From Gut Microbiota through Low-Grade Inflammation to Obesity: Key Players and Potential Targets

C3G improves lipid droplet accumulation in the proximal tubules of high-fat diet-induced ORG mice

Obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) represents an escalating public health with no effective treatments currently available. Abnormal lipid metabolism and lipid droplet deposition in the kidneys are key contributors to ORG. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) has shown potential in regulating lipid metabolism and may offer reno-protective effects; however, its therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms in ORG remain unclear. An ORG mouse model was established, followed by an 8-week C3G intervention. The mice were divided into three groups: normal control (CT) group, ORG group, and C3G treatment group. Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomics of feces-serum-kidney, and kidney single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of C3G. Compared to CT mice, ORG mice exhibited elevated serum CHO, TG, Cys-C, UACR, urinary Kim-1, and NAG levels, along with glomerular hypertrophy and tubular injury. These biochemical and pathological indicators improved following C3G treatment. Fecal 16S analysis revealed reduced gut microbiota diversity in ORG mice compared to CT mice, while C3G intervention increased gut microbiota diversity. Metabolic profiling of feces, serum, and kidney indicated reprogramming of glycerophospholipid metabolism in ORG mice, ameliorated by C3G treatment. Further analysis demonstrated that abnormal glycerophospholipid metabolites correlated with blood lipids, urinary protein, urinary tubular injury markers, and gut microbiota, specifically Lachnospiraceae and Blautia. Additionally, scRNA-seq analysis identified activation of the PPARγ/CD36 pathway in proximal tubule cells (PTCs) of ORG mice. C3G improved abnormal glycerophospholipid metabolism and alleviated injury in PTCs by inhibiting the PPARγ/CD36 pathway. C3G reduces lipid droplet accumulation in the PTCs of ORG mice by modulating the gut microbiota and inhibiting the PPARγ/CD36 pathway. These findings offer new insights and therapeutic targets for ORG.

Study the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 for caries prevention and anti-obesity

Introduction

A complicated scenario where "multiple disease threats coexist and multiple health influencing factors are intertwined" is demonstrated by the fact that dental caries, obesity myopia and scoliosis have emerged as global public health issues. The problem of diseases co-existing in living things can be resolved by using probiotics. Lactobacillus plantarum, has gained attention recently due to its probiotic properties, useful traits, and potential medical applications.

Objective

Examining the anti-obesity and anti-caries effects of L. plantarum ATCC 14917 on dental caries and obese rat models caused by a high-fat and high-sugar diet is the aim of this study.

Method

In vitro, we assessed the L. plantarum strain's probiotic properties, such as its antibacterial activity and ability to build biofilms, to determine its ability to inhibit Streptococcus mutans. Prior to the in vivo experiment, the subsist test for L. plantarum ATCC 14917 was carried out by mimicking its capacity to lower blood sugar and blood lipid levels as well as its tolerance to gastrointestinal disorders. In order to assess the health promotion effect of L. plantarum in vivo. Three-week-old rats were fed a high-sugar, high-fat diet for 8 weeks. They were split into three groups: the control group (Control), the caries and obesity group (CA _OB) and the caries and obesity treated with L. plantarum ATCC14917 group (LP). L. plantarum ATCC 14917 was applied during the experiment, and the associated indices were then thoroughly assessed. These included the use of Mirco-CT to calculate the enamel volume, the staining of liver and fat cell sections, serological analysis, and 16S rRNA sequencing of feces.

Results

It was proved that the L. plantarum could inhibit the proliferation of S. mutans and remove dental plaque biofilm in time, which showed the remarkable effects of anti-caries in vitro. The demineralization rate of enamel decreased by 44.10% due to the inhibition of acid production by pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, In intestinal and stomach juice simulations, L. plantarum has a high survival rate. The characteristics of bacterial activity in a wide range of pH could degrade triglycerides and glucose in vitro smoothly. The LP group demonstrated it by reducing animal weight, serum biochemical indices, and HE-stained adipocytes as compared to the CA_OB group. 16S rRNA sequencing data showed that a high-fat and high-sugar diet induced the imbalance of intestinal flora, which showed an increase in microbial abundance, including unclassified_o__Clostridia_UCG-014, unclassified_f__Oscillospiraceae, Turicibacter, unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. After the intervention of L. plantarum, the number of Lactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, unclassified_f__Muribaculaceae, Blautia, Faecalibaculum increased significantly.

Conclusion

Therefore, L. plantarum ATCC 14917 performed the potential of reducing tooth decay and controlling weight gain by a single strain. Support the management of dental caries and obesity, and establish a foundation for future functional food research and development.

Intestinal permeability biomarkers in patients with schizophrenia: Additional support for the impact of lifestyle habits

BACKGROUND

Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between "leaky gut syndrome" and low-grade systemic inflammation in individuals with psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Gut dysbiosis could increase intestinal permeability, allowing the passage of toxins and bacteria into the systemic circulation, subsequently triggering immune-reactive responses. This study delves into understanding the relationship between plasma markers of intestinal permeability and symptom severity in schizophrenia. Furthermore, the influence of lifestyle habits on these intestinal permeability markers was determined.

METHODS

Biomarkers of intestinal permeability, namely lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), were analyzed in 242 adult schizophrenia patients enrolled in an observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study from four centers in Spain (PI17/00246). Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, including psychoactive drug use, lifestyle habits, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale to evaluate schizophrenia symptom severity, and the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry to assess cognitive performance.

RESULTS

Results revealed elevated levels of LBP and LPS in a significant proportion of patients with schizophrenia (62% and 25.6%, respectively). However, no statistically significant correlation was observed between these biomarkers and the overall clinical severity of psychotic symptoms or cognitive performance, once confounding variables were controlled for. Interestingly, adherence to a Mediterranean diet was negatively correlated with I-FABP levels (beta = -0.186, t = -2.325, p = 0.021), suggesting a potential positive influence on intestinal barrier function.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings underscore the importance of addressing dietary habits and promoting a healthy lifestyle in individuals with schizophrenia, with potential implications for both physical and psychopathological aspects of the disorder.

Acylated Anthocyanins From Black Carrots and Their Related Phenolic Acids Diminish Priming and Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in THP-1 Monocytes

SCOPE

Excessive activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to chronic inflammation. Thus, targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by anthocyanins may prevent inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the present study determines the influence of a black carrot extract (BCE) with high amounts of acylated anthocyanins and their related phenolic acids on the NLRP3 inflammasome.

METHODS AND RESULTS

THP-1 monocytes are pretreated with a BCE, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), or hydroxycinnamic acids. NLRP3 inflammasome assembly is initiated by priming THP-1 monocytes with lipopolysaccharide and/or activating the NLRP3 inflammasome with nigericin. Flow cytometry is used to assess apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) speck formation, as well as ASC and NLRP3 protein expression. Caspase-1 activity is measured using a bioluminescent assay, and cytokine concentrations are determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). C3G and phenolic acids diminish ASC and NLRP3 protein expression. In addition, C3G and phenolic acids attenuate ASC speck formation. Furthermore, the BCE and C3G decline caspase-1 activity. Consistently, IL-1β and IL-18 secretion are reduced upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

CONCLUSION

The present study shows that a BCE with high amounts of acylated anthocyanins and their related phenolic acids diminish priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 monocytes.

Onion Peel Extract Prevents Intestinal Inflammation via AMK-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Caco-2/HT-29 Cells

BACKGROUND

Obesogenic diets cause intestinal inflammation and dysfunction. Polyphenols have shown a positive impact on reducing inflammation in in vitro studies. However, their bioactivity may not be the same in the in vivo system due to structural alteration by the gastrointestinal digestive process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of onion peel and its major bioactive compound, quercetin, in the intestine and further examine the impact of intestinal digestion on this effect.

METHODS

Onion peel extract (OPE) and quercetin (Q) were digested using gastrointestinal digestive enzymes in vitro and then treated into lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Caco-2/HT-29 cells. Genes and proteins related to tight junction, inflammation, and epithelial integrity were measured.

RESULTS

OPE and digested OPE (DOPE) had a higher protective effect on LPS-induced tight junction and inflammatory genes and paracellular permeability than Q and digested Q (DQ). DOPE was more effective than OPE, while digestion did not change the activity of Q. The anti-inflammatory effect of OPE and Q with or without digestion was achieved by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B through AMP-activated protein kinase-activated silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 1.

CONCLUSIONS

It was the first to find that a crude extract, after undergoing gastrointestinal digestion, demonstrated a notably superior anti-inflammatory effect in the cell study, suggesting the consumption of onion peels could potentially yield similar benefits in the human intestine. This discovery underscores the potential of onion peel polyphenols in combating intestinal inflammation, making them a compelling area of research for future therapeutic applications using food byproducts.

Transcriptional control of metabolism by interferon regulatory factors

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) comprise a family of nine transcription factors in mammals. IRFs exert broad effects on almost all aspects of immunity but are best known for their role in the antiviral response. Over the past two decades, IRFs have been implicated in metabolic physiology and pathophysiology, partly as a result of their known functions in immune cells, but also because of direct actions in adipocytes, hepatocytes, myocytes and neurons. This Review focuses predominantly on IRF3 and IRF4, which have been the subject of the most intense investigation in this area. IRF3 is located in the cytosol and undergoes activation and nuclear translocation in response to various signals, including stimulation of Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors and the cGAS-STING pathways. IRF3 promotes weight gain, primarily by inhibiting adipose thermogenesis, and also induces inflammation and insulin resistance using both weight-dependent and weight-independent mechanisms. IRF4, meanwhile, is generally pro-thermogenic and anti-inflammatory and has profound effects on lipogenesis and lipolysis. Finally, new data are emerging on the role of other IRF family members in metabolic homeostasis. Taken together, data indicate that IRFs serve as critical yet underappreciated integrators of metabolic and inflammatory stress.

Strawberry (Fragaria x Ananassa) intake on human health and disease outcomes: a comprehensive literature review

Strawberries provide a number of potential health promoting phytonutrients to include phenolics, polyphenols, fiber, micronutrients and vitamins. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent human studies pertaining to the intake of strawberry and strawberry phytonutrients on human health. A literature search conducted through PubMed and Cochrane databases consolidated studies focusing on the effects of strawberry intake on human health. Articles were reviewed considering pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including experimental or observational studies that focused on health outcomes, and utilized whole strawberries or freeze-dried strawberry powder (FDSP), published between 2000-2023. Of the 60 articles included in this review, 47 were clinical trials, while 13 were observational studies. A majority of these studies reported on the influence of strawberry intake on cardiometabolic outcomes. Study designs included those examining the influence of strawberry intake during the postprandial period, short-term trials randomized with a control, or a single arm intake period controlling with a low polyphenolic diet or no strawberry intake. A smaller proportion of studies included in this review examined the influence of strawberry intake on additional outcomes of aging including bone and brain health, and cancer risk. Data support that the inclusion of strawberries into the diet can have positive impacts during the postprandial period, with daily intake improving outcomes of lipid metabolism and inflammation in those at increased cardiovascular risk.

Obesity and periodontitis: a comprehensive review of their interconnected pathophysiology and clinical implications

Obesity and periodontitis are significant health problems with a complex bidirectional relationship. Excess body fat is linked to systemic diseases and can lead to persistent inflammation, potentially harming periodontal health. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of teeth, poses substantial health risks. Both conditions share pathological processes such as inflammation and oxidative stress, which aggravate health status and make treatment more challenging. Understanding this interaction is crucial for developing effective management strategies for both diseases. This study explores the multifaceted aspects of obesity and periodontitis and their reciprocal relationship.

Real-ambient bedroom light at night increases systemic inflammation and disrupts circadian rhythm of inflammatory markers

BACKGROUND

Exposure to light at night (LAN) has been associated with multiple adverse health outcomes. However, evidence is limited regarding the impacts of LAN exposure on human inflammation.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the association between real-ambient bedroom LAN exposure with systemic inflammation and circadian rhythm of inflammatory markers.

METHODS

Using data from a prospective cohort study of Chinese young adults. At baseline, bedroom LAN exposure was measured with a portable illuminance meter; fasting blood sample for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) assay was collected. At 3-year follow-up, 20 healthy young adults (10 LANavg < 5 lx, 10 LANavg ≥ 5 lx) were recruited from the same cohort; time-series venous blood samples were sampled every 4 h over a 24 h-cycle for the detection of 8 inflammatory markers. Circadian rhythm of inflammatory markers was assessed using cosinor analysis.

RESULTS

At baseline, the average age of the 276 participants was 18.7 years, and 33.3 % were male. Higher levels of bedroom LAN exposure were significantly associated with increased hs-CRP levels. The association between bedroom LAN exposure and systemic inflammation was only significant in the inactive group (MVPA < 2 h/d) but not in the physically active group (MVPA ≥ 2 h/d). In addition, exposure to higher levels of nighttime light (LANavg ≥ 5 lx) disrupted circadian rhythms (including rhythmic expression, circadian amplitude and circadian phase) of some inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory balance indicators.

CONCLUSION

Exposure to bedroom nighttime light increases systemic inflammation and disrupts circadian rhythm of inflammatory markers. Keep bedroom darkness at night may represent important strategies for the prevention of chronic inflammation. Additionally, for people living a community with higher nighttime light pollution, regular physical activity may be a viable option to counteract the negative impacts of LAN exposure on chronic inflammation.

Intersecting Pathways: The Role of Metabolic Dysregulation, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, and Inflammation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Pathogenesis and Outcomes

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains a major cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, driven by complex and multifaceted etiological factors. Metabolic dysregulation, gastrointestinal microbiome alterations, and systemic inflammation are emerging as significant contributors to AIS pathogenesis. This review addresses the critical need to understand how these factors interact to influence AIS risk and outcomes. We aim to elucidate the roles of dysregulated adipokines in obesity, the impact of gut microbiota disruptions, and the neuroinflammatory cascade initiated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in AIS. Dysregulated adipokines in obesity exacerbate inflammatory responses, increasing AIS risk and severity. Disruptions in the gut microbiota and subsequent LPS-induced neuroinflammation further link systemic inflammation to AIS. Advances in neuroimaging and biomarker development have improved diagnostic precision. Here, we highlight the need for a multifaceted approach to AIS management, integrating metabolic, microbiota, and inflammatory insights. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways could significantly improve AIS prevention and treatment. Future research should focus on further elucidating these pathways and developing targeted interventions to mitigate the impacts of metabolic dysregulation, microbiome imbalances, and inflammation on AIS.

New Modifiable Risk Factors Influencing Coronary Artery Disease Severity

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide with coronary artery disease (CAD) being the first culprit in this group. In terms of CAD, not only its presence but also its severity plays a role in the patient's treatment and prognosis. CAD complexity can be assessed with the indicator named the SYNTAX score (SS). A higher SS is associated with major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) occurrence in short- and long-term observations. Hence, the risk factors affecting CAD severity based on SS results may help lower the risk among patients with already developed CAD to reduce their impact on coronary atherosclerosis progression. The well-established risk factors of CAD are consistent with those associated with the coronary plaque burden. However, recently, it was shown that new indicators exist, which we present in this paper, that significantly contribute to CAD complexity such as inflammatory parameters, C-reactive protein (CRP), ratios based on blood smear results, and uric acid. Moreover, microbiota alteration, vitamin D deficiency, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) also predicted CAD severity. However, sometimes, certain indicators were revealed as significant only in terms of chronic coronary syndromes (CCSs) or specific acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). Importantly, there is a need to apply the interdisciplinary and translational approach to the novel CAD severity risk assessment to maximize the impact of secondary prevention among patients at risk of coronary atherosclerosis progression.

Rebalancing the Gut: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists as a Strategy for Obesity and Metabolic Health

Obesity significantly impacts gut microbial composition, exacerbating metabolic dysfunction and weight gain. Traditional treatment methods often fall short, underscoring the need for innovative approaches. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists have emerged as promising agents in obesity management, demonstrating significant potential in modulating gut microbiota. These agents promote beneficial bacterial populations, such as Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, while reducing harmful species like Enterobacteriaceae. By influencing gut microbiota composition, GLP-1 agonists enhance gut barrier integrity, reducing permeability and systemic inflammation, which are hallmarks of metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Additionally, GLP-1 agonists improve metabolic functions by increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids like butyrate, propionate, and acetate, which serve as energy sources for colonocytes, modulate immune responses, and enhance the production of gut hormones that regulate appetite and glucose homeostasis. By increasing microbial diversity, GLP-1 agonists create a more resilient gut microbiome capable of resisting pathogenic invasions and maintaining metabolic balance. Thus, by shifting the gut microbiota toward a healthier profile, GLP-1 agonists help disrupt the vicious cycle of obesity-induced gut dysbiosis and inflammation. This review highlights the intricate relationship between obesity, gut microbiota, and GLP-1 agonists, providing valuable insights into their combined role in effective obesity treatment and metabolic health enhancement.

Skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction with circulating carboxymethyl-lysine in dietary food additive-induced leaky gut

Impaired intestinal permeability induces systemic inflammation and metabolic disturbance. The effect of a leaky gut on metabolism in skeletal muscle, a major nutrient consumer, remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the glucose metabolic function of the whole body and skeletal muscles in a mouse model of diet-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. At Week 2, we observed higher intestinal permeability in mice fed a titanium dioxide (TiO2)-containing diet than that of mice fed a normal control diet. Subsequently, systemic glucose and insulin tolerance were found to be impaired. In the skeletal muscle, glucose uptake and phosphorylation levels in insulin signaling were lower in the TiO2 group than those in the control group. Additionally, the levels of pro-inflammatory factors were higher in TiO2-fed mice than those in the control group. We observed higher carboxymethyl-lysin (CML) levels in the plasma and intestines of TiO2-fed mice and lower insulin-dependent glucose uptake in CML-treated cultured myotubes than those in the controls. Finally, soluble dietary fiber supplementation improved glucose and insulin intolerance, suppressed plasma CML, and improved intestinal barrier function. These results suggest that an impaired intestinal barrier leads to systemic glucose intolerance, which is associated with glucose metabolism dysfunction in the skeletal muscles due to circulating CML derived from the intestine. This study highlights that the intestinal condition regulates muscle and systemic metabolic health.

Exploring the Pathophysiology of Long COVID: The Central Role of Low-Grade Inflammation and Multisystem Involvement

Long COVID (LC), also referred to as Post COVID-19 Condition, Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), and other terms, represents a complex multisystem disease persisting after the acute phase of COVID-19. Characterized by a myriad of symptoms across different organ systems, LC presents significant diagnostic and management challenges. Central to the disorder is the role of low-grade inflammation, a non-classical inflammatory response that contributes to the chronicity and diversity of symptoms observed. This review explores the pathophysiological underpinnings of LC, emphasizing the importance of low-grade inflammation as a core component. By delineating the pathogenetic relationships and clinical manifestations of LC, this article highlights the necessity for an integrated approach that employs both personalized medicine and standardized protocols aimed at mitigating long-term consequences. The insights gained not only enhance our understanding of LC but also inform the development of therapeutic strategies that could be applicable to other chronic conditions with similar pathophysiological features.

Impact of fundamental components of the Mediterranean diet on the microbiota composition in blood pressure regulation

BACKGROUND

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is a widely studied dietary pattern reflecting the culinary traditions of Mediterranean regions. High adherence to MedDiet correlates with reduced blood pressure and lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality. Furthermore, microbiota, influenced by diet, plays a crucial role in cardiovascular health, and dysbiosis in CVD patients suggests the possible beneficial effects of microbiota modulation on blood pressure. The MedDiet, rich in fiber and polyphenols, shapes a distinct microbiota, associated with higher biodiversity and positive health effects. The review aims to describe how various Mediterranean diet components impact gut microbiota, influencing blood pressure dynamics.

MAIN BODY

The MedDiet promotes gut health and blood pressure regulation through its various components. For instance, whole grains promote a healthy gut microbiota given that they act as substrates leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that can modulate the immune response, preserve gut barrier integrity, and regulate energy metabolism. Other components of the MedDiet, including olive oil, fuits, vegetables, red wine, fish, and lean proteins, have also been associated with blood pressure and gut microbiota regulation.

CONCLUSION

The MedDiet is a dietary approach that offers several health benefits in terms of cardiovascular disease management and its associated risk factors, including hypertension. Furthermore, the intake of MedDiet components promote a favorable gut microbiota environment, which, in turn, has been shown that aids in other physiological processes like blood pressure regulation.

Anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Female Mice via Gut Microbiota-Related Bile Acids Metabolism

Objectives

Female obesity may be improved by the consumption of a high-polyphenolic-rich diet. Lycium ruthenicum Murray is a renowned edible plant, the fruit of which is abundant in anthocyanins and exhibits many biological activities. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of anthocyanins derived from Lycium ruthenicum Murray (ACN) intervention on improving obesity by regulating the gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced female mice.

Methods

A total of 32 C57BL/6J female mice were divided into four distinct groups: the Ctrl group (fed a normal diet), Ctrl + ACN group (fed a normal diet plus 8 mg/mL extract of ACN), HFD group (fed a high-fat diet), and HFD + ACN group (fed a HFD plus 8 mg/mL extract of ACN).

Results

The findings showed that ACN significantly reduced the body weight, periovarian adipose mass, and adipocyte diameter, ameliorated lipid accumulation in the liver, and lowered the serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels in HFD-induced female mice. In addition, ACN exhibited a reversal of gut microbial dysbiosis in HFD-fed female mice, such as by enhancing the quantity of Lactobacillus and Allobaculum and reducing the abundance of Blautia and Faecalibaculum. Moreover, the results of fecal BAs showed that ACN led to a decrease in the ratio of primary to secondary BAs, mainly attributed to decreased levels of primary BAs, including CA, CDCA, αMCA, and HCA in HFD-induced female mice. Further analysis revealed that ACN may exert its anti-obesity effect by increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus_ jonsonii and Lactobacillus_reuteri within the gut and subsequently affecting the metabolism of fecal HDCA and GUDCA.

Conclusion

These results indicated that ACN effectively inhibits HFD-induced obesity in female mice by regulating gut microbiota-related BA metabolism.

Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases

The Human Microbiome Project, Earth Microbiome Project, and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association, host genetic linkages, and pathogen identification. The microbiome is the sum of the microbes, their genetic information, and their ecological niche. This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease. The gut microbiome changes in relation with age, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet, drugs, age, smoking, exercise, and host genetics. In addition, changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system. In this study, we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases. Due to the high number of publications on the argument, from a methodologically point of view, we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years. Then we selected the previously published papers. The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.

Postbiotic potential of Bacillus velezensis KMU01 cell-free supernatant for the alleviation of obesity in mice

Attention toward the preventive effects of postbiotics on metabolic diseases has increased because of greater stability and safety over probiotics. However, studies regarding the bioactive effects of postbiotics, especially from probiotic Bacillus strains, are relatively limited. The anti-obesity effects of the cell-free culture supernatant of Bacillus velezensis KMU01 (CFS-B.vele) were evaluated using high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced mice. HFD-induced mice (n = 8 per group) received equal volumes of (1) CFS-B.vele (114 mg/kg) in PBS, (2) Xenical in PBS, or (3) PBS alone by oral gavage daily for 13 weeks. The results demonstrated that CFS-B.vele changed the gut microbiota and showed anti-obesity effects in HFD-induced obese mice. The elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio induced by HFD was decreased in the CFS-B.vele group compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The CFS-B.vele intervention led to the enrichment of SCFA-producers, such as Roseburia and Eubacterium, in the cecum, suggesting their potential involvement in the amelioration of obesity. Due to these changes, the various obesity-related biomarkers (body weight, fat in tissue, white adipose tissue weight and size, serum LDL-cholesterol level, hepatic lipid accumulation, and adipogenesis/lipogenesis-related gene/protein expression) were improved. Our findings suggest that CFS-B.vele has potential as a novel anti-obesity agent through modulation of the gut microbiota.

Biomolecular Actions by Intestinal Endotoxemia in Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of metabolic disorders that concurrently act as factors promoting systemic pathologies such as atherosclerosis or diabetes mellitus. It is now believed to encompass six main interacting conditions: visceral fat, imbalance of lipids (dyslipidemia), hypertension, insulin resistance (with or without impairing both glucose tolerance and fasting blood sugar), and inflammation. In the last 10 years, there has been a progressive interest through scientific research investigations conducted in the field of metabolomics, confirming a trend to evaluate the role of the metabolome, particularly the intestinal one. The intestinal microbiota (IM) is crucial due to the diversity of microorganisms and their abundance. Consequently, IM dysbiosis and its derivate toxic metabolites have been correlated with MetS. By intervening in these two factors (dysbiosis and consequently the metabolome), we can potentially prevent or slow down the clinical effects of the MetS process. This, in turn, may mitigate dysregulations of intestinal microbiota axes, such as the lung axis, thereby potentially alleviating the negative impact on respiratory pathology, such as the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the biomolecular mechanisms through which the IM influences the host's metabolism via a dysbiosis metabolome in both normal and pathological conditions are still unclear. In this study, we seek to provide a description of the knowledge to date of the IM and its metabolome and the factors that influence it. Furthermore, we analyze the interactions between the functions of the IM and the pathophysiology of major metabolic diseases via local and systemic metabolome's relate endotoxemia.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis -associated obesity and its involvement in cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease caused by various factors. Recently, the role of the gut microbiota in the development of obesity and its complications has attracted increasing interest.

PURPOSE

This article focuses on the mechanisms by which gut microbiota dysbiosis induces insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases linked to obesity, highlighting the mechanisms explaining the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis-associated inflammation in the onset of these pathologies.

METHODS

A systematic study was carried out to understand and summarize the published results on this topic. More than 150 articles were included in this search, including different types of studies, consulted by an online search in English using various electronic search databases and predefined keywords related to the objectives of our study.

RESULTS

We have summarized the data from the articles consulted in this search, and we have found a major gut microbiota alteration in obesity, characterized by a specific decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria and the production of metabolites and components that lead to metabolic impairments and affect the progression of various diseases associated with obesity through distinct signaling pathways, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We have also focused on the major role of inflammation as a link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and obesity-associated metabolic complications by explaining the mechanisms involved.

CONCLUSION

Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a crucial role in the development of various obesity-related metabolic abnormalities, among them type 2 diabetes and CVD, and represents a major challenge for chronic disease prevention and health. Indeed, the intestinal microbiota appears to be a promising target for the nutritional or therapeutic management of these diseases.

Secondary diabetes mellitus in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

Secondary diabetes mellitus (DM) in secretory pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) is encountered in up to 50% of cases, with its presentation ranging from mild, insulin resistant forms to profound insulin deficiency states, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. PPGLs represent hypermetabolic states, in which adrenaline and noradrenaline induce insulin resistance in target tissues characterized by aerobic glycolysis, excessive lipolysis, altered adipokine expression, subclinical inflammation, as well as enhanced gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis. These effects are mediated both directly, upon adrenergic receptor stimulation, and indirectly, via increased glucagon secretion. Impaired insulin secretion is the principal pathogenetic mechanism of secondary DM in this setting; yet, this is relevant for tumors with adrenergic phenotype, arising from direct inhibitory actions in beta pancreatic cells and incretin effect impairment. In contrast, insulin secretion might be enhanced in tumors with noradrenergic phenotype. This dimorphic effect might correspond to two distinct glycemic phenotypes, with predominant insulin resistance and insulin deficiency respectively. Secondary DM improves substantially post-surgery, with up to 80% remission rate. The fact that surgical treatment of PPGLs restores insulin sensitivity and secretion at greater extent compared to alpha and beta blockade, implies the existence of further, non-adrenergic mechanisms, possibly involving other hormonal co-secretion by these tumors. DM management in PPGLs is scarcely studied. The efficacy and safety of newer anti-diabetic medications, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), as well as potential disease-modifying roles of metformin and SGLT2is warrant further investigation in future studies.

A Newly Synbiotic Combination Alleviates Obesity by Modulating the Gut Microbiota-Fat Axis and Inhibiting the Hepatic TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

SCOPE

Obesity has been recognized as a worldwide public health crisis, this is accompanied by dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota and upregulation of liver steatosis and adipose inflammation. Synbiotic as a novel alternative therapy for obesity have recently gained much attention.

METHODS

This study innovatively research the anti-obesity properties of a newly synbiotic composed of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium infantis and konjac glucomannan oligosaccharides.

RESULTS

The synbiotic treatment can reduce body weight, fat mass, blood sugar, liver steatosis and adipose inflammation in obesity mice fed by high-fat diet (HFD). Meanwhile, synbiotic treatment activated brown adipose tissue and improve energy, glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, synbiotic treatment not solely enhanced the protection of intestinal barrier, but also ameliorated gut microbiota dysbiosis directly by enhancing beneficial microbes and reducing potentially harmful bacteria. Furthermore, the microbiome phenotype and functional prediction showed that synbiotic treatment can improve the gut microbiota functions involving inflammatory state, immune response, metabolism and pathopoiesia.

CONCLUSION

The synbiotic may be an effective candidate treatment strategy for the clinical prevention and treatment of obesity and other associated metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases by alleviating inflammatory response, regulating energy metabolism and maintaining the balance of intestinal microecology.

Interaction between Akkermansia muciniphila and Diet Is Associated with Proinflammatory Index in School-Aged Children

BACKGROUND

Imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to chronic low-grade inflammation. Diet may influence this association. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the interaction between Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) and dietary patterns using a proinflammatory index.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study with school-aged children. We quantified the relative abundance (RA) of A. muciniphila in feces using a polymerase chain reaction. We collected dietary information through employing a food frequency questionnaire and generated dietary patterns using principal component analysis. We generated a proinflammatory index from serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and adiponectin validated by receptor operating characteristic curves. We evaluated the association between A. muciniphila and the proinflammatory index using logistic regression, including an interaction term with dietary patterns.

RESULTS

We found that children with a low RA of A. muciniphila and a high intake of simple carbohydrates and saturated fats had increased odds of being high on the proinflammatory index. However, when the consumption of this dietary pattern is low, children with a low RA of A. muciniphila had decreased odds of being high on the proinflammatory index.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that the simultaneous presence of A. muciniphila and diet have a more significant impact on the presence of being high on the proinflammatory index compared to both factors separately.

A Physiologically Relevant Dose of 50% Egg-Phosphatidylcholine Is Sufficient in Improving Gut Permeability while Attenuating Immune Cell Dysfunction Induced by a High-Fat Diet in Male Wistar Rats

BACKGROUND

Obesity is associated with increased intestinal permeability and a diminished immune response. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), a form of choline found in eggs, has been shown to beneficially modulate T-cell response in the context of obesity when provided as the sole form of choline in the diet.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the impact of varying doses of PC as part of a high-fat diet (HFD) on immune cell function and intestinal permeability.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats 4 wk of age were randomly assigned to consume 1 of 6 diets for 12 wk containing the same amount of total choline but differing in the forms of choline: 1-control low-fat (CLF, 20% fat, 100% free choline [FC]); 2-control high-fat (CHF, 50% fat, 100% FC); 3-100% PC (100PC, 50% fat, 100% egg-PC); 4-75% PC (75PC, 50% fat, 75% egg-PC+25% FC); 5-50% PC (50PC, 50% fat, 50% egg-PC+50% FC); and 6-25% PC (25PC; 50% fat, 25% egg-PC+75% FC). Intestinal permeability was measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran. Immune function was assessed by ex vivo cytokine production of splenocytes and cells isolated from the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) after stimulation with different mitogens.

RESULTS

Feeding the CHF diet increased intestinal permeability compared with the CLF diet, and doses of PC 50% or greater returned permeability to levels similar to that of the CLF diet. Feeding the CHF diet lowered splenocyte production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and MLN production of IL-2 compared with the CLF group. The 50PC diet most consistently significantly improved cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) compared with the CHF diet.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that a dose of 50% of total choline derived from egg-PC can ameliorate HFD-induced intestinal permeability and immune cell dysfunction.

Reducing gut microbiome-driven adipose tissue inflammation alleviates metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND

The gut microbiota contributes to macrophage-mediated inflammation in adipose tissue with consumption of an obesogenic diet, thus driving the development of metabolic syndrome. There is a need to identify and develop interventions that abrogate this condition. The hops-derived prenylated flavonoid xanthohumol (XN) and its semi-synthetic derivative tetrahydroxanthohumol (TXN) attenuate high-fat diet-induced obesity, hepatosteatosis, and metabolic syndrome in C57Bl/6J mice. This coincides with a decrease in pro-inflammatory gene expression in the gut and adipose tissue, together with alterations in the gut microbiota and bile acid composition.

RESULTS

In this study, we integrated and interrogated multi-omics data from different organs with fecal 16S rRNA sequences and systemic metabolic phenotypic data using a Transkingdom Network Analysis. By incorporating cell type information from single-cell RNA-seq data, we discovered TXN attenuates macrophage inflammatory processes in adipose tissue. TXN treatment also reduced levels of inflammation-inducing microbes, such as Oscillibacter valericigenes, that lead to adverse metabolic phenotypes. Furthermore, in vitro validation in macrophage cell lines and in vivo mouse supplementation showed addition of O. valericigenes supernatant induced the expression of metabolic macrophage signature genes that are downregulated by TXN in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings establish an important mechanism by which TXN mitigates adverse phenotypic outcomes of diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. TXN primarily reduces the abundance of pro-inflammatory gut microbes that can otherwise promote macrophage-associated inflammation in white adipose tissue. Video Abstract.

Insights into Nutritional Strategies in Psoriasis

Psoriasis, an autoimmune chronic inflammatory skin condition, has a high incidence in the general population, reaching 2-4%. Its pathogenesis involves an interplay of genetic factors, immune disturbances, and environmental factors. Within the environmental factors that aid the appearance of this autoimmune skin disease, the Western lifestyle and overall diet play important roles in the steady growth in psoriasis prevalence. Furthermore, psoriasis is associated with comorbidities such as psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Accumulating evidence suggests that obesity is an important risk factor for psoriasis. Moreover, obesity aggravates established psoriasis, and a reduction in the body mass index can improve the clinical outcomes of psoriasis and increase the efficacy of standard psoriasis therapies. The possible connection between this autoimmune disease and obesity relies on the fact that white adipose tissue is an essential endocrine organ that secretes an array of immune mediators and inflammatory and metabolic factors with pro-inflammatory action. Thus, immune-mediated mechanisms in both psoriasis and obesity conditions are common factors. This paper describes the factors that link obesity with skin autoimmune disease and highlights the importance of the stimulatory or regulatory effects of nutrients and food in psoriasis and the possible improvement of psoriasis through nutritional strategies.

The effect of extruded multigrain powder on metabolism and intestinal flora of high-fat-diet induced C57BL/6J mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of extruded multigrain (Tartary buckwheat, oat and black bean) powder product (MG) fed with a high-fat-diet (HFD) on metabolism and gut microbiota modulation of mice. Thirty C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (n = 10), HFD (n = 10) or HFD replacing 40% MG (HFMG, n = 10) for six weeks. The results showed that MG reduced the weight gain of HFD-induced mice, alleviated the accumulation of epididymal- and perirenal fat, improved the glucose tolerance, and reduced the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Histopathological observation showed that the number and size of fat vacuoles in liver cytoplasm were significantly reduced, the thickness of colon muscle was increased, and the cells were closely arranged after the intervention of HFMG. Moreover, the intervention of HFMG could promote the release of butyric acid in short chain fatty acids, improve the disorder of intestinal flora in HFD-induced mice, increase the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, while reduce the relative abundance of Firmicutes, which may have a positive effect on inhibiting obesity induced by HFD. This study could provide a theoretical basis for improving the economic added value of extruded MG powder-based products and preventing chronic diseases such as obesity.

Prevention of colitis-induced liver oxidative stress and inflammation in a transgenic mouse model with increased omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated gut dysfunction, which might also be associated with an inflammatory phenotype in the liver. It is known that the nutritional intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) is inversely correlated to the severity and occurrence of IBD. In order to investigate whether n-3 PUFA can also reduce liver inflammation and oxidative liver damage due to colon inflammation, we explored the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model in wild-type and fat-1 mice with endogenously increased n-3 PUFA tissue content. Besides confirming previous data of alleviated DSS-induced colitis in the fat-1 mouse model, the increase of n-3 PUFA also resulted in a significant reduction of liver inflammation and oxidative damage in colitis-affected fat-1 mice as compared to wild-type littermates. This was accompanied by a remarkable increase of established inflammation-dampening n-3 PUFA oxylipins, namely docosahexaenoic acid-derived 19,20-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid-derived 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Taken together, these observations demonstrate a strong inverse correlation between the anti-inflammatory lipidome derived from n-3 PUFA and the colitis-triggered inflammatory changes in the liver by reducing oxidative liver stress.

Role of Gut Microbiota in Overweight Susceptibility in an Adult Population in Italy

Although the gut microbiota is known to affect body weight, its relationship with overweight/obesity is unclear. Our aim was to characterize microbiota composition in a cohort from the southernmost area of Italy. We investigated whether an altered gut microbiota could play an etiological role in the pathogenesis of overweight/obesity. A total of 163 healthy adults were enrolled. Microbiome analysis was performed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found significant phylum variations between overweight (N = 88) and normal-weight (N = 75) subjects. Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were higher in overweight participants (p = 0.004; p = 0.03), and Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia were lower (p = 0.02; p = 0.008) compared to normal-weight participants. Additionally, Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium (genus level) were significantly lower in the overweight group, as well as Akkermansia muciniphila at the species level. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio), an index of dysbiosis, was found to be inversely associated with BMI in linear and logistic regression models (p = 0.001; p = 0.005). The association remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential confounders. This cross-sectional study contributes to defining the gut microbiota composition in an adult population living in southern Italy. It confirms the relationship between overweight susceptibility and the dysbiosis status, highlighting the possible etiological role of the F/B ratio in disease susceptibility.

The Influence of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress-Induced Vascular Aging in Obesity

Obesity is a worldwide trend that is growing in incidence very fast. Adipose tissue dysfunction caused by obesity is associated with the generation of oxidative stress. Obesity-induced oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Vascular aging is one of the main pathogenesis mechanisms. The aim of this study is to review the effect of antioxidants on vascular aging caused by oxidative stress in obesity. In order to achieve this aim, this paper is designed to review obesity-caused adipose tissue remodeling, vascular aging generated by high levels of oxidative stress, and the effects of antioxidants on obesity, redox balance, and vascular aging. It seems that vascular diseases in obese individuals are complex networks of pathological mechanisms. In order to develop a proper therapeutic tool, first, there is a need for a better understanding of interactions between obesity, oxidative stress, and aging. Based on these interactions, this review suggests different lines of strategies that include change in lifestyle to prevent and control obesity, strategies for adipose tissue remodelling, oxidant-antioxidant balance, inflammation suppression, and strategies against vascular aging. Some antioxidants support different lines of these strategies, making them appropriate for complex conditions such as oxidative stress-induced vascular diseases in obese individuals.

The Impact of a Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet in the Gut Microbiota Composition in Obesity

The very-low-calorie KD (VLCKD) is characterized by a caloric intake of under 800 kcal/day divided into less than 50 g/day of carbohydrate (13%) and 1 to 1.5 g of protein/kg of body weight (44%) and 43% of fat. This low carbohydrate intake changes the energy source from glucose to ketone bodies. Moreover, clinical trials have consistently shown a beneficial effect of VLCKD in several diseases, such as heart failure, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and obesity, among others. The gut microbiota has been associated with the metabolic conditions of a person and is regulated by diet interactions; furthermore, it has been shown that the microbiota has a role in body weight homeostasis by regulating metabolism, appetite, and energy. Currently, there is increasing evidence of an association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the pathophysiology of obesity. In addition, the molecular pathways, the role of metabolites, and how microbiota modulation could be beneficial remain unclear, and more research is needed. The objective of the present article is to contribute with an overview of the impact that VLCKD has on the intestinal microbiota composition of individuals with obesity through a literature review describing the latest research regarding the topic and highlighting which bacteria phyla are associated with obesity and VLCKD.

Microbiome and immuno-metabolic dysregulation in patients with major depressive disorder with atypical clinical presentation

Depression is highly prevalent (6% 1-year prevalence) and is the second leading cause of disability worldwide. Available treatment options for depression are far from optimal, with response rates only around 50%. This is most likely related to a heterogeneous clinical presentation of major depression disorder (MDD), suggesting different manifestations of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Poorer treatment outcomes to first-line antidepressants were reported in MDD patients endorsing an "atypical" symptom profile that is characterized by preserved reactivity in mood, increased appetite, hypersomnia, a heavy sensation in the limbs, and interpersonal rejection sensitivity. In recent years, evidence has emerged that immunometabolic biological dysregulation is an important underlying pathophysiological mechanism in depression, which maps more consistently to atypical features. In the last few years human microbial residents have emerged as a key influencing variable associated with immunometabolic dysregulations in depression. The microbiome plays a critical role in the training and development of key components of the host's innate and adaptive immune systems, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of the host-microbe symbiosis. Moreover, by being a metabolically active ecosystem commensal microbes may have a huge impact on signaling pathways, involved in underlying mechanisms leading to atypical depressive symptoms. In this review, we discuss the interplay between the microbiome and immunometabolic imbalance in the context of atypical depressive symptoms. Although research in this field is in its infancy, targeting biological determinants in more homogeneous clinical presentations of MDD may offer new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treatment-resistant depression.

Obesity, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolome: From Pathophysiology to Nutritional Interventions

Obesity is a disorder identified by an inappropriate increase in weight in relation to height and is considered by many international health institutions to be a major pandemic of the 21st century. The gut microbial ecosystem impacts obesity in multiple ways that yield downstream metabolic consequences, such as affecting systemic inflammation, immune response, and energy harvest, but also the gut-host interface. Metabolomics, a systematized study of low-molecular-weight molecules that take part in metabolic pathways, represents a serviceable method for elucidation of the crosstalk between hosts' metabolism and gut microbiota. In the present review, we confer about clinical and preclinical studies exploring the association of obesity and related metabolic disorders with various gut microbiome profiles, and the effects of several dietary interventions on gut microbiome composition and the metabolome. It is well established that various nutritional interventions may serve as an efficient therapeutic approach to support weight loss in obese individuals, yet no agreement exists in regard to the most effective dietary protocol, both in the short and long term. However, metabolite profiling and the gut microbiota composition might represent an opportunity to methodically establish predictors for obesity control that are relatively simple to measure in comparison to traditional approaches, and it may also present a tool to determine the optimal nutritional intervention to ameliorate obesity in an individual. Nevertheless, a lack of adequately powered randomized trials impedes the application of observations to clinical practice.

The effect of the ketogenic diet on Acne: Could it be a therapeutic tool?

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit resulting from androgen-induced increased sebum production, altered keratinization, inflammation, and bacterial colonization of the hair follicles of the face, neck, chest and back by Propionibacterium acnes. Overall, inflammation and immune responses are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of acne. Although early colonization with Propionibacterium acnes and family history may play an important role in the disease, it remains unclear exactly what triggers acne and how treatment affects disease progression. The influence of diet on acne disease is a growing research topic, yet few studies have examined the effects of diet on the development and clinical severity of acne disease, and the results have often been contradictory. Interestingly, very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been associated with both significant reductions in body weight and inflammatory status through the production of ketone bodies and thus it has been expected to reduce the exacerbation of clinical manifestations or even block the trigger of acne disease. Given the paucity of studies regarding the implementation of VLCKD in the management of acne, this review aims to provide evidence from the available scientific literature to support the speculative use of VLCKD in the treatment of acne.

Rumen and Fecal Microbiota Characteristics of Qinchuan Cattle with Divergent Residual Feed Intake

Residual feed intake (RFI) is one of the indicators of feed efficiency. To investigate the microbial characteristics and differences in the gastrointestinal tract of beef cattle with different RFI, a metagenome methodology was used to explore the characteristics of the rumen and fecal microbiota in 10 Qinchuan cattle (five in each of the extremely high and extremely low RFI groups). The results of taxonomic annotation revealed that Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the most dominant phyla in rumen and feces. Prevotella was identified as a potential biomarker in the rumen of the LRFI group by the LEfSe method, while Turicibacter and Prevotella might be potential biomarkers of the HRFI and LRFI group in feces, respectively. Functional annotation revealed that the microbiota in the rumen of the HRFI group had a greater ability to utilize dietary polysaccharides and dietary protein. Association analysis of rumen microbes (genus level) with host genes revealed that microbiota including Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Treponema, Oscillibacter, and Muribaculum, were significantly associated with differentially expressed genes regulating RFI. This study discovered variances in the microbial composition of rumen and feces of beef cattle with different RFIs, demonstrating that differences in microbes may play a critical role in regulating the bovine divergent RFI phenotype variations.

Dietary Combination of Fish Oil and Soy β-Conglycinin Inhibits Fat Accumulation and Reduces Blood Glucose Levels by Altering Gut Microbiome Composition in Diabetic/Obese KK-A y Mice

Dietary fish oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids provides health benefits by lowering lipid levels in the liver and serum. β-Conglycinin (βCG) is a major constituent protein in soybean with many physiological effects, such as lowering blood triglyceride levels, preventing obesity and diabetes, and improving hepatic lipid metabolism. However, the combined effects of fish oil and βCG remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of a dietary combination of fish oil and βCG on lipid and glucose parameters in diabetic/obese KK-A ^y mice. KK-A ^y mice were divided into three groups: control, fish oil, and fish oil + βCG; these groups were fed a casein-based diet containing 7% (w/w) soybean oil, a casein-based diet containing 2% (w/w) soybean oil and 5% (w/w) fish oil, and a βCG-based diet containing 2% (w/w) soybean oil and 5% (w/w) fish oil, respectively. The effects of the dietary combination of fish oil and βCG on blood biochemical parameters, adipose tissue weight, expression levels of fat- and glucose metabolism-related genes, and cecal microbiome composition were evaluated. The total white adipose tissue weight (p < 0.05), levels of total serum cholesterol (p < 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and blood glucose (p < 0.05), and expression levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes (including Fasn (p < 0.05) and Acc (p < 0.05)), and glucose metabolism-related genes (such as Pepck (p < 0.05)) were lower in the fish oil and fish oil + βCG groups than in the control group. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Coriobacteriaceae differed significantly between the fish oil + βCG and control groups. These findings suggest that dietary intake of fish oil + βCG may prevent obesity and diabetes, alleviate lipid abnormalities, and alter the gut microbiome composition in diabetic/obese KK-A ^y mice. Further research is needed to build on this study to evaluate the health benefits of major components of Japanese food.

Gut Microbiota Associated with Gestational Health Conditions in a Sample of Mexican Women

Gestational diabetes (GD), pre-gestational diabetes (PD), and pre-eclampsia (PE) are morbidities affecting gestational health which have been associated with dysbiosis of the mother's gut microbiota. This study aimed to assess the extent of change in the gut microbiota diversity, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, and fecal metabolites profile in a sample of Mexican women affected by these disorders. Fecal samples were collected from women with GD, PD, or PE in the third trimester of pregnancy, along with clinical and biochemical data. Gut microbiota was characterized by high-throughput DNA sequencing of V3-16S rRNA gene libraries; SCFA and metabolites were measured by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and (Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), respectively, in extracts prepared from feces. Although the results for fecal microbiota did not show statistically significant differences in alfa diversity for GD, PD, and PE concerning controls, there was a difference in beta diversity for GD versus CO, and a high abundance of Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes and Bacteroidota among gestational health conditions. DESeq2 analysis revealed bacterial genera associated with each health condition; the Spearman's correlation analyses showed selected anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, and SCFA metadata associated with specific bacterial abundances, and although the HPLC did not show relevant differences in SCFA content among the studied groups, FT-ICR MS disclosed the presence of interesting metabolites of complex phenolic, valeric, arachidic, and caprylic acid nature. The major conclusion of our work is that GD, PD, and PE are associated with fecal bacterial microbiota profiles, with distinct predictive metagenomes.

Beneficial Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Modulating Gut Microbiota and Controlling Obesity

Obesity has consistently been associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the development of several types of cancer. In recent decades, unfortunately, the rate of overweight/obesity has increased significantly among adults and children. A growing body of evidence shows that there is a relationship between metabolic disorders such as obesity and the composition of the gut microbiota. Additionally, inflammation is considered to be a driving force in the obesity-gut microbiota connection. Therefore, it seems that anti-inflammatory nutrients, foods, and/or diets can play an essential role in the management of obesity by affecting the intestinal flora and controlling inflammatory responses. In this review, we describe the links between the gut microbiota, obesity, and inflammation, and summarize the benefits of anti-inflammatory diets in preventing obesity.