Role of Zinc in Immune System and Anti-Cancer Defense Mechanisms

Dietary zinc supplements: beneficial health effects and application in food, medicine and animals

Zinc, a crucial trace element is vital for the growth and development of humans. It is frequently described as 'the flower of life' and 'the source of intelligence'. Zinc supplements play a pivotal role in addressing zinc deficiency by serving as a vital source of this essential micronutrients, effectively replenishing depleted zinc levels in the body. In this paper, we first described the biological behavior of zinc in the human body and briefly described the physiological phenomena associated with zinc levels. The benefits and drawbacks of various zinc supplement forms are then discussed, with emphasis on the most recent zinc supplement formulations. Finally, the application of zinc supplements in food, medicine, and animal husbandry is further summarized. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

ZNT1 and Zn 2+ control TLR4 and PD-L1 endocytosis in macrophages to improve chemotherapy efficacy against liver tumor

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

HCC is closely associated with inflammation and immune modulation, and combined chemotherapy with other strategies is under extensive investigation to achieve better efficacy. HCC is accompanied by zinc (Zn) deficiency. This study aims to understand how Zn could affect macrophage function and its application for HCC therapy.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

Zn 2+ and the Zn transporter 1 (ZNT1, solute carrier family 30 member 1) were markedly reduced in intrahepatic macrophages from patients with HCC and from mouse liver tumors. Lower ZNT1 expression was associated with higher IL-6 production and shorter survival time in patients with HCC. Critically, ZNT1 regulated endosomal Zn 2+ levels for endocytosis of toll-like receptor 4 and programmed cell death ligand 1, thereby decreasing macrophage-induced inflammation and immunosuppression to protect from liver tumors. Myeloid-specific deletion of ZNT1 in mice increased chronic inflammation, liver fibrosis, tumor numbers, and size. Notably, Zn supplementation could reduce inflammation and surface programmed cell death ligand 1 expression in macrophages with the increased CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity, which synergized the antitumor efficacy of Sorafenib/Lenvatinib.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study proposes a new concept that ZNT1 and Zn regulate endosome endocytosis to maintain surface receptors, and Zn supplements might be synergized with chemotherapy to treat inflammation-associated tumors, especially those containing programmed cell death ligand 1 + myeloid cells.

Structurally diverse zinc(II) complexes containing tripodal tetradentate phenoxido-amines with promising antiproliferative effects

Structurally diverse zinc(II) complexes with tripodal tetradentate phenolic-amines of variable substituents in the phenol and amine moieties were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. The two dinuclear [Zn2(L1)2](ClO4)2·MeOH (1), [Zn2(L2)2](ClO4)2 (2), and four mononuclear [Zn(L3)(H2O)]·MeOH (3), [Zn(L4)] (4), [Zn(L5)] (5) and [Zn(L6)] (6) complexes revealed distorted octahedral, trigonal-bipyramidal or tetrahedral geometries. The free HL1 and H2L3-6 ligands, and complexes 1-6 were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780R, PC-3 and 22Rv1) and normal healthy MRC-5 cells. Overall results revealed high-to-moderate cytotoxicity (with the best IC50 values for complex 6 ranging from 2.4 to 4.5 μM), which is however, significantly higher than that of the reference drug cisplatin. The moderately active complexes 1-4 showed considerable selectivity on A2780 cells (IC50 ≈ 16.3-19.5 μM) over MRC-5 ones (with IC50 >50 μM for 1, 2 and 4, and with IC50 >25 μM for 3). The complexes 1, 2, and 6 and the ligand H2L6 were chosen for subsequent deeper biological evaluations. Their time-resolved cellular uptake and other cellular effects in A2780 cells were studied, such as cell cycle profile, intracellular ROS production, induction of apoptosis and activation of caspases 3/7. Complexes 1 and 2 caused significant G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in A2780 cells and antioxidant effects at normal conditions. They showed only limited effects on cellular processes connected with cytotoxicity, i.e. induction of apoptosis, depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential, and autophagy. These findings can be at least partly attributed to the low ability of the complexes to enter the A2780 cells and the depression of metabolic activity of the target cancer cells.

Contaminant and residue profiles in Lebanese food: a comparative analysis with global standards

Lebanon's agricultural sector, known for its diverse crop and livestock production, faces challenges in the international market due to the presence of chemical residues and contaminants in its food exports. Recent rejections of these exports have raised global concerns about food safety, increasingly seen as vital for public health and economic prosperity. This review focuses on examining scientific studies about the levels of various chemical residues including pesticides, and veterinary drugs and contaminants like mycotoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals in Lebanese food products. Findings indicate that these residues and contaminants often exceed both the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and maximum limits (MLs) set by the Codex Alimentarius and the European Union. The review concludes with recommendations for reducing these contaminants and residues to enhance Lebanon's food safety and quality, aligning with international standards, and mitigating the risk of export rejections.

The zinc absorption of the novel peptide-Zn complex in Caco-2 cells: effects of soybean peptides charge and hydrophobicity

BACKGROUND

The supplemental effect of zinc depends not only on adequate intake, but also on how efficiently it is absorbed in the small intestine. In the present study, weak hydrophobic peptides (WHP), strong hydrophobic peptides (SHP), positively charged peptides (PCP) and negatively charged peptides (NCP) were isolated from soybean peptides (SP). The peptide-Zn complexes (PCP-Zn, NCP-Zn, WHP-Zn, SHP-Zn and SP-Zn) were prepared to compare their promotion zinc absorption capacity in the Caco-2 cells monolayers model.

RESULTS

We found that the carboxyl, carbonyl and amino groups in peptide were the primary binding sites of Zn. Compared with zinc sulfate, the peptide-Zn complexes with different charge and hydrophobic peptides could improve zinc solubility at different pH. NCP-Zn had a lower Zn-binding capacity but a higher zinc absorption capacity compared to that of PCP-Zn in Caco-2 cells. In addition, the capacity of PCP-Zn to promote zinc absorption was lower than the control group (SP-Zn). There were no significant differences in transport rates, retention rates and uptake rates of WHP-Zn, SHP-Zn and SP-Zn. NCP-Zn could improve the activity of Zn-related enzymes, and the expression levels of PepT1 and ZnT1 were higher than other peptide-Zn complexes.

CONCLUSION

The promotion zinc absorption capacity of peptide-Zn complexes was not completely dependent on the Zn-binding capacity, but also depended on the charge and hydrophobicity of peptides. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Concentration of serum trace elements in leukemia and lymphoma: A case-control study

Objective

Trace elements (TEs) have electrochemical and catalytic effects and play a crucial role in metabolism. A change in the concentrations of specific TEs may be associated with the incidence of various diseases such as solid tumors and hematological malignancies. By comparing the concentrations of TEs in the cases and controls, this study aims to provide insights into the possible impacts of TEs concentration on the incidence of leukemia and lymphoma.

Materials and methods

In the current study, the serum concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, and Se were analyzed for 20 patients with leukemia and lymphoma and 20 healthy individuals. Those concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Results

The serum Zn concentration in the cases was significantly lower than that in the controls (P < 0.05). The serum concentrations of Cu, Cd and Fe were also lower in the cases than in the controls. However, no significant difference was found (P > 0.05). Also, the serum concentration of Se was higher in the patients than in the controls, but no significant difference was found (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The results indicate that a low serum concentration of Zn may be associated with the incidence of leukemia and lymphoma. The assessment of TEs in hematological malignancies may be of a prognostic value and provide knowledge about the side effects of alterations in the concentration of those elements. It may also lead to the use of suitable strategies to better manage the clinical conditions of patients.

A Diet Lacking Selenium, but Not Zinc, Copper or Manganese, Induces Anticancer Activity in Mice with Metastatic Cancers

Selenium, zinc, copper, and manganese are essential components of antioxidant enzymes involved in the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Given that cancer cells produce high levels of ROS and the accumulation of ROS can lead to cell death, cancer cells may be susceptible to strategies that reduce ROS elimination. In this work, we prepared several artificial diets that contained normal carbohydrate, protein, and lipid levels but lacked selenium, zinc, copper, or manganese. The anticancer activity of these diets was examined in a metastatic ovarian cancer model, established by injecting ID8 Trp53-/- murine ovarian cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6JRj mice. Treatments started 15 days later and consisted of replacing a normal diet with one of the artificial diets for several weeks. A significant improvement in mice survival was observed when the normal diet was replaced with the selenium-free diet. Diets lacking zinc, copper, or manganese showed no significant impact on mice survival. All diets were very well tolerated. The anticancer efficacy of a diet lacking selenium was confirmed in mice with metastatic colon cancer and in mice with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. These results suggest that diets lacking selenium hold potential for the treatment of metastatic cancers.

Metal-detection based techniques and their applications in metallobiology

Metals are essential for human health and play a crucial role in numerous biological processes and pathways. Gaining a deeper insight into these biological events will facilitate novel strategies for disease prevention, early detection, and personalized treatment. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the development of metal-detection based techniques from single cell metallome and proteome profiling to multiplex imaging, which greatly enhance our comprehension of the intricate roles played by metals in complex biological systems. This perspective summarizes the recent progress in advanced metal-detection based techniques and highlights successful applications in elucidating the roles of metals in biology and medicine. Technologies including machine learning that couple with single-cell analysis such as mass cytometry and their application in metallobiology, cancer biology and immunology are also emphasized. Finally, we provide insights into future prospects and challenges involved in metal-detection based techniques, with the aim of inspiring further methodological advancements and applications that are accessible to chemists, biologists, and clinicians.

In vitroassessment of a gallium-doped glass polyalkenoate cement: chemotherapeutic potential, cytotoxicity and osteogenic effects

Metastatic bone lesions are often osteolytic, which causes advanced-stage cancer sufferers to experience severe pain and an increased risk of developing a pathological fracture. Gallium (Ga) ion possesses antineoplastic and anti-bone resorption properties, suggesting the potential for its local administration to impede the growth of metastatic bone lesions. This study investigated the chemotherapeutic potential, cytotoxicity, and osteogenic effects of a Ga-doped glass polyalkenoate cement (GPC) (C-TA2) compared to its non-gallium (C-TA0) counterpart. Ion release profiles revealed a biphasic pattern characterized by an initial burst followed by a gradually declining release of ions. C-TA2 continued to release Ga steadily throughout the experimentation period (7 d) and exhibited prolonged zinc (Zn) release compared to C-TA0. Interestingly, the Zn release from both GPCs appeared to cause a chemotherapeutic effect against H1092 lung cancer cellsin vitro, with the prolonged Zn release from C-TA2 extending this effect. Unfortunately, both GPCs enhanced the viability of HCC2218 breast cancer cells, suggesting that the chemotherapeutic effects of Zn could be tied to cellular differences in preferred Zn concentrations. The utilization of SAOS-2 and MC3T3 cell lines as bone cell models yielded conflicting results, with the substantial decline in MC3T3 viability closely associated with silicon (Si) release, indicating cellular variations in Si toxicity. Despite this ambiguity, both GPCs exhibited harmful effects on the osteogenesis of primary rat osteoblasts, raising concerns about excessive burst Zn release. While Ga/Zn-doped GPCs hold promise for treating metastatic bone lesions caused by lung cancers, further optimization is required to mitigate cytotoxicity on healthy bone.

Evaluation of imprecision in the different detection methods of Zn based on 5 years of data from an external quality assessment program in China

BACKGROUND

This study examines the imprecision of zinc (Zn) measurements across various clinical detection methods by analyzing the external quality assessment (EQA) data from 2018 to 2022. The findings of this study aim to offer recommendations for enhancing Zn measurements.

METHODS

Participating laboratories were grouped into peer categories based on the detection methods. The robust mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of the samples were calculated following ISO 13528 guidelines. The evaluation criteria for optimal, desirable, and minimum allowable imprecision in Zn estimation are 2.50%, 5.05%, and 7.55%, respectively, based on biological variation. Furthermore, the study examined inter-lab CVs, inter-method bias, and the passing rate. The impact of sample concentration on CVs and the pass rate was also investigated.

RESULTS

Over the past five years, 4283 laboratories participated in the EQA program, showing a high pass rate that improved as sample concentration increased. Differential pulse polarography (DPP) demonstrated stable and low CVs (0.61-1.86%). Although differential pulse stripping (DPS) was less stable than DPP, it still exhibited a low CV (0.71-3.10%). Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) performed similarly and displayed stable CVs (2.39-4.42%) within the acceptable range of desirable imprecision (5.05%). However, the CVs for ICP-MS were unacceptable in three out of the five years (5.28-6.20%). In 2022, the number of participating laboratories for DDP, DPS, GFAAS, FAAS and ICP-MS is 131, 35, 35, 820 and 72, respectively.

CONCLUSION

This study provides reliable insights into the imprecision of Zn measurements in clinical laboratories. The findings indicate that additional efforts are required to reduce the imprecision of ICP-MS in Zn measurements.

Dietary supplementation with seeds of Sesamum indicum L. (pedaliaceae) mitigates the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast tumor burden in rats

OBJECTIVES

Sesamum indicum L. seeds; rich in zinc and lignans are endowed with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties which attract research on their anticancer potential. Although many studies have reported the in vitro antitumor potential of S. indicum and its phytoconstituents, much is yet to be known about its in vivo effects. To fill this gap, the effects of dietary supplementation with seeds of S. indicum in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-exposed rats was assessed.

METHODS

42 rats aged 30-35 days were randomized into six groups (n=6) as follows: the normal (NOR) and negative (DMBA) control groups were fed with standard diet; the positive control group (DMBA + Zinc) was fed with standard diet supplemented with commercial zinc (0.01 %); the test groups were fed with standard diet supplemented with S. indicum seeds in different proportions (6.25 , 12.5 and 25 %). Breast cancer was induced by a single administration of DMBA (50 mg/kg BW, s.c.) diluted in corn oil. The experiment lasted 20 weeks and afterward, tumor incidence; tumor burden, tumor volume, tumor micro-architecture and some biochemical parameters were evaluated.

RESULTS

As salient result, 100 % of rats in the DMBA group developed tumors, while rats feed with rat chow supplemented with S. indicum seeds (25 %) had a reduced incidence of tumors (33.3 %) and tumor volume (2.71 cm3 in sesame 25 % vs. 4.69 cm3 in the DMBA group, p˂0.01). The seeds (25 %) also slowed DMBA-induced neoplasm expansion in mammary ducts as compared to rats of DMBA group.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, supplementation with S. indicum seeds slowed breast tumorigenesis via its antioxidant capacity.

The interaction effects of zinc and polygenic risk score with benzo[a]pyrene exposure on lung cancer risk: A prospective case-cohort study among Chinese populations

The relationship of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) with lung cancer risk has been firmly established, but whether this association could be modified by other environmental or genetic factors remains to be explored. To investigate whether and how zinc (Zn) and genetic predisposition modify the association between BaP and lung cancer, we performed a case-cohort study with a 5.4-year median follow-up duration, comprising a representative subcohort of 1399 participants and 359 incident lung cancer cases. The baseline concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-albumin adduct (BPDE-Alb) and Zn were quantified. We also genotyped the participants and computed the polygenic risk score (PRS) for lung cancer. Our findings indicated that elevated BPDE-Alb and PRS were linked to increased lung cancer risk, with the HR (95%CI) of 1.54 (1.36, 1.74) per SD increment in ln-transformed BPDE-Alb and 1.27 (1.14, 1.41) per SD increment in PRS, but high plasma Zn level was linked to a lower lung cancer risk [HR (95%CI)=0.77 (0.66, 0.91) per SD increment in ln-transformed Zn]. There was evidence of effect modification by Zn on BaP-lung cancer association (P for multiplicative interaction = 0.008). As Zn concentrations increased from the lowest to the highest tertile, the lung cancer risk per SD increment in ln-transformed BPDE-Alb decreased from 2.07 (1.48, 2.89) to 1.33 (0.90, 1.95). Additionally, we observed a significant synergistic interaction of BPDE-Alb and PRS [RERI (95%CI) = 0.85 (0.03, 1.67)], with 42% of the incident lung cancer cases among individuals with high BPDE-Alb and high PRS attributable to their additive effect [AP (95%CI) = 0.42 (0.14, 0.69)]. This study provided the first prospective epidemiological evidence that Zn has protective effect against BaP-induced lung tumorigenesis, whereas high genetic risk can enhance the harmful effect of BaP. These findings may provide novel insight into the environment-environment and environment-gene interaction underlying lung cancer development, which may help to develop prevention and intervention strategies to manage BaP-induced lung cancer.

The war between the immune system and the tumor - using immune biomarkers as tracers

Nowadays, immunotherapy is one of the most promising anti-tumor therapeutic strategy. Specifically, immune-related targets can be used to predict the efficacy and side effects of immunotherapy and monitor the tumor immune response. In the past few decades, increasing numbers of novel immune biomarkers have been found to participate in certain links of the tumor immunity to contribute to the formation of immunosuppression and have entered clinical trials. Here, we systematically reviewed the oncogenesis and progression of cancer in the view of anti-tumor immunity, particularly in terms of tumor antigen expression (related to tumor immunogenicity) and tumor innate immunity to complement the cancer-immune cycle. From the perspective of integrated management of chronic cancer, we also appraised emerging factors affecting tumor immunity (including metabolic, microbial, and exercise-related markers). We finally summarized the clinical studies and applications based on immune biomarkers. Overall, immune biomarkers participate in promoting the development of more precise and individualized immunotherapy by predicting, monitoring, and regulating tumor immune response. Therefore, targeting immune biomarkers may lead to the development of innovative clinical applications.

Heavy metal ions interactions with G-quadruplex-prone DNA sequences

The industrial world exposes living organisms to a variety of metal pollutants. Here we investigated whether such elements affect G-rich sequences susceptible to fold into G-quadruplex (GQ) structures. Thermal stability and conformation of these oligoncleotides was studied at various molar ratios of a variety of heavy metal salts using thermal FRET, transition-FRET (t-FRET) and circular dichroism. Metal ions affected the thermal stability of the GQs to different extents; some metals had no effect on Tm while other metals caused small to moderate changes in Tm at 1:1 or 1:10 molar ratio. While most of the metals had no major effect, Al3+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Hg2+ and Zn2+ altered the thermal stability and structural features of the GQs. Some metals such as Pb2+ and Hg2+ exhibit differential interactions with telomere, c-myc and c-kit GQs. Overall, toxic heavy metals affect G-quadruplex stability in a sequence and topology dependent manner. This study provides new insight into how heavy metal exposure may affect gene expression and cellular responses.

Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer: A Biochemical Map of Reactive Oxygen Species Production

This review systematizes information about the metabolic features of breast cancer directly related to oxidative stress. It has been shown those redox changes occur at all levels and affect many regulatory systems in the human body. The features of the biochemical processes occurring in breast cancer are described, ranging from nonspecific, at first glance, and strictly biochemical to hormone-induced reactions, genetic and epigenetic regulation, which allows for a broader and deeper understanding of the principles of oncogenesis, as well as maintaining the viability of cancer cells in the mammary gland. Specific pathways of the activation of oxidative stress have been studied as a response to the overproduction of stress hormones and estrogens, and specific ways to reduce its negative impact have been described. The diversity of participants that trigger redox reactions from different sides is considered more fully: glycolytic activity in breast cancer, and the nature of consumption of amino acids and metals. The role of metals in oxidative stress is discussed in detail. They can act as both co-factors and direct participants in oxidative stress, since they are either a trigger mechanism for lipid peroxidation or capable of activating signaling pathways that affect tumorigenesis. Special attention has been paid to the genetic and epigenetic regulation of breast tumors. A complex cascade of mechanisms of epigenetic regulation is explained, which made it possible to reconsider the existing opinion about the triggers and pathways for launching the oncological process, the survival of cancer cells and their ability to localize.

Zinc as a potential regulator of the BCR-ABL oncogene in chronic myelocytic leukemia cells

BACKGROUND

Generally, decreased zinc in the serum of tumor patients but increased zinc in tumor cells can be observed. However, the role of zinc homeostasis in myeloid leukemia remains elusive. BCR-ABL is essential for the initiation, maintenance, and progression of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). We are currently investigating the association between zinc homeostasis and CML.

METHODS

Genes involved in zinc homeostasis were examined using three GEO datasets. Western blotting and qPCR were used to investigate the effects of zinc depletion on BCR-ABL expression. Furthermore, the effect of TPEN on BCR-ABL promoter activity was determined using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. MRNA stability and protein stability of BCR-ABL were assessed using actinomycin D and cycloheximide.

RESULTS

Transcriptome data mining revealed that zinc homeostasis-related genes were associated with CML progression and drug resistance. Several zinc homeostasis genes were affected by TPEN. Additionally, we found that zinc depletion by TPEN decreased BCR-ABL mRNA stability and transcriptional activity in K562 CML cells. Zinc supplementation and sodium nitroprusside treatment reversed BCR-ABL downregulation by TPEN, suggesting zinc- and nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms.

CONCLUSION

Our in vitro findings may help to understand the role of zinc homeostasis in BCR-ABL regulation and thus highlight the importance of zinc homeostasis in CML.

Splenic Elemental Composition of Breast Cancer-Suffering Rats Supplemented with Pomegranate Seed Oil and Bitter Melon Extract

The aim of this study was to investigate how dietary modifications with pomegranate seed oil (PSO) and bitter melon aqueous extract (BME) affect mineral content in the spleen of rats both under normal physiological conditions and with coexisting mammary tumorigenesis. The diet of Sprague-Dawley female rats was supplemented either with PSO or with BME, or with a combination for 21 weeks. A chemical carcinogen (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) was applied intragastrically to induce mammary tumors. In the spleen of rats, the selected elements were determined with a quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma ionization (ICP-MS). ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in elemental composition among experimental groups. Multivariate statistical methods were used to discover whether some subtle dependencies exist between experimental factors and thus influence the element content. Experimental factors affected the splenic levels of macroelements, except for potassium. Both diet modification and the cancerogenic process resulted in significant changes in the content of Fe, Se, Co, Cr, Ni, Al, Sr, Pb, Cd, B, and Tl in rat spleen. Chemometric analysis revealed the greatest impact of the ongoing carcinogenic process on the mineral composition of the spleen. The obtained results may contribute to a better understanding of peripheral immune organ functioning, especially during the neoplastic process, and thus may help develop anticancer prevention and treatment strategies.

Nutritional Support: The Use of Antioxidants in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The problem of treating inflammatory bowel disease continues to be a topic of great interest for researchers. Despite the complexity surrounding their treatment and strategies to prolong periods of remission, there is a promising exploration of various compounds that have potential in combating inflammation and alleviating symptoms. Selenium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron are among these compounds, offering a glimpse of hope in the treatment of IBD. These essential minerals not only hold the promise of reducing inflammation in these diseases, but also show the potential to enhance immune function and possibly influence the balance of intestinal microflora. By potentially modulating the gut microbiota, they may help support overall immune health. Furthermore, these compounds could play a crucial role in mitigating inflammation and minimising complications in patients with IBD. Furthermore, the protective effect of these compounds against mucosal damage in IBD and the protective effect of calcium itself against osteoporosis in this group of patients are notable.

Zinc Ionophore Pyrithione Mimics CD28 Costimulatory Signal in CD3 Activated T Cells

Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a crucial role in T cell immunity. During T cell activation, zinc is not only structurally important, but zinc signals can also act as a second messenger. This research investigates zinc signals in T cell activation and their function in T helper cell 1 differentiation. For this purpose, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were activated via the T cell receptor-CD3 complex, and via CD28 as a costimulatory signal. Fast and long-term changes in intracellular zinc and calcium were monitored by flow cytometry. Further, interferon (IFN)-γ was analyzed to investigate the differentiation into T helper 1 cells. We show that fast zinc fluxes are induced via CD3. Also, the intracellular zinc concentration dramatically increases 72 h after anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation, which goes along with the high release of IFN-γ. Interestingly, we found that zinc signals can function as a costimulatory signal for T helper cell 1 differentiation when T cells are activated only via CD3. These results demonstrate the importance of zinc signaling alongside calcium signaling in T cell differentiation.

The Potential of Integrative Cancer Treatment Using Melatonin and the Challenge of Heterogeneity in Population-Based Studies: A Case Report of Colon Cancer and a Literature Review

Melatonin is a multifunctional hormone regulator that maintains homeostasis through circadian rhythms, and desynchronization of these rhythms can lead to gastrointestinal disorders and increase the risk of cancer. Preliminary clinical studies have shown that exogenous melatonin alleviates the harmful effects of anticancer therapy and improves quality of life, but the results are still inconclusive due to the heterogeneity of the studies. A personalized approach to testing clinical parameters and response to integrative treatment with nontoxic and bioavailable melatonin in patient-centered N-of-1 studies deserves greater attention. This clinical case of colon cancer analyzes and discusses the tumor pathology, the adverse effects of chemotherapy, and the dynamics of markers of inflammation (NLR, LMR, and PLR ratios), tumors (CEA, CA 19-9, and PSA), and hemostasis (D-dimer and activated partial thromboplastin time). The patient took melatonin during and after chemotherapy, nutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D, green tea, and taxifolin), and aspirin after chemotherapy. The patient's PSA levels decreased during CT combined with melatonin (19 mg/day), and melatonin normalized inflammatory markers and alleviated symptoms of polyneuropathy but did not help with thrombocytopenia. The results are analyzed and discussed in the context of the literature on oncostatic and systemic effects, alleviating therapy-mediated adverse effects, association with survival, and N-of-1 studies.

Association between the serum zinc level and nutritional status represented by the geriatric nutritional Rrisk index

BACKGROUND

Although it is widely known that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) can develop zinc deficiency, in our previous analysis, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was not independently associated with the serum zinc level. Thus, a post hoc analysis was conducted to investigate the involvement of nutritional status.

METHODS

A total of 655 subjects not on dialysis (402 males; mean age, 57 ± 18 years) who underwent serum zinc level measurements at Jikei University Hospital between April 2018 and March 2019 were selected using the Standardized Structured Medical Information eXchange2 (SS-MIX2) system. In addition, anthropometric data and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) representing nutritional status were obtained, and the relationship between the serum zinc level and nutritional status was investigated by multiple regression analysis.

RESULTS

The serum albumin level and the GNRI were lower in the zinc-deficiency group, and both were positively associated with the serum zinc level (rho = 0.44, P < 0.01 and rho = 0.44, P < 0.01, respectively). On multiple regression analysis, the GNRI (t = 3.09, P < 0.01) and serum albumin level (t = 4.75, P < 0.01) were independently associated with the serum zinc level. Although a higher eGFR was associated with a higher serum zinc level, this association disappeared on multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

In this post hoc analysis, the GNRI, as well as the serum albumin level, were correlated with the serum zinc level, indicating that nutritional status is an important determinant of the zinc level. Further investigations are needed to clarify the effects of nutritional status and kidney function on zinc deficiency.

Etiology of lung carcinoma and treatment through medicinal plants, marine plants and green synthesized nanoparticles: A comprehensive review

Lung cancer, a leading global cause of mortality, poses a significant public health challenge primarily linked to tobacco use. While tobacco contributes to over 90% of cases, factors like dietary choices and radiation exposure also play a role. Despite potential benefits from early detection, cancer patients face hurdles, including drug resistance, chemotherapy side effects, high treatment costs, and limited healthcare access. Traditional medicinal plant knowledge has recently unveiled diverse cancer chemopreventive agents from terrestrial and marine sources. These phytochemicals regulate intricate molecular processes, influencing the immune system, apoptosis, cell cycle, proliferation, carcinogen elimination, and antioxidant levels. In pursuing cutting-edge strategies to combat the diverse forms of cancer, technological advancements have spurred innovative approaches. Researchers have focused on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant metabolites. This method offers distinct advantages over conventional physical and chemical synthesis techniques, such as cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and energy efficiency. Metallic nanoparticles, through various pathways such as the generation of reactive oxygen species, modulation of enzyme activity, DNA fragmentation, disruption of signaling pathways, perturbation of cell membranes, and interference with mitochondrial function resulting in DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, exhibit significant potential for preventive applications. Thus, the amalgamation of phytocompounds and metallic nanoparticles holds promise as a novel approach to lung cancer therapy. However, further refinements and advancements are necessary to enhance the environmentally friendly process of metallic nanoparticle synthesis.

The activation of HAMP promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation through zinc-mediated upregulation of SMAD4 expression

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant challenge in digestive system diseases, and emerging evidence underscores the critical role of zinc metabolism in its progression. This study aimed to investigate the clinical implications of genes at the intersection of zinc metabolism and CRC.

Methods

We downloaded CRC prognosis-related genes and zinc metabolism-related genes from public databases. Then, the overlapping genes were screened out, and bioinformatics analysis was performed to obtain the hub gene associated with CRC prognosis. Subsequently, in vitro assays were carried out to investigate the expression of this hub gene and its exact mechanism between zinc metabolism and CRC.

Results

HAMP was identified as the hub CRC prognostic gene from overlapping zinc metabolism-related and CRC prognostic genes. In vitro analysis showed HAMP was over-expressed in CRC, and its knockdown inhibited RKO and HCT-116 cell invasion and migration significantly. ZnSO4 induced HAMP up-regulation to promote cell proliferation, while TPEN decreased HAMP expression to inhibit cell proliferation. Importantly, we further found that ZnSO4 enhanced SMAD4 expression to augment HAMP promoter activity and promote cell proliferation in CRC.

Conclusions

HAMP stands out as an independent prognostic factor in CRC, representing a potential therapeutic target. Its intricate regulation by zinc, particularly through the modulation of SMAD4, unveils a novel avenue for understanding CRC biology. This study provides valuable insights into the interplay between zinc metabolism, HAMP, and CRC, offering promising clinical indicators for CRC patients. The findings present a compelling case for further exploration and development of targeted therapeutic strategies in CRC management.

Zinc contents in foods and estimates of dietary intakes in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China

Zinc is one of human essential metals. In this study, 101 kinds of daily food for residents, including vegetables, aquatic food, meat, fruits, rice and cereal products, pulse food, dairy products and eggs, were collected at various agricultural markets and supermarkets in Guangzhou city, China, and their zinc contents were determined. The results showed oyster is most abundant in zinc (703.5 ± 25.6 mg/kg), followed by high-zinc milk powder (58.63 ± 0.90 mg/kg), pulse food, mutton, beef and pig liver with zinc contents above 30 mg/kg. The zinc contents of rice and cereal products, milk powder, poultry, pork, some aquatic food and eggs are also relatively high (>10 mg/kg), while vegetables and fruits have zinc contents significantly below 10 mg/kg. The daily zinc intake per person was determined by considering the zinc content of various food types and the dietary habits of specific demographic groups, resulting in 12.3 mg/day for the normal person, 11.2 mg/day for low-income individual, 12.3 mg/day for middle-income individual, 13.3 mg/day for high-income individual, 10.2 mg/day for older individual, 12.9 mg/day for factory worker, 11.5 mg/day for college student, and 8.4 mg/day for kindergarten child. The reference values of zinc intake recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society were used to evaluate the zinc intake of Guangzhou residents, showing that the residents' zinc intake is generally sufficient and not necessary to use zinc supplementation. Income, age and occupation could have posed influence on dietary intake of zinc.

Dietary intake and serum levels of copper and zinc and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A matched case-control study

BACKGROUND

Copper and zinc are involved in the development of multiple malignancies; yet, epidemiological evidence on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake and serum levels of copper and zinc with the risk of HCC.

METHODS

A total of 434 case-control pairs matched for sex and age (±1 year) were included in this study. Cases with newly diagnosed HCC were from the Guangdong Liver Cancer Cohort (GLCC) study, and healthy controls were from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS). A semi-quantitative 79-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess habitual dietary intakes of copper and zinc. Serum levels of copper and zinc were measured by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The copper (Cu)/ zinc (Zn) ratio was computed by dividing copper levels by zinc levels. Conditional logistic regression models were performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for per 1 standard deviation increase (per-SD increase) in copper and zinc levels.

RESULTS

Higher dietary intake (OR per-SD increase = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.96, Ptrend = 0.029) and serum levels of zinc (OR per-SD increase = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.30, Ptrend <0.001) were both associated with a lower risk of HCC. Subgroup analyses showed that the inverse association was only pronounced in men but not in women ( Pinteraction = 0.041 for dietary zinc intake and 0.010 for serum zinc levels). Serum copper levels (OR per-SD increase = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.39, 3.03, Ptrend = 0.020) and serum Cu/Zn ratio (OR per-SD increase = 6.53, 95% CI: 2.52, 16.92, Ptrend <0.001) were positively associated with HCC risk, while dietary copper intake and dietary Cu/Zn ratio were not associated with HCC risk.

CONCLUSION

Zinc may be a protective factor for HCC, especially among men, but the effects of copper on HCC risk are not clear.

Targeting the NF-κB p65/Bcl-2 signaling pathway in hepatic cellular carcinoma using radiation assisted synthesis of zinc nanoparticles coated with naturally isolated gallic acid

PURPOSE

Oral diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a known hepatocarcinogen that damages the liver and causes cancer. DEN damages the liver through reactive oxygen species-mediated inflammation and biological process regulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Gallic acid-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-GANPs) were made from zinc oxide (ZnO) synthesized by irradiation dose of 50 kGy utilizing a Co-60 γ-ray source chamber with a dose rate of 0.83 kGy/h and gallic acid from pomegranate peel. UV-visible (UV) spectrophotometry verified Zn-GANP synthesis. TEM, DLS, and FTIR were utilized to investigate ZnO-NPs' characteristics. Rats were orally exposed to DEN for 8 weeks at 20 mg/kg five times per week, followed by intraperitoneal injection of Zn-GANPs at 20 mg/kg for 5 weeks. Using oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, liver function, histologic, apoptotic, and cell cycle parameters for evaluating Zn-GANPs treatment.

RESULTS

DEN exposure elevated inflammatory markers (AFP and NF-κB p65), transaminases (AST, ALT), γ-GT, globulin, and total bilirubin, with reduced protein and albumin levels. It also increased MDA levels, oxidative liver cell damage, and Bcl-2, while decreasing caspase-3 and antioxidants like GSH, and CAT. Zn-GANPs significantly mitigated these effects and lowered lipid peroxidation, AST, ALT, and γ-GT levels, significantly increased CAT and GSH levels (p<0.05). Zn-GANPs caused S and G2/M cell cycle arrest and G0/G1 apoptosis. These results were associated with higher caspase-3 levels and lower Bcl-2 and TGF-β1 levels. Zn-GANPs enhance and restore the histology and ultrastructure of the liver in DEN-induced rats.

CONCLUSION

The data imply that Zn-GANPs may prevent and treat DEN-induced liver damage and carcinogenesis.

Zinc transporter 1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with prognosis: A single-center retrospective study

OBJECTIVES

Zinc is crucial in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma; however, no reports have examined its association with clinical parameters and zinc transporter 1 (ZNT1) expression intensity. This study aimed to assess the association between ZNT1 expression and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 65 patients who underwent surgical hepatocellular carcinoma resection at a single center between January 2011 and June 2015. ZNT1 expression on hepatocellular carcinoma cells from specimens was assessed using immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between its intensity and various clinical indexes was examined with univariate and multivariable analyses and the Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Bonferroni, and log-rank tests.

RESULTS

ZNT1 expression on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell membrane was negative in 31 patients and positive in 34 patients, including nine patients showing strongly positive expression. Patients with and without ZNT1 expression had similar blood zinc concentrations, α-fetoprotein levels, protein induced by vitamin K absence-antagonist-II levels, gross classification, maximal tumor diameters, and background liver disease. The blood zinc concentrations were significantly lower in patients with strongly positive ZNT1 expression (57.0 ± 22.1 μg/dL) than in those with positive ZNT1 expression (71.1 ± 14.2 μg/dL; P = 0.015) or those with no ZNT1 expression (72.9 ± 14.1 μg/dL; P = 0.043). Overall survival was significantly shorter in ZNT1-expressing patients than in non-expressing patients (log-rank test, P = 0.024). Multivariable analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model identified maximal tumor diameter (hazard ratio, 1.018; 95% confidence interval, 1.002-1.034; P = 0.026) and ZNT1 expression status (hazard ratio, 2.082; 95% confidence interval, 1.196-3.621; P = 0.010) as prognostic contributing factors.

Effects of Particle Size on Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Apple and Carrot Pomaces

The food processing industry is growing rapidly and producing large amounts of by-products, such as pomaces, which are considered as no-value waste and cause significant environmental pollution. The main by-products of fruit juice processing companies are apple and carrot pomaces, which can be used to create new functional food products. In the present study, the effects of particle size (PS) on the proximate composition, nutritional properties, and antioxidant activity of apple pomace flour (APF) and carrot pomace flour (CPF) were determined. Four different PS fractions, PS > 1 mm, 1 > PS > 0.71 mm, 0.71 > PS > 0.18 mm, and 0.18 > PS > 0.075 mm were used for the present study. Their vitamin, carotenoid, organic acid, and reducing sugar contents were determined using HPLC. The proximate compositions of each PS fraction of the AP and CP flours were determined using recommended international standard methods. DPPH, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu methods were used to measure their antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds, respectively. The moisture content (around 12.1 mg/100 g) was similar in all PS fractions and in both flours. The APF had lower protein (4.3-4.6 g/100 g dw) and ash (1.7-2.0 g/100 g dw) contents compared to the CPF, with protein contents ranging from 6.4-6.8 g/100 g dw and ash contents ranging from 5.8-6.1 g/100 g dw. Smaller particles, regardless of flour type, exhibited higher sugar and phenolic contents and antioxidant activity, while vitamins were more abundant in particles larger than 1 mm. In the APF, larger particles had a higher fiber content than smaller particles, while their fat content was the lowest. PS also had an impact on the results of the carotenoid contents. This study underscores the direct impact of PS on the distribution of sugars, crude fiber, fat, carotenoids, vitamins, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity in pomaces.

Correlation between Selenium and Zinc Levels and Survival among Prostate Cancer Patients

The most prevalent type of cancer among males is prostate cancer. Survival is considered quite good, but it can be further improved when risk factors are optimized. One of these factors is micronutrients, including Se and Zn. To our knowledge, the interaction between Se and Zn and prostate cancer remains undescribed. This study aimed to investigate the optimal levels of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) and their impact on the survival of individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer. A total of 338 prostate cancer patients were enrolled in this study, which was conducted in Poland between 2009 and 2015. Mass spectrometry, which uses inductively coupled plasma mass, was used to assess serum element levels before treatment. The study participants were categorized into quartiles (QI-QIV) based on the distributions of Se and Zn levels observed among surviving participants. Cox regression was used to assess the association between serum Se and Zn levels and the survival of prostate cancer patients. Our results reveal the effect of combined Se and Zn levels on survival in prostate cancer patients (SeQI-ZnQI vs. SeQIV-ZnQIV; HR = 20.9). These results need further research to establish Se/Zn norms for different populations.

Current Trends on the Involvement of Zinc, Copper, and Selenium in the Process of Hepatocarcinogenesis

Numerous nutritional factors increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The dysregulation of zinc, copper, and selenium homeostasis is associated with the occurrence of HCC. The impairment of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements results in oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle progression, and angiogenesis, finally leading to hepatocarcinogenesis. These essential trace elements can affect the microenvironment in HCC. The carrier proteins for zinc and copper and selenium-containing enzymes play important roles in the prevention or progression of HCC. These trace elements enhance or alleviate the chemosensitivity of anticancer agents in patients with HCC. The zinc, copper, or selenium may affect the homeostasis of other trace elements with each other. Novel types of cell death including ferropotosis and cupropotosis are also associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. Therapeutic strategies for HCC that target these carrier proteins for zinc and copper or selenium-containing enzymes have been developed in in vitro and in vivo studies. The use of zinc-, copper- or selenium-nanoparticles has been considered as novel therapeutic agents for HCC. These results indicate that zinc, copper, and selenium may become promising therapeutic targets in patients with HCC. The clinical application of these agents is an urgent unmet requirement. This review article highlights the correlation between the dysregulation of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements and the development of HCC and summarizes the current trends on the roles of these essential trace elements in the pathogenesis of hepatocarcinogenesis.

A nested case-control study of serum zinc and incident diabetes among Chinese adults: Effect modifications and mediation analysis

Although numerous evidences suggest that zinc may have a beneficial impact on preventing and treating diabetes, findings from the population studies are inconclusive. To address this gap, we conducted a nested case-control study, employing restricted cubic splines and a conditional logistic regression model to explore the association between serum zinc levels and the risk of diabetes. We also assessed potential effect modifications through stratified analyses and examined the mediating effects of metabolic indicators using a multiclass mediation effect model. We measured baseline serum zinc concentrations using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in a cohort of 2156 participants, including 1078 individuals with diabetes and 1078 matched controls. Our findings revealed a 51 % increased risk of diabetes when comparing the highest quartile (Q4) to the lowest quartile (Q1) of serum zinc levels (Odds Ratio [95 % Confidence Interval]: 1.51 [1.09, 2.09]). There was a positive linear dose-response relationship between serum zinc and diabetes risk (P overall ≤0.01, P nonlinear = 0.20). Effect modifications were evident between serum zinc and factors such as educational attainment, body mass index, alcohol index, family history of diabetes, history of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke, all of which influenced the risk of diabetes (all P-interaction <0.05). Moreover, our study identified significant indirect effects of triglycerides levels on diabetes risk for participants in the third (Q3) and fourth (Q4) quartiles of serum zinc, with mediation proportions of 19.23 % and 19.28 %, respectively. A significant indirect effect of alanine aminotransferase on diabetes risk was found for those in the Q4 of serum zinc, with a mediation proportion of 12.05 %. Considering these findings, it is advisable to conduct testing for serum zinc level and exercise caution when considering zinc supplementation. Furthermore, our results emphasized the necessity for additional validation through large-sample prospective population studies and experimental research.

The potential of postharvest zinc treatment for preservation of pomegranate aril quality

A short shelf life usually limits the distribution and supply of pomegranate arils. Since zinc (Zn) has an indispensable role in the nutrient integrity of our diet and is effective in suppressing pathogens, this study was done as two separate experiments of pre-harvest spraying and postharvest dipping of arils with two zinc supplements, including nano zinc oxide (nZnO) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). The optimized concentration of both sources was used in the experiment. The pre-harvest treatment failed to extend the shelf life of arils, and, ultimately, the arils decayed after 15 days. However, the postharvest zinc treatment significantly (P < 0.01) affected all measured indices. Also, zinc sulfate was more effective than nZnO. Zn uptake was higher in postharvest treatments because exogenous Zn was in direct contact with the aril surface. After dissolving in water, Zn ions in sulfate bind to the membrane of microorganisms and thus delay cell division and microbial growth cycle. The solubility of zinc oxide nanoparticles in water is poor. Using the ZnSO4 treatment (0.8%W/V) effectively maintained the values of titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic content (TPC), total soluble solids (TSS), anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity. Also, this treatment significantly controlled weight loss in the arils.

From zinc homeostasis to disease progression: Unveiling the neurodegenerative puzzle

Zinc is a crucial trace element in the human body, playing a role in various physiological processes such as oxidative stress, neurotransmission, protein synthesis, and DNA repair. The zinc transporters (ZnTs) family members are responsible for exporting intracellular zinc, while Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) are involved in importing extracellular zinc. These processes are essential for maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. Imbalances in zinc metabolism have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Disruptions in zinc levels can impact the survival and activity of neurons, thereby contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases through mechanisms like cell apoptosis regulation, protein phase separation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, conducting a systematic review of the regulatory network of zinc and investigating the relationship between zinc dysmetabolism and neurodegenerative diseases can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Additionally, it may offer new insights and approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expression, Prognostic Value, and Immune Infiltration of MTHFD Family in Bladder Cancer

BACKGROUND

The Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (MTHFD) family plays an important role in the development and prognosis of a variety of tumors; however, the role of the MTHFD family in bladder cancer is unclear.

METHODS

R software, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA, and online sites such as String-LinkedOmics were used for bioinformatics analysis.

RESULTS

MTHFD1/1L/2 was significantly upregulated in bladder cancer tissues compared with normal tissues, high expression of the MTHFD family was strongly associated with poorer clinical grading and staging, and bladder cancer patients with upregulated expression of MTHFD1L/2 had a significantly worse prognosis. Gene function and PPI network analysis revealed that the MTHFD family and related genes play synergistic roles in the development of bladder cancer. 800 co-expressed genes related to the MTHFD family were used for functional enrichment analysis, and the results showed that many genes were associated with various oncogenic pathways such as cell cycle and DNA replication. More importantly, the MTHFD family was closely associated with multiple infiltrating immune lymphocytes, including Treg cells, and immune molecules such as TNFSF9, CD274, and PDCD1.

CONCLUSION

Our study shows that MTHFD family genes may be potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for patients with bladder cancer.

[Zinc Suppresses Colorectal Cancer Development through Cell-mediated Immunity]

Zinc is one of the essential trace elements, and is involved in various functions in the body. Zinc deficiency is known to cause immune abnormalities, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Therefore, we focused our research on tumor immunity to elucidate the effect of zinc on colorectal cancer and its mechanisms. Mice were treated with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to develop colorectal cancer, then the relationship between zinc content in the diet and the number and area of tumors in the colon was observed. The number of tumors in the colon was significantly higher in the no-zinc-added diet group compared to the normal zinc intake group, and about half the number in the high-zinc-intake group compared to the normal-zinc-intake group. In T-cell-deficient mice, the number of tumors in the high-zinc-intake group was similar to that in the normal-zinc-intake group, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of zinc was dependent on T cells. Furthermore, we found that the amount of granzyme B transcript released by cytotoxic T cells upon antigen stimulation was significantly increased by the addition of zinc. We also showed that granzyme B transcriptional activation by zinc addition was dependent on calcineurin activity. Collectively, we have shown that zinc exerts its tumor-suppressive effect by acting on cytotoxic T cells, the center of cellular immunity, and that it increases the transcription of granzyme B, one of the key molecules involved in tumor immunity. In this symposium, we would like to introduce our latest data on the relationship between zinc and tumor immunity.

Study of Serum Copper and Zinc Levels and Serum Cu/Zn Ratio among Polish Women with Endometrial Cancer

BACKGROUND

Micronutrients are important components for the homeostasis of the human body. The studies available in the literature of the subject on their impact on the risk of population diseases, including malignant neoplasms, are ambiguous. In this paper, the relationship between Cu and Zn serum levels and the occurrence of endometrial cancer have been analyzed.

METHODS

306 patients (153 test group and 153 control group) matched for age were analyzed for Cu and Zn levels. Microelements levels were determined for sera collected during the hospitalization of patients by means of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, the Cu/Zn ratio in the population included in the study was analyzed. Univariable and multivariable analyzes were used to examine the relationship between the factors under study and the incidence of endometrial cancer.

RESULTS

Lower levels of elements were observed in the study group compared with the control group (Cu: 959.39 μg/L vs. 1176.42 μg/L, p < 0.001; Zn: 707.05 μg/L vs. 901.67 μg/L, p < 0.001). A statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of endometrial cancer was observed for Cu and Zn. The patients with the lowest Cu level had a significantly higher occurrence of endometrial cancer compared with reference tertile (OR 8.54; p < 0.001). Similarly, compared with the reference tertile, the patients with the lowest Zn levels had a significantly greater incidence of endometrial cancer (OR 15.0; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The results of the study suggest an association of endometrial cancer occurrence with lower Cu and Zn serum levels.

Zinc-based biomaterials for bone repair and regeneration: mechanism and applications

Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important trace elements in the human body and plays a key role in various physiological processes, especially in bone metabolism. Zn-containing materials have been reported to enhance bone repair through promoting cell proliferation, osteogenic activity, angiogenesis, and inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. Therefore, Zn-based biomaterials are potential substitutes for traditional bone grafts. In this review, the specific mechanisms of bone formation promotion by Zn-based biomaterials were discussed, and recent developments in their application in bone tissue engineering were summarized. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives of Zn-based biomaterials were concluded, revealing their attractive potential and development directions in the future.

Photo-excitable zinc sulfide nanoparticles: A theranostic nanotool for cancer management

OBJECTIVES

Zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs), as one of the quantum dots less than 10 nm, possess unique size-dependent autofluorescence. Excitation of their valence electrons by energy higher than the bandgap reveals the ZnS NPs' inherited photocatalysis with additive cytotoxic consequences of reactive oxygen species (ROS) release. Coupling the cytotoxicity of photoactivated ZnS NPs with their autofluorescence would be a novel theranostic modality, combating superficially accessible carcinoma.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

After synthesizing and characterization of ZnS NPs, we verified their photocatalysis and electron donation upon UV excitation in degrading organic dye and DNA cleavage, respectively. We then tested the efficacy of UV-activated ZnS NPs to induce ROS-dependent apoptosis in squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer cell lines.

RESULTS

The energetic electron-hole pairs generated upon UV excitation of ZnS NPs with the consequent cascade of ROS release revealed potent apoptotic cancer cell deaths, compared with single treatment modalities of nonexcited nanoparticles and UV. Moreover, the inherited luminescence of ZnS NPs enabled visualization of their predominant intracytoplasmic uptake with tracking of their cellular response.

CONCLUSION

The intensified luminescence and the fortified cytotoxicity of photoactivated ZnS NPs enhance their theranostic qualifications, boosting their antitumorigenic use.

Molecular Linkage between Immune System Disorders and Atherosclerosis

A strong relationship exists between immune dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Immune dysregulation can promote the development of cardiovascular diseases as well as exacerbate their course. The disorders may occur due to the presence of primary immune defects (currently known as inborn errors of immunity) and the more common secondary immune deficiencies. Secondary immune deficiencies can be caused by certain chronic conditions (such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obesity, autoimmune diseases, or cancer), nutritional deficiencies (including both lack of nutrients and bioactive non-nutrient compounds), and medical treatments and addictive substances. This article unravels the molecular linkage between the aforementioned immune system disorders and atherosclerosis.

Elucidating cuproptosis-related gene SLC31A1 diagnostic and prognostic values in cancer

OBJECTIVES

Cancer remains a global health challenge, necessitating the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cuproptosis, a recently recognized form of cell death linked to copper metabolism, presents a promising avenue for anticancer strategies. We investigated the clinical significance of SLC31A1, a key regulator of cuproptosis, in multiple cancer types, aiming to elucidate its potential as a diagnostic biomarker, prognostic, indicator and therapeutic target.

METHODS

We conducted a pan-cancer analysis through TIMER2.0, evaluating SLC31A1 expression across multiple cancer types. Survival analysis was performed using KM plotter. Expression validation was carried out using UALCAN and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Methylation analysis was conducted with the help of ULACAN and OncoDB. Mutational analysis was performed using cBioPortal database. Immune infiltration analysis via the TIMER2.0 and gene enrichment analysis via the Metascape were performed to gain insights into the potential mechanisms underlying SLC31A1's role in cancer. Finally, Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to confirm SLC31A1 expression in clinical samples.

RESULTS

Out of analyzed cancer, SLC31A1 exhibited significant up-regulation and correlation with worse overall survival (OS) across Breast Cancer (BRCA), Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CESC), Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC), and Esophageal Carcinoma (ESCA). Mutational and promoter methylation analyses further revealed that hypomethylation is the major cause of SLC31A1 overexpression among BRCA, CESC, HNSC, and ESCA. Immune infiltration analysis showed significant associations between SLC31A1 expression and the presence of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Gene enrichment analysis provided valuable insights into potential molecular pathways in context to BRCA, CESC, HNSC, and ESCA. Furthermore, when SLC31A1 was analyzed using clinical samples through RT-qPCR, this gene showed promising diagnostic potential, reflected by high Area Under the Curve (AUC) values.

CONCLUSION

Our pan-cancer study highlights the up-regulation of SLC31A1 and its correlation with worse OS in BRCA, CESC, HNSC, and ESCA. In sum, outcomes of this study showed that SLC31A1 could be a potential biomarker and novel therapeutic target of BRCA, CESC, HNSC, and ESCA.

Multifunctional 3D-printed scaffolds eradiate orthotopic osteosarcoma and promote osteogenesis via microwave thermo-chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy

Tumor recurrence and a lack of bone-tissue integration are two critical concerns in the surgical treatment of osteosarcoma. Thus, an advanced multifunctional therapeutic platform capable of simultaneously eliminating residual tumor cells and promoting bone regeneration is urgently needed for efficient osteosarcoma treatment. Herein, to thoroughly eliminate tumors and simultaneously promote bone regeneration, an intelligent multifunctional therapeutic scaffold has been engineered by integrating microwave-responsive zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) nanomaterials loaded with a chemotherapeutic drug and an immune checkpoint inhibitor onto 3D-printed titanium scaffolds. The constructed scaffold features distinct microwave-thermal sensitization and tumor microenvironment-responsive characteristics, which can induce tumor immunogenic death by microwave hyperthermia and chemotherapy. Orthotopic implantation of the nanocomposite scaffold results in an enhanced immune response against osteosarcoma that may effectively inhibit tumor recurrence through synergistic immunotherapy. During long-term implantation, the zinc ions released from the degradation of ZIF-8 can induce the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. The porous structure and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed titanium scaffolds provide a structural microenvironment for bone regeneration. This study provides a paradigm for the design of multifunctional microwave-responsive composite scaffolds for use as a therapy for osteosarcoma, which could lead to improved strategies for the treatment of the disease.

Zinc-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Proton-Activatable Agent for Dose Range Verification in Proton Therapy

Proton therapy allows the treatment of specific areas and avoids the surrounding tissues. However, this technique has uncertainties in terms of the distal dose fall-off. A promising approach to studying the proton range is the use of nanoparticles as proton-activatable agents that produce detectable signals. For this, we developed an iron oxide nanoparticle doped with Zn (IONP@Zn-cit) with a hydrodynamic size of 10 nm and stability in serum. Cytotoxicity, defined as half of the surveillance, was 100 μg Zn/mL in the U251 cell line. The effect on clonogenic cell death was tested after X-ray irradiation, which suggested a radioprotective effect of these nanoparticles at low concentrations (1-10 μg Zn/mL). To evaluate the production of positron emitters and prompt-gamma signals, IONP@Zn-cit was irradiated with protons, obtaining prompt-gamma signals at the lowest measured concentration (10 mg Zn/mL). Finally, 67Ga-IONP@Zn-cit showed accumulation in the liver and spleen and an accumulation in the tumor tissue of 0.95% ID/g in a mouse model of U251 cells. These results suggest the possibility of using Zn nanoparticles as proton-activatable agents to verify the range by prompt gamma detection and face the challenges of prompt gamma detection in a specific biological situation, opening different avenues to go forward in this field.

Homo- and heterometallic complexes of Zn(II), {Zn(II)Au(I)}, and {Zn(II)Ag(I)} with pentadentate Schiff base ligands as promising anticancer agents

Two families of homo- and heterometallic complexes, [Zn2L1(μ-OH)(H2O)2](ClO4)2, [Zn2L2(μ-OH)(H2O)2](ClO4)2, [Zn2L3(μ-OH)(H2O)2](ClO4)2, 1∞[{L1Zn2(μ-OH)}{μ-[Ag(CN)2]}](ClO4), [{L1Zn2(μ-OH)}2{μ-[Au(CN)2]}{[Au(CN)2]2}](ClO4)·H2O, 1∞[{L2Zn2(μ3-OH)}2(H2O){μ-[Ag(CN)2]}](ClO4)3·THF·0.5MeOH, 1∞[{L2Zn2(μ3-OH)}2(H2O){μ-[Au(CN)2]}](ClO4)3·THF·H2O, and 1∞[{L3Zn2(μ-OH)}{μ-[Ag(CN)2]}][Ag(CN)2]·H2O, respectively, have been synthesized and characterized. The Schiff bases used as ligands were obtained by condensation reactions of 2,6-diformyl-p-cresol with N,N-dimethyl-ethylenediamine (HL1), 2-aminomethyl-pyridine (HL2), and 2-aminoethyl-pyridine (HL3), respectively. The cytotoxic/cytostatic and genotoxic effects in cultured human MCF-7 (luminal type A breast cancer), MDA-MB-231 (triple negative breast cancer), HeLa (cervical carcinoma), and Lep-3 (non-tumor embryonal fibroblastoid cells) were studied. The investigations were performed by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide test (MTT test), neutral red uptake cytotoxicity assay, crystal violet staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, double staining with acridine orange and propidium iodide, AnnexinV/FITC, and Comet assay in short-term experiments (24-72 h, with monolayer cell cultures) as well as by 3D colony-forming method in long-term experiments (28 days, with 3D cancer cell colonies). The results obtained revealed that: (i) applied at a concentration range of 0.1-100 μg mL-1, the compounds investigated decrease in a time- and concentration-dependent manner the viability and/or proliferation of the treated cells; (ii) complexes of {Zn(II)Au(I)} show relatively higher cytotoxic/genotoxic activity and antitumor potential as compared to {Zn(II)Ag(I)}; (iii) some of the complexes demonstrate more pronounced cytotoxic potential than commercially available antitumor agents cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and epirubicin.

Resorbable Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration: Critical Features, Potentials, and Limitations

Lack of horizontal and vertical bone at the site of an implant can lead to significant clinical problems that need to be addressed before implant treatment can take place. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a commonly used surgical procedure that employs a barrier membrane to encourage the growth of new bone tissue in areas where bone has been lost due to injury or disease. It is a promising approach to achieve desired repair in bone tissue and is widely accepted and used in approximately 40% of patients with bone defects. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive examination of recent advances in resorbable membranes for GBR including natural materials such as chitosan, collagen, silk fibroin, along with synthetic materials such as polyglycolic acid (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and their copolymers. In addition, the properties of these materials including foreign body reaction, mechanical stability, antibacterial property, and growth factor delivery performance will be compared and discussed. Finally, future directions for resorbable membrane development and potential clinical applications will be highlighted.

Zinc-Organometallic Framework Vaccine Controlled-Release Zn2+ Regulates Tumor Extracellular Matrix Degradation Potentiate Efficacy of Immunotherapy

Tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) not only forms a physical barrier for T cells infiltration, but also regulates multiple immunosuppressive pathways, which is an important reason for immunotherapy failure. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway plays a key role in activating CD8+ T cells, maintaining CD8+ T cells stemness and enhancing the antitumor effect. Herein, a zinc-organometallic framework vaccine (ZPM@OVA-CpG) prepared by self-assembly, which achieves site-directed release of Zn2+ in dendritic cell (DC) lysosomes and tumor microenvironment under acidic conditions, is reported. The vaccine actively targets DC, significantly enhances cGAS-STING signal, promotes DC maturation and antigen cross-presentation, and induces strong activation of CD8+ T cells. Meanwhile, the vaccine reaches the tumor site, releasing Zn2+ , significantly up-regulates the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2, degrades various collagen components of tumor ECM, effectively alleviates immune suppression, and significantly enhances the tumor infiltration and killing of CD8+ T cells. ZPM@OVA-CpG vaccine not only solves the problem of low antigen delivery efficiency and weak CD8+ T cells activation ability, but also achieves the degradation of tumor ECM via the vaccine for the first time, providing a promising therapeutic platform for the development of efficient novel tumor vaccines.

Therapeutic effect of trace elements on multiple myeloma and mechanisms of cancer process

In the human body, trace elements and other micronutrients play a vital role in growth, health and immune system function. The trace elements are Iron, Manganese, Copper, Iodine, Zinc, Cobalt, Fluoride, and Selenium. Estimating the serum levels of trace elements in hematologic malignancy patients can determine the severity of the tumor. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematopoietic malignancy and is characterized by plasma cell clonal expansion in bone marrow. Despite the advances in treatment methods, myeloma remains largely incurable. In addition to conventional medicine, treatment is moving toward less expensive noninvasive alternatives. One of the alternative treatments is the use of dietary supplements. In this review, we focused on the effect of three trace elements including iron, zinc and selenium on important mechanisms such as the immune system, oxidative and antioxidant factors and cell cycle. Using some trace minerals in combination with approved drugs can increase patients' recovery speed. Trace elements can be used as not only a preventive but also a therapeutic tool, especially in reducing inflammation in hematological cancers such as multiple myeloma. We hope that the prospect of the correct use of trace element supplements in the future could be promising for the treatment of diseases.

Selenium in Cancer Rehabilitation-A Retrospective Study from a Specialized Clinic

BACKGROUND

Micronutrient deficiencies are common at the time of cancer diagnosis and are associated with worse prognosis. Little is known about them in cancer rehabilitation.

METHODS

Data from routine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were analyzed at an inpatient cancer rehabilitation center. Rehabilitation patients completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire before and after multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment and three months after discharge. Selenium and zinc status were measured in whole blood at these three time points. In case of selenium deficiency, up to 600 µg selenium per day as sodium selenite was supplemented for three weeks during and for three months after rehabilitation.

RESULTS

A total of 271 patients (breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer) were included in the analysis. There was clinically meaningful improvement in many domains of the EORTC QLQ-C30 during rehabilitation. However, the effect often waned in the three months after. Prevalence for selenium deficiency varied between 34 to 90% depending on cancer type (breast < colon < pancreas). In contrast, zinc deficiency was rare. Daily selenium supplementation of 600 µg was more efficient to correct selenium deficiency compared to 300 µg selenium per day. Rehabilitation and increasing selenium status after rehabilitation were associated with improved global quality of life, physical and emotional functioning, and fatigue. In cancer patients with decreasing selenium status, values of global quality of life, physical and emotional functioning, and fatigue were back to the values at the beginning of rehabilitation.

CONCLUSIONS

Selenium deficiency is common in cancer patients admitted to a cancer rehabilitation clinic. Selenium supplementation during rehabilitation effectively corrected selenium deficiency in most cases. The positive effects of rehabilitation persisted longer when selenium status did not decrease after rehabilitation.

Association of maternal metals exposure, metabolites and birth outcomes in newborns: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Maternal exposure to metals may pose a risk to the health of newborns, however, the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Herein, we aimed to investigate the influence of metals exposure on birth outcomes and reveal the importance of metabolites in the exposure-outcomes association by using metabolomics methods.

METHODS

In our study, 292 mother-pairs were included who were recruited from the affiliated hospitals of Nanjing Medical University between 2006 and 2011. We measured fifteen metals (mercury, lead, vanadium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, rubidium, copper, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, strontium, thallium, magnesium and calcium) and metabolites in maternal second trimester serums by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high resolution accurate mass spectrometry, respectively. A multi-step statistical analysis strategy including exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) model, variable selection models and multiple-exposure models were performed to systematically appraise the associations of individual and mixed metals exposure with birth outcomes. Furthermore, differential metabolites that associated with metals exposure and birth outcomes were identified using linear regression models.

RESULTS

Metal's levels in maternal serums ranged from 0.05 μg/L to 1864.76 μg/L. In the ExWAS model, maternal exposure to arsenic was negatively associated with birth weight (β = 188.83; 95% CI: -368.27, -9.39), while maternal mercury exposure showed a positive association (β = 533.65; 95%CI: 179.40, 887.90) with birth weight. Moreover, each unit increase in mercury (1 ng/mL-log transformed) was associated with a 1.82 week-increase (95%CI: 0.85, 2.79) in gestational age. These findings were subsequently validated by variable selection models and multiple exposure models. Metabolomic analysis further revealed the significant role of 3-methyladenine in the relationship between arsenic exposure and birth weight.

CONCLUSION

This study provides new epidemiological evidence indicating the associations of metals exposure and neonatal birth outcomes, and emphasizes the potential role of metabolite biomarkers and their importance in monitoring adverse birth outcomes.

ZnSO4 Protects against premature ovarian failure through PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of ZnSO4 on premature ovarian failure (POF) in SD rats and granulosa cells (GCs) treated with cisplatin. We also explored the underlying mechanisms. In vivo experiments showed that ZnSO4 increased the serum levels of Zn2+, increased estrogen (E2) secretion, and decreased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion in rats. ZnSO4 increased ovarian index, protected ovarian tissues and blood vessels, reduced excessive follicular atresia, and maintained follicular development. At the same time, ZnSO4 inhibited apoptosis in the ovaries. In vitro experiments showed that ZnSO4 combination treatment restored the intracellular levels of Zn2+ and inhibited the apoptosis of GCs. ZnSO4 inhibited cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). We also found that ZnSO4 protected against POF by activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway and reducing apoptosis of GCs. These data suggest that ZnSO4 may be a potential therapeutic agent for protecting the ovaries and preserving fertility during chemotherapy.

Nutraceuticals and Their Contribution to Preventing Noncommunicable Diseases

The high rate of deaths around the world from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) (70%) is a consequence of a poor diet lacking in nutrients and is linked to lifestyle and environmental conditions that together trigger predisposing factors. NCDs have increased 9.8% of public health spending worldwide, which has been increasing since 2000. Hence, international organizations such as the WHO, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations have been developing strategic plans to implement government and economic policies to strengthen programs in favor of food security and nutrition. A systematic review is presented to document an analysis of the origin and characteristics of obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, and cancers affecting a large part of the world's population. This review proposes a scientifically based report of functional foods including fruits, vegetables, grains, and plants, and how their bioactive compounds called nutraceuticals-when consumed as part of a diet-benefit in the prevention and treatment of NCDs from an early age. Multifactorial aspects of NCDs, such as culture and eating habits, are limitations to consider from the clinical, nutritional, and biochemical points of view of everyone who suffers from them.