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Niculescu AG, Mihaiescu B, Bîrcă AC, Moroșan A, Munteanu (Mihaiescu) OM, Vasile BȘ, Hadibarata T, Istrati D, Mihaiescu DE, Grumezescu AM. Fabrication and Advanced Imaging Characterization of Magnetic Aerogel-Based Thin Films for Water Decontamination. Gels 2024; 10:394. [PMID: 38920940 PMCID: PMC11202994 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aerogels have emerged as appealing materials for various applications due to their unique features, such as low density, high porosity, high surface area, and low thermal conductivity. Aiming to bring the advantages of these materials to the environmental field, this study focuses on synthesizing magnetic silica aerogel-based films suitable for water decontamination. In this respect, a novel microfluidic platform was created to obtain core-shell iron oxide nanoparticles that were further incorporated into gel-forming precursor solutions. Afterward, dip-coating deposition was utilized to create thin layers of silica-based gels, which were further processed by 15-hour gelation time, solvent transfer, and further CO2 desiccation. A series of physicochemical analyses (XRD, HR-MS FT-ICR, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, and EDS) were performed to characterize the final films and intermediate products. The proposed advanced imaging experimental model for film homogeneity and adsorption characteristics confirmed uniform aerogel film deposition, nanostructured surface, and ability to remove pesticides from contaminated water samples. Based on thorough investigations, it was concluded that the fabricated magnetic aerogel-based thin films are promising candidates for water decontamination and novel solid-phase extraction sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (B.M.); (A.C.B.); (O.M.M.); (B.Ș.V.); (T.H.); (A.M.G.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Mihaiescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (B.M.); (A.C.B.); (O.M.M.); (B.Ș.V.); (T.H.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (B.M.); (A.C.B.); (O.M.M.); (B.Ș.V.); (T.H.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Alina Moroșan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Oana Maria Munteanu (Mihaiescu)
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (B.M.); (A.C.B.); (O.M.M.); (B.Ș.V.); (T.H.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Bogdan Ștefan Vasile
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (B.M.); (A.C.B.); (O.M.M.); (B.Ș.V.); (T.H.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Tony Hadibarata
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (B.M.); (A.C.B.); (O.M.M.); (B.Ș.V.); (T.H.); (A.M.G.)
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Malaysia
| | - Daniela Istrati
- Department of Organic Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Dan Eduard Mihaiescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (B.M.); (A.C.B.); (O.M.M.); (B.Ș.V.); (T.H.); (A.M.G.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
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Ding Y, Cheng Q, Lyu J, Liu Z, Yuan R, Ma F, Zhang X. Visible Microfluidic Deprotonation for Aramid Nanofibers as Building Blocks of Cascade-Microfluidic-Processed Colloidal Aerogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400101. [PMID: 38502025 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic deprotonation approach is proposed to realize continuous, scalable, efficient, and uniform production of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) by virtue of large specific surface area, high mixing efficiency, strong heat transfer capacity, narrow residence time distribution, mild laminar-flow process, and amplification-free effect of the microchannel reactor. By means of monitoring capabilities endowed by the high transparency of the microchannel, the kinetic exfoliation process of original aramid particles is in situ observed and the corresponding exfoliation mechanism is established quantificationally. The deprotonated time can be reduced from the traditional several days to 7 min for the final colloidal dispersion due to the synergistic effect between enhanced local shearing/mixing and the rotational motion of aramid particles in microchannel revealed by numerical simulations. Furthermore, the cascade microfluidic processing approach is used to make various ANF colloidal aerogels including aerogel fibers, aerogel films, and 3D-printed aerogel articles. Comprehensive characterizations show that these cascade-microfluidic-processed colloidal aerogels have identical features as those prepared in batch-style mode, revealing the versatile use value of these ANFs. This work achieves significant progress toward continuous and efficient production of ANFs, bringing about appreciable prospects for the practical application of ANF-based materials and providing inspiration for exfoliating any other nano-building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zengwei Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhe Yuan
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fengguo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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3
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Jia Y, Zhang L, Xu J, Xiang L. Recent advances in cell membrane camouflaged nanotherapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infection. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:042006. [PMID: 38697197 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad46d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacterial infections are common in clinical practice. Cell membrane coating nanotechnology represents a pioneering approach for the delivery of therapeutic agents without being cleared by the immune system in the meantime. And the mechanism of infection treatment should be divided into two parts: suppression of pathogenic bacteria and suppression of excessive immune response. The membrane-coated nanoparticles exert anti-bacterial function by neutralizing exotoxins and endotoxins, and some other bacterial proteins. Inflammation, the second procedure of bacterial infection, can also be suppressed through targeting the inflamed site, neutralization of toxins, and the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. And platelet membrane can affect the complement process to suppress inflammation. Membrane-coated nanoparticles treat bacterial infections through the combined action of membranes and nanoparticles, and diagnose by imaging, forming a theranostic system. Several strategies have been discovered to enhance the anti-bacterial/anti-inflammatory capability, such as synthesizing the material through electroporation, pretreating with the corresponding pathogen, membrane hybridization, or incorporating with genetic modification, lipid insertion, and click chemistry. Here we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the application of membrane-coated nanoparticles in preventing bacterial infections as well as addressing existing uncertainties and misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Bîrcă AC, Gherasim O, Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM, Vasile BȘ, Mihaiescu DE, Neacșu IA, Andronescu E, Trușcă R, Holban AM, Hudiță A, Croitoru GA. Infection-Free and Enhanced Wound Healing Potential of Alginate Gels Incorporating Silver and Tannylated Calcium Peroxide Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5196. [PMID: 38791232 PMCID: PMC11120750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of chronic wounds involves precise requirements and complex challenges, as the healing process cannot go beyond the inflammatory phase, therefore increasing the healing time and implying a higher risk of opportunistic infection. Following a better understanding of the healing process, oxygen supply has been validated as a therapeutic approach to improve and speed up wound healing. Moreover, the local implications of antimicrobial agents (such as silver-based nano-compounds) significantly support the normal healing process, by combating bacterial contamination and colonization. In this study, silver (S) and tannylated calcium peroxide (CaO2@TA) nanoparticles were obtained by adapted microfluidic and precipitation synthesis methods, respectively. After complementary physicochemical evaluation, both types of nanoparticles were loaded in (Alg) alginate-based gels that were further evaluated as possible dressings for wound healing. The obtained composites showed a porous structure and uniform distribution of nanoparticles through the polymeric matrix (evidenced by spectrophotometric analysis and electron microscopy studies), together with a good swelling capacity. The as-proposed gel dressings exhibited a constant and suitable concentration of released oxygen, as shown for up to eight hours (UV-Vis investigation). The biofilm modulation data indicated a synergistic antimicrobial effect between silver and tannylated calcium peroxide nanoparticles, with a prominent inhibitory action against the Gram-positive bacterial biofilm after 48 h. Beneficial effects in the human keratinocytes cultured in contact with the obtained materials were demonstrated by the performed tests, such as MTT, LDH, and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Catalina Bîrcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (B.Ș.V.); (I.A.N.); (E.A.); (R.T.)
- Center for Advanced Research on New Materials, Products and Innovative Processes—CAMPUS Research Institute, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Gherasim
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (B.Ș.V.); (I.A.N.); (E.A.); (R.T.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.H.); (A.H.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (B.Ș.V.); (I.A.N.); (E.A.); (R.T.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.H.); (A.H.)
| | - Bogdan Ștefan Vasile
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (B.Ș.V.); (I.A.N.); (E.A.); (R.T.)
| | - Dan Eduard Mihaiescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ionela Andreea Neacșu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (B.Ș.V.); (I.A.N.); (E.A.); (R.T.)
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (B.Ș.V.); (I.A.N.); (E.A.); (R.T.)
| | - Roxana Trușcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (A.-G.N.); (B.Ș.V.); (I.A.N.); (E.A.); (R.T.)
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.H.); (A.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 077206 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ariana Hudiță
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.H.); (A.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George-Alexandru Croitoru
- Department II, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Street, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
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Yi Y, An HW, Wang H. Intelligent Biomaterialomics: Molecular Design, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305099. [PMID: 37490938 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Materialomics integrates experiment, theory, and computation in a high-throughput manner, and has changed the paradigm for the research and development of new functional materials. Recently, with the rapid development of high-throughput characterization and machine-learning technologies, the establishment of biomaterialomics that tackles complex physiological behaviors has become accessible. Breakthroughs in the clinical translation of nanoparticle-based therapeutics and vaccines have been observed. Herein, recent advances in biomaterials, including polymers, lipid-like materials, and peptides/proteins, discovered through high-throughput screening or machine learning-assisted methods, are summarized. The molecular design of structure-diversified libraries; high-throughput characterization, screening, and preparation; and, their applications in drug delivery and clinical translation are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the prospects and main challenges in future biomaterialomics and high-throughput screening development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hong-Wei An
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Ali S, Esa M, Khan A, Yan H. Recent Advancements and Unexplored Biomedical Applications of Green Synthesized Ag and Au Nanoparticles: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3187-3215. [PMID: 38590511 PMCID: PMC10999736 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) has acquired huge popularity owing to their potential applications in various fields. A large number of research articles exist in the literature describing the green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs for biomedical applications. However, these findings are scattered, making it time-consuming for researchers to locate promising advancements in Ag and Au NPs synthesis and their unexplored biomedical applications. Unlike other review articles, this systematic study not only highlights recent advancements in the green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs but also explores their potential unexplored biomedical applications. The article discusses the various synthesis approaches for the green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs highlighting the emerging developments and novel strategies. Then, the article reviews the important biomedical applications of green synthesized Ag and Au NPs by critically evaluating the expected advantages. To expose future research direction in the field, the article describes the unexplored biomedical applications of the NPs. Finally, the articles discuss the challenges and limitations in the green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs and their biomedical applications. This article will serve as a valuable reference for researchers, working on green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahbaz Ahmad
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujaat Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shujat Ali
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Esa
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Yan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
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Kheirkhah Barzoki A. Enhanced mixing efficiency and reduced droplet size with novel droplet generators. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4711. [PMID: 38409482 PMCID: PMC10897375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, droplet microfluidics has become widely utilized for high-throughput assays. Efficient mixing is crucial for initiating biochemical reactions in many applications. Rapid mixing during droplet formation eliminates the need for incorporating micromixers, which can complicate the chip design. Furthermore, immediate mixing of substances upon contact can significantly improve the consistency of chemical reactions and resulting products. This study introduces three innovative designs for droplet generators that achieve efficient mixing and produce small droplets. The T-cross and cross-T geometries combine cross and T junction mixing mechanisms, resulting in improved mixing efficiency. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare these novel geometries with traditional T and cross junctions in terms of mixing index, droplet diameter, and eccentricity. The cross-T geometry exhibited the highest mixing index and produced the smallest droplets. For the flow rate ratio of 0.5, this geometry offered a 10% increase in the mixing index and a decrease in the droplet diameter by 10% compared to the T junction. While the T junction has the best mixing efficiency among traditional droplet generators, it produces larger droplets, which can increase the risk of contamination due to contact with the microchannel walls. Therefore, the cross-T geometry is highly desirable in most applications due to its production of considerably smaller droplets. The asymmetric cross junction offered a 8% increase in mixing index and around 2% decrease in droplet diameter compared to the conventional cross junction in flow rate ratio of 0.5. All novel geometries demonstrated comparable mixing efficiency to the T junction. The cross junction exhibited the lowest mixing efficiency and produced larger droplets compared to the cross-T geometry (around 1%). Thus, the novel geometries, particularly the cross-T geometry, are a favorable choice for applications where both high mixing efficiency and small droplet sizes are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kheirkhah Barzoki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Luo X, Jia K, Xing J, Yi J. The utilization of nanotechnology in the female reproductive system and related disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25477. [PMID: 38333849 PMCID: PMC10850912 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The health of the reproductive system is intricately linked to female fertility and quality of life. There has been a growing prevalence of reproductive system disorders among women, particularly in younger age groups, resulting in significant adverse effects on their reproductive health. Consequently, there is an urgent need for effective treatment modalities. Nanotechnology, as an advanced discipline, provides innovative avenues for managing and treating diseases of the female reproductive system by enabling precise manipulation and regulation of biological molecules and cells. By utilizing nanodelivery systems, drugs can be administered with pinpoint accuracy, leading to reduced side effects and improved therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, nanomaterial imaging techniques enhance diagnostic precision and sensitivity, aiding in the assessment of disease severity and progression. Furthermore, the implementation of nanobiosensors facilitates early detection and prevention of ailments. This comprehensive review aims to summarize recent applications of nanotechnology in the treatment of female reproductive system diseases. The latest advancements in drug delivery, diagnosis, and treatment approaches will be discussed, with an emphasis on the potential of nanotechnology to improve treatment outcomes and overall quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Keran Jia
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinshan Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyan Yi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
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Najm A, Niculescu AG, Bolocan A, Rădulescu M, Grumezescu AM, Beuran M, Gaspar BS. Chitosan and Cyclodextrins-Versatile Materials Used to Create Drug Delivery Systems for Gastrointestinal Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:43. [PMID: 38258054 PMCID: PMC10819812 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are characterized by a frequent incidence, a high number of associated deaths, and a tremendous burden on the medical system and patients worldwide. As conventional chemotherapeutic drugs face numerous limitations, researchers started to investigate better alternatives for extending drug efficacy and limiting adverse effects. A remarkably increasing interest has been addressed to chitosan and cyclodextrins, two highly versatile natural carbohydrate materials endowed with unique physicochemical properties. In this respect, numerous studies reported on fabricating various chitosan and cyclodextrin-based formulations that enabled prolonged circulation times, improved cellular internalization of carried drugs, preferential uptake by the targeted cells, reduced side effects, enhanced apoptosis rates, and increased tumor suppression rates. Therefore, this paper aims to briefly present the advantageous properties of these oligo- and polysaccharides for designing drug delivery systems, further focusing the discussion on nanocarrier systems based on chitosan/cyclodextrins for treating different gastrointestinal cancers. Specifically, there are reviewed studies describing promising solutions for colorectal, liver, gastric, pancreatic, and other types of cancers of the digestive system towards creating an updated framework of what concerns anticancer chitosan/cyclodextrin-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Najm
- Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (M.B.); (B.S.G.)
- Emergency Hospital Floreasca Bucharest, 8 Calea Floresca, Sector 1, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.M.G.)
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Marius Rădulescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.M.G.)
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Beuran
- Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (M.B.); (B.S.G.)
- Emergency Hospital Floreasca Bucharest, 8 Calea Floresca, Sector 1, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Severus Gaspar
- Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (M.B.); (B.S.G.)
- Emergency Hospital Floreasca Bucharest, 8 Calea Floresca, Sector 1, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
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Rybak E, Kowalczyk P, Czarnocka-Śniadała S, Wojasiński M, Trzciński J, Ciach T. Microfluidic-Assisted Formulation of ε-Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Properties and In Vitro Cell Uptake. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4375. [PMID: 38006099 PMCID: PMC10674307 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nanoprecipitation method was used to formulate ε-polycaprolactone (PCL) into fluorescent nanoparticles. Two methods of mixing the phases were evaluated: introducing the organic phase into the aqueous phase dropwise and via a specially designed microfluidic device. As a result of the nanoprecipitation process, fluorescein-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean diameter of 127 ± 3 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.180 ± 0.009 were obtained. The profiles of dye release were determined in vitro using dialysis membrane tubing, and the results showed a controlled release of the dye from NPs. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the NPs was assessed using an MTT assay. The PCL NPs were shown to be safe and non-toxic to L929 and MG63 cells. The results of the present study have revealed that PCL NPs represent a promising system for developing new drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rybak
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.W.); (J.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Piotr Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.W.); (J.T.); (T.C.)
| | | | - Michał Wojasiński
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.W.); (J.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Jakub Trzciński
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.W.); (J.T.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.W.); (J.T.); (T.C.)
- Nanosanguis S.A., Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
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11
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Kafali M, Şahinoğlu OB, Tufan Y, Orsel ZC, Aygun E, Alyuz B, Saritas EU, Erdem EY, Ercan B. Antibacterial properties and osteoblast interactions of microfluidically synthesized chitosan - SPION composite nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1662-1677. [PMID: 37232403 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a multi-step microfluidic reactor was used to fabricate chitosan - superparamagnetic iron oxide composite nanoparticles (Ch - SPIONs), where composite formation using chitosan was aimed to provide antibacterial property and nanoparticle stability for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Monodispersed Ch - SPIONs had an average particle size of 8.8 ± 1.2 nm with a magnetization value of 32.0 emu/g. Ch - SPIONs could be used as an MRI contrast agent by shortening T2 relaxation parameter of the surrounding environment, as measured on a 3 T MRI scanner. In addition, Ch - SPIONs with concentrations less than 1 g/L promoted bone cell (osteoblast) viability up to 7 days of culture in vitro in the presence of 0.4 T external static magnetic field. These nanoparticles were also tested against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), which are dangerous pathogens that cause infection in tissues and biomedical devices. Upon interaction of Ch - SPIONs with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at 0.01 g/L concentration, nearly a 2-fold reduction in the number of colonies was observed for both bacteria strains at 48 h of culture. Results cumulatively showed that Ch - SPIONs were potential candidates as a cytocompatible and antibacterial agent that can be targeted to biofilm and imaged using an MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Kafali
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - O Berkay Şahinoğlu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yiğithan Tufan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Z Cemre Orsel
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Aygun
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beril Alyuz
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Ulku Saritas
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Yegan Erdem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Batur Ercan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Niculescu AG, Moroșan A, Bîrcă AC, Gherasim O, Oprea OC, Vasile BȘ, Purcăreanu B, Mihaiescu DE, Rădulescu M, Grumezescu AM. Microwave-Assisted Silanization of Magnetite Nanoparticles Pre-Synthesized by a 3D Microfluidic Platform. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2795. [PMID: 37887945 PMCID: PMC10609521 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) are among the most investigated nanomaterials, being recognized for their biocompatibility, versatility, and strong magnetic properties. Given that their applicability depends on their dimensions, crystal morphology, and surface chemistry, Fe3O4 NPs must be synthesized in a controlled, simple, and reproducible manner. Since conventional methods often lack tight control over reaction parameters and produce materials with unreliable characteristics, increased scientific interest has been directed to microfluidic techniques. In this context, the present paper describes the development of an innovative 3D microfluidic platform suitable for synthesizing uniform Fe3O4 NPs with fine-tuned properties. On-chip co-precipitation was performed, followed by microwave-assisted silanization. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized from the compositional and microstructural perspectives by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, supplementary physicochemical investigations, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Kaiser Test, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometry, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC) analyses, demonstrated the successful surface modification. Considering the positive results, the presented synthesis and functionalization method represents a fast, reliable, and effective alternative for producing tailored magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.C.B.); (B.Ș.V.); (B.P.); (A.M.G.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Moroșan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.C.B.); (B.Ș.V.); (B.P.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Oana Gherasim
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Ovidiu Cristian Oprea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu St., 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (O.C.O.); (M.R.)
| | - Bogdan Ștefan Vasile
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.C.B.); (B.Ș.V.); (B.P.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Bogdan Purcăreanu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.C.B.); (B.Ș.V.); (B.P.); (A.M.G.)
- BIOTEHNOS S.A., Gorunului Rue, No. 3-5, 075100 Otopeni, Romania
| | - Dan Eduard Mihaiescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Marius Rădulescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu St., 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (O.C.O.); (M.R.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.C.B.); (B.Ș.V.); (B.P.); (A.M.G.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Chircov C, Dumitru IA, Vasile BS, Oprea OC, Holban AM, Popescu RC. Microfluidic Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles for the Controlled Release of Antibiotics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2215. [PMID: 37765184 PMCID: PMC10536324 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) have been intensively studied for biomedical applications, especially as drug delivery systems for the treatment of infections. Additionally, they are characterized by intrinsic antimicrobial properties owing to their capacity to disrupt or penetrate the microbial cell wall and induce cell death. However, the current focus has shifted towards increasing the control of the synthesis reaction to ensure more uniform nanoparticle sizes and shapes. In this context, microfluidics has emerged as a potential candidate method for the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles. Thus, the aim of the present study was to obtain a series of antibiotic-loaded MNPs through a microfluidic device. The structural properties of the nanoparticles were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), the morphology was evaluated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), the antibiotic loading was assessed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and, and thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analyses, and. the release profiles of both antibiotics was determined through UV-Vis spectroscopy. The biocompatibility of the nanoparticles was assessed through the MTT assay on a BJ cell line, while the antimicrobial properties were investigated against the S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans strains. Results proved considerable uniformity of the antibiotic-containing nanoparticles, good biocompatibility, and promising antimicrobial activity. Therefore, this study represents a step forward towards the microfluidic development of highly effective nanostructured systems for antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Chircov
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (B.S.V.); (O.-C.O.)
| | - Iulia Alexandra Dumitru
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Stefan Vasile
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (B.S.V.); (O.-C.O.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials, Products and Processes, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (B.S.V.); (O.-C.O.)
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Roxana Cristina Popescu
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, 30 Reactorului, 077125 Magurele, Romania
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14
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Pilkington CP, Contini C, Barritt JD, Simpson PA, Seddon JM, Elani Y. A microfluidic platform for the controlled synthesis of architecturally complex liquid crystalline nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12684. [PMID: 37542147 PMCID: PMC10403506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft-matter nanoparticles are of great interest for their applications in biotechnology, therapeutic delivery, and in vivo imaging. Underpinning this is their biocompatibility, potential for selective targeting, attractive pharmacokinetic properties, and amenability to downstream functionalisation. Morphological diversity inherent to soft-matter particles can give rise to enhanced functionality. However, this diversity remains untapped in clinical and industrial settings, and only the simplest of particle architectures [spherical lipid vesicles and lipid/polymer nanoparticles (LNPs)] have been routinely exploited. This is partially due to a lack of appropriate methods for their synthesis. To address this, we have designed a scalable microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing (MHF) technology for the controllable, rapid, and continuous production of lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) nanoparticles (both cubosomes and hexosomes), colloidal dispersions of higher-order lipid assemblies with intricate internal structures of 3-D and 2-D symmetry. These particles have been proposed as the next generation of soft-matter nano-carriers, with unique fusogenic and physical properties. Crucially, unlike alternative approaches, our microfluidic method gives control over LLC size, a feature we go on to exploit in a fusogenic study with model cell membranes, where a dependency of fusion on particle diameter is evident. We believe our platform has the potential to serve as a tool for future studies involving non-lamellar soft nanoparticles, and anticipate it allowing for the rapid prototyping of LLC particles of diverse functionality, paving the way toward their eventual wide uptake at an industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Claudia Contini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Joseph D Barritt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul A Simpson
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John M Seddon
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Yuval Elani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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15
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Yao F, Zhu P, Chen J, Li S, Sun B, Li Y, Zou M, Qi X, Liang P, Chen Q. Synthesis of nanoparticles via microfluidic devices and integrated applications. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:256. [PMID: 37301779 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanomaterials have attracted the research intervention of experts in the fields of catalysis, energy, biomedical testing, and biomedicine with their unrivaled optical, chemical, and biological properties. From basic metal and oxide nanoparticles to complex quantum dots and MOFs, the stable preparation of various nanomaterials has always been a struggle for researchers. Microfluidics, as a paradigm of microscale control, is a remarkable platform for online stable synthesis of nanomaterials with efficient mass and heat transfer in microreactors, flexible blending of reactants, and precise control of reaction conditions. We describe the process of microfluidic preparation of nanoparticles in the last 5 years in terms of microfluidic techniques and the methods of microfluidic manipulation of fluids. Then, the ability of microfluidics to prepare different nanomaterials, such as metals, oxides, quantum dots, and biopolymer nanoparticles, is presented. The effective synthesis of some nanomaterials with complex structures and the cases of nanomaterials prepared by microfluidics under extreme conditions (high temperature and pressure), the compatibility of microfluidics as a superior platform for the preparation of nanoparticles is demonstrated. Microfluidics has a potent integration capability to combine nanoparticle synthesis with real-time monitoring and online detection, which significantly improves the quality and production efficiency of nanoparticles, and also provides a high-quality ultra-clean platform for some bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqi Yao
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Zhu
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Chen
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyang Li
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Sun
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqiang Zou
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine (CAIQ), 100123, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine (CAIQ), 100123, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Podlesnaia E, Gerald Inangha P, Vesenka J, Seyring M, Hempel HJ, Rettenmayr M, Csáki A, Fritzsche W. Microfluidic-Generated Seeds for Gold Nanotriangle Synthesis in Three or Two Steps. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204810. [PMID: 36855325 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle synthesis has drawn great attention in the last decades. The study of crystal growth mechanisms and optimization of the existing methods lead to the increasing accessibility of nanomaterials, such as gold nanotriangles which have great potential in the fields of plasmonics and catalysis. To form such structures, a careful balance of reaction parameters has to be maintained. Herein, a novel synthesis of gold nanotriangles from seeds derived with a micromixer, which provides a highly efficient mixing and simple parameter control is reported. The impact of the implemented reactor on the primary seed characteristics is investigated. The following growth steps are studied to reveal the phenomena affecting the shape yield. The use of microfluidic seeds led to the formation of well-defined triangles with a narrower size distribution compared to the entirely conventional batch synthesis. A shortened two-step procedure for the formation of triangles directly from primary seeds, granting an express but robust synthesis is further described. Moreover, the need for a thorough study of seed crystallinity depending on the synthesis conditions, which - together with additional parameter optimization - will bring a new perspective to the use of micromixers which are promising for scaling up nanomaterial production is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Podlesnaia
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Princess Gerald Inangha
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - James Vesenka
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Martin Seyring
- Department of Metallic Materials, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University (FSU), Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Schmalkalden University of Applied Sciences, Blechhammer 4-9, 98574, Schmalkalden, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Hempel
- Department of Metallic Materials, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University (FSU), Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Rettenmayr
- Department of Metallic Materials, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University (FSU), Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Csáki
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
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17
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Lu SY, Liu CC, Huang KH, Yu CX, Fu LM. Microfluidic Distillation System for Separation of Propionic Acid in Foods. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1133. [PMID: 37374718 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic distillation system is proposed to facilitate the separation and subsequent determination of propionic acid (PA) in foods. The system comprises two main components: (1) a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) micro-distillation chip incorporating a micro-evaporator chamber, a sample reservoir, and a serpentine micro-condensation channel; and (2) and a DC-powered distillation module with built-in heating and cooling functions. In the distillation process, homogenized PA sample and de-ionized water are injected into the sample reservoir and micro-evaporator chamber, respectively, and the chip is then mounted on a side of the distillation module. The de-ionized water is heated by the distillation module, and the steam flows from the evaporation chamber to the sample reservoir, where it prompts the formation of PA vapor. The vapor flows through the serpentine microchannel and is condensed under the cooling effects of the distillation module to produce a PA extract solution. A small quantity of the extract is transferred to a macroscale HPLC and photodiode array (PDA) detector system, where the PA concentration is determined using a chromatographic method. The experimental results show that the microfluidic distillation system achieves a distillation (separation) efficiency of around 97% after 15 min. Moreover, in tests performed using 10 commercial baked food samples, the system achieves a limit of detection of 50 mg/L and a limit of quantitation of 96 mg/L, respectively. The practical feasibility of the proposed system is thus confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yu Lu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Chiung Liu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Xue Yu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Ming Fu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Materials Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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18
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Saikia A, Newar R, Das S, Singh A, Deuri DJ, Baruah A. Scopes and Challenges of Microfluidic Technology for Nanoparticle Synthesis, Photocatalysis and Sensor Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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19
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Agha A, Waheed W, Stiharu I, Nerguizian V, Destgeer G, Abu-Nada E, Alazzam A. A review on microfluidic-assisted nanoparticle synthesis, and their applications using multiscale simulation methods. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:18. [PMID: 36800044 PMCID: PMC9936499 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) owing to their potential use in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, imaging agents, gene therapy, and vaccines, where recently, lipid nanoparticle mRNA-based vaccines were developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. NPs typically fall into two broad categories: organic and inorganic. Organic NPs mainly include lipid-based and polymer-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, dendrimers, and polymer micelles. Gold and silver NPs, iron oxide NPs, quantum dots, and carbon and silica-based nanomaterials make up the bulk of the inorganic NPs. These NPs are prepared using a variety of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Microfluidics provide an attractive synthesis alternative and is advantageous compared to the conventional bulk methods. The microfluidic mixing-based production methods offer better control in achieving the desired size, morphology, shape, size distribution, and surface properties of the synthesized NPs. The technology also exhibits excellent process repeatability, fast handling, less sample usage, and yields greater encapsulation efficiencies. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the microfluidic-based passive and active mixing techniques for NP synthesis, and their latest developments. Additionally, a summary of microfluidic devices used for NP production is presented. Nonetheless, despite significant advancements in the experimental procedures, complete details of a nanoparticle-based system cannot be deduced from the experiments alone, and thus, multiscale computer simulations are utilized to perform systematic investigations. The work also details the most common multiscale simulation methods and their advancements in unveiling critical mechanisms involved in nanoparticle synthesis and the interaction of nanoparticles with other entities, especially in biomedical and therapeutic systems. Finally, an analysis is provided on the challenges in microfluidics related to nanoparticle synthesis and applications, and the future perspectives, such as large-scale NP synthesis, and hybrid formulations and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Agha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Waqas Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | | | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eiyad Abu-Nada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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20
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Traditional vs. Microfluidic Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031875. [PMID: 36768199 PMCID: PMC9916368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics provides a precise synthesis of micro-/nanostructures for various applications, including bioengineering and medicine. In this review article, traditional and microfluidic synthesis methods of zinc oxide (ZnO) are compared concerning particle size distribution, morphology, applications, reaction parameters, used reagents, and microfluidic device materials. Challenges of traditional synthesis methods are reviewed in a manner where microfluidic approaches may overcome difficulties related to synthesis precision, bulk materials, and reproducibility.
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21
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Biocatalysis as a Green Approach for Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles—Batch and Microflow Process Comparison. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need for production of iron particles due to their possible use in numerous systems (e.g., electrical, magnetic, catalytic, biological and others). Although severe reaction conditions and heavy solvents are frequently used in production of nanoparticles, green synthesis has arisen as an eco-friendly method that uses biological catalysts. Various precursors are combined with biological material (such as enzymes, herbal extracts, biomass, bacteria or yeasts) that contain chemicals from the main or secondary metabolism that can function as catalysts for production of nanoparticles. In this work, batch (“one-pot”) biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles is reviewed, as well as the possibilities of using microfluidic systems for continuous biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles, which could overcome the limitations of batch synthesis.
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22
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An efficient microreactor with continuous serially connected micromixers for the synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles. Chin J Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Liu M, Zhao D, Lv H, Liang Y, Yang Y, Hong Z, Liu J, Dai K, Xiao X. Controllable Fabrication and Oil-Water Separation Properties of Polyethylene Terephthaloyl-Ethylenediamine-IPN-poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Microcapsules. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010053. [PMID: 36616403 PMCID: PMC9824317 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report a microcapsule embedded PNIPAN in P (TPC-EDA) shell and it can be regarded as an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure, which can accelerate the penetration of oily substances at a certain temperature, and the microcapsules are highly monodisperse and dimensionally reproducible. The proposed microcapsules were fabricated in a three-step process. The first step was the optimization of the conditions for preparing oil in water emulsions by microfluidic device. In the second step, monodisperse polyethylene terephthaloyl-ethylenediamine (P(TPC-EDA)) microcapsules were prepared by interfacial polymerization. In the third step, the final microcapsules with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-based interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure in P(TPC-EDA) shells were finished by free radical polymerization. We conducted careful data analysis on the size of the emulsion prepared by microfluidic technology and used a very intuitive functional relationship to show the production characteristics of microfluidics, which is rarely seen in other literatures. The results show that when the IPN-structured system swelled for 6 h, the adsorption capacity of kerosene was the largest, which was promising for water-oil separation or extraction and separation of hydrophobic drugs. Because we used microfluidic technology, the products obtained have good monodispersity and are expected to be produced in large quantities in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Lv
- School of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunjing Liang
- School of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yannan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zongguo Hong
- School of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingxue Liu
- The College of Art and Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kang Dai
- School of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (X.X.)
| | - Xincai Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (X.X.)
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24
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Aljarrah MT, Alboull AM, Alharahsheh MS, Ashraf A, Khandakar A. Parametric Study of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis under Micro-Continuous Flow Conditions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248651. [PMID: 36557787 PMCID: PMC9781614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using chemical reduction in batch and microreactor methods has been reported. A parametric study of the effect of several parameters on the size of gold nanoparticles was performed in batch synthesis mode using the modified Martin method. The best-obtained conditions were used to synthesize gold nanoparticles using a glass chip microreactor, and the size of the resulting GNPs from both methods was compared. The presence of polyvinyl alcohol (SC) was used as a capping agent, and sodium borohydride (SB) was used as a reducing agent. Several parameters were studied, including HAuCl4, SC, SB concentrations, the volumetric ratio of SB to gold precursor, pH, temperature, and mixing speed. Various techniques were used to characterize the resulting nanoparticles, including Atomic Absorbance spectroscopy (AAS), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and dynamic light scratching (DLS). Optimum conditions were obtained for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Under similar reaction conditions, the microreactor consistently produced smaller nanoparticles in the range of 10.42-11.31 nm with a reaction time of less than 1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad T. Aljarrah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Doha P.O. Box 24449, Qatar
- Correspondence:
| | - Ala’a M. Alboull
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad S. Alharahsheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Azad Ashraf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, College of Engineering Technology, Doha P.O. Box 24449, Qatar
| | - Amith Khandakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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25
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Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Agents Delivery-An Up-to-Date Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213862. [PMID: 36430343 PMCID: PMC9696780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases constitute an increasing threat to public health and medical systems worldwide. Particularly, the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens has left the pharmaceutical arsenal unarmed to fight against such severe microbial infections. Thus, the context has called for a paradigm shift in managing bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections, leading to the collision of medicine with nanotechnology. As a result, renewed research interest has been noted in utilizing various nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles, aiming to overcome the limitations of current treatment options. In more detail, numerous studies have loaded natural and synthetic antimicrobial agents into different inorganic, lipid, and polymeric-based nanomaterials and tested them against clinically relevant pathogens. In this respect, this paper reviews the most recently reported successfully fabricated nanoformulations that demonstrated a great potential against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites of interest for human medicine.
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26
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Dai S, Li Q, Li W, Zhang Y, Dou M, Xu R, Wang T, Lu X, Wang F, Li J. Advances in functional photonic crystal materials for the analysis of chemical hazards in food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4900-4920. [PMID: 36117270 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contaminants in food generally include natural toxins (mycotoxins, animal toxins, and phytotoxins), pesticides, veterinary drugs, environmental pollutants, heavy metals, and illegal additives. Developing a low-cost, simple, and rapid detection technology for harmful substances in food is urgently needed. Analytical methods based on different advanced materials have been developed into rapid detection methods for food samples. In particular, photonic crystal (PC) materials have a unique surface periodic structure, structural color, a large surface area, easy integration with photoelectronic and magnetic devices which have great advantages in the development of rapid, low-cost, and highly sensitive analytical methods. This review focuses on the PC materials in the view of their fabrication processes, functionalized recognition components for the specific recognition of hazardous substances, and applications in the separation, enrichment, and detection of chemical hazards in real samples. Suspension array based on three-dimensional PC microspheres by droplet-based microfluidic assembly is a great promising and powerful platform for food safety detection fields. For the PCs selective analysis, biological antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) could be modified for specific recognition of target substances, particularly MIPs because of their low-cost and easy mass production. Based on these functional PCs, various toxic and hazardous substances can be selectively enriched or recognized in real samples and further quantified in combination of liquid chromatography method or optical detection methods including fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Dai
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianjin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaodan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghua Dou
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruimin Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Lu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fenying Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianlin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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27
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Chircov C, Bîrcă AC, Vasile BS, Oprea OC, Huang KS, Grumezescu AM. Microfluidic Synthesis of -NH 2- and -COOH-Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3160. [PMID: 36144948 PMCID: PMC9503789 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a promising alternative for the synthesis of nanoparticles, which ensures precise control over the synthesis parameters, high uniformity, reproducibility, and ease of integration. Therefore, the present study investigated a one-step synthesis and functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) using sulfanilic acid (SA) and 4-sulfobenzoic acid (SBA). The flows of both the precursor and precipitating/functionalization solutions were varied in order to ensure the optimal parameters. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The results demonstrated the successful synthesis of magnetite as the unique mineralogical phase, as well as the functionalization of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the possibility to control the crystallinity, size, shape, and functionalization degree by varying the synthesis parameters was further confirmed. In this manner, this study validated the potential of the microfluidic platform to develop functionalized MNPs, which are suitable for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Chircov
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Stefan Vasile
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840301, Taiwan
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
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Legout P, Lefebvre G, Bonnin M, Gimel JC, Benyahia L, Gibaud A, Marre S, Simonsson C, Wang S, Colombani O, Calvignac B. Reactive precipitation of vaterite calcium carbonate microspheres in supercritical carbon dioxide-water dispersion by microfluidics. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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A Review of Microfluidic Experimental Designs for Nanoparticle Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158293. [PMID: 35955420 PMCID: PMC9368202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is defined as emerging science and technology based on precisely manipulating fluids through miniaturized devices with micro-scale channels and chambers. Such microfluidic systems can be used for numerous applications, including reactions, separations, or detection of various compounds. Therefore, due to their potential as microreactors, a particular research focus was noted in exploring various microchannel configurations for on-chip chemical syntheses of materials with tailored properties. Given the significant number of studies in the field, this paper aims to review the recently developed microfluidic devices based on their geometry particularities, starting from a brief presentation of nanoparticle synthesis and mixing within microchannels, further moving to a more detailed discussion of different chip configurations with potential use in nanomaterial fabrication.
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Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of LipoParticles as mRNA Carrier Prepared by Automated Microfluidic System and Bulk Method. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061297. [PMID: 35745869 PMCID: PMC9229904 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric and/or lipid platforms are promising tools for nucleic acid delivery into cells. We previously reported a lipid–polymer nanocarrier, named LipoParticles, consisting of polylactic acid nanoparticles surrounded by cationic lipids, and allowing the addition of mRNA and cationic LAH4-1 peptide at their surface. Although this mRNA platform has shown promising results in vitro in terms of mRNA delivery and translation, the bulk method used to prepare LipoParticles relies on a multistep and time-consuming procedure. Here, we developed an automated process using a microfluidic system to prepare LipoParticles, and we compared it to the bulk method in terms of morphology, physicochemical properties, and ability to vectorize and deliver mRNA in vitro. LipoParticles prepared by microfluidic presented a smaller size and more regular spherical shape than bulk method ones. In addition, we showed that the total lipid content in LipoParticles was dependent on the method of preparation, influencing their ability to complex mRNA. LipoParticles decorated with two mRNA/LAHA-L1 ratios (1/20, 1/5) could efficiently transfect mouse DC2.4 cells except for the automated 1/5 assay. Moreover, the 1/5 mRNA/LAHA-L1 ratio drastically reduced cell toxicity observed in 1/20 ratio assays. Altogether, this study showed that homogeneous LipoParticles can be produced by microfluidics, which represents a promising platform to transport functional mRNA into cells.
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Khan K, Ahmad W, Amin MN, Nazar S. Nano-Silica-Modified Concrete: A Bibliographic Analysis and Comprehensive Review of Material Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12121989. [PMID: 35745327 PMCID: PMC9228660 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several review studies have been performed on nano-silica-modified concrete, but this study adopted a new method based on scientometric analysis for the keywords’ assessment in the current research area. A scientometric analysis can deal with vast bibliometric data using a software tool to evaluate the diverse features of the literature. Typical review studies are limited in their ability to comprehensively and accurately link divergent areas of the literature. Based on the analysis of keywords, this study highlighted and described the most significant segments in the research of nano-silica-modified concrete. The challenges associated with using nano-silica were identified, and future research is directed. Moreover, prediction models were developed using data from the literature for the strength estimation of nano-silica-modified concrete. It was noted that the application of nano-silica in cement-based composites is beneficial when used up to an optimal dosage of 2–3% due to high pozzolanic reactivity and a filler effect, whereas a higher dosage of nano-silica has a detrimental influence due to the increased porosity and microcracking caused by the agglomeration of nano-silica particles. The mechanical strength might enhance by 20–25% when NS is incorporated in the optimal amount. The prediction models developed for predicting the strength of nano-silica-modified concrete exhibited good agreement with experimental data due to lower error values. This type of analysis may be used to estimate the essential properties of a material, therefore saving time and money on experimental tests. It is recommended to investigate cost-effective methods for the dispersion of nano-silica in higher concentrations in cement mixes; further in-depth studies are required to develop more accurate prediction models to predict nano-silica-modified concrete properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaffayatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; (W.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Muhammad Nasir Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sohaib Nazar
- Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; (W.A.); (S.N.)
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Abstract
Over the last few years, new nanoparticle preparation methods have emerged by replacing the usual reagents with plant extracts obtained in different conditions. An example of a natural plant extract is those of cruciferous vegetables, to obtain the new bio-nano-coatings. Given the composition of cruciferous extracts and large amounts of wastes produced all over the world, they can be successful substitutes to replace conventional coatings and extend the possibility of “smart coatings“. The present review aims to be a critical discussion regarding the application of cruciferous waste in nanotechnological applications. This review paper can be a starting report for different researchers who intend to use this sustainable approach “from green to nanotechnology” to transpose manufacturing from laboratory to industry. Applying this approach to obtain nanostructures with plant waste highlights the importance of minimizing and re-utilizing residues from primary and secondary processing via chemical and social intervention, in order to contribute to the sustainability needs of the planet and its inhabitants.
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33
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Novel therapeutics and drug-delivery approaches in the modulation of glioblastoma stem cell resistance. Ther Deliv 2022; 13:249-273. [PMID: 35615860 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2021-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly malignancy with a poor prognosis. An important factor contributing to GBM recurrence is high resistance of GBM cancer stem cells (GSCs). While temozolomide (TMZ), has been shown to consistently extend survival, GSCs grow resistant to TMZ through upregulation of DNA damage repair mechanisms and avoidance of apoptosis. Since a single-drug approach has failed to significantly alter prognosis in the past 15 years, unique approaches such as multidrug combination therapy together with distinctive targeted drug-delivery approaches against cancer stem cells are needed. In this review, a rationale for multidrug therapy using a targeted nanotechnology approach that preferentially target GSCs is proposed with discussion and examples of drugs, nanomedicine delivery systems, and targeting moieties.
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Maged A, Abdelbaset R, Mahmoud AA, Elkasabgy NA. Merits and advances of microfluidics in the pharmaceutical field: design technologies and future prospects. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1549-1570. [PMID: 35612293 PMCID: PMC9154770 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2069878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is used to manipulate fluid flow in micro-channels to fabricate drug delivery vesicles in a uniform tunable size. Thanks to their designs, microfluidic technology provides an alternative and versatile platform over traditional formulation methods of nanoparticles. Understanding the factors that affect the formulation of nanoparticles can guide the proper selection of microfluidic design and the operating parameters aiming at producing nanoparticles with reproducible properties. This review introduces the microfluidic systems' continuous flow (single-phase) and segmented flow (multiphase) and their different mixing parameters and mechanisms. Furthermore, microfluidic approaches for efficient production of nanoparticles as surface modification, anti-fouling, and post-microfluidic treatment are summarized. The review sheds light on the used microfluidic systems and operation parameters applied to prepare and fine-tune nanoparticles like lipid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles as well as cross-linked nanoparticles. The approaches for scale-up production using microfluidics for clinical or industrial use are also highlighted. Furthermore, the use of microfluidics in preparing novel micro/nanofluidic drug delivery systems is presented. In conclusion, the characteristic vital features of microfluidics offer the ability to develop precise and efficient drug delivery nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Maged
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Factory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reda Abdelbaset
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen A Elkasabgy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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35
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Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis and Application. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040673. [PMID: 35215000 PMCID: PMC8878231 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The key pathways for synthesizing nanoparticles are physical and chemical, usually expensive and possibly hazardous to the environment. In the recent past, the evaluation of green chemistry or biological techniques for synthesizing metal nanoparticles from plant extracts has drawn the attention of many researchers. The literature on the green production of nanoparticles using various metals (i.e., gold, silver, zinc, titanium and palladium) and plant extracts is discussed in this study. The generalized mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis involves reduction, stabilization, nucleation, aggregation and capping, followed by characterization. During biosynthesis, major difficulties often faced in maintaining the structure, size and yield of particles can be solved by monitoring the development parameters such as temperature, pH and reaction period. To establish a widely accepted approach, researchers must first explore the actual process underlying the plant-assisted synthesis of a metal nanoparticle and its action on others. The green synthesis of NPs is gaining attention owing to its facilitation of the development of alternative, sustainable, safer, less toxic and environment-friendly approaches. Thus, green nanotechnology using plant extract opens up new possibilities for the synthesis of novel nanoparticles with the desirable characteristics required for developing biosensors, biomedicine, cosmetics and nano-biotechnology, and in electrochemical, catalytic, antibacterial, electronics, sensing and other applications.
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Volk AA, Campbell ZS, Ibrahim MYS, Bennett JA, Abolhasani M. Flow Chemistry: A Sustainable Voyage Through the Chemical Universe en Route to Smart Manufacturing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:45-72. [PMID: 35259931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Zachary S Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Malek Y S Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Jeffrey A Bennett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
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37
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Alamry AYH, Al-Antaki AHM, Luo X, Raston CL. Continuous flow in situ shear stress induced encapsulation of curcumin within spheroidal bovine serum albumin-based nanoparticles. Aust J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Ozcelik A, Aslan Z. A simple acoustofluidic device for on-chip fabrication of PLGA nanoparticles. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:014103. [PMID: 35154554 PMCID: PMC8816518 DOI: 10.1063/5.0081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of systems and processes provides numerous benefits in terms of cost, reproducibility, precision, minimized consumption of chemical reagents, and prevention of contamination. The field of microfluidics successfully finds a place in a plethora of applications, including on-chip nanoparticle synthesis. Compared with the bulk approaches, on-chip methods that are enabled by microfluidic devices offer better control of size and uniformity of fabricated nanoparticles. However, these microfluidic devices generally require complex and expensive fabrication facilities that are not readily available in low-resourced laboratories. Here, a low-cost and simple acoustic device is demonstrated by generating acoustic streaming flows inside glass capillaries through exciting different flexural modes. At distinct frequencies, the flexural modes of the capillary result in different oscillation profiles that can insert harmonic forcing into the fluid. We explored these flexural modes and identified the modes that can generate strong acoustic streaming vortices along the glass capillary. Then, we applied these modes for fluid mixing using an easy-to-fabricate acoustofluidic device architecture. This device is applied in the fabrication of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles. The acoustic device consists of a thin glass capillary and two polydimethylsiloxane adaptors that are formed using three-dimensional printed molds. By controlling the flow rates of the polymer and water solutions, PLGA nanoparticles with diameters between 65 and 96 nm are achieved with polydispersity index values ranging between 0.08 and 0.18. Owing to its simple design and minimal fabrication requirements, the proposed acoustofluidic mixer can be applied for microfluidic fluid mixing applications in limited resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Ozcelik
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Fonseca LR, Santos TP, Czaikoski A, Cunha RL. Microfluidics-based production of chitosan-gellan nanocomplexes encapsulating caffeine. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110885. [PMID: 34980412 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic complexes produced by interactions between polysaccharides have promising applications in the medical, pharmaceutical and food fields. In this light, for the development of such particles, microfluidics emerges as a promising technique in which processes occur at a strict laminar flow regime, allowing diffusion-dominated transport and particle formation in highly-controlled conditions. As a proof of concept, we compared bulk versus microfluidic (different devices simulating a range of residence times) processes for the production of electrostatic complexes of gellan with either chitosan (molecular weight ∼ 28 kDa) or hydrolyzed chitosan (molecular weight ∼ 3 kDa). Regardless of the process, polysaccharide solutions (pH 4.5) were mixed in pre-defined concentrations (polysaccharide ratios) to form electrostatic complexes that were used to encapsulate caffeine. These complexes were characterized by zeta potential measurements and particle size distribution. Overall, microfluidics produced complexes with improved characteristics such as lower polydispersity index (PDI ∼ 0.1) and mean size (∼200 nm) when compared to the conventional bulk process (PDI ∼ 0.3 and mean size ∼ 400 nm). Moreover, hydrolyzed chitosan (HC) contributed to an even smaller size and PDI value of the complexes. Such outcome is associated with the lower molecular weight and higher solubility of HC when comparing to conventional chitosan, which in turn improves electrostatic complexation. Caffeine could also be encapsulated in all complexes, but the highest encapsulation efficiency was achieved using microfluidics (70%) and with the geometry that provided a longer residence time. Therefore, we were able to demonstrate that microfluidics is clearly an effective strategy for generating electrostatic complexes with improved properties. Ultimately, this technique demonstrated a high potential for the production of vehicles of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Ribas Fonseca
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Porto Santos
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Czaikoski
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Lopes Cunha
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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40
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De Grandi D, Meghdadi A, LuTheryn G, Carugo D. Facile production of quercetin nanoparticles using 3D printed centrifugal flow reactors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20696-20713. [PMID: 35919149 PMCID: PMC9295137 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02745c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3D printed reactor-in-a-centrifuge (RIAC) was developed to produce drug nanocrystals. Quercetin nanocrystals were manufactured at varying operational and formulation conditions, and had a small size (190–302 nm) and low size dispersity (PDI < 0.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide De Grandi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alireza Meghdadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gareth LuTheryn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Dario Carugo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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41
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Truong N, Black SK, Shaw J, Scotland BL, Pearson RM. Microfluidic-Generated Immunomodulatory Nanoparticles and Formulation-Dependent Effects on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophage Inflammation. AAPS J 2021; 24:6. [PMID: 34859324 PMCID: PMC8728808 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a highly useful and clinically translatable drug delivery platform for vast therapeutic payloads. Through the precise tuning of their physicochemical properties, NPs can be engineered to exhibit controlled drug release properties, enhanced circulation times, improved cellular uptake and targeting, and reduced toxicity profiles. Conventional bulk methods for the production of polymeric NPs suffer from the ability to control their size and polydispersity, batch-to-batch variability, significant preparation times, and low recovery. Here, we describe the development and optimization of a high-throughput microfluidic method to produce cargo-less immunomodulatory nanoparticles (iNPs) and their formulation-dependent anti-inflammatory properties for the modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage responses. Using poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as the core-forming polymer, a rapid and tunable microfluidic hydrodynamic flow-focusing method was developed and optimized to systematically evaluate the role of polymer and surfactant concentration, surfactant chemistry, and flow rate ratio (FRR) on the formation of iNPs. A set of iNPs with 6 different surface chemistries and 2 FRRs was then prepared to evaluate their inherent anti-inflammatory effects using bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, LPS. Finally, a lyophilization study was performed using various cryoprotectants and combinations to identify preferable conditions for iNP storage. Overall, we demonstrate a highly controlled and reproducible method for the formulation of iNPs using microfluidics and their formulation-dependent inherent anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory properties, which represents a potentially promising strategy for the management of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, MD, 21201, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sheneil K Black
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, MD, 21201, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jacob Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MD, 21201, Baltimore, USA
| | - Brianna L Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, MD, 21201, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, MD, 21201, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MD, 21201, Baltimore, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, MD, 21201, Baltimore, USA.
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42
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Niculescu AG, Bîrcă AC, Grumezescu AM. New Applications of Lipid and Polymer-Based Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acids Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2053. [PMID: 34959335 PMCID: PMC8708541 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids represent a promising lead for engineering the immune system. However, naked DNA, mRNA, siRNA, and other nucleic acids are prone to enzymatic degradation and face challenges crossing the cell membrane. Therefore, increasing research has been recently focused on developing novel delivery systems that are able to overcome these drawbacks. Particular attention has been drawn to designing lipid and polymer-based nanoparticles that protect nucleic acids and ensure their targeted delivery, controlled release, and enhanced cellular uptake. In this respect, this review aims to present the recent advances in the field, highlighting the possibility of using these nanosystems for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes towards combatting a broad range of infectious, chronic, and genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.C.B.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 50044 Bucharest, Romania
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43
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Koryakina IG, Afonicheva PK, Arabuli KV, Evstrapov AA, Timin AS, Zyuzin MV. Microfluidic synthesis of optically responsive materials for nano- and biophotonics. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 298:102548. [PMID: 34757247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, nanomaterials demonstrating optical response under illumination, the so-called optically responsive nanoparticles (NPs), have found their broad application as optical switchers, gas adsorbents, data storage devices, and optical and biological sensors. Unique optical properties of such nanomaterials are strongly related to their chemical composition, geometrical parameters and morphology. Microfluidic approaches for NPs' synthesis allow overcoming the known critical stages in conventional synthesis of NPs due to a high rate of heat/mass transfer and precise regulation of synthesis conditions, which results in reproducible synthesis outcomes with the desired physico-chemical properties. Here, we review the recent advances in microfluidic approach for synthesis of optically responsive nanomaterials (plasmonic, photoluminescent, shape-changeable NPs), highlighting the general background of microfluidics, common considerations in the design of microfluidic chips (MFCs), and theoretical models of the NPs' formation mechanisms. Comparative analysis of microfluidic synthesis with conventional synthesis methods is provided further, along with the recent applications of optically responsive NPs in nano- and biophotonics.
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44
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Omran B, Baek KH. Nanoantioxidants: Pioneer Types, Advantages, Limitations, and Future Insights. Molecules 2021; 26:7031. [PMID: 34834124 PMCID: PMC8624789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are generated as byproducts of normal metabolic processes as well as due to exposure to several environmental pollutants. They are highly reactive species, causing cellular damage and are associated with a plethora of oxidative stress-related diseases and disorders. Antioxidants can control autoxidation by interfering with free radical propagation or inhibiting free radical formation, reducing oxidative stress, improving immune function, and increasing health longevity. Antioxidant functionalized metal nanoparticles, transition metal oxides, and nanocomposites have been identified as potent nanoantioxidants. They can be formulated in monometallic, bimetallic, and multi-metallic combinations via chemical and green synthesis techniques. The intrinsic antioxidant properties of nanomaterials are dependent on their tunable configuration, physico-chemical properties, crystallinity, surface charge, particle size, surface-to-volume ratio, and surface coating. Nanoantioxidants have several advantages over conventional antioxidants, involving increased bioavailability, controlled release, and targeted delivery to the site of action. This review emphasizes the most pioneering types of nanoantioxidants such as nanoceria, silica nanoparticles, polydopamine nanoparticles, and nanocomposite-, polysaccharide-, and protein-based nanoantioxidants. This review overviews the antioxidant potential of biologically synthesized nanomaterials, which have emerged as significant alternatives due to their biocompatibility and high stability. The promising nanoencapsulation nanosystems such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and liposome nanoparticles are highlighted. The advantages, limitations, and future insights of nanoantioxidant applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Omran
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea;
- Department of Processes Design & Development, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea;
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45
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Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM. Polymer-Based Nanosystems-A Versatile Delivery Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6812. [PMID: 34832213 PMCID: PMC8619478 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based nanoparticles of tailored size, morphology, and surface properties have attracted increasing attention as carriers for drugs, biomolecules, and genes. By protecting the payload from degradation and maintaining sustained and controlled release of the drug, polymeric nanoparticles can reduce drug clearance, increase their cargo's stability and solubility, prolong its half-life, and ensure optimal concentration at the target site. The inherent immunomodulatory properties of specific polymer nanoparticles, coupled with their drug encapsulation ability, have raised particular interest in vaccine delivery. This paper aims to review current and emerging drug delivery applications of both branched and linear, natural, and synthetic polymer nanostructures, focusing on their role in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov no. 3, 50044 Bucharest, Romania
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46
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Khizar S, Zine N, Errachid A, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Elaissari A. Microfluidic based nanoparticle synthesis and their potential applications. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:819-838. [PMID: 34758117 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A lot of substantial innovation in advancement of microfluidic field in recent years to produce nanoparticle reveals a number of distinctive characteristics for instance compactness, controllability, fineness in process, and stability along with minimal reaction amount. Recently, a prompt development, as well as realization in production of nanoparticles in microfluidic environs having dimension of micro to nanometers and constituents extending from metals, semiconductors to polymers, has been made. Microfluidics technology integrates fluid mechanics for production of nanoparticles having exclusive with homogenous sizes, shapes, and morphology, which are utilized in several bioapplications such as biosciences, drug delivery, healthcare, including food engineering. Nanoparticles are usually well-known for having fine and rough morphology because of their small dimensions including exceptional physical, biological, chemical, and optical properties. Though the orthodox procedures need huge instruments, costly autoclaves, use extra power, extraordinary heat loss, as well as take surplus time for synthesis. Additionally, this is fascinating in order to systematize, assimilate, in addition, to reduce traditional tools onto one platform to produce micro and nanoparticles. The synthesis of nanoparticles by microfluidics permits fast handling besides better efficacy of method utilizing the smallest components for process. Herein, we will focus on synthesis of nanoparticles by means of microfluidic devices intended for different bioapplications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Khizar
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Lyon, F-69622, France
| | - Nadia Zine
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Lyon, F-69622, France
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Lyon, F-69622, France
| | | | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Lyon, F-69622, France
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Investigation into the Use of Microfluidics in the Manufacture of Metallic Gold-Coated Iron Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112976. [PMID: 34835738 PMCID: PMC8622423 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid iron oxide-gold nanoparticles are of increasing interest for applications in nanomedicine, photonics, energy storage, etc. However, they are often difficult to synthesise without experience or ‘know-how’. Additionally, standard protocols do not allow for scale up, and this is significantly hindering their future potential. In this study, we seek to determine whether microfluidics could be used as a new manufacturing process to reliably produce hybrid nanoparticles with the line of sight to their continuous manufacture and scaleup. Using a Precision Nano NanoAssemblr Benchtop® system, we were able to perform the intermediate coating steps required in order to construct hybrid nanoparticles around 60 nm in size with similar chemical and physical properties to those synthesised in the laboratory using standard processes, with Fe/Au ratios of 1:0.6 (standard) and 1:0.7 (microfluidics), indicating that the process was suitable for their manufacture with optimisation required in order to configure a continuous manufacturing plant.
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49
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Baki A, Wiekhorst F, Bleul R. Advances in Magnetic Nanoparticles Engineering for Biomedical Applications-A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:134. [PMID: 34677207 PMCID: PMC8533261 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) have been developed and applied for a broad range of biomedical applications, such as diagnostic imaging, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, gene therapy and tissue repair. As one key element, reproducible synthesis routes of MNPs are capable of controlling and adjusting structure, size, shape and magnetic properties are mandatory. In this review, we discuss advanced methods for engineering and utilizing MNPs, such as continuous synthesis approaches using microtechnologies and the biosynthesis of magnetosomes, biotechnological synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles from bacteria. We compare the technologies and resulting MNPs with conventional synthetic routes. Prominent biomedical applications of the MNPs such as diagnostic imaging, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery and magnetic actuation in micro/nanorobots will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkader Baki
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Frank Wiekhorst
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Regina Bleul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany;
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50
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Khramtsov P, Burdina O, Lazarev S, Novokshonova A, Bochkova M, Timganova V, Kiselkov D, Minin A, Zamorina S, Rayev M. Modified Desolvation Method Enables Simple One-Step Synthesis of Gelatin Nanoparticles from Different Gelatin Types with Any Bloom Values. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1537. [PMID: 34683829 PMCID: PMC8541285 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin nanoparticles found numerous applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, immunotherapy, and vaccine development as well as in biotechnology and food science. Synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles is usually made by a two-step desolvation method, which, despite providing stable and homogeneous nanoparticles, has many limitations, namely complex procedure, low yields, and poor reproducibility of the first desolvation step. Herein, we present a modified one-step desolvation method, which enables the quick, simple, and reproducible synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles. Using the proposed method one can prepare gelatin nanoparticles from any type of gelatin with any bloom number, even with the lowest ones, which remains unattainable for the traditional two-step technique. The method relies on quick one-time addition of poor solvent (preferably isopropyl alcohol) to gelatin solution in the absence of stirring. We applied the modified desolvation method to synthesize nanoparticles from porcine, bovine, and fish gelatin with bloom values from 62 to 225 on the hundreds-of-milligram scale. Synthesized nanoparticles had average diameters between 130 and 190 nm and narrow size distribution. Yields of synthesis were 62-82% and can be further increased. Gelatin nanoparticles have good colloidal stability and withstand autoclaving. Moreover, they were non-toxic to human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Khramtsov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Oksana Burdina
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Sergey Lazarev
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Anastasia Novokshonova
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Maria Bochkova
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Valeria Timganova
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Dmitriy Kiselkov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Technical Chemistry, 614013 Perm, Russia;
| | - Artem Minin
- Lab of Applied Magnetism, M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the UB RAS, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Ural Federal University Named after The First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Zamorina
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Mikhail Rayev
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
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