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Horovitz O. Theory of Food: Unravelling the Lifelong Impact of Childhood Dietary Habits on Adult Food Preferences across Different Diet Groups. Nutrients 2024; 16:428. [PMID: 38337713 PMCID: PMC10857510 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The study investigates the behavioral manifestations of the "Theory of Food" (ToF), a novel theoretical framework centered on the early development of food perceptions. The ToF posits that childhood experiences with food shape cognitive networks influencing adult dietary choices. Stemming from the "Theory of Mind," the ToF hypothesizes that individuals construct an associative world of food images and representations mirroring the socio-cognitive world shaped by proper theory of mind development. The study, involving 249 healthy adults, employs the Cognitive Food Preference Questionnaire (CFPQ) and the Adult Food Preference Profile (AFPP) to explore the correlation between childhood and adult food preferences across diet groups (omnivores, vegetarians, and vegans). Results reveal robust correlations in omnivores, varied patterns in vegetarians, and mixed outcomes in vegans. Notably, omnivores show correlations in grains, fast food, dairy products, vegetables, meat, soft drinks, and snack consumption. Vegetarians exhibit correlations in grains, fast food, dairy products, vegetables, snacks, and, surprisingly, meat consumption. Vegans display correlations in grains, fast food, vegetables, and snacks. The study suggests that childhood dietary habits tend to influence adult food choices, offering insights for future research in the field of theory of food (ToF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Horovitz
- The Physiology & Behavior Laboratory, Tel-Hai Academic College, 9977 North Districts, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel;
- Psychology Department, Tel-Hai Academic College, 9977 North Districts, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel
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2
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Neufingerl N, Eilander A. Nutrient Intake and Status in Children and Adolescents Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4341. [PMID: 37892416 PMCID: PMC10609337 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Health authorities increasingly recommend sustainable and healthy diets rich in plant foods and with moderate amounts of animal foods. However, there are concerns about whether such diets can meet all nutrient requirements, especially in children and adolescents, who have relatively high nutrient needs for growth and development. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the nutrient intake and status of children and adolescents (2-18 y) consuming plant-based (i.e., vegetarian and vegan) diets compared to those of meat-eating children following a systematic literature review of studies published between 2000 and 2022. Mean intake and status data of nutrients were calculated across studies and benchmarked to dietary reference values and cut-off values for nutrient deficiencies. A total of 30 studies were included (15 in children 2-5 y, 24 in children 6-12 y, and 11 in adolescents 13-18 y). In all diets, there were risks of inadequate intakes of vitamin D and calcium. Children consuming meat had a risk of inadequate folate and vitamin E intake; and mean fiber, SAFA, and PUFA intakes were not in line with the recommendations. Children consuming plant-based diets risked inadequate vitamin B12, iron, and zinc intakes. In contrast to vegans, vegetarian children may not meet the recommended intakes of fiber, SAFA, and possibly PUFA, but their mean intakes were more favorable than in meat-eating children. Although the data are limited and need further validation, our findings indicate that there are risks of nutritional inadequacies in all diet groups. Therefore, increasing consumption of a variety of plant-based foods, in combination with food fortification and supplementation where needed, is recommended for children and adolescents to have sustainable and nutritionally adequate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ans Eilander
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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3
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Lifestyle Risk Factors for Overweight/Obesity in Spanish Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121947. [PMID: 36553390 PMCID: PMC9777298 DOI: 10.3390/children9121947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is one of the main public health concerns in Europe. The aim was to identify possible risk factors associated with overweight/obesity in Spanish preschool and school-age children. The sample (1075 (50.7% girls) children aged 3 to 12) is part of the project 'Alimentando el Cambio' whose objective is to promote healthy lifestyles in schools. Child height and weight were measured, and parents filled out questionnaires related to the children's lifestyle. There was a positive and significant association between sweetened beverage consumption and body mass index (BMI) z-score in both sexes and age groups. There was a negative and significant association between BMI z-score and dairy products in girls of both age groups. There was also a protective effect of regular nut consumption on overweight/obesity in girls 6-12 y. Night-time sleep during weekdays showed a negative association with BMI z-score for older boys and girls. A positive and significant association was found between total screen time and BMI z-score during weekdays. Regarding emotional well-being and self-esteem, having girls 6-12 y laughing and feeling happy and good about themselves in the last week was a protective factor against overweight/obesity. Childhood obesity prevention efforts may benefit from targeting these key risk factors.
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The Influence of Increased Dairy Product Consumption, as Part of a Lifestyle Modification Intervention, on Diet Quality and Eating Patterns in Female Adolescents with Overweight/Obesity. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9111703. [PMID: 36360431 PMCID: PMC9688836 DOI: 10.3390/children9111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our study examined how increased dairy consumption versus habitually low dairy consumption, against a background of healthy eating (and exercise), influenced diet quality, nutrient intake, and snacking in Canadian female adolescents (14.8 ± 2.2 years) with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). We also explored dairy consumption patterns in the group consuming dairy products. Participants were randomized into two groups: higher/recommended dairy (RDa; 4 svg/d; n = 24) or low dairy (LDa; 0−2 svg/d; n = 23). Both groups participated in a 12-week, eucaloric, lifestyle modification intervention consisting of exercise training and nutritional counseling. The intervention increased the total Canadian Healthy Eating Index score (p < 0.001) with no differences between groups. The “other food” sub-score improved more in RDa than LDa (p = 0.02), and the “saturated fat” sub-score increased more in LDa than RDa (p = 0.02). The intervention significantly increased the consumption of dairy-related nutrients more in RDa than LDa (p < 0.05). The intervention also decreased snack size in both groups (p = 0.01) and improved percentage of healthy snack energy intake more in RDa than LDa (p = 0.04). More servings of dairy products were consumed as snacks than at breakfast, lunch, or dinner (p < 0.05). Thus, our study improved diet quality, and dairy product consumption improved intakes of key related nutrients and snack consumption in adolescents with OW/OB.
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Sheremeta J, Ma DWL, Haines J, Duncan AM, Darlington G, Newton G, Buchholz AC. Cheese Intake is Inversely Associated with LDL Cholesterol in Young Children. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2022; 83:208-211. [PMID: 35503897 DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2022-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine if intake (servings/day) of total dairy and/or dairy subtypes (milk, cheese, and yogurt) were associated with biomarkers related to dyslipidemia, insulin sensitivity and inflammation in a sample of cardio-metabolically healthy young children from the Guelph Family Health Study at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.Methods: Baseline data from 42 children (aged 2.0-6.2 years) from 33 families who provided a dietary assessment and a fasted blood sample were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Linear and logistic regressions using generalized estimating equations were used for analysis and models were adjusted for age, gender, and household income.Results: In total, 42 children (3.74 ± 1.23 years old; mean (± SD)) consumed median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) servings/day of 1.70 (1.16, 2.81) for total dairy, 0.74 (0.50, 1.70) for milk, 0.63 (0.00, 1.16) for cheese, and 0.00 (0.00, 0.38) for yogurt. Cheese intake was significantly inversely associated with LDL cholesterol (-0.16 (95% CI: -0.29, -0.03) mmol/L per serving; P = 0.02)). No other associations between dairy intake and biomarkers were significant.Conclusions: Cheese intake was inversely associated with LDL cholesterol in this preliminary study of cardio-metabolically healthy young children, thereby warranting further research on dairy intake and cardiometabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Sheremeta
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - Alison M Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - Gerarda Darlington
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - Genevieve Newton
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - Andrea C Buchholz
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
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Fiore G, Di Profio E, Sculati M, Verduci E, Zuccotti GV. Health effects of yogurt consumption during paediatric age: a narrative review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:738-759. [PMID: 35450518 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2065467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Yogurt is a fermented milk product characterised by a peculiar nutritional composition with live and viable cultures of bacteria. Few studies have analysed the benefits of yogurt consumption on health outcomes during paediatric age. Recent epidemiological studies evaluating the nutritional impact of yogurt have demonstrated its significant contribution to nutrients intakes among children. Thus, consuming yogurt is a strategy to achieve recommended nutrient intake and healthier dietary choices, with potential impact on obesity and cardiometabolic outcome in children. Yogurt's effects on paediatric infectious diseases, gastrointestinal diseases and atopic-related disorders are ascribed to the specific probiotic strain administered. Interestingly, the benefits of yogurt consumption are most likely due to effects mediated through the gut microbiota and the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, supplementing standard yogurt cultures with probiotic strains could be useful to promote health at different paediatric ages, although more evidence is needed regarding the strain-related effects and their interplay within the paediatric immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Profio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Sculati
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Master Course in Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Italian Danone Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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7
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González-Gil EM, Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Buck C, Gracia-Marco L, Lauria F, Pala V, Molnar D, Veidebaum T, Iacoviello L, Tornaritis M, Eiben G, Lissner L, Schwarz H, Ahrens W, De Henauw S, Fraterman A, Moreno LA. Improving cardiorespiratory fitness protects against inflammation in children: the IDEFICS study. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:681-689. [PMID: 33837254 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness (MF and CRF) have been related to inflammation. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between fitness and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in European children both in the cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. METHODS Three hundred and fifty-seven children (46.2% males) aged 2-9 years with hs-CRP measured, data from MF and CRF, diet quality, objectively measured physical activity (PA) and screen time at baseline and follow-up after 2 years were included. Body mass index z-score (zBMI), waist circumference (WC) and fat mass index (FMI) were assessed. MF and CRF were also dichotomized as follows: low-medium quartiles (Q1-Q3) and highest quartile (Q4). RESULTS At follow-up, children with the highest CRF (Q4) showed a lower probability of having high hs-CRP. In the longitudinal analysis, children who improved their CRF over time showed a significantly lower probability (p < 0.05) of being in the highest hs-CRP category at follow-up, independently of the body composition index considered: odds ratio (OR) = 0.22 for zBMI, OR = 0.17 for WC, and OR = 0.21 for FMI. CONCLUSIONS Improving CRF during childhood reduces the odds of an inflammatory profile, independently of body composition and lifestyle behaviours. These highlight the importance of enhancing fitness, especially CRF, to avoid an inflammatory state in children. IMPACT Improvements in the cardiorespiratory profile during childhood could reverse an unfavourable inflammatory status. There is a longitudinal and inverse association between CRF and inflammation in children. This is the first longitudinal study assessing the relationship between fitness and inflammation during childhood that takes also into account the lifestyle behaviours. Results from the present study suggest a protective role of fitness already in childhood. Efforts to improve fitness in children should be aimed at as inflammation could trigger future cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M González-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. .,GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba M Santaliestra-Pasías
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christoph Buck
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fabio Lauria
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Denes Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- National Institute for Health Development, Center of Health and Behavioral Science, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Licia Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Eiben
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heike Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany.,Institute of Statistics, Bremen University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arno Fraterman
- Laboratoriumsmedizin Dortmund, Eberhard & Partner, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Diet quality of Norwegian children at 3 and 7 years: changes, predictors and longitudinal association with weight. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:10-20. [PMID: 34462565 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Poor diet quality in early life can have long-term health effects, but the evidence is largely from cross-sectional studies. Our objective was to examine diet quality of Norwegian children by applying a-priori diet quality indices, identify early life determinants and examine prospective associations with overweight. SUBJECTS/METHODS We included 34,074 preschoolers (3-year-olds) and 18,350 school-aged children (7-years-olds) from the prospective, population-based Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Diet quality was assessed as (i) adherence to a Mediterranean diet, estimated by the food frequency-based Mediterranean Diet Score (fMDS, score range: 0-6) and (ii) by the diet quality index (DQI, score range: -33% to 100%), reflecting compliance to food-based dietary guidelines. In multivariate analyses we explored perinatal and childhood characteristics as potential determinants of diet quality. We used logistic regression to examine the associations between diet quality at 3 years and BMI status at 8 years, adjusting for relevant confounders and diet quality at 7 years. RESULTS One in three children had high MD adherence at 3 and 8 years, and DQI (mean 60%) at 3 and 7 years was strongly correlated (r = 0.48, p < 0.001). Short breastfeeding duration, physical activity and sleep duration and long screentime at 18 months were associated with 2-3% lower DQI at 3 years. At both ages, maternal diet quality was the strongest prospective predictor of DQI (beta = 5%, 95% CI = 4.7, 5.2 and beta = 3.1%, 95% CI = 2.8, 3.4), and screentime was the strongest cross-sectional predictor (beta = -5.2%, 95% CI = -5.9, -4.5 and beta = -4.1%, 95% CI = -5.0, -3.2). High DQI score at 3 years, but not MD adherence, was associated with a lower risk for overweight (including obesity) at 8 years, compared to low DQI (lower tertile) (adjusted OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.62, 0.96). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidences that high diet quality in early childhood may reduce the risk for overweight in later childhood, independent of the current dietary behaviors.
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Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Moreno LA, Gracia-Marco L, Buck C, Ahrens W, De Henauw S, Hebestreit A, Kourides Y, Lauria F, Lissner L, Molnar D, Veidebaum T, González-Gil EM. Prospective physical fitness status and development of cardiometabolic risk in children according to body fat and lifestyle behaviours: The IDEFICS study. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12819. [PMID: 34002531 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated cardiometabolic risk (CMR) is an important factor for cardiovascular diseases later in life while physical fitness seems to decrease CMR. OBJECTIVE Thus, the aim of the present study is to assess the association between muscular fitness (MF) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on CMR in European children, both cross-sectional and longitudinally. METHODS A total of 289 children (49.5% males) from eight European countries, aged 6 to 9, with longitudinal information on blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, homoeostasis model assessment, body mass index, data on fitness level, objectively measured physical activity (PA), diet quality, and total screen time were included. A CMR score was calculated and dichotomized. MF and CRF were also dichotomized. Cross-sectional and longitudinal multilevel logistic regressions adjusting for lifestyle behaviours were performed. RESULTS Reaching a high level of MF during childhood as well as remaining in that level over-time were associated with an 82% and 62% lower probability of high CMR at follow-up, respectively. Also, children who became top CRF over time, showed a 77% lower probability (P < 0.05) of being in the highest CMR quartile at follow-up, independently of sociodemographic and lifestyle indicators. CONCLUSIONS A high MF at early childhood and during childhood reduces the odds of having CMR. Same occurs with the improvement of CRF during childhood. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing fitness to avoid CMR already in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba M Santaliestra-Pasías
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Christoph Buck
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany.,Institute of Statistics, Bremen University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antje Hebestreit
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Fabio Lauria
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denes Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- National Institute for Health Development, Center of Health and Behavioral Science, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Esther M González-Gil
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Córdoba-Rodríguez DP, Iglesia I, Gómez-Bruton A, Miguel-Berges ML, Flores-Barrantes P, Casajús JA, Moreno LA, Rodríguez G. Associations between Spanish children's physical activity and physical fitness with lean body mass: The CALINA study. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:401-412. [PMID: 34720058 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1994728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the associations between physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) with lean body mass (LBM) and evaluated whether PA mediates the association between PF and LBM. 279 children (150 boys) aged 7.5 ± 0.3 years participated in the study. PA was assessed by accelerometry and PF with handgrip and the standing long jump test. Total lean soft tissue mass index (TLSTMI), muscle cross-sectional area index (MCSAI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and bioimpedance analysis, respectively.Total (β = 0.247) and vigorous PA (β = 0.143) were associated with TLSTMI in girls. In boys, total (β = 0.337), light (β = 0.290), vigorous (β = 0.200), and moderate-vigorous PA (β = 0.189) were associated with TLSTMI. Total PA was associated with FFMI (β = 0.299). Handgrip strength does not mediate the relationship between total PA and TLSTMI. Positive associations were found between handgrip strength and TLSTMI, MCSAI, and FFMI in both girls and boys.In children, there is a positive association between total and vigorous PA with TLSTMI. Handgrip strength does not mediate the relationship between total PA and TLSTMI. It was associated with TLSTMI, MCSAI, and FFMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Iglesia
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (Genud) Research Group, Universidad De Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (Ia2), Zaragoza, España.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (Iis Aragón), Zaragoza, España.,Red De Salud Materno Infantil Y Del Desarrollo (Samid), Instituto De Salud Carlos Iii, Madrid, España
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Bruton
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (Genud) Research Group, Universidad De Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (Ia2), Zaragoza, España.,Facultad De Ciencias De La Salud Y Del Deporte (Fcsd), Departamento De Fisiatría Y Enfermería, Universidad De Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Instituto De Salud Carlos Iii Madrid, España
| | - María L Miguel-Berges
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (Genud) Research Group, Universidad De Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (Ia2), Zaragoza, España
| | - Paloma Flores-Barrantes
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (Genud) Research Group, Universidad De Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (Ia2), Zaragoza, España
| | - José Antonio Casajús
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (Genud) Research Group, Universidad De Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (Ia2), Zaragoza, España.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (Iis Aragón), Zaragoza, España.,Facultad De Ciencias De La Salud Y Del Deporte (Fcsd), Departamento De Fisiatría Y Enfermería, Universidad De Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Instituto De Salud Carlos Iii Madrid, España
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (Genud) Research Group, Universidad De Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (Ia2), Zaragoza, España.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (Iis Aragón), Zaragoza, España.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Instituto De Salud Carlos Iii Madrid, España
| | - Gerardo Rodríguez
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (Genud) Research Group, Universidad De Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (Ia2), Zaragoza, España.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (Iis Aragón), Zaragoza, España.,Red De Salud Materno Infantil Y Del Desarrollo (Samid), Instituto De Salud Carlos Iii, Madrid, España.,Área De Pediatría, Universidad De Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
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11
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Comerford KB, Miller GD, Reinhardt Kapsak W, Brown KA. The Complementary Roles for Plant-Source and Animal-Source Foods in Sustainable Healthy Diets. Nutrients 2021; 13:3469. [PMID: 34684469 PMCID: PMC8538100 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 100 countries with food-based dietary guidelines throughout the world, each of which aims to encompass the cultural, geographical, and health considerations unique to their country of origin. Common themes throughout these guides emphasize diverse and balanced intake of food groups from both plant- and animal-sources. With the globally recognized need to shift to more sustainable food systems, several countries and international food and health organizations have begun to incorporate sustainability recommendations into their dietary guidance. These sustainability recommendations are often based on food source (i.e., eat more plant-source and fewer animal-source foods), yet food source may not be the only useful or informative comparator for assessing healthy and sustainable diets. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the roles of plant-source foods and animal-source foods in the context of sustainable healthy diets-with an emphasis on the contributions of the most commonly recommended food groups from global food-based dietary guidelines (i.e., fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods). Overall, plant and animal agriculture have complementary and symbiotic roles in healthy and sustainable food systems, and these abilities are largely dependent on various contextual factors (e.g., geography, production practices, processing methods, consumption patterns)-not just on whether the food originated from the plant or animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. Comerford
- OMNI Nutrition Science, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- California Dairy Research Foundation, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | | | | | - Katie A. Brown
- National Dairy Council, Rosemont, IL 60018, USA; (G.D.M.); (K.A.B.)
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12
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Age and time trends of dairy intake among children and adolescents of the DONALD study. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3861-3872. [PMID: 33881583 PMCID: PMC8437911 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To describe age and time trends in dietary intake of Total Dairy (TD) (g/1000 kcal Total Energy Intake) and types of dairy (weight percent of total dairy intake, w%TD) represented as Low Fat Dairy (LFD), High Sugar Dairy (HSD), Fermented Dairy (FD) and Liquid Dairy (LD) among children and adolescents in Germany. Methods Overall, 10,333 3-day dietary records kept between 1985 and 2019 by 1275 DONALD participants (3.5–18.5 years; boys: 50.8%) were analyzed using polynomial mixed-effects regression models. Results TD intake decreased with age (♂: linear trend p < 0.0001; ♀: linear and quadratic trend p < 0.0001), whereas FD (♀: linear, quadratic, cubic trend p ≤ 0.02) increased slightly in girls. HSD (♂: linear, quadratic, cubic trend p ≤ 0.004; ♀: linear, quadratic, cubic trend p ≤ 0.005) and LD (linear, quadratic trend p ≤ 0.0002) decreased with age. In terms of time trends, TD intake decreased in the last three decades, especially since 1995 (quadratic trend for ♂ 0.0007 and ♀ p = 0.004). LFD intake increased until 2010 and decreased thereafter (linear, quadratic, cubic trend p < 0.0001). HSD decreased until 1995, then increased until 2010 and decreased again afterwards (♂: linear, quadratic, cubic trend p ≤ 0.001; ♀: linear, quadratic, cubic trend p ≤ 0.003). While FD intake increased linear (in both ♂ and ♀: p < 0.0001), LD intake decreased (linear, quadratic trend p ≤ 0.03). Conclusion Our results showed changes in dairy consumption patterns among children and adolescents over the past three decades, demonstrating a decrease in TD intake with age and time, and a shift from liquid to solid dairy products with a simultaneous increase in fermented dairy products, while LFD and HSD fluctuated over time. Further evaluations will examine the health significance of these consumption patterns. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02555-7.
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13
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Lee JH, Ha AW, Kim WK, Kim SH. The Combined Effects of Milk Intake and Physical Activity on Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adolescents. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030731. [PMID: 33668955 PMCID: PMC7996533 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the combined effects of milk intake and physical activity on bone mineral density in adolescents. This study was conducted using data from the 2009–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which provided measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) in addition to basic health-related data. This study included 1061 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (557 males and 504 females) whose data on milk intake and participation time in moderate to vigorous physical activity were available. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Milk intake was assessed using the 24-h recall method, and the levels of physical activity were examined using a questionnaire. The physical activity questions of 2009–2011 KNHANES were based on the Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. The subjects were classified into four groups according to milk intake and physical activity level: no milk intake + low-level physical activity group (MnoPlow), no milk intake + high-level physical activity group (MnoPhigh), milk intake + low-level physical activity group (MyesPlow), and milk intake + high-level physical activity group (MyesPhigh). The results of partial correlation controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), and energy intake showed that the BMD variables were associated significantly with physical activity in both males and females. Among males, the MnoPlow group had the lowest BMD in all BMD variables, showing a significant difference from the high-level physical activity groups (MnoPhigh, MyesPhigh) by multiple logistic regression analysis. Among females, the MyesPhigh group showed a significantly higher lumbar BMD value than the other groups. The MnoPlow group had approximately 0.3 to 0.5 times lower odds ratio for median or higher BMD values, compared to MyesPhigh group. These results show that milk intake and physical activity have a combined effect on BMD, and suggest that to achieve healthy bone growth, it is important to encourage both moderate to vigorous physical activity and milk intake during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Sport Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon City 34134, Korea;
| | - Ae Wha Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Chungcheongnam-do, Cheonan City 31116, Korea; (A.W.H.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Woo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Chungcheongnam-do, Cheonan City 31116, Korea; (A.W.H.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Sun Hyo Kim
- Department of Technology and Home Economics Education, Kongju National University, Chungcheongnam-do, Gongju City 32588, Korea
- Correspondence:
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14
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Association of beverage consumption types with weight, height, and body mass index in grade 3 children in northern Taiwan: A cross-sectional study. Nutrition 2021; 90:111173. [PMID: 33964489 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of convenience and beverage stores in Taiwan provides an environment for children to access different beverages. To our knowledge, the relationship between beverage consumption types and anthropometrics in children has not been reported in Taiwan. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the consumption frequency of beverage type and anthropometrics in third-grade children. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 10 elementary schools in 12 administrative regions distributed evenly throughout Taipei City from June 2017 to December 2018. Parents of 515 children completed a questionnaire with written instructions, which was designed to collect demographic characteristics, frequency of consumed beverage types, and anthropometrics. This study was novel because beverage types were categorized based on sugar and protein contents, namely nutritious, sugar, nutritious and sugar, and non-nutritious and sugar-free. The differences in height and body weight between intake frequencies within each beverage type were determined using analysis of variance test or nonparametric statistics, depending on the confirmation of normal data distribution. RESULTS Height and weight of children consuming the most nutritious beverages fell in the highest respective percentile compared with those who did not consume them (P = 0.001 and 0.035, respectively). Consumption of nutritious and sugar and sugar beverages were not associated with height, body weight, or body mass index. Children who consumed more non-nutritious and sugar-free beverages were significantly heavier (P = 0.016) and had a higher body mass index (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION This was the first study conducted on third-grade children in Taiwan showing the beverage consumption type was associated with anthropometrics. Nutritious beverages appear to be a better choice for growth in children. Nevertheless, additional related studies, including an overall assessment of children's calorie and nutrient intakes and related dietary behaviors, are warranted to provide more helpful information for policymakers.
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15
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Tița O, Constantinescu MA, Tița MA, Georgescu C. Use of Yoghurt Enhanced with Volatile Plant Oils Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate to Increase the Human Body's Immunity in the Present Fight Against Stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207588. [PMID: 33086508 PMCID: PMC7589738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The COVID–19 pandemic and the imposition of strict but necessary measures to prevent the spread of the new coronavirus have been, and still are, major stress factors for adults, children, and adolescents. Stress harms human health as it creates free radicals in the human body. According to various recent studies, volatile oils from various aromatic plants have a high content of antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds. An external supply of antioxidants is required to destroy these free radicals. The main purpose of this paper is to create a yoghurt with high antioxidant capacity, using only raw materials from Romania; (2) Methods: The bioactive components used to enrich the cow milk yoghurt were extracted as volatile oils out of four aromatic plants: basil, mint, lavender and fennel. Initially, the compounds were extracted to determine the antioxidant capacity, and subsequently, the antioxidant activity of the yoghurt was determined. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH) method was used to determine the antioxidant activity; (3) Results: The results show that cow milk yoghurt enhanced with volatile oils of basil, lavender, mint and fennel, encapsulated in sodium alginate has an antioxidant and antimicrobial effect as a staple food with multiple effects in increasing the body’s immunity. The antioxidant activity proved to be considerably higher than the control sample. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained on the first day of the analysis, decreasing onwards to measurements taken on days 10 and 20. The cow milk yoghurt enriched with volatile basil oil obtained the best results; (4) Conclusions: The paper shows that yoghurts with a high antioxidant capacity were obtained, using only raw materials from Romania. A healthy diet, compliance with safety conditions and finding appropriate and safe methods to increase the body’s immunity is a good alternative to a major transition through harder times, such as pandemics. The creation of food products that include natural antioxidant compounds combines both the current great possibility of developing food production in Romania and the prevention and reduction of the effects caused by pandemic stress in the human body.
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Cuadrado-Soto E, López-Sobaler AM, Jiménez-Ortega AI, Aparicio A, Bermejo LM, Hernández-Ruiz Á, Lara Villoslada F, Leis R, Martínez de Victoria E, Moreno JM, Ruiz-López MD, Soto-Méndez MJ, Valero T, Varela-Moreiras G, Gil Á, Ortega RM. Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1787. [PMID: 32560110 PMCID: PMC7353376 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española) study. Two 24 h dietary recalls were applied to 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two sub-samples: one reference sample (RS) of the general population [n = 707] and another sample which exclusively included children consuming enriched or fortified milks, here called "adapted milks" (AMS) [n = 741]. Estimation of the usual intake shows that nutrient intake increased with age for all nutrients except vitamin D. Using as reference the Dietary Reference Values from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), calcium and magnesium intakes were found to be below the average requirement (AR) and adequate intake (AI), respectively, in a considerable percentage of children. Furthermore, phosphorus exceeded the AI in 100% of individuals and vitamin D was lower than the AI in almost all children studied. The results were very similar when considering only plausible reporters. When analyzing the food sources of the nutrients studied, milk and dairy products contributed the most to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D. Other sources of calcium were cereals and vegetables; for phosphorus: meat, meat products, and cereals; for magnesium: cereals and fruits; and, for vitamin D: fish and eggs. These results highlight the desirability of improving the intake concerning these nutrients, which are involved in bone and metabolic health in children. The AMS group appeared to contribute better to the adequacy of those nutrients than the RS group, but both still need further improvement. Of special interest are the results of vitamin D intakes, which were significantly higher in the AMS group (although still below the AI), independent of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Cuadrado-Soto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-S.); (A.A.); (L.M.B.); (R.M.O.)
- UCM Research Group VALORNUT-920030, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana M. López-Sobaler
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-S.); (A.A.); (L.M.B.); (R.M.O.)
- UCM Research Group VALORNUT-920030, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Isabel Jiménez-Ortega
- UCM Research Group VALORNUT-920030, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, San Rafael Hospital, 28016 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Aparicio
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-S.); (A.A.); (L.M.B.); (R.M.O.)
- UCM Research Group VALORNUT-920030, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura M. Bermejo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-S.); (A.A.); (L.M.B.); (R.M.O.)
- UCM Research Group VALORNUT-920030, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ángela Hernández-Ruiz
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. Del Conocimiento 12, 3ªpta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Á.H.-R.); (M.D.R.-L.); (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.G.)
| | | | - Rosaura Leis
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Martínez de Victoria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Moreno
- Pediatric Department, University of Navarra Clinic, Calle Marquesado de Sta. Marta, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Ruiz-López
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. Del Conocimiento 12, 3ªpta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Á.H.-R.); (M.D.R.-L.); (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.G.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María José Soto-Méndez
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. Del Conocimiento 12, 3ªpta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Á.H.-R.); (M.D.R.-L.); (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.G.)
| | - Teresa Valero
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), c/General Álvarez de Castro 20, 1ªpta, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (T.V.); (G.V.-M.)
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), c/General Álvarez de Castro 20, 1ªpta, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (T.V.); (G.V.-M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Urb. Montepríncipe, crta. Boadilla km. 5.3, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), Av. Del Conocimiento 12, 3ªpta, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain; (Á.H.-R.); (M.D.R.-L.); (M.J.S.-M.); (Á.G.)
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II University of Granada, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-S.); (A.A.); (L.M.B.); (R.M.O.)
- UCM Research Group VALORNUT-920030, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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