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Flanagan E, Sanchez-Delgado G, Martin C, Ravussin E, Pontzer H, Redman L. No evidence for metabolic adaptation during exercise-related energy compensation. iScience 2024; 27:109842. [PMID: 38947494 PMCID: PMC11214370 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The constrained energy model posits that the increased total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in response to exercise is often less than the energy cost of the exercise prescribed. The mechanisms behind this phenomenon, coined "exercise-related energy compensation" (ExEC), are poorly understood, and it is unknown if ExEC is coupled with metabolic adaptation. Using a randomized controlled 24-week exercise intervention, individuals who demonstrated ExEC were identified. Changes to all components of TDEE and metabolic adaptation were assessed using doubly labeled water over 14 days and room calorimetry over 24-h 48% of individuals exhibited ExEC (-308 ± 158 kcals/day). There were no statistically significant differences in sex, age, or BMI between ExEC and non-ExEC. ExEC was associated with baseline TDEE (r = -0.50, p = 0.006). There were no statistically significant differences in metabolic adaptations for 24 h, sleep, or resting expenditures. These findings reveal that ExEC occurs independent of metabolic adaptation in sedentary components of EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.W. Flanagan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - G. Sanchez-Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e Avenue N Porte 6, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- University of Granada, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix” and Sport and Health University Research Institute, Cuesta del Hospicio Viejo s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - C.K. Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - E. Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - H. Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 211 Biological Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - L.M. Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Hamilton CC, Bomhof MR. Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin Consumption Acutely Modifies Markers of Postexercise Appetite. Nutrients 2023; 15:5017. [PMID: 38140276 PMCID: PMC10745446 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the effectiveness of exercise for long-term body weight management and overall health benefits may be aided through complementary dietary strategies that help to control acute postexercise energy compensation. Inulin-type fructans (ITFs) have been shown to induce satiety through the modified secretion of appetite-regulating hormones. This study investigated the acute impact of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OI) consumption after exercise on objective and subjective measures of satiety and compensatory energy intake (EI). In a randomized crossover study, following the completion of a 45 min (65-70% VO2peak) evening exercise session, participants (BMI: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg/m2, Age: 26.8 ± 6.7 yrs) received one of two beverages: (1) sweetened milk (SM) or (2) sweetened milk + 20 g OI (SM+OI). Perceived measures of hunger were reduced in SM+OI relative to SM (p = 0.009). Within SM+OI, but not SM, plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and PYY were increased and acyl-ghrelin reduced from pre-exercise to postexercise. EI during the ad libitum breakfast in the morning postexercise tended to be lower in SM+OI (p = 0.087, d = 0.31). Gastrointestinal impacts of OI were apparent with increased ratings of flatulence (p = 0.026, d = 0.57) in participants the morning after the exercise session. Overall, the ingestion of a single dose of OI after an exercise session appears to induce subtle reductions in appetite, although the impact of these changes on acute and prolonged EI remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc R. Bomhof
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Thomas JV, Tobin SY, Mifflin MG, Burns RD, Bailey RR, Purcell SA, Melanson EL, Cornier MA, Halliday TM. The Effects of an Acute Bout of Aerobic or Resistance Exercise on Nonexercise Physical Activity. EXERCISE, SPORT, & MOVEMENT 2023; 1:e00004. [PMID: 37538306 PMCID: PMC10399212 DOI: 10.1249/esm.0000000000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction/Purpose A reduction in nonexercise physical activity (NEPA) after exercise may reduce the effectiveness of exercise interventions on weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. Aerobic exercise (AEx) and resistance exercise (REx) may have different effects on NEPA. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the effect of a single bout of AEx or REx on NEPA and sedentary behavior in inactive adults with overweight or obesity. Methods Adults with overweight or obesity (n = 24; 50% male; age, 34.5 ± 1.5 yr; body mass index, 28.5 ± 0.9 kg·m-2) not meeting current physical activity guidelines completed a single 45-min bout of AEx, REx, or a sedentary control on different days in random order. After each condition, participants' NEPA was recorded for 84 h by accelerometer. Time spent sedentary and in light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity; steps; metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hours; and sit-to-stand transitions were calculated using activity count data. Results No differences were observed in the percent of waking time spent sedentary and in light, moderate, and vigorous activity between conditions (P > 0.05). No differences were observed in steps, MET-hours, or sit-to-stand transitions between conditions (P > 0.05). NEPA responses were variable among individuals, with approximately half of participants reducing and half increasing NEPA over the 84 h after each exercise condition. Conclusion NEPA was not reduced after an acute bout of AEx or REx in a sample of inactive adults with overweight or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason V. Thomas
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Selene Y. Tobin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Garrett Mifflin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ryan D. Burns
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ryan R. Bailey
- Department of Occupational and Recreational Therapy, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah A. Purcell
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CANADA
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia – Okanagen Campus, Kelowna, BC, CANADA
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tanya M. Halliday
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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McGrosky A, Pontzer H. The fire of evolution: energy expenditure and ecology in primates and other endotherms. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:297166. [PMID: 36916459 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Total energy expenditure (TEE) represents the total energy allocated to growth, reproduction and body maintenance, as well as the energy expended on physical activity. Early experimental work in animal energetics focused on the costs of specific tasks (basal metabolic rate, locomotion, reproduction), while determination of TEE was limited to estimates from activity budgets or measurements of subjects confined to metabolic chambers. Advances in recent decades have enabled measures of TEE in free-living animals, challenging traditional additive approaches to understanding animal energy budgets. Variation in lifestyle and activity level can impact individuals' TEE on short time scales, but interspecific differences in TEE are largely shaped by evolution. Here, we review work on energy expenditure across the animal kingdom, with a particular focus on endotherms, and examine recent advances in primate energetics. Relative to other placental mammals, primates have low TEE, which may drive their slow pace of life and be an evolved response to the challenges presented by their ecologies and environments. TEE variation among hominoid primates appears to reflect adaptive shifts in energy throughput and allocation in response to ecological pressures. As the taxonomic breadth and depth of TEE data expand, we will be able to test additional hypotheses about how energy budgets are shaped by environmental pressures and explore the more proximal mechanisms that drive intra-specific variation in energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McGrosky
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Purcell SA, Melanson EL, Afghahi A, Borges VF, Sinelli I, Cornier MA. The effects of resistance exercise on appetite sensations, appetite related hormones and energy intake in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer survivors. Appetite 2023; 182:106426. [PMID: 36539160 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Appetite is a determinant of dietary intake and is impacted by sex hormones, exercise, and body composition among individuals without chronic conditions. Whether appetite is altered by exercise in the context of estrogen suppression and cancer survivorship is unknown. This randomized cross-over study compared appetite and ad libitum energy intake (EI) after acute resistance exercise (REx) versus sedentary (SED) conditions and in relation to body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Physically inactive premenopausal females with previous stage I-III estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer completed a single bout of REx or SED 35 minutes after a standardized breakfast meal. Appetite visual analog scales and hormones (total ghrelin and peptide-YY [PYY]) were measured before and 30, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes post-meal and expressed as area under the curve (AUC). Participants were offered a buffet-type meal 180 minutes after breakfast to assess ad libitum EI. Body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry) and RMR (indirect calorimetry) were measured during a separate visit. Sixteen BCS were included (age: 46 ± 2 y, BMI: 24.9 ± 1.0 kg/m2). There were no differences in appetite ratings or EI between conditions. There were no differences in appetite hormone AUC, but REx resulted in lower ghrelin 120 (-85 ± 39 pg/mL, p = 0.031) and 180 (-114 ± 43 pg/mL, p = 0.018) minutes post-breakfast and higher PYY 90 (21 ± 10 pg/mL, p = 0.028) and 120 (14 ± 7 pg/mL, p = 0.041) minutes post-breakfast. Fat-free mass and RMR negatively correlated with hunger and prospective food consumption AUC after SED, but not REx. In sum, a single REx bout temporarily reduces orexigenic and increases anorexic appetite hormones, but not acute subjective appetite sensations or EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Purcell
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biology, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Edward L Melanson
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anosheh Afghahi
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Virginia F Borges
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Isabella Sinelli
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Purcell SA, Legget KT, Halliday TM, Pan Z, Creasy SA, Blankenship JM, Hild A, Tregellas JR, Melanson EL, Cornier MA. Appetitive and Metabolic Responses to an Exercise versus Dietary Intervention in Adults with Obesity. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 7:e000211. [PMID: 36337848 PMCID: PMC9635267 DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introduction/Purpose Dietary restriction (DIET) and aerobic exercise (AEX) interventions may impact energy balance differently. Our aim was to describe the effects of weight loss interventions via DIET or AEX on measures of energy balance. Methods Adults with overweight or obesity were randomized to 12 weeks of DIET or AEX with similar calorie deficit goals. A study day was conducted before and after the intervention to assess subjective and hormonal (ghrelin, peptide-YY, glucagon-like peptide-1) appetite responses to a control meal, ad libitum energy intake (EI) at a single meal, and over three days of free-living conditions and eating behavior traits. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured with indirect calorimetry and adjusted for body composition measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Non-exercise activity was measured using accelerometers. Results Forty-four individuals were included (age: 37 ± 9 years, body mass index: 30.6 ± 3.1 kg/m2). Both interventions resulted in weight and fat mass loss. The DIET group lost fat-free mass, although differences between groups were not significant (DIET: -1.2 ± 1.7 kg, p<0.001; AEX: 0.4 ± 1.5 kg, p=0.186; p=0.095 interaction). There were no differences in RMR after body composition adjustment. Both interventions were associated with an increase in dietary restraint (DIET: 4.9 ± 1.2, AEX: 2.8 ± 0.7; p<0.001 in both groups). Hunger decreased with DIET (-1.4 ± 0.5, p=0.003), and disinhibition decreased with AEX (-1.5 ± 0.5, p<0.001), although these changes were not different between groups (i.e., no group × time interaction). No other differences in appetite, EI, or non-exercise physical activity were observed within or between groups. Conclusions AEX did not result in compensatory alterations in appetite, ad libitum EI, or physical activity, despite assumed increased energy expenditure. Modest evidence also suggested that disinhibition and hunger may be differentially impacted by weight loss modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Purcell
- Division of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristina T. Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tanya M. Halliday
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Seth A. Creasy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Blankenship
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Allison Hild
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jason R. Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Creasy SA, Wayland L, Panter SL, Purcell SA, Rosenberg R, Willis EA, Shiferaw B, Grau L, Breit MJ, Bessesen DH, Melanson EL, Catenacci VA. Effect of Morning and Evening Exercise on Energy Balance: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:816. [PMID: 35215466 PMCID: PMC8877501 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of randomizing adults with overweight and obesity (BMI 25-40 kg/m2) to morning (06:00-10:00) or evening (15:00-19:00) aerobic exercise. Participants completed four exercise sessions per week in the morning (AM, n = 18) or evening (PM, n = 15). The exercise program was 15 weeks and progressed from 70 to 80% heart rate maximum and 750-2000 kcal/week. Bodyweight, body composition, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), energy intake (EI), sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), and maximal aerobic capacity were assessed at baseline and week 15. Study retention was 94% and adherence to the supervised exercise program was ≥90% in both groups. Weight change was -0.9 ± 2.8 kg and -1.4 ± 2.3 kg in AM and PM, respectively. AM and PM increased TDEE (AM: 222 ± 399 kcal/day, PM: 90 ± 150 kcal/day). EI increased in AM (99 ± 198 kcal/day) and decreased in PM (-21 ± 156 kcal/day) across the intervention. It is feasible to randomize adults with overweight and obesity to morning or evening aerobic exercise with high levels of adherence. Future trials are needed to understand how the timing of exercise affects energy balance and body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A. Creasy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Liza Wayland
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Shelby L. Panter
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Sarah A. Purcell
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Rebecca Rosenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Erik A. Willis
- Center for Health Promotion Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bethelhem Shiferaw
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (B.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Laura Grau
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (B.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Matthew J. Breit
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Daniel H. Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Division of Endocrinology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Victoria A. Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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Wooten JS, Poole KE, Harris MP, Guilford BL, Schaller ML, Umbaugh D, Seija A. The effects of voluntary wheel running during weight-loss on biomarkers of hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation in C57Bl/6J mice. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:63-72. [PMID: 35141529 PMCID: PMC8814598 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of voluntary wheel running (VWR) during weight-loss on hepatic lipid and inflammatory biomarkers using a murine model. To induce obesity, male C57Bl/6 mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HF) for 10 weeks. At 10 weeks, weight-loss was promoted by randomizing HF-fed mice to a normal diet (ND) either with (WL + VWR) or without (WL) access to running wheels for 8 weeks. Age-matched dietary control mice were fed either a ND or HF for 18 weeks. Following weight-loss, WL + VWR had a lower body mass compared to all groups despite an average weekly caloric consumption comparable to HF mice. WL + VWR had an increased adiponectin concentration when compared to WL, but no difference between WL and WL + VWR was observed for plasma glucose and lipid biomarkers. When compared to HF, the lower hepatic total lipids in both WL and WL + VWR were associated with increased pAMPK:AMPK and reduced pACC-1:ACC-1 ratios. When compared to WL, WL + VWR resulted in lower hepatic cholesterol and trended to lower hepatic triglyceride. In both WL and WL + VWR, pNF-κB p65:NF-κB p65 ratio was lower than HF and comparable to ND. TGFβ1 and BAMBI protein levels were evaluated as biomarkers for hepatic fibrosis. No differences in TGFβ1 was observed between groups; however, WL and WL + VWR had BAMBI protein levels comparable to ND. Overall, the addition of voluntary exercise resulted in greater weight-loss and improvements in hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels; however, limited improvements in hepatic inflammation were observed when compared to weight-loss by diet alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Wooten
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Kaylee E. Poole
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Brianne L. Guilford
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Megan L. Schaller
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - David Umbaugh
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Seija
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
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Careau V, Halsey LG, Pontzer H, Ainslie PN, Andersen LF, Anderson LJ, Arab L, Baddou I, Bedu-Addo K, Blaak EE, Blanc S, Bonomi AG, Bouten CVC, Buchowski MS, Butte NF, Camps SGJA, Close GL, Cooper JA, Das SK, Cooper R, Dugas LR, Eaton SD, Ekelund U, Entringer S, Forrester T, Fudge BW, Goris AH, Gurven M, Hambly C, El Hamdouchi A, Hoos MB, Hu S, Joonas N, Joosen AM, Katzmarzyk P, Kempen KP, Kimura M, Kraus WE, Kushner RF, Lambert EV, Leonard WR, Lessan N, Martin CK, Medin AC, Meijer EP, Morehen JC, Morton JP, Neuhouser ML, Nicklas TA, Ojiambo RM, Pietiläinen KH, Pitsiladis YP, Plange-Rhule J, Plasqui G, Prentice RL, Rabinovich RA, Racette SB, Raichlen DA, Ravussin E, Reilly JJ, Reynolds RM, Roberts SB, Schuit AJ, Sjödin AM, Stice E, Urlacher SS, Valenti G, Van Etten LM, Van Mil EA, Wells JCK, Wilson G, Wood BM, Yanovski J, Yoshida T, Zhang X, Murphy-Alford AJ, Loechl CU, Luke AH, Rood J, Sagayama H, Schoeller DA, Wong WW, Yamada Y, Speakman JR. Energy compensation and adiposity in humans. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4659-4666.e2. [PMID: 34453886 PMCID: PMC8551017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of activity on energy balance is crucial. Increasing levels of activity may bring diminishing returns in energy expenditure because of compensatory responses in non-activity energy expenditures.1-3 This suggestion has profound implications for both the evolution of metabolism and human health. It implies that a long-term increase in activity does not directly translate into an increase in total energy expenditure (TEE) because other components of TEE may decrease in response-energy compensation. We used the largest dataset compiled on adult TEE and basal energy expenditure (BEE) (n = 1,754) of people living normal lives to find that energy compensation by a typical human averages 28% due to reduced BEE; this suggests that only 72% of the extra calories we burn from additional activity translates into extra calories burned that day. Moreover, the degree of energy compensation varied considerably between people of different body compositions. This association between compensation and adiposity could be due to among-individual differences in compensation: people who compensate more may be more likely to accumulate body fat. Alternatively, the process might occur within individuals: as we get fatter, our body might compensate more strongly for the calories burned during activity, making losing fat progressively more difficult. Determining the causality of the relationship between energy compensation and adiposity will be key to improving public health strategies regarding obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Careau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lene F Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lenore Arab
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Issad Baddou
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN, Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Kweku Bedu-Addo
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Stephane Blanc
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg UMR7178, France
| | | | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Maciej S Buchowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy F Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lara R Dugas
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon D Eaton
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | | | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Asmaa El Hamdouchi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN, Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Kénitra, Morocco
| | | | - Sumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Noorjehan Joonas
- Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius
| | | | | | | | - Misaka Kimura
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Estelle V Lambert
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), FIMS International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William R Leonard
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Nader Lessan
- Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Anine C Medin
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - James C Morehen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; The FA Group, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theresa A Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert M Ojiambo
- Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Obesity Center, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jacob Plange-Rhule
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Susan B Racette
- Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Raichlen
- Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius
| | | | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susan B Roberts
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Anders M Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Edgar A Van Mil
- Maastricht University, Maastricht and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital's-Hertogenbosch, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan C K Wells
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - George Wilson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brian M Wood
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jack Yanovski
- Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tsukasa Yoshida
- Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alexia J Murphy-Alford
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia U Loechl
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amy H Luke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - John R Speakman
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China.
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10
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Daily energy expenditure in rats following structured exercise training is affected by dietary phosphorus content. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:1110-1120. [PMID: 33298199 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
P ingestion has been found to alter energy balance, while regular physical exercise (E) was reported to be associated with energy compensation. However, it is not clear whether dietary P would affect energy compensation following structured E. Two experiments were performed, low P (LP) (0·1, 0·2 and 0·3 %P) and high P (HP) (0·3 , 0·6 and 1·2 %P) diets. In each experiment, male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n 8), in which a sedentary or a moderate-intensity exercise routine (30 min 5 d a week) was implemented. Energy intake (EI); efficiency and stores; body measures and total energy expenditure (TEEx) were monitored for 6 weeks. In the LP experiment, EI and weight gain were the lowest in the 0·1 and 0·2 %P as compared with the 0·3 %P. In the HP experiment, EI was highest in the high P (0·6 and 1·2 %P) groups, while weight gain was reduced. In both experiments, exercise was able to reduce body fat accumulation and to maintain a higher % lean body mass. In the LP diets experiment, the similarity in TEEx between the sedentary and exercising groups suggests the probability of a reduction in normal daily activities, which indicates the presence of compensation for the energy expended during exercise by a subsequent reduction in EE. In contrast, the elevated TEEx in the HP exercising groups (0·6 and 1·2 %P) argue against the presence of energy compensation. In conclusion, high dietary P decreases the body's capability to compensate for the energy deficit induced by E, consequently maintaining an elevated TEEx.
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Blankenship JM, Rosenberg RC, Rynders CA, Melanson EL, Catenacci VA, Creasy SA. Examining the Role of Exercise Timing in Weight Management: A Review. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:967-978. [PMID: 34034354 PMCID: PMC8591839 DOI: 10.1055/a-1485-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many adults cite exercise as a primary strategy for losing weight, yet exercise alone is modestly effective for weight loss and results in variable weight loss responses. It is possible that some of the variability in weight loss may be explained by the time of day that exercise is performed. Few studies have directly compared the effects of exercise performed at different times of the day (i. e., morning versus evening exercise). Results from these existing studies are mixed with some studies demonstrating superior weight and fat mass loss from morning exercise, while other studies have found that evening exercise may be better for weight management. Exercise timing may alter modifiable lifestyle behaviors involved in weight management, such as non-exercise physical activity, energy intake, and sleep. The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence for and against time-of-day dependent effects of exercise on weight management. Although limited, we also review studies that have examined the effect of exercise timing on other lifestyle behaviors linked to body weight regulation. While exercise at any time of day is beneficial for health, understanding whether there is an optimal time of day to exercise may advance personalized treatment paradigms for weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Blankenship
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Corey A. Rynders
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Geriatrics, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO
| | - Victoria A. Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Seth A. Creasy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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12
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Abstract
AbstractThe received wisdom on how activity affects energy expenditure is that the more activity is undertaken, the more calories will have been burned by the end of the day. Yet traditional hunter-gatherers, who lead physically hard lives, burn no more calories each day than Western populations living in labor-saving environments. Indeed, there is now a wealth of data, both for humans and other animals, demonstrating that long-term lifestyle changes involving increases in exercise or other physical activities do not result in commensurate increases in daily energy expenditure (DEE). This is because humans and other animals exhibit a degree of energy compensation at the organismal level, ameliorating some of the increases in DEE that would occur from the increased activity by decreasing the energy expended on other biological processes. And energy compensation can be sizable, reaching many hundreds of calories in humans. But the processes that are downregulated in the long-term to achieve energy compensation are far from clear, particularly in humans-we do not know how energy compensation is achieved. My review here of the literature on relevant exercise intervention studies, for both humans and other species, indicates conflict regarding the role, if any, of basal metabolic rate (BMR) or low-level activity such as fidgeting play, particularly once changes in body composition are factored out. In situations where BMR and low-level activity are not major components of energy compensation, what then drives it? I discuss how changes in mitochondrial efficiency and changes in circadian fluctuations in BMR may contribute to our understanding of energy management. Currently unexplored, these mechanisms and others may provide important insights into the mystery of how energy compensation is achieved.
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13
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Horner KM, Byrne NM, King NA. Effect of Combined Interval and Continuous Exercise Training on Gastric Emptying, Appetite, and Adaptive Responses in Men With Overweight and Obesity. Front Nutr 2021; 8:654902. [PMID: 34124120 PMCID: PMC8192796 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.654902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Characterizing compensatory and adaptive responses to exercise assists in understanding changes in energy balance and health outcomes with exercise interventions. This study investigated the effects of a short-term exercise intervention (combining high intensity interval (HII) and continuous exercise) on (1) gastric emptying, appetite and energy intake; and (2) other adaptive responses including cardiorespiratory fitness, in inactive men with overweight/obesity. Methods: Fifteen men (BMI: 29.7 ± 3.3 kg/m-2) completed a 4-wk supervised exercise intervention, consisting of 5 exercise sessions per week alternating between HII (30 s at 100% VO2max followed by 30 s recovery) and continuous (at 50% VO2max) training on a cycle ergometer, progressing from 30 to 45 min session duration. Gastric emptying (13C-octanoic acid breath test), appetite (visual analog scale), energy intake (ad libitum lunch meal), body composition (air displacement plethysmography), non-exercise activity (accelerometery) VO2max, blood pressure, and fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were measured before and after (≥48 h) the intervention. Results: Gastric emptying, glucose, insulin and ghrelin were unchanged, but energy intake at the ad libitum lunch test meal significantly increased at post-intervention (+171 ± 116 kcal, p < 0.01). Body weight (-0.9 ± 1.1 kg), waist circumference (-2.3 ± 3.5 cm) and percent body fat (-0.9 ± 1.1%) were modestly reduced (P < 0.05). VO2max increased (+4.4 ± 2.1 ml.kg.min-1) by 13% and systolic (-6.2 ± 8.4 mmHg) and diastolic (-5.8 ± 2.2 mmHg) blood pressure were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.01 for all). Conclusions: Four weeks of exercise training did not alter gastric emptying, indicating gastric emptying may only adapt to a higher volume/longer duration of exercise or changes in other characteristics associated with regular exercise. The combination of HII and continuous exercise training had beneficial effects on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and blood pressure and warrants further investigation in larger randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy M. Horner
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Sciences, Institute for Sport and Health and Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nuala M. Byrne
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Neil A. King
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Gifford RM, Greeves JP, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Double RL, Venables M, Boos C, Langford J, Woods DR, Reynolds RM. Measuring the Exercise Component of Energy Availability during Arduous Training in Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:860-868. [PMID: 33017351 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low energy availability (EA) may impede adaptation to exercise, suppressing reproductive function and bone turnover. Exercise energy expenditure (EEE) measurements lack definition and consistency. This study aimed to compare EA measured from moderate and vigorous physical activity from accelerometry (EEEmpva) with EA from total physical activity (EEEtpa) from doubly labeled water in women. The secondary aim was to determine the relationship of EA with physical fitness, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, heart rate variability (HRV), and eating behavior (Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire [BEDA-Q]). METHODS This was a prospective, repeated-measures study, assessing EA measures and training adaptation during 11-month basic military training. Forty-seven women (23.9 ± 2.6 yr) completed three consecutive 10-d assessments of EEEmvpa, EEEtpa, and energy intake (EI). EA measures were compared using linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses; relationships of EA with fat mass, HRV, 1.5-mile run times, and BEDA-Q were evaluated using partial correlations. RESULTS EA from EEEmvpa demonstrated strong agreement with EA from EEEtpa across the measurement range (R2 = 0.76, r = 0.87, P < 0.001) and was higher by 10 kcal·kg-1 FFM·d-1. However, EA was low in absolute terms because of underreported EI. Higher EA was associated with improved 1.5-mile run time (r = 0.28, P < 0.001), fat mass loss (r = 0.38, P < 0.001), and lower BEDA-Q score (r = -0.37, P < 0.001) but not HRV (all P > 0.10). CONCLUSION Accelerometry-based EEE demonstrated validity against doubly labeled water during multistressor training, the difference representing 10 kcal·kg-1 FFM·d-1 EEE from nonexercise activity. Beneficial physical but not autonomic adaptations were associated with higher EA. EAmvpa and BEDA-Q warrant consideration for low EA assessment and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Physical Performance Research, Andover, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Physical Performance Research, Andover, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Michelle Venables
- Medical Research Council Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Christopher Boos
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UNITED KINGDOM
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15
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Pontzer H, Rimbach R, Paltan J, Ivory EL, Kendall CJ. Air temperature and diet influence body composition and water turnover in zoo-living African elephants ( Loxodonta africana). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201155. [PMID: 33391799 PMCID: PMC7735349 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
African elephants, the largest land animal, face particular physiological challenges in captivity and the wild. Captive elephants can become over- or under-conditioned with inadequate exercise and diet management. Few studies have quantified body composition or water turnover in elephants, and none to date have examined longitudinal responses to changes in diet or air temperature. Using the stable isotope deuterium oxide (2H2O), we investigated changes in body mass, estimated fat-free mass (FFM, including fat-free gut content) and body fat in response to a multi-year intervention that reduced dietary energy density for adult African elephants housed at the North Carolina Zoo. We also examined the relationship between air temperature and water turnover. Deuterium dilution and depletion rates were assayed via blood samples and used to calculate body composition and water turnover in two male and three female African elephants at six intervals over a 3-year period. Within the first year after the dietary intervention, there was an increase in overall body mass, a reduction in body fat percentage and an increase in FFM. However, final values of both body fat percentage and FFM were similar to initial values. Water turnover (males: 359 ± 9 l d-1; females: 241 ± 28 l d-1) was consistent with the allometric scaling of water use in other terrestrial mammals. Water turnover increased with outdoor air temperature. Our study highlights the physiological water dependence of elephants and shows that individuals have to drink every 2-3 days to avoid critical water loss of approximately 10% body mass in hot conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca Rimbach
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jenny Paltan
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Charlot K, Chapelot D, Colin P, Bourrilhon C. Daily energy balance and eating behaviour during a 14-day cold weather expedition in Greenland. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:968-977. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We assessed energy compensation, appetite, and reward value of foods during a 14-day military expedition in Greenland realized by 12 male French soldiers, during which energy compensation was optimized by providing them with easy-to-eat palatable foods in excess. Although daily energy expenditure (estimated by accelerometry) stayed relatively constant throughout the expedition (15 ± 9 MJ·day−1), energy intake (EI; estimated by self-reported diaries) was 17% higher during the D8–D14 period compared with the D1–D7 period, leading to a neutral energy balance (EB). Body fat mass (BFM) significantly decreased (–1.0 ± 0.7 kg, p < 0.001) but not body mass (BM). Neither hunger scores (assessed by visual analog scales) nor components of the reward value of food (explicit liking (EL) and food preference) were significantly altered. However, changes in EL at D10 were positively correlated with changes in BM (r = 0.600, p < 0.05) and BFM (r = 0.680, p < 0.05) and changes in hunger in the EI of the relevant period (r = 0.743, p < 0.01 for D1–D7, r = 0.652, p < 0.05 for D8–14). This study shows that the negative EB and BM loss can be attenuated by an appropriate food supply and that subjective components of eating behaviour, such as hunger and EL, may be useful to predict the magnitude of energy compensation. Novelty Energy intake increases during of a 14-day expedition in the cold. Energy compensation was likely facilitated by providing participants with easy-to-eat palatable and familiar foods. Hunger scores and EL for energy-dense foods were associated with high EIs and low BM changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, 1 place Général Valérie André, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny, France
| | - Philippe Colin
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, 1 place Général Valérie André, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Cyprien Bourrilhon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, 1 place Général Valérie André, 91223 Bretigny-Sur-Orge, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
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Hargan J, Combet E, Dougal P, McGowan M, Lumsden MA, Malkova D. Efficacy of a Culture-Specific Dancing Programme to Meet Current Physical Activity Recommendations in Postmenopausal Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165709. [PMID: 32784630 PMCID: PMC7460495 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of participation in culture-specific dancing to meet current physical activity recommendations and increase cardio-respiratory fitness in postmenopausal women. Sedentary postmenopausal women (n = 24), aged 63 ± 8 years and with BMI of 28 ± 3 kg/m2 completed a 4-week Scottish dancing study. The dancing sessions of approximately 75 min were performed twice a week and each session was based on five Scottish dances performed in 3 sets. Heart rate (HR) measurements were obtained during all dances to evaluate whether the intervention achieves the criteria of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise intensity. Body composition, waist circumference, and HR during Chester Step test were measured before and after dancing intervention. HR achieved during individual dances ranged from 64 ± 5% to 80 ± 5% of HRmax and the mean HR of the five dances corresponded to 72 ± 7% of HRmax. Post-intervention mean HR was lower throughout Level 2 (Pre, 112 ± 13 bpm; Post, 106 ± 13 bpm; p = 0.005) and Level 3 (Pre, 122 ± 14 bpm; Post, 115 ± 14 bpm; p = 0.006) of the Chester test compared with baseline values. The intervention had no impact on body weight or body fat but reduced waist circumference (Pre, 94 ± 8 cm; Post, 91 ± 9 cm; p = 0.006). Thus, traditional Scottish dancing should be advocated to sedentary postmenopausal women, emphasising its potential in meeting current physical activity recommendations in relation of weekly duration and exercise intensity and improving cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Hamilton CC, Wiseman SB, Copeland JL, Bomhof MR. Influence of postexercise fasting on hunger and satiety in adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1022-1030. [PMID: 32272024 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research examining the impact of postexercise nutrient intake on appetite regulation. The objective of this study was to examine how postexercise fasting versus feeding impacts the postexercise appetite response. In a randomized crossover intervention, 14 participants (body mass index: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg·m-2; age: 26.8 ± 6.7 years) received 1 of 2 recovery beverages: (i) water control (FAST) or (ii) sweetened-milk (FED) after completing a 45-min (65%-70% peak oxygen uptake) evening exercise session (∼1900 h). Energy intake was assessed through a fasted ad libitum breakfast meal and 3-day food diaries. Perceived appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Appetite-regulating hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin were assessed pre-exercise, 1 h after exercise, and the morning following exercise. FAST increased subjective hunger compared with FED (P < 0.05). PYY and GLP-1 after exercise were decreased and acyl-ghrelin was increased in FAST, with these differences disappearing the day after exercise (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake at breakfast the following morning did not differ between trials. Overall, in the absence of postexercise macronutrient consumption, there was a pronounced increase in objective and subjective appetite after exercise. The orexigenic effects of postexercise fasting, however, were not observed the morning following exercise. Novelty Postexercise fasting leads to reduced GLP-1 and PYY and increased hunger. Reduced GLP-1 and PYY after exercise is blunted by postexercise nutrient intake. Energy intake the day after exercise is not influenced by postexercise fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courteney C Hamilton
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Copeland
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Malkova D, Polyviou T, Rizou E, Gerasimidis K, Chambers ES, Preston T, Tedford MC, Frost G, Morrison DJ. Moderate intensity exercise training combined with inulin-propionate ester supplementation increases whole body resting fat oxidation in overweight women. Metabolism 2020; 104:154043. [PMID: 31790692 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.154043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous work has shown that oral supplementation with inulin propionate ester (IPE) reduces intra-abdominal fat and prevents weight gain and that oral propionate intake enhances resting fat oxidation. The effects of IPE combined with exercise training on energy substrate utilisation are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of 4-weeks IPE supplementation, in combination with a moderate intensity exercise training programme, on whole body fat oxidation and on plasma GLP-1 and PYY. METHODS Twenty overweight healthy women participated in randomised parallel study and underwent 4 weeks of supervised exercise training either with IPE (EX/IPE group) or Placebo (EX/Placebo group) supplementation. Before and after the intervention participants conducted an experimental trial, which involved collection of expired gas and blood samples in the fasted state and during 7 h of the postprandial state. RESULTS Within groups, the EX/IPE group significantly enhanced the amount of fat (Pre, 24.1 ± 1.2 g; Post, 35.9 ± 4.0 g, P < 0.05) oxidised and reduced CHO (Pre, 77.8 ± 6.0 g; Post, 57.8 ± 7.7 g, P < 0.05) oxidised, reduced body weight (Pre, 77.3 ± 4.2 kg; Post, 76.6 ± 4.1 kg, P < 0.05) and body fat mass (Pre, 37.7 ± 1.9%; Post, 36.9 ± 1.9%, P < 0.05). In EX/Placebo group, changes in amount of fat (Pre, 36.8 ± 3.9 g; Post, 37.0 ± 4.0 g) and CHO (Pre, 62.7 ± 6.5 g; Post, 61.5 ± 7.4 g) oxidised, body weight (Pre, 84.2 ± 4.3 kg; Post, 83.6 ± 4.3 kg) and body fat mass (Pre, 40.1 ± 1.9%; Post, 38.7 ± 1.5%) were not significant (P > 0.05). Comparing between groups, changes in the amount of fat oxidised were significantly (P < 0.05) different and a trend for difference was observed for amount of CHO oxidised (P = 0.06) and RER (P = 0.06). The interventions had no impact on fasting or postprandial plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and PYY. CONCLUSION Moderate intensity exercise training programmes when combined with daily oral IPE supplementation may help overweight women to achieve increase in fat oxidation. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04016350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Malkova
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thelma Polyviou
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Eleni Rizou
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, UK
| | - M Catriona Tedford
- School of Computing, Engineering &Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, UK.
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20
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Riou MÈ, Jomphe-Tremblay S, Lamothe G, Finlayson GS, Blundell JE, Décarie-Spain L, Gagnon JC, Doucet É. Energy Compensation Following a Supervised Exercise Intervention in Women Living With Overweight/Obesity Is Accompanied by an Early and Sustained Decrease in Non-structured Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1048. [PMID: 31507431 PMCID: PMC6714465 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Body composition (BC) does not always vary as a function of exercise induced energy expenditure (exercise EE – resting EE). Energy balance variables were measured to understand energy compensation (EC) in response to an exercise intervention performed at low (LOW) or moderate (MOD) intensity. Subjects/Methods Twenty-one women with overweight/obesity (33 ± 5 kg/m2; 29 ± 10 yrs; 31 ± 4 ml O2/kg/min) were randomized to a 3-month LOW or MOD (40 or 60% of VȮ2reserve, respectively) matched to expend 1500 kcal/week (compliance = 97 ± 5%). Body energy stores (DXA), energy intake (EI) (food menu and food diaries), resting EE (indirect calorimetry), total EE (doubly-labeled water), time spent in different activities (accelerometers), appetite (visual analog scale), eating behavior traits and food reward (liking and wanting) were assessed at baseline, after weeks 1 and 2 and at the end of the 3-month exercise intervention. Results EC based on BC changes (fat mass and fat-free mass) was 49 ± 79% and 161 ± 88% in LOW and MOD groups, respectively (p = 0.010). EI did not change significantly during the intervention. However, eating behavior traits and food reward had changed by the end of the 3-month supervised exercise. Non-structured physical activity (NSPA) decreased across the intervention (p < 0.002), independent of the intensity of the exercise training. Conclusion Women with overweight/obesity training at LOW presented lower EC for a given energy cost of exercise. Our results strongly suggest that NSPA plays a major role in mediating the effects of exercise on energy balance and ultimately on changes in BC. Clinical Trial Registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier ISRCTN31641049.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Riou
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Jomphe-Tremblay
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gilles Lamothe
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Graham Stuart Finlayson
- Biopsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John Edward Blundell
- Biopsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Christian Gagnon
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Éric Doucet
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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21
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Batrakoulis A, Fatouros IG, Chatzinikolaou A, Draganidis D, Georgakouli K, Papanikolaou K, Deli CK, Tsimeas P, Avloniti A, Syrou N, Jamurtas AZ. Dose-response effects of high-intensity interval neuromuscular exercise training on weight loss, performance, health and quality of life in inactive obese adults: Study rationale, design and methods of the DoIT trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 15:100386. [PMID: 31193901 PMCID: PMC6543184 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates and low levels of quality of life among adults globally. It is critical to examine evidence-based practices for developing lifestyle behavioral changes such as physical movement and structured exercise training. The DoIT protocol, a high-intensity interval exercise training (HIIT) program, effectively reduces body mass, alters energy balance, and improves performance of obese adults with a high adherence rate. This study aims to determine the dose-response effects of the DoIT protocol on body composition, health, performance and quality of life in sedentary obese adults. This study will recruit 88 sedentary, obese males and females (BMI 25.0–34.9; 30–50 years) who will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: (i) control (n = 22), (ii) one session/week (n = 22), (iii) two sessions/week (n = 22) or (iv) three sessions/week (n = 22). DoIT will use a supervised, circuit-type (1–3 rounds), functional/neuromotor and progressive exercise program for 12 months. DoIT incorporates 8–12 multi-planar, fundamental and complex, whole body movements and uses bodyweight and alternative exercise modes as a resistance. DoIT utilizes prescribed work-to-rest ratios which will be varied every four weeks. Each session will last less than 30 min. DoIT will be implemented for a year and its effects on body mass and body composition, physical fitness, functional capacity, bone health, leptin, adiponectin, blood lipids, glycemic control, inflammation, oxidative stress and quality of life will be assessed. The outcomes of the proposed study will provide insight on optimal exercise prescription guidelines for such HIIT-type exercise protocols for overweight or obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios Batrakoulis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42100, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42100, Greece
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, 69100, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42100, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Georgakouli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papanikolaou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42100, Greece
| | - Charikleia K Deli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42100, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsimeas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42100, Greece
| | - Alexandra Avloniti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, 69100, Greece
| | - Niki Syrou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42100, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, 42100, Greece
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22
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Rivas E, Huynh H, Galassetti PR. Obesity Affects Submaximal Oxygen Uptake-Heart Rate Relationship and Exercise Economy Differently in Pre- and Post-pubescent Boys and Girls. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2019; 12:748-763. [PMID: 31156750 PMCID: PMC6533099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop regression equations for estimating the intensity of the exercise work rate (relative peak oxygen uptake-heart rate [%VO2-HR]) and the metabolic energy expenditure (MEE) for exercise prescription and rehabilitation medicine that are specific to children. This study took into account that the specific data in terms of obesity, sex, and pubertal status are currently unavailable. Our hypothesis was that obesity would affect the submaximal exercise the oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and metabolic energy expenditure (MEE), and exercise economy (ExEco). In this retrospective study, the regression analysis was performed on 126 children, matching groups for Tanner pubertal status (prepubertal: 1.8±0.7; postpubertal: 4.1±0.7), BMI-for-age percentile (lean: 50±26; obese: 96±4), and sex (girls: 48%; boys: 52%). Percent peakVO2 was regressed against HR, MEE against work rate (watt), and exercise economy (ExEco, mLO2·kg lean body mass-1·min-1) against work rate. Additionally, stepwise linear regression was used to identify predictors for exercise peak work rate. Prepubertal and postpubertal boys exercise at lower work rates than obese (%peakVO2-HR slope; P=0.01). The reverse was true in girls, lean prepubertal work at lower compared lean postpubertal (%peakVO2-HR slope; P=0.03). Boys expend more calories during exercise compared to girls (MEE-slope; P=0.01), with no effect of puberty or obesity. Obese prepubertal children have poor ExEco compared to lean prepubertal children (ExEco-work rate slopes; P<0.01) but not in postpubertal children. Strong correlations (r=0.92-0.94) for %peakVO2-HR and MEE regressions for boys and girls accounted for 85-92% variation. Height, lean leg, and leg fat mass accounted for 83% of the variance for predicting peak work rate. Obesity, sex, and puberty affect exercise characteristics in children and should be considered for an individualized approach to exercise prescription in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivas
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science & Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hien Huynh
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science & Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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23
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Zouhal H, Sellami M, Saeidi A, Slimani M, Abbassi-Daloii A, Khodamoradi A, El Hage R, Hackney AC, Ben Abderrahman A. Effect of physical exercise and training on gastrointestinal hormones in populations with different weight statuses. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:455-477. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Maha Sellami
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asieh Abbassi-Daloii
- Department of Sport Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Arash Khodamoradi
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rawad El Hage
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
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24
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Pontzer H. Energy Constraint as a Novel Mechanism Linking Exercise and Health. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:384-393. [PMID: 30303776 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and other species adapt dynamically to changes in daily physical activity, maintaining total energy expenditure within a narrow range. Chronic exercise thus suppresses other physiological activity, including immunity, reproduction, and stress response. This exercise-induced downregulation improves health at moderate levels of physical activity but can be detrimental at extreme workloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
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25
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Schubert MM, Palumbo EA. Energy balance dynamics during short-term high-intensity functional training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:172-178. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CrossFit (CF; CrossFit Inc., Washington, DC, USA) is a form of high-intensity functional training that focuses on training across the entire spectrum of physical fitness. CF has been shown to improve a number of indicators of health but little information assessing energy balance exists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate energy balance during 1 week of CF training. Men and women (n = 21; mean ± SD; age, 43.5 ± 8.4 years; body mass index, 27.8 ± 4.9 kg·m−2), with ≥3 months CF experience, had body composition assessed via air displacement plethysmography before and after 1 week of CF training. Participants wore ActiHeart monitors to assess total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure, and CF energy expenditure (CF EE). Energy intake was assessed from TEE and Δ body composition. CF EE averaged 605 ± 219 kcal per 72 ± 10 min session. Weekly CF EE was 2723 ± 986 kcal. Participants were in an energy deficit (TEE: 3674 ± 855 kcal·day−1; energy intake: 3167 ± 1401 kcal·day−1). Results of the present study indicate that CF training can account for a significant portion of daily activity energy expenditure. The weekly expenditure is within levels shown to induce clinically meaningful weight loss in overweight/obese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Schubert
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
| | - Elyse A. Palumbo
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
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26
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Doucet É, McInis K, Mahmoodianfard S. Compensation in response to energy deficits induced by exercise or diet. Obes Rev 2018; 19 Suppl 1:36-46. [PMID: 30511511 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an extremely resilient condition. Weight loss is most challenging, and weight recidivism is rampant. There is accumulating evidence highlighting that energy deficits meant to produce increased mobilization of energy stores trigger a number of somewhat persistent adaptations that together increase the drive to eat and decrease energy output. These adaptations ostensibly enable a context where the likelihood of energy compensation is heightened. In fact, energy compensation is present for both diet and exercise induced energy deficits although at different magnitudes. For the most part, the energy compensation in response to exercise induced energy deficits seems to be larger. Interestingly, energy compensation appears to be greater for longer interventions, an effect independent of whether the energy deficit is induced through diet or exercise. The latter suggests that the increased drive to eat and the reduced energy expenditure that accompany weight loss might be successfully fought off initially. However, with time there seems to be increasing erosion of the behaviours that initially opposed adaptations to weight loss and increased energy compensation progressively sets in. Under such conditions, it would seem prudent to propose weight loss targets that align with a level of behaviour modifications that can be sustained indefinitely.
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Affiliation(s)
- É Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - K McInis
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - S Mahmoodianfard
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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27
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Batrakoulis A, Jamurtas AZ, Georgakouli K, Draganidis D, Deli CK, Papanikolaou K, Avloniti A, Chatzinikolaou A, Leontsini D, Tsimeas P, Comoutos N, Bouglas V, Michalopoulou M, Fatouros IG. High intensity, circuit-type integrated neuromuscular training alters energy balance and reduces body mass and fat in obese women: A 10-month training-detraining randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202390. [PMID: 30138475 PMCID: PMC6107179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial examined body mass, body composition, energy balance and performance responses of previously sedentary overweight/obese women to a circuit-type integrated neuromuscular training program with alternative modalities. Forty-nine healthy overweight or class I obese females (36.4±4.4 yrs) were randomly assigned to either a control (N = 21), training (N = 14) or training-detraining (N = 14) group. In weeks 1-20, the training groups trained three times/week using 10-12 whole-body exercises of progressively increased intensity/volume, organized in timed interval circuit form. In weeks 21-40, the training group continued training whereas the training-detraining group not. Heart rate, perceived exertion, blood lactate, exertion, oxygen consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were measured for one session/phase/person and exercise energy expenditure was calculated. Energy intake, habitual physical activity, resting metabolic rate, body composition, body mass, strength and maximal oxygen consumption were measured at baseline, mid-intervention and post-intervention. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine differences between three time points and three groups. In C, VO2max declined (p<0.013) and body fat (p<0.008), waist (p<0.059) and hip (p<0.012) circumferences increased after 40 weeks compared to baseline. Training reduced body mass (6%, p<0.001), body fat (~5.5%, p<0.001) and increased fat-free mass (1.2-3.4%, p<0.05), strength (27.2%, p<0.001) and endurance (26.8%, p<0.001) after a 10-month implementation period using a metabolic overload of only 5-12 metabolic equivalents of task-hours per week. Training induced a long-term negative energy balance during an exercise and a non-exercise day due to an elevation of resting metabolic rate (6%-10%, p<0.05) and exercise-related energy expenditure. Training had an 8% and 94% attrition and attendance rates, respectively. Training-induced gains were attenuated but not lost following a 5-month detraining. A 10-month implementation of a high-intensity interval type training program elicited both endurance and musculoskeletal gains and resulted in a long-term negative energy balance that induced a progressive and sustained reduction of body and fat mass. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03134781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios Batrakoulis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Georgakouli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Chariklia K. Deli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Alexandra Avloniti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | | | - Diamanda Leontsini
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsimeas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Comoutos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Vassilios Bouglas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Maria Michalopoulou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
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Homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetite control along the spectrum of physical activity levels: An updated perspective. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Silva AM, Júdice PB, Carraça EV, King N, Teixeira PJ, Sardinha LB. What is the effect of diet and/or exercise interventions on behavioural compensation in non-exercise physical activity and related energy expenditure of free-living adults? A systematic review. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:1327-1345. [PMID: 29845903 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451800096x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) and/or non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) reductions may occur from diet and/or exercise-induced negative energy balance interventions, resulting in less-than-expected weight loss. This systematic review describes the effects of prescribed diet and/or physical activity (PA)/exercise on NEPA and/or NEAT in adults. Studies were identified from PubMed, web-of-knowledge, Embase, SPORTDiscus, ERIC and PsycINFO searches up to 1 March 2017. Eligibility criteria included randomised controlled trials (RCT), randomised trials (RT) and non-randomised trials (NRT); objective measures of PA and energy expenditure; data on NEPA, NEAT and spontaneous PA; ≥10 healthy male/female aged>18 years; and ≥7 d length. The trial is registered at PROSPERO-2017-CRD42017052635. In all, thirty-six articles (RCT-10, RT-9, NRT-17) with a total of seventy intervention arms (diet, exercise, combined diet/exercise), with a total of 1561 participants, were included. Compensation was observed in twenty-six out of seventy intervention arms (fifteen studies out of thirty-six reporting declines in NEAT (eight), NEPA (four) or both (three)) representing 63, 27 and 23 % of diet-only, combined diet/exercise, and exercise-only intervention arms, respectively. Weight loss observed in participants who decreased NEAT was double the weight loss found in those who did not compensate, suggesting that the energy imbalance degree may lead to energy conservation. Although these findings do not support the hypothesis that prescribed diet and/or exercise results in decreased NEAT and NEPA in healthy adults, the underpowered trial design and the lack of state-of-the-art methods may limit these conclusions. Future studies should explore the impact of weight-loss magnitude, energetic restriction degree, exercise dose and participant characteristics on NEAT and/or NEPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analiza M Silva
- 1Exercise and Health Laboratory,Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana,Universidade Lisboa,1499-002 Cruz Quebrada,Portugal
| | - Pedro B Júdice
- 1Exercise and Health Laboratory,Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana,Universidade Lisboa,1499-002 Cruz Quebrada,Portugal
| | - Eliana V Carraça
- 1Exercise and Health Laboratory,Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana,Universidade Lisboa,1499-002 Cruz Quebrada,Portugal
| | - Neil King
- 2Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation,Queensland University of Technology,Brisbane,QLD 4059,Australia
| | - Pedro J Teixeira
- 1Exercise and Health Laboratory,Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana,Universidade Lisboa,1499-002 Cruz Quebrada,Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- 1Exercise and Health Laboratory,Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana,Universidade Lisboa,1499-002 Cruz Quebrada,Portugal
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30
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Beaulieu K, Hopkins M, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Does Habitual Physical Activity Increase the Sensitivity of the Appetite Control System? A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 46:1897-1919. [PMID: 27002623 PMCID: PMC5097075 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background It has been proposed that habitual physical activity improves appetite control; however, the evidence has never been systematically reviewed. Objective To examine whether appetite control (e.g. subjective appetite, appetite-related peptides, food intake) differs according to levels of physical activity. Data Sources Medline, Embase and SPORTDiscus were searched for articles published between 1996 and 2015, using keywords pertaining to physical activity, appetite, food intake and appetite-related peptides. Study Selection Articles were included if they involved healthy non-smoking adults (aged 18–64 years) participating in cross-sectional studies examining appetite control in active and inactive individuals; or before and after exercise training in previously inactive individuals. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Of 77 full-text articles assessed, 28 studies (14 cross-sectional; 14 exercise training) met the inclusion criteria. Results Appetite sensations and absolute energy intake did not differ consistently across studies. Active individuals had a greater ability to compensate for high-energy preloads through reductions in energy intake, in comparison with inactive controls. When physical activity level was graded across cross-sectional studies (low, medium, high, very high), a significant curvilinear effect on energy intake (z-scores) was observed. Limitations Methodological issues existed concerning the small number of studies, lack of objective quantification of food intake, and various definitions used to define active and inactive individuals. Conclusion Habitually active individuals showed improved compensation for the energy density of foods, but no consistent differences in appetite or absolute energy intake, in comparison with inactive individuals. This review supports a J-shaped relationship between physical activity level and energy intake. Further studies are required to confirm these findings. PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42015019696 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0518-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Blundell
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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McNeil J, Farris MS, Ruan Y, Merry H, Lynch BM, Matthews CE, Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM. Effects of prescribed aerobic exercise volume on physical activity and sedentary time in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:27. [PMID: 29562927 PMCID: PMC5863375 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has emerged as an important lifestyle factor for primary prevention of numerous diseases, including postmenopausal breast cancer. No study to date has assessed the acute and long-term effects of year-long aerobic exercise programs differing in prescribed exercise volume on physical activity and sedentary time in postmenopausal women. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of two moderate-vigorous intensity exercise doses on total, light and moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity times, and sedentary time in postmenopausal women during the year-long intervention and one year later. METHODS The Breast Cancer and Exercise Trial in Alberta (BETA) was a two-center, two-arm, 12-month randomized controlled trial that included 400 previously inactive postmenopausal women randomized to either 150 (MODERATE) or 300 (HIGH) minutes/week of aerobic exercise. Physical activity and sedentary time were assessed at baseline, 6- (intervention mid-point), 12- (prior to end of intervention) and 24-months (follow-up) with waist-mounted accelerometers (Actigraph GTX3®). Self-reported activity and sedentary time at baseline, 12- and 24-months was also assessed (Past Year Total Physical Activity Questionnaire and SIT-Q). Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted using linear mixed models and adjusted for baseline variables. RESULTS Both physical activity interventions led to increases in objective and subjective measures of total and moderate-vigorous intensity/recreational physical activity time, coupled with decreases in sedentary time, at 6- and 12-months compared to baseline. Additionally, greater increases in accelerometry-derived total physical activity time at 6- and 12-months, and self-reported recreational activity time at 12-months, compared to baseline were noted in the HIGH versus MODERATE groups. Decreases in total, light and moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity time, and an increase in sedentary time, in both groups were noted at 24-months compared to 12-months. A decrease in light intensity physical activity time in both groups at 24-months compared to baseline was also noted. CONCLUSION These findings have important health implications, suggesting that total physical activity time can be increased with greater volumes of prescribed exercise, but that additional support and resources could be used to promote the maintenance of these high levels of aerobic exercise participation following study completion. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01435005 (BETA Trial). Registred September 15th 2011 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McNeil
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Center, Room 514, Box ACB, 2210 2nd Street SW, Calgary, Alberta T2S 3C3 Canada
| | - Megan S. Farris
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Center, Room 514, Box ACB, 2210 2nd Street SW, Calgary, Alberta T2S 3C3 Canada
| | - Yibing Ruan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Center, Room 514, Box ACB, 2210 2nd Street SW, Calgary, Alberta T2S 3C3 Canada
| | - Heather Merry
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Center, Room 514, Box ACB, 2210 2nd Street SW, Calgary, Alberta T2S 3C3 Canada
| | - Brigid M. Lynch
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Charles E. Matthews
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kerry S. Courneya
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Christine M. Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Center, Room 514, Box ACB, 2210 2nd Street SW, Calgary, Alberta T2S 3C3 Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
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Schubert MM, Palumbo E, Seay RF, Spain KK, Clarke HE. Energy compensation after sprint- and high-intensity interval training. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189590. [PMID: 29244836 PMCID: PMC5731706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many individuals lose less weight than expected in response to exercise interventions when considering the increased energy expenditure of exercise (ExEE). This is due to energy compensation in response to ExEE, which may include increases in energy intake (EI) and decreases in non-exercise physical activity (NEPA). We examined the degree of energy compensation in healthy young men and women in response to interval training. Methods Data were examined from a prior study in which 24 participants (mean age, BMI, & VO2max = 28 yrs, 27.7 kg•m-2, and 32 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) completed either 4 weeks of sprint-interval training or high-intensity interval training. Energy compensation was calculated from changes in body composition (air displacement plethysmography) and exercise energy expenditure was calculated from mean heart rate based on the heart rate-VO2 relationship. Differences between high (≥ 100%) and low (< 100%) levels of energy compensation were assessed. Linear regressions were utilized to determine associations between energy compensation and ΔVO2max, ΔEI, ΔNEPA, and Δresting metabolic rate. Results Very large individual differences in energy compensation were noted. In comparison to individuals with low levels of compensation, individuals with high levels of energy compensation gained fat mass, lost fat-free mass, and had lower change scores for VO2max and NEPA. Linear regression results indicated that lower levels of energy compensation were associated with increases in ΔVO2max (p < 0.001) and ΔNEPA (p < 0.001). Conclusions Considerable variation exists in response to short-term, low dose interval training. In agreement with prior work, increases in ΔVO2max and ΔNEPA were associated with lower energy compensation. Future studies should focus on identifying if a dose-response relationship for energy compensation exists in response to interval training, and what underlying mechanisms and participant traits contribute to the large variation between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Schubert
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University–San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elyse Palumbo
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University–San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States of America
| | - Rebekah F. Seay
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Katie K. Spain
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, United States of America
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Holly E. Clarke
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
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Effects of active commuting and leisure-time exercise on fat loss in women and men with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:469-478. [PMID: 28993707 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McNeil J, Brenner DR, Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM. Dose–response effects of aerobic exercise on energy compensation in postmenopausal women: combined results from two randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1196-1202. [PMID: 28360432 PMCID: PMC5550560 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background/objectives: Despite the clear health benefits of exercise, exercised-induced weight loss is often less than expected. The term ‘exercise energy compensation’ is used to define the amount of weight loss below what is expected for the amount of exercise energy expenditure. We examined the dose–response effects of exercise volume on energy compensation in postmenopausal women. Participants/methods: Data from Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention (ALPHA) and Breast Cancer and Exercise Trial in Alberta (BETA) were combined for the present analysis. The ALPHA and BETA trials were two-centred, two-armed, 12-month randomized controlled trials. The ALPHA trial included 160 participants randomized to 225 min per week of aerobic exercise, and the BETA trial randomized 200 participants to each 150 and 300 min per week of aerobic exercise. All participants were aged 50–74 years, moderately inactive (<90 min per week of exercise), had no previous cancer diagnosis and a body mass index between 22 and 40 kg m−2. Energy compensation was based on changes in body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan) and estimated exercise energy expenditure from completed exercise volume. Associations between Δenergy intake, ΔVO2peak and Δphysical activity time with energy compensation were assessed. Results: No differences in energy compensation were noted between interventions. However, there were large inter-individual differences in energy compensation between participants; 9.4% experienced body composition changes that were greater than expected based on exercise energy expenditure, 64% experienced some degree of energy compensation and 26.6% experienced weight gain based on exercise energy expenditure. Increases in VO2peak were associated with reductions in energy compensation (β=−3.44 ml kg−1 min−1, 95% confidence interval for β=−4.71 to −2.17 ml kg−1 min−1; P=0.0001). Conclusions: Large inter-individual differences in energy compensation were noted, despite no differences between activity doses. In addition, increases in VO2peak were associated with lower energy compensation. Future studies are needed to identify behavioral and metabolic factors that may contribute to this large inter-individual variability in energy compensation.
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35
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Stensel DJ, King JA, Thackray AE. Role of physical activity in regulating appetite and body fat. NUTR BULL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Stensel
- School of Sport; Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - J. A. King
- School of Sport; Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - A. E. Thackray
- School of Sport; Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
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36
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Albert MH, Drapeau V, Mathieu ME. Timing of moderate-to-vigorous exercise and its impact on subsequent energy intake in young males. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:557-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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