory environment. NF-κB protein expression was examined by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry.

Results

The findings revealed that GELNs demonstrated good stability in different environments and mitigated the pungent taste of the raw ginger. In vivo experiments showed that GELNs improved periodontal clinical parameters and pathology compared with ginger juice. In vitro data suggested that GELNs enhanced the proliferation and migration of PDLFs while reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway in an inflammatory setting.

Conclusion

This study is the first to demonstrate that GELNs have a potential therapeutic effect on periodontitis. GELNs can alleviate oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory reactions by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings provide a promising method for the treatment of periodontitis by regulating an unbalanced OS state.

Neutrophil extracellular traps: Potential targets for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with traditional Chinese medicine and natural products

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease. Abnormal formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) at the synovial membrane leads to the release of many inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Elastase, histone H3, and myeloperoxidase, which are carried by NETs, damage the soft tissues of the joints and aggravate the progression of RA. The balance of NET formation coordinates the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects and plays a key role in the development of RA. Therefore, when NETs are used as effector targets, highly targeted drugs with fewer side effects can be developed to treat RA without damaging the host immune system. Currently, an increasing number of studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicines and natural products can regulate the formation of NETs through multiple pathways to counteract RA, which shows great potential for the treatment of RA and has a promising future for clinical application. In this article, we review the latest biological progress in understanding NET formation, the mechanism of NETs in RA, and the potential targets or pathways related to the modulation of NET formation by Chinese medicines and natural products. This review provides a relevant basis for the use of Chinese medicines and natural products as natural adjuvants in the treatment of RA.

6-Gingerol improves lipid metabolism disorders in skeletal muscle by regulating AdipoR1/AMPK signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

To delve into the precise mechanisms by which 6-gingerol ameliorates lipid metabolism disorders in skeletal muscle.

METHODS

The level of triglycerides (TG) was used to evaluate lipid deposition. In skeletal muscle, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to observe mitochondrial morphology. Additionally, PCR was applied to detect mitochondrial biogenesis, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), glutathione, r-glutamyl cysteingl+glycine (GSH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were measured to assess mitochondrial oxidative stress levels. In vivo, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to quantify reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, the Seahorse XF assays was utilized to assess mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Fluorescence confocal microscopy and molecular docking were applied to analyze the binding of 6-gingerol and adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1). The expression of AdipoR1, AMPK, PGC-1α and SIRT1 were detected by Western Blot.

RESULTS

In vivo, 6-gingerol could reduce body weight in mice induced by a high-fat diet, enhance metabolic profiles in plasma, decrease lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle and liver, and elevate adiponectin levels. In skeletal muscle, it could restore mitochondrial morphology, boost mitochondrial copy number and biogenesis, and mitigate oxidative stress. In vitro, 6-gingerol may directly interact with AdipoR1 to upregulate the expression of downstream proteins p-AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC-1α, leading to a reduction in lipid deposition, a decrease in ROS production, an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, and an enhancement of mitochondrial respiratory capacity in C2C12 myotubes.

CONCLUSION

6-Gingerol ameliorated lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle by regulating the AdipoR1/AMPK signaling pathway.

Practical supplements for prevention and management of migraine attacks: a narrative review

Background

Migraine is one of the most debilitating neurological disorders that causes frequent attacks of headaches and affects approximately 11% of the global population. Deficient or even insufficient levels of vital nutrients would increase the severity and frequency of migraine attacks. Therefore, we aimed to examine the practical supplements for the prevention and management of migraine attacks.

Method

This narrative review study was conducted by searching PubMed, ISI web of science, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Scopus using the keywords of "dietary supplement" and "migraine" plus their MeSH terms. Original articles published in English language from their inception to July 27th, 2024, studies that investigated adult population (aged >18 years), and those assessing the impact of intended nutrient supplementation on clinical symptoms of migraine were included in the study.

Result

Oxidative stress and low intake of antioxidants would be risk factors for migraine attacks by inducing inflammation. The secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, would lead to neuroinflammation and migraine episodes by increasing the cellular permeability and interactions. Evidence also indicated a direct association between phases of migraine attacks and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), mitochondrial disorders, monoaminergic pathway, disruption in brain energy metabolism, and higher serum levels of glutamate and homocysteine. Therefore, supplementation with nutrients involved in mitochondrial function, brain energy metabolism, and even methyl donors would relieve migraine attacks.

Conclusion

Evidence indicated that supplementation with riboflavin, omega-3 fatty acids, alpha lipoic acid, magnesium, probiotics, coenzyme Q10, ginger, and caffeine would have favorable effects on migraine patients. However, more prospective studies are required to evaluate the effect of other nutrients on migraine patients.

6-Gingerol Inhibits De Novo Lipogenesis by Targeting Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase to Alleviate Fructose-Induced Hepatic Steatosis

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), also known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a worldwide liver disease without definitive or widely used therapeutic drugs in clinical practice. In this study, we confirm that 6-gingerol (6-G), an active ingredient of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), can alleviate fructose-induced hepatic steatosis. It was found that 6-G significantly decreased hyperlipidemia caused by high-fructose diets (HFD) in rats, and reversed the increase in hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and triglyceride (TG) levels induced by HFD, both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, chemical proteomics and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA)-proteomics approaches revealed that stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a direct binding target of 6-G, which was confirmed by further CETSA assay and molecular docking. Meanwhile, it was found that 6-G could not alter SCD expression (in either mRNA or protein levels), but inhibited SCD activity (decreasing the desaturation levels of fatty acids) in HFD-fed rats. Furthermore, SCD deficiency mimicked the ability of 6-G to reduce lipid accumulation in HF-induced HepG2 cells, and impaired the improvement in hepatic steatosis brought about by 6-G treatment in HFD supplemented with oleic acid diet-induced SCD1 knockout mice. Taken together, our present study demonstrated that 6-G inhibits DNL by targeting SCD to alleviate fructose diet-induced hepatic steatosis.

Unraveling Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Involvement in Psoriasis: The Promise of Antioxidant Therapies

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by immune dysregulation and aberrant keratinocyte proliferation. Despite tremendous advances in understanding its etiology, effective therapies that target its fundamental mechanisms remain necessary. Recent research highlights the role of reactive oxygen species dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in psoriasis pathogenesis. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species mediate cellular signaling pathways involved in psoriasis, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation, leading to oxidative stress, exacerbating inflammation and tissue damage if dysregulated. This review explores oxidative stress biomarkers and parameters in psoriasis, including myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase, sirtuins, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, oxidative stress index, total oxidant status, and total antioxidant status. These markers provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Modulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels and enhancing antioxidant defenses can alleviate inflammation and oxidative damage, improving patient outcomes. Natural antioxidants like quercetin, curcumin, gingerol, resveratrol, and other antioxidants show promise as complementary treatments targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review aims to guide the development of personalized therapeutic methods and diagnostic techniques, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive clinical studies to validate the efficacy and safety of these interventions, paving the way for more effective and holistic psoriasis care.

The effect of oral supplementation of ginger on glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus - A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Ginger, a root originating in Southeast Asia, has several therapeutic benefits to human health, including antioxidant activity. Currently, there are discussions regarding the hypoglycemic properties of dietary supplements derived from its phenolic compounds in the management of chronic diseases. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and complex disease that requires continuous treatment, with glycemic control being decisive in the management of hyperglycemia.

AIM

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify the effects of oral supplementation of ginger in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients undergoing randomized clinical trial studies.

METHODS

Across the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, randomized controlled trials that examined the role of ginger in T2DM until January 2022 were systematically researched. The parameters used to assess T2DM treatment control were Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Bias risk assessment of the studies was performed using the RoB 2.0 tool. Meta-analysis was performed considering data compatibility.

RESULTS

Five studies were included in the analysis. Capsules containing Zingiber officinale powder were supplemented twice a day. The dose ranged from 1.2 to 2g/day, and the intervention period ranged from 4 to 12 weeks. Meta-analysis results indicated no significant effect of ginger supplementation on FBS or HbA1c. However, individual studies reported mixed results, with two studies showing a significant reduction in FBS. This suggests that while ginger may have potential as an adjuvant therapy, its overall impact on glycemic control in T2DM is not statistically significant when results are pooled.

CONCLUSION

Currently published articles are still limited, requiring further studies of high methodological quality to verify the effectiveness of ginger supplementation on T2DM parameters control.

Assessment of the anticancer potential of certain phenolic and flavonoid components in ginger capsules using colorectal cancer cell lines coupled with quantitative analysis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cause of malignant tumor death. The development of novel, more effective drugs is desperately needed to treat CRC. Zingiber officinale is believed to possess anticancer properties due to its flavonoids and phenols. Using Soxhlet (SOXT) and maceration (MACR) techniques, the present study aimed to evaluate the amounts of quercetin, gallic acid, rutin, naringin, and caffeic acid in ginger capsules of Z. officinale. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ultraviolet was used for separation and quantitation. In vitro toxicity evaluation of ginger capsules on the CRC cell line HT-29 was also conducted to assess the anticancer activity of the supplement. The cell line HT-29 (HTB-38) colorectal adenocarcinoma was utilized for the antiproliferative effect of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. Ginger herbal supplement extract at dosages of 200 and 100 μg had strong cytotoxic effects (IC50 < 50 μg/mL) on HT-29 CRC cells via MACR. This extract is comparable to the SOXT extract, which has an IC50 of less than 50 μg/mL. The anticancer effect of ginger herbal supplement formulations against CRC lines was investigated, and the results obtained from both the MACR and SOXT extraction procedures were noteworthy. The quercetin content was the highest of all the extracts according to the HPLC data.

Ameliorative Effects of Ginger on Allergic Diseases: An Updated Review

The hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system to harmless environmental substances causes allergic diseases. Today, about 22%-30% of the world's population suffers from allergic diseases. Since the probability of change in the genetic structure during the past decades of lives is very low, genetic disorders cannot be blamed for causing allergic diseases. Thus, factors such as air pollution, climate change, change in diet, increased antibiotics consumption, change in the gut microbiome, migration toward urban areas, and increase in airborne allergens should be considered as the main causes of the spread and increase in allergic diseases. Methods of preventing contact with allergens, drug treatment, and allergen-specific immunotherapy are used to treat allergic diseases. In recent years, the therapeutic efficacy of herbal compounds has been significantly investigated by the scientific community, because these compounds have very few side effects. Ginger is one of the plant compounds that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The ameliorative effects of this plant on allergic diseases have been identified. Therefore, the aim of this short review is to summarize the knowledge, which is available about the ameliorative properties of the compounds found in the ginger plant that can reduce the clinical symptoms of allergic diseases.

Keys to the switch of fat burning: stimuli that trigger the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) activation in adipose tissue

As one of the main pathogenic factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, the incidence of metabolic diseases such as adiposity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasing annually. It is urgent and crucial to find more therapeutic targets to treat these diseases. Mainly expressed in brown adipocytes, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is key to the thermogenesis of classical brown adipose tissue (BAT). Furthermore, white adipose tissue (WAT) is likely to express more UCP1 and subsequently acquire the ability to undergo thermogenesis under certain stimuli. Therefore, targeting and activating UCP1 to promote increased BAT thermogenesis and browning of WAT are helpful in treating metabolic diseases, such as adiposity and MASLD. In this case, the stimuli that activate UCP1 are emerging. Therefore, we summarize the thermogenic stimuli that have activated UCP1 in recent decades, among which cold exposure is one of the stimuli first discovered to activate BAT thermogenesis. As a convenient and efficient therapy with few side effects and good metabolic benefits, physical exercise can also activate the expression of UCP1 in adipose tissue. Notably, for the first time, we have summarized and demonstrated the stimuli of traditional Chinese medicines that can activate UCP1, such as acupuncture, Chinese herbal formulas, and Chinese medicinal herbs. Moreover, pharmacological agents, functional foods, food ingredients, and the gut microbiota are also commonly associated with regulating and activating UCP1. The identification and analysis of UCP1 stimuli can greatly facilitate our understanding of adipose tissue thermogenesis, including the browning of WAT. Thus, it is more conducive to further research and therapy for glucose and lipid metabolism disorders.

Coumarin: A natural solution for alleviating inflammatory disorders

Coumarin, a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. Recent research has highlighted its anti-inflammatory properties, positioning it as a promising candidate for treating inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. This narrative review aims to comprehensively summarize the current knowledge regarding coumarin's pharmacological effects in alleviating inflammatory conditions by analyzing preclinical and clinical studies. The review focuses on elucidating the mechanisms through which coumarin exerts its anti-inflammatory effects, including its antioxidant activity, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and modulation of immune cell functions. Additionally, the paper addresses potential limitations of using coumarin, such as concerns about toxicity at high doses or with prolonged use. Before widespread clinical application, further investigation is needed to fully understand coumarin's potential benefits and risks.

Coadministration of 6-Shogaol and Levodopa Alleviates Parkinson's Disease-Related Pathology in Mice

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, leading to motor and non-motor dysfunctions, such as depression, olfactory dysfunction, and memory impairment. Although levodopa (L-dopa) has been the gold standard PD treatment for decades, it only relieves motor symptoms and has no effect on non-motor symptoms or disease progression. Prior studies have reported that 6-shogaol, the active ingredient in ginger, exerts a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons by suppressing neuroinflammation in PD mice. This study investigated whether cotreatment with 6-shogaol and L-dopa could attenuate both motor and non-motor symptoms and dopaminergic neuronal damage. Both 6-shogaol (20 mg/kg) and L-dopa (80 mg/kg) were orally administered to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid- induced PD model mice for 26 days. The experimental results showed that L-dopa alleviated motor symptoms, but had no significant effect on non-motor symptoms, loss of dopaminergic neuron, or neuroinflammation. However, when mice were treated with 6-shogaol alone or in combination L-dopa, an amelioration in both motor and non-motor symptoms such as depression-like behavior, olfactory dysfunction and memory impairment was observed. Moreover, 6-shogaol-only or co-treatment with 6-shogaol and L-dopa protected dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and reduced neuroinflammation in the striatum and substantia nigra. Overall, these results suggest that 6-shogaol can effectively complement L-dopa by improving non-motor dysfunction and restoring dopaminergic neurons via suppressing neuroinflammation.

6-gingerol and its derivatives inhibit Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal inflammation and improve gastrin and somatostatin secretion

The resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has increased in recent years, prompting a trend in the research and development of new drugs. In our study, three derivatives (JF-1, JF-2, and JF-3) were synthesized using 6-gingerol as the main component, while JF-4, containing both 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol as the main components, was extracted from dried ginger. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), determined using the ratio dilution method, were 80 μg/mL for JF-1, 40 μg/mL for JF-2, 30 μg/mL for JF-3, 40 μg/mL for JF-4, 60 μg/mL for 6-gingerol standard (SS), and 0.03 μg/mL for amoxicillin (AMX). After treating H. pylori-infected mice, the inflammation of the gastric mucosa was suppressed. The eradication rate of H. pylori was 16.7% of JF-3 low-dose treatment (LDT), 25.0% of JF-3 high-dose treatment (HDT), 16.7% of JF-4 LDT, 16.7% of JF-4 HDT, 30% of SS LDT, 50% of SS HDT, and 36.4% of the positive control group (PCG). The levels of gastrin, somatostatin (SST), IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-8 were significantly recovered in the JF-3 and JF-4 administration groups, but the effect was stronger in the high-dose group. These results demonstrate that 6-gingerol and its derivatives have significant anti-Helicobacter pylori effects and are promising potential treatments for H. pylori infection.

Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on the Hallmarks of Aging

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is broadly used as a traditional remedy and food ingredient, and numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated health benefits in a range of age-related disorders. Moreover, longevity-promoting effects have been demonstrated in several (preclinical) research models. With this work, we aimed to comprehensively review the reported effects of ginger and its bioactive constituents on the twelve established hallmarks of aging, with the ultimate goal of gaining a deeper understanding of the potential for future interventions in the area of longevity-extension and counteracting of aging-related diseases. The reviewed literature supports the favorable effects of ginger and some of its constituents on all twelve hallmarks of aging, with a particularly high number of animal research studies indicating counteraction of nutrient-sensing dysregulations, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. On this background, validation in human clinical trials is still insufficient or is entirely missing, with the exception of some studies indicating positive effects on deregulated nutrient-sensing, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. Thus, the existing body of literature clearly supports the potential of ginger to be further studied in clinical trials as a supplement for the promotion of both lifespan and health span.

Review of the anticancer properties of 6-shogaol: Mechanisms of action in cancer cells and future research opportunities

Cancer is a major global health challenge that affects every nation and accounts for a large portion of the worldwide disease burden. Furthermore, cancer cases will rise significantly in the next few decades. The Food and Drug Administration has approved more than 600 drugs for treating diverse types of cancer. However, many conventional anticancer medications cause side effects, and drug resistance develops as the treatment proceeds with a concomitant impact on patients' quality of life. Thus, exploring natural products with antitumor properties and nontoxic action mechanisms is essential. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome has a long history of use in traditional medicine, and it contains biologically active compounds, gingerols and shogaols. The main ginger shogaol is 6-shogaol, whose concentration dramatically increases during the processing of ginger, primarily due to the heat-induced conversion of 6-gingerol. Some studies have demonstrated that 6-shogaol possesses biological and pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The mechanism of action of 6-shogaol as an anticancer drug includes induction of paraptosis, induction of apoptosis, increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, induction of autophagy, and the inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling. Despite this knowledge, the mechanism of action of 6-shogaol is not fully understood, and the scientific data on its therapeutic dose, safety, and toxicity are not entirely described. This review article examines the potential of 6-shogaol as an anticancer drug, addressing the limitations of current medications; it covers 6-shogaol's attributes, mechanism of action in cancer cells, and opportunities for future research.

Development of raft-forming liquid formulations loaded with ginger extract-solid dispersion for treatment of gastric ulceration

Raft-forming liquid formulations incorporating ginger extract solid dispersion (GE-SD) were developed to achieve prolonged delivery of 6-gingerol in the stomach and thus increase the effectiveness of gastric ulcer treatment. The solubility of 6-gingerol in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) was maximized (15 mg/mL) by combining ginger extract with PVP K30 at 1:3 w/w ratio to produce a solid dispersion. The nature of GE-SD was confirmed by PXRD and FT-IR analysis. PXRD pattern showed miscibility of GE and PVP K30 in amorphous solid dispersion and the FT-IR spectra confirmed the formation of hydrogen bond between GE and PVP K30. GE-SD-loaded raft-forming liquids were prepared using sodium alginate as a gel former and HPMC as a release-controlling agent. The formulations exhibited rapid floating behavior in 0.1 N HCl (<30 s) and remained afloat on the surface over 8 h. The formed raft structures provided sufficient strength (>7.5 g) and allowed sustained release of more than 70 % of the 6-gingerol content over 8 h in 0.1 N HCl. Raft-forming formulations incorporating ginger extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells (IC50 = 5.13 ± 0.07 μg/mL). Exposure to the formulations also had a significant cytotoxic effect on AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells with an IC50 of 17.45 ± 0.29 μg/mL. In addition, the raft-forming formulations enhanced the migratory behavior of L929 mouse fibroblasts in the scratch wound model. Taken together, these findings reveal the benefits of gastro-retentive, GE-SD-loaded raft-forming liquid formulations for improving the treatment of gastric ulcers.

Osteoarthritis: Insights into Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Avenues, and the Potential of Natural Extracts

Osteoarthritis (OA) stands as a prevalent and progressively debilitating clinical condition globally, impacting joint structures and leading to their gradual deterioration through inflammatory mechanisms. While both non-modifiable and modifiable factors contribute to its onset, numerous aspects of OA pathophysiology remain elusive despite considerable research strides. Presently, diagnosis heavily relies on clinician expertise and meticulous differential diagnosis to exclude other joint-affecting conditions. Therapeutic approaches for OA predominantly focus on patient education for self-management alongside tailored exercise regimens, often complemented by various pharmacological interventions primarily targeting pain alleviation. However, pharmacological treatments typically exhibit short-term efficacy and local and/or systemic side effects, with prosthetic surgery being the ultimate resolution in severe cases. Thus, exploring the potential integration or substitution of conventional drug therapies with natural compounds and extracts emerges as a promising frontier in enhancing OA management. These alternatives offer improved safety profiles and possess the potential to target specific dysregulated pathways implicated in OA pathogenesis, thereby presenting a holistic approach to address the condition's complexities.

Bioactive Compounds Formulated in Phytosomes Administered as Complementary Therapy for Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic disorders (MDs), including dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity and cardiovascular diseases are a significant threat to human health, despite the many therapies developed for their treatment. Different classes of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenes have shown therapeutic potential in ameliorating various disorders. Most of these compounds present low bioavailability when administered orally, being rapidly metabolized in the digestive tract and liver which makes their metabolites less effective. Moreover, some of the bioactive compounds cannot fully exert their beneficial properties due to the low solubility and complex chemical structure which impede the passive diffusion through the intestinal cell membranes. To overcome these limitations, an innovative delivery system of phytosomes was developed. This review aims to highlight the scientific evidence proving the enhanced therapeutic benefits of the bioactive compounds formulated in phytosomes compared to the free compounds. The existing knowledge concerning the phytosomes' preparation, their characterization and bioavailability as well as the commercially available phytosomes with therapeutic potential to alleviate MDs are concisely depicted. This review brings arguments to encourage the use of phytosome formulation to diminish risk factors inducing MDs, or to treat the already installed diseases as complementary therapy to allopathic medication.

Ginger inhibits the invasion of ovarian cancer cells SKOV3 through CLDN7, CLDN11 and CD274 m6A methylation modifications

BACKGROUND

Ginger is a common aromatic vegetable with a wide range of functional ingredients and considerable medicinal and nutritional properties. Numerous studies have shown that ginger and its active ingredients have suppressive effects on manifold tumours, including ovarian cancer (OC). However, the molecular mechanism by which ginger inhibits OC is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the function and mechanism of ginger in OC.

METHODS

The estimation of n6-methyladenosine (m6A) levels was performed using the m6A RNA Methylation Quantification Kit, and RT-qPCR was used to determine the expression of m6A-related genes and proteins. The m6A methylationome was detected by MeRIP-seq, following analysis of the data. Differential methylation of genes was assessed utilizing RT-qPCR and Western Blotting. The effect of ginger on SKOV3 invasion in ovarian cancer cells was investigated using the wound healing assay and transwell assays.

RESULTS

Ginger significantly reduced the m6A level of OC cells SKOV3. The 3'UTR region is the major site of modification for m6A methylation, and its key molecular activities include Cell Adhesion Molecules, according to meRIP-seq results. Moreover, it was observed that Ginger aids significantly in downregulating the CLDN7, CLDN11 mRNA, and protein expression. The results of wound healing assay and transwell assay showed that ginger significantly inhibited the invasion of OC cells SKOV3.

CONCLUSIONS

Ginger inhibits ovarian cancer cells' SKOV3 invasion by regulating m6A methylation through CLDN7, CLDN11, and CD274.

The influence of plant extracts on viability of ST3 and ST7 subtypes of Blastocystis sp

Blastocystis sp. is one of the most frequently detected protozoa during stool specimen examination. In the last decade, the studies about the pathogenic potential of Blastocystis sp. have intensified. Additionally, treatment approaches against this parasite are still disputable. The study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of the substances of natural origin against two subtypes (ST) of Blastocystis sp.-ST3 and ST7. Garlic and turmeric extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect in relation to the ST3 viability. While horseradish and turmeric were found to be the most effective extracts to the ST7 viability. The study showed that ginger, garlic, horseradish, and turmeric extracts have potent antimicrobial activity against Blastocystis ST3 and ST7, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 3.8 to 4.8 µg/ml and from 3.3 to 72.0 µg/ml, respectively, and thus may be useful in the prevention and control of Blastocystis infections. Additionally, this research confirmed that Blastocystis ST7 is more resistant to the selected plant extracts treatment than Blastocystis ST3 which in consequence may bring some difficulties in its eradication.

Development and preclinical assessment of nanoemulgel loaded with phytoconstituents for the management of rheumatoid arthritis

In recent years, natural ingredients have gained importance for therapeutic treatment due to their minimal toxicity. However, the delivery of these phytoconstituents poses a challenge to provide better efficacy. Current research reports the development of nanoemulgel (NEG) loaded with ginger oleoresin (GOR) and lipid guggul extract (LGE) for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The nanoemulsion (NE) was developed using the spontaneous emulsification technique by the pseudo-ternary method. The optimized nanoemulsion exhibited globule size of 16.08 ± 2.55 nm, PDI of 0.187 ± 0.06, and zeta potential of - 22.4 ± 0.31 mV. The cumulative release from in vitro diffusion studies at pH 7.4 was about 99.72 ± 3.47%, 57.98 ± 2.11%, and 86.42 ± 5.13% of 6-gingerol, E-guggulsterone, and Z-guggulsterone respectively at the end of 24 h. The ex vivo studies on porcine ear skin showed sustained release with 92.8 ± 3.21% for 6-gingerol, 55.61 ± 0.91% for E-guggulsterone, and 84.2 ± 4.22% for Z-guggulsterone released at the end of 24 h. The cell culture studies on RAW 264.7 cells indicated a robust inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production indicating its efficacy in the management of RA. The preclinical studies on male Wistar rats suggest that the developed NEG exhibited a comparable decrease in paw edema inflammation as compared to the marketed diclofenac sodium gel. These encouraging results demonstrate the potential of the developed nanoemulgel containing combination of GOR and LGE for the management of RA.

NLRP3 neuroinflammatory intervention of Mahuang-Lianqiao-Chixiaodou decoction for mental disorders in atopic dermatitis mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Mahuang-Lianqiao-Chixiaodou decoction (MLCD) is a traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) formula recorded in the Treatise on Febrile Diseases. It is commonly used for clinical treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the potential mechanisms of MLCD intervention in AD combined with mental disorders behaviors such as anxiety and depression remain elusive and deserves further investigation.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aims to observe the effect of MLCD on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in AD mice and explore the possible neuroinflammatory mechanism of NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical components of MLCD extracts were identified using UHPLC-MS. The AD mice were induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and treated with MLCD or mometasone furoate (MF, as a positive control) for 7 days. The pathological changes in their skin tissue and brain hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Elevated plus-maze test (EPM), open field test (OFT), and the suspended tail (TST) were used to measure the anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in AD mice. Expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins in brain hippocampus were measured by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting (WB).

RESULTS

We found that MLCD contain many active ingredients, including ephedrine, Forsythoside A, phillyrin, glycyrrhizic acid, etc. Both MLCD and MF alleviated skin lesions and promoted positive histopathological changes in the hippocampus of AD mince to varying degrees. MLCD however, could further increase their proportion of open arm entry times (Oentries%) in EPM, residence time in the central area (Ctime) and the proportion of the number of times in the central area (Centries%) in OFT significantly. MLCD also reduces their immobility time in TST considerably. Mechanistically, MLCD downregulated the relative mRNA expression and protein level of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in hippocampal tissue compared to the model group.

CONCLUSIONS

MLCD can alleviate anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in AD mice by intervening in the gene and protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related factors, thus treating AD.

Antioxidant, enzymes inhibitory, physicochemical and sensory properties of instant bio-yoghurts containing multi-purpose natural additives

This study aimed to assess the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, physicochemical and sensory properties of instant bio-yoghurts containing multi-purpose natural additives. Multi-purpose natural additives were formulated with three natural additives (sweet detar seed, ginger rhizome, and hibiscus calyx flours, as a thickener, flavourant and colourant, respectively) blends at proportions derived from the Design Expert. The additives' synthetic counterparts were formulated with sodium carboxymethylcellulose, vanilla flavor, and red colourant at the same proportions. After that, yoghurt was produced and the additives blends were incorporated into it either in aqueous extract or flour form, yielding bio-yoghurts designated multi-purpose natural additive extract-containing yoghurt (MNAE-yoghurt), multi-purpose natural additive flour-added yoghurt (MNAF-yoghurt), and their multi-purpose synthetic additives-containing counterparts (MSAE-yoghurt and MSAF-yoghurt). A commercially-available bio-yoghurt served as a control. All the yoghurts were lyophilized to obtain instant bio-yoghurts. Subsequently, bioactive components (total phenolics, tannins, total flavonoids and saponins), antioxidants and enzymes [alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE)] inhibitory activities, as well as proximate, physicochemical and sensory qualities of the bio-yoghurts were determined. The MNAE-yoghurt and MNAF-yoghurt had higher bioactive constituents, total titratable acid levels, and more potent antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties, but a lower pH than their synthetic counterparts and the control. The total phenolics, tannins, total flavonoids and saponins levels of MNAE-yoghurt and MNAF-yoghurt were 14.40 ± 0.24 and 16.54 ± 0.62 mg/g, 1.65 ± 0.04 and 1.74 ± 0.08 mg/g, 4.25 ± 0.03 and 4.40 ± 0.02 mg/g, 0.64 ± 0.01 and 0.66 ± 0.02 mg/g, respectively. Among the natural multi-purpose additives-containing bio-yoghurts, MNAF-yoghurt had higher bioactive constituents and stronger antioxidant and enzymes inhibitory properties. Its α-amylase, α-glucosidase, ACE, and pancreatic lipase IC50 values were 72.47 ± 0.47, 74.07 ± 0.02, 25.58 ± 2.58, and 33.56 ± 29.66 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, MNAE-yoghurt had the highest protein (13.70 ± 0.85%) and the lowest fat (2.63 ± 0.71%) contents. The sensory attributes of all the bio-yoghurts fell within an acceptable likeness range. Overall, the inclusion of multi-purpose natural additives blends enhanced the instant bio-yoghurts' nutritional, health-promoting, and sensory qualities.

Regulation of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease via nanoparticle-loaded phytocompounds with anti-inflammatory and autophagy-inducing properties

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuroinflammation linked to amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and phosphorylated tau (τ) protein in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Key elements in Aβ production and NFT assembly, like γ-secretase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), contribute to neuroinflammation. In addition, impaired proteosomal and autophagic pathways increase Aβ and τ aggregation, leading to neuronal damage. Conventional neuroinflammation drugs have limitations due to unidirectional therapeutic approaches and challenges in crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Clinical trials for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other therapeutics remain uncertain. Novel strategies addressing the complex pathogenesis and BBB translocation are needed to effectively tackle AD-related neuroinflammation.

PURPOSE

The current scenario demands for a much-sophisticated theranostic measures which could be achieved via customized engineering and designing of novel nanotherapeutics. As, these therapeutics functions as a double edge sword, having the efficiency of unambiguous targeting, multiple drug delivery and ability to cross BBB proficiently.

METHODS

Inclusion criteria involve selecting recent, English-language studies from the past decade (2013-2023) that explore the regulation of neuroinflammation in neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β, tau protein, nanoparticles, autophagy, and phytocompounds. Various study types, including clinical trials, experiments, and reviews, were considered. Exclusion criteria comprised non-relevant publication types, studies unrelated to Alzheimer's disease or phytocompounds, those with methodological flaws, duplicates, and studies with inaccessible data.

RESULTS

In this study, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with specific phytocompounds and coated with an antibody targeting the transferrin receptor (anti-TfR) present on BBB. Thereafter, the engineered nanoparticles with the ability to efficiently traverse the BBB and interact with target molecules within the brain, could induce autophagy, a cellular process crucial for neuronal health, and exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects. Henceforth, the proposed combination of desired phytocompounds, polymeric nanoparticles, and anti-TfR coating presents a promising approach for targeted drug delivery to the brain, with potential implications in neuroinflammatory conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.

A Mechanistic Review on Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants and their Pharmacologically Active Molecules for Targeting Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) therapy with phytochemicals is an emerging field of study with therapeutic potential. Obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and abnormal lipid profiles are all components of metabolic syndrome, which is a major public health concern across the world. New research highlights the promise of phytochemicals found in foods, including fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices, as a sustainable and innovative method of treating this illness. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin-sensitizing qualities are just a few of the many positive impacts shown by bioactive substances. Collectively, they alleviate the hallmark symptoms of metabolic syndrome by modulating critical metabolic pathways, boosting insulin sensitivity, decreasing oxidative stress, and calming chronic low-grade inflammation. In addition, phytochemicals provide a multimodal strategy by targeting not only adipose tissue but also the liver, skeletal muscle, and vascular endothelium, all of which have a role in the pathogenesis of MetS. Increasing evidence suggests that these natural chemicals may be useful in controlling metabolic syndrome as a complementary treatment to standard medication or lifestyle changes. This review article emphasizes the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals, illuminating their varied modes of action and their ability to alleviate the interconnected causes of metabolic syndrome. Phytochemical-based interventions show promise as a novel and sustainable approach to combating the rising global burden of metabolic syndrome, with the ultimate goal of bettering public health and quality of life.

Natural supplements in antiphospholipid syndrome: A case for further study

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombotic events and/or pregnancy complications in the presence of persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Although long-term anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists is considered standard of care, there is an unmet need for safe therapeutics as primary thromboprophylaxis or adjuncts to standard of care in APS. APS is driven by oxidative stress, procoagulant, proinflammatory and angiogenic pathways. For these reasons there has been an increased interest into the investigation of antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of natural supplements in APS. The objective of this review is to summarize the mechanistic, epidemiologic and clinical evidence behind the use of natural supplements in APS, with a specific focus on vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, gingerol, and isoquercetin. This review should serve as a compelling argument for the future study of natural supplements in APS.

Medicinal Herbs: Promising Immunomodulators for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases

Humans are constantly at high risk of emerging pandemics caused by viral and bacterial infections. The emergence of new pandemics is mainly caused by evolved viruses and bacteria that are highly resistant to existing medications. The rapid evolution of infectious agents demands the urgent investigation of new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat these infections at an early stage. One of these therapeutic strategies includes the use of medicinal herbs for their antibacterial and antiviral properties. The use of herbal medicines as remedies is very ancient and has been employed for centuries. Many studies have confirmed the antimicrobial activities of herbs against various pathogens in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic effect of medicinal herbs is mainly attributed to the natural bioactive molecules present in these plants such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Different mechanisms have been proposed for how medicinal herbs enhance the immune system and combat pathogens. Such mechanisms include the disruption of bacterial cell membranes, suppression of protein synthesis, and limitation of pathogen replication through the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. Medicinal herbs have been shown to treat a number of infectious diseases by modulating the immune system's components. For instance, many medicinal herbs alleviate inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1, IL-6) while promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10). Medicinal herbs also play a role in defense against viral and intracellular infections by enhancing the proliferation and functions of natural killer cells, T-helper-1 cells, and macrophages. In this review, we will explore the use of the most common herbs in preventing and treating infectious and non-infectious diseases. Using current and recently published studies, we focus on the immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects induced by medicinal herbs to enhance immune responses during diseases.

Role of Mangiferin in Management of Cancers through Modulation of Signal Transduction Pathways

Cancer is a major public health concern worldwide in terms of mortality. The exact reason behind the development of cancer is not understood clearly, but it is evidenced that alcohol consumption, radiation, and exposure to chemicals are main players in this pathogenesis. The current mode of treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are effective, but, still, cancer is a major problem leading to death and other side effects. However, safer and effective treatment modules are needed to overcome the adverse effects of current treatment modules. In this regard, natural compounds have been recognized to ameliorate diseases by exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor potential through several mechanisms. Mangiferin, a xanthone C-glucoside, is found in several plant species including Mangifera indica (mango), and its role in disease prevention has been confirmed through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, its anti-cancer-potential mechanism has been designated through modulation of cell signaling pathways such as inflammation, angiogenesis, PI3K/AKT, apoptosis, and cell cycle. This article extensively reviews the anticancer potential of mangiferin in different cancers through the modulation of cell signaling pathways. Moreover, the synergistic effects of this compound with some commonly used anti-cancer drugs against different cancer cells are discussed. More clinical trials should be performed to reconnoiter the anti-cancer potential of this compound in human cancer treatment. Further, understanding of mechanisms of action and the safety level of this compound can help to manage diseases, including cancer.

Promising roles of Zingiber officinale roscoe, Curcuma longa L., and Momordica charantia L. as immunity modulators against COVID-19: A bibliometric analysis

Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, and Momordica charantia are medicinal plants that are commonly used in the form of herbal tea, which is formulated to strengthen the immune system, especially against COVID-19 infection. Excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory properties have been reported for their bioactive compounds, which have been shown to aid in stimulating immune systems as well as lowering the risk of severe COVID-19 such as lung injury. Yet, no bibliometric study on the subject is available. Hence, the purpose of this study is to quantitatively examine the existing articles related to the therapeutic potential of these three herbs, as well as their mechanisms of action in combating the SARS-CoV-2 virus. A total of 121 papers were retrieved from Scopus database up to 14^th March 2023. The bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer software. Based on the literature search, Z. officinale was the most researched plant. India appeared as the most prolific country, with the highest number of articles contributed by two authors from India (Rathi, R. and Gayatri Devi, R.). In terms of keywords, the plants were associated with immune modulation, management of symptoms, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Several important bioactive compounds were responsible for these effects such as gingerol, paradol, shogaol, curcumin, calebin A, momordicoside, karaviloside and cucurbitadienol. These compounds were hypothesized to prevent and cure COVID-19 by regulating inflammatory response, downregulating oxidative stress and modulating immunostimulatory activity. This review paper therefore supports the potential of Z. officinale, C. longa, and M. charantia to be formulated as a herbal blend for treating and preventing COVID-19 infection.

Effects of oxidative stress regulation in inflammation-associated gastric cancer progression treated using traditional Chinese medicines: A review

Gastric cancer (GC) is a global public health concern that poses a serious threat to human health owing to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Due to the lack of specificity of symptoms, patients with GC tend to be diagnosed at an advanced stage with poor prognosis. Therefore, the development of new treatment methods is particularly urgent. Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), a precancerous GC lesion, plays a key role in its occurrence and development. Oxidative stress has been identified as an important factor driving the development and progression of the pathological processes of CAG and GC. Therefore, regulating oxidative stress pathways can not only intervene in CAG development but also prevent the occurrence and metastasis of GC and improve the prognosis of GC patients. In this study, PubMed, CNKI, and Web of Science were used to search for a large number of relevant studies. The review results suggested that the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and TCM prescriptions could target and improve inflammation, pathological status, metastasis, and invasion of tumor cells, providing a potential new supplement for the treatment of CAG and GC.

Research progress of ginger in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors

Cancer seriously endangers human health. Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common and major malignant tumor, and its morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing. Although there are effective treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors, they are often accompanied by serious side effects. According to the traditional Chinese medicine and food homology theory, many materials are both food and medicine. Moreover, food is just as capable of preventing and treating diseases as medicine. Medicine and food homologous herbs not only have excellent pharmacological effects and activities but also have few side effects. As a typical medicinal herb with both medicinal and edible uses, some components of ginger have been shown to have good efficacy and safety against cancer. A mass of evidence has also shown that ginger has anti-tumor effects on digestive tract cancers (such as gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, laryngeal cancer, and pancreatic cancer) through a variety of pathways. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action of the main components of ginger and their potential clinical applications in treating gastrointestinal tumors.

Different origins and processing methods affect the intrinsic quality of ginger: a novel approach to evaluating ginger quality

Introduction: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roce.) is a widely consumed food item and a prominent traditional Chinese medicinal herb. The intrinsic quality of ginger may differ due to variations in its origin and processing techniques. To evaluate the quality of ginger, a straightforward and efficient discriminatory approach has been devised, utilizing 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol as benchmarks. Methods: In order to categorize ginger samples according to their cultivated origins with different longitude and latitude (Shandong, Anhui, and Yunnan provinces in China) and processing methods (liquid nitrogen pulverization, ultra-micro grinding, and mortar grinding), similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed. Furthermore, there was a quantitative determination of the significant marker compounds gingerols, which has considerable impact on maintaining quality control and distinguishing ginger products accurately. Moreover, discrimination analysis (DA) was utilized to further distinguish and classify samples with unknown membership degrees based on the eigenvalues, with the aim of achieving optimal discrimination between groups. Results: The findings obtained from the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data revealed that the levels of various gingerols present in all samples exhibited significant variations. The study confirmed that the quality of ginger was primarily influenced by its origin and processing method, with the former being the dominant factor. Notably, the sample obtained from Anhui province and subjected to liquid nitrogen pulverization demonstrated the highest content of gingerols. Conclusion: The results obtained from the analysis of SA, HCA, PCA, and DA were consistent and could be employed to evaluate the quality of ginger. As such, the combination of HPLC fingerprints and chemo metric techniques provided a dependable approach for comprehensively assessing the quality and processing of ginger.

Understanding the role of zingerone on biochemical and behavioral changes in rat brain inflicted with C6 glioma cells

Malignant glioma is the deadliest form of brain cancer. Zingerone (ZO), a polyphenolic compound found in ginger, offers pharmacological properties that make it a promising agent for containing the growth of glioma cells. The present study was conducted to understand the efficacy of ZO in containing the growth of C6 glioma cells. The study also assessed the prophylactic role of ZO on rat brain glioma induced by C6 cell lines by addressing its antioxidative action on biochemical, behavioral, and histoarchitectural indices. For dose optimization, the animals were pretreated with different doses of ZO for a period of 2 weeks before the inoculation of glioma cells (1 × 105 /10 µL phosphate-buffered saline) in the caudate region of rat brain and the treatment with ZO continued for 4 more weeks post implantation. In vitro studies were done to assess the radical scavenging activity of ZO and also to determine its effects on viability of C6 glioma cells at different concentrations. Glioma-bearing rats showed significant alterations in memory; exploratory and muscular activities which were appreciably improved upon simultaneous supplementation of ZO administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight and were also visible even at a higher dose. Glioma-bearing rats revealed a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl contents, and lipid peroxidation, but showed a significant decrease in reduced glutathione and antioxidative enzymes in the brain tissue. Interestingly, all the biochemical indices and altered brain histoarchitecture displaying cellular atypia and hyperplasia showed appreciable improvement when supplemented with ZO at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight.