Vitamins and Microelement Bioavailability in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Associations between serum mineral concentrations and mortality by renal function in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study

The association of serum concentrations of minerals and phosphate with overall and cardiovascular mortality based on renal function is poorly understood. 3307 patients (average age 62.7 ± 10.6 years) in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study were grouped by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) into three categories: < 60, 60-89, and ≥ 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2, per KDIGO 2022 guidelines and were analysed using Cox regression. Low serum sodium and iron concentrations were associated with poor renal function and increased overall mortality risk, whereas higher serum zinc concentrations were associated with reduced overall and cardiovascular mortality risk. Elevated serum copper concentrations were associated with increased mortality risk across all eGFR categories. Comparing low and normal eGFR, we observed a fourfold increase in all-cause mortality risk for eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and a twofold increase for eGFR 60-89 mL/min per 1.73 m2, accompanied by changes in serum mineral concentrations. The optimal range of mineral and phosphate concentrations in serum was strongly related to renal function. To reduce mortality risk, it's important to regularly monitor serum mineral and phosphate concentrations as well as renal function, especially in cardiovascular patients with compromised renal function.

Content-Related Quality Control of Water- and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Fortified Non-Alcoholic Beverages

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Vitamin-fortified non-alcoholic beverages (VFNABs) are rising in popularity and availability. However, owing to their regulation as foods, there are also growing quality and safety concerns. Therefore, we aimed to provide an overview of the content-related quality of VFNABs on the Slovenian market.

METHODS

Vitamin contents in 50 VFNABs (29 waters, 5 juices, 12 energy drinks, and 4 instant drinks) were determined using validated methods based on liquid chromatography.

RESULTS

The results revealed several quality issues, which were determined in all four VFNAB types. These included an indication of at least one vitamin, present in a lower-than-significant amount, on the nutrition declaration in 64% of the tested VFNABs and vitamin contents outside the tolerance interval (65-150% of the label claim) in almost half of the cases (48.4%, n = 244). Since the disclosed quality issues are not only a reason for the misleading of consumers but may also pose safety risks for both individuals and public health, we further performed an overall assessment of the VFNABs as vitamin sources. The results revealed that the tested VFNABs not only fully cover but in several cases considerably exceed daily vitamin needs (up to 616% of the reference values), an effect which is further accentuated in children.

CONCLUSIONS

The performed content-related quality control study undoubtedly highlight the need for stricter quality control and regulation and can be utilized as a foundation and recommendation for the manufacturers in terms of committing to and pursuing the production of VFNABs.

Nutrition support for patients with renal dysfunction in the intensive care unit: A narrative review

Providing optimal nutrition support in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a challenging and dynamic process. Energy, protein, fluid, electrolyte, and micronutrient requirements all can be altered in patients with acute, chronic, and acute-on-chronic kidney disease. Given that renal dysfunction occurs in up to one-half of ICU patients, it is imperative that nutrition support providers understand how renal dysfunction, its metabolic consequences, and its treatments, including renal replacement therapy (RRT), affect patients' nutrition needs. Data on nutrient requirements in critically ill patients with renal dysfunction are sparse. This article provides an overview of renal dysfunction in the ICU and identifies and addresses the unique nutrition challenges present among these patients, including those receiving RRT, as supported by the available literature and guidelines.

Low-Protein Diets, Malnutrition, and Bone Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a high prevalence worldwide, with increasing incidence in low- and middle-income countries, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly from cardiovascular disease. Protein-restricted diets are one of the most widely used non-pharmacological approaches to slow the progression of CKD and prevent associated metabolic abnormalities. However, some concerns have been raised about the long-term safety of these diets, particularly with regard to patients' nutritional status and bone and mineral disorders. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the most recent scientific evidence on the relevance of using protein-restricted diets (with or without keto-analogue supplementation) and, in particular, their relationships with malnutrition and mineral and bone disorders in people with CKD without kidney replacement therapies. Although protein-restricted diets, especially when supplemented with keto-analogues and highly personalized and monitored, do not appear to be associated with malnutrition, research on their effects on bone and mineral disorders is scarce, deserving further investigation.

Assessment of essential and toxic trace element levels in erythrocytes of hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem, resulting in end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and premature death.

AIM

The aim of the study was to determine the profile of essential and toxic trace elements in erythrocytes of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and their relationship with selected anthropometric and biochemical parameters.

METHODS

The present study compared the profiles of trace elements, including toxic sub-stances, in the erythrocytes of 80 hemodialysis patients with CKD with 40 healthy subjects. All patients had stage 5 CKD. The levels of Cd and Pb were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and levels of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu Cr, Ni, and Li by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.

RESULTS

The ESRD patients demonstrated significantly lower Fe and Zn concentrations and significantly higher Mn and Li and toxic Pb and Cd concentrations in erythrocytes compared to those of the healthy controls. Negative correlations were observed, among others, between the concentrations of Cu, Li, and creatinine; Cu and phosphates; Mn, Pb, and transferrin saturation while positive correlations were noted between Cu, Cr, and transferrin and Pb, Cr, and the normalized protein catabolism rate.

CONCLUSIONS

The higher concentrations of toxic elements present in the erythrocytes of CKD patients might have resulted from the reduced ability of the kidneys to excrete them. Moreover, differences in the concentrations of essential elements (Fe, Mn, Zn) between the two groups indicated that their resorption in the kidneys of CKD patients was impaired. Patients with CKD might benefit from interventions intended to reduce high, toxic concentrations of Pb and Cd and Li and Mn as an alternative supportive treatment. Iron and zinc supplementation should be a component for the treatment of anemia in CKD patients.

Association between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake and osteopenia or osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study

Aim

The study aimed to investigate the link between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake with osteopenia and osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients.

Methods

The data of hypertensive patients were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010, 2013-2014, and 2017-2018. Data of dietary iron, zinc, copper and selenium intakes were obtained according to 24-h diet recall interviews. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were determined based on the bone mineral density. Weighted liner regression and weighted logistic regression were employed to assess the association between iron, zinc, copper, and selenium intakes with osteopenia and osteoporosis. All results were presented as β, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

In total, 5,286 elderly hypertensive patients were included. Among them, 2,961 (56.02%) patients have osteopenia, and 566 (10.71%) have osteoporosis. After adjusting all covariates, dietary copper intake ≥the recommended daily allowance was positively correlated with bone mineral density on total femur (β = 0.086, 95% CI: 0.021-0.152) and femoral neck (β = 0.097, 95% CI: 0.016-0.178). Dietary zinc intake ≥the recommended daily allowance was also positively correlated with bone mineral density on total femur (β = 0.092, 95% CI: 0.030-0.153) and femoral neck (β = 0.122, 95% CI: 0.050-0.193). Dietary copper (O = 0.581, 95% CI: 0.394-0.858) and zinc (OR = 0.595, 95% CI: 0.429-0.827) intake ≥the recommended daily allowance levels were related to increased odds of osteoporosis in elderly with hypertension.

Conclusion

Higher dietary copper and zinc intake was associated with lower odds of osteoporosis in the elderly hypertensive patients. Higher dietary intake included copper and zinc may be beneficial for the bone health in the elderly hypertensive patients.

Effect of blanching time-temperature on potassium and vitamin retention/loss in kale and spinach

Hyperkalemia is common among patients with end stage kidney disease. Management involves diet modification. Hot water blanching is recommended to leach potassium in vegetables which results in losses of water-soluble and heat labile vitamins. Evidence on the effect of blanching in reducing potassium level of locally consumed vegetables in Kenya is limited. This study sought to establish effect of hot water blanching time-temperature on level of potassium, vitamin B1, B3 and C in kales (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and spinach (Spinach oleracea) on potassium and vitamins B1, B3 and C retention/loss. The study adopted a full factorial experimental design. Vitamins were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Potassium was quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. To compare nutrient content between samples, independent t-test and Analysis of Variance were used at 95% confidence level. Nutrient content of fresh kales and spinach were potassium (102 mg/100 g and 615 mg/100 g), vitamin B1 (124 μg/100 g and 51 μg/100 g), vitamin B3 (1165 μg/100 g and 812 μg/100 g) and vitamin C (102 mg/100 g and 116 mg/100 g) respectively. In kales, blanching for 20 min at 1000°C resulted to retention of 86.9%, 55.6%, 27.6% and 12.9% of vitamin B1, B3, C and potassium respectively. In spinach, blanching for 20 min at 1000°C resulted in retention of 79.9%, 88.6%, 12.2% and 40.6% retention of vitamin B1, B3, C and potassium respectively. Vitamin C and Potassium were the most sensitive to heat and leaching. Time had a greater effect than temperature in this study. This study recommends blanching of kale at 15.2 min at 800°C, spinach at 17.7 min at 840°C. Further research on optimal blanching time-temperature for potassium and vitamin retention/loss is recommended.

LLL 44 - Module 3: Micronutrients in Chronic disease

Micronutrients (MN), i.e. trace elements and vitamins, are essential organic molecules, which are required in the diet in relatively small amounts in any form of nutrition (oral, enteral, parenteral). The probability of MN depletion or deficiencies should be considered in all chronic illnesses, especially in those that can interfere with intake, digestion, or intestinal absorption. Low socio-economic status and food deprivation are recognized as the most prevalent reasons for MN deficiencies world-wide. Elderly multimorbid patients with multimodal therapy, as well as patients with long-lasting menu restrictions, are at high risk for both disease related malnutrition as well as multiple MN deficiencies, needing careful specific follow-up. The importance of monitoring MN blood levels along with CRP is essential for optimal care. Drug interactions are also highlighted. In patients with chronic conditions depending on medical nutrition therapy, the provision of adequate dietary reference intakes (DRI) of MN doses and monitoring of their adequacy belongs to standard of care.

The Combined Effects of the Most Important Dietary Patterns on the Incidence and Prevalence of Chronic Renal Failure: Results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Mendelian Analyses

BACKGROUND

We aimed to comprehensively assess the relationship of specific dietary patterns and various nutrients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression.

METHODS

The observational study data were from the NHANES 2005-2020. We calculated four dietary pattern scores (healthy eating index 2020 (HEI-2020), dietary inflammatory index (DII), alternative mediterranean diet (aMed), and dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)) and the intakes of various nutrients and defined CKD, CKD-very high risk, and kidney dialysis. Associations between dietary patterns and nutrients and disease were assessed by means of two logistic regression models. Two-sample MR was performed with various food and nutrients as the exposure and CKD, kidney dialysis as the outcome. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to verify the reliability of the results.

RESULTS

A total of 25,167 participants were included in the analyses, of whom 4161 had CKD. HEI-2020, aMed, and DASH were significantly negatively associated with CKD and CKD-very high risk at higher quartiles, while DII was significantly positively associated. A higher intake of vitamins and minerals may reduce the incidence and progression of CKD to varying degrees. The MR results, corrected for false discovery rates, showed that a higher sodium intake was associated with a higher prevalence of CKD (OR: 3.91, 95%CI: 2.55, 5.99).

CONCLUSIONS

Adhering to the three dietary patterns of HEI-2020, aMed, and DASH and supplementing with vitamins and minerals benefits kidney health.

The non-linear associations between blood manganese level and sarcopenia in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: A multicenter cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Manganese (Mn), a vital element in energy metabolism, is predominantly stored in skeletal muscles and plays a crucial role in muscle function and strength. Patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) often experience muscle wasting due to metabolic disruption and inflammation. This study aimed to explore the relationship between blood Mn levels and sarcopenia in a patient population.

METHODS

In this multicenter cross-sectional study, conducted from March 2021 to March 2022, 386 patients on MHD from three medical centers were included. Blood Mn levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and body composition was assessed post-dialysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Grip strength was measured using a digital dynamometer. The patients were categorized into groups with and without sarcopenia. Using a generalized additive model to fit a smooth curve, we employed a generalized linear model to identify the optimal inflection point and explore the threshold effect after discovering a segmented relationship. Subsequently, a binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between blood manganese levels and the risk of sarcopenia, with adjustments made for potential confounding factors.

RESULTS

A negative correlation was observed between blood Mn levels and sarcopenia-related parameters (Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index and grip strength) in Spearman's correlation analysis (both P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, a nonlinear association was identified. When blood Mn was ≤ 10.6 μg/L, the increase in sarcopenia was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conversely, when blood Mn exceeded 10.6 μg/L, each 1 μg/L increase raised the risk of sarcopenia by 0.1 times. Considering confounders, multivariate binary logistic regression confirmed an independent association between elevated blood Mn levels and sarcopenia.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed an independent association between elevated blood Mn levels (> 10.6 μg/L) and sarcopenia in patients undergoing MHD. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the Mn metabolism in the context of muscle health in this patient population. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential interventions for mitigating sarcopenia in patients with elevated blood Mn levels undergoing MHD.

Preventing potential pitfalls of a liberalized potassium diet in the hemodialysis population

Emerging research suggests that a more liberalized diet, specifically a more plant-based diet resulting in liberalization of potassium intake, for people receiving hemodialysis is necessary and the benefits outweigh previously thought risks. If the prescribed hemodialysis diet is to be liberalized, the need to illuminate and prevent potential pitfalls of a liberalized potassium diet is warranted. This paper explores such topics as partial to full adherence to a liberalized diet and its consequences if any, the advantages of a high-fiber intake, the theoretical risk of anemia when consuming a more plant-dominant diet, the potential benefits against renal acid load and effect on metabolic acidosis with increased fruit and vegetable intake, the putative change in serum potassium levels, carbohydrate quality, and the healthfulness of meat substitutes. The benefits of a more plant-based diet for the hemodialysis population are multifold; however, the possible pitfalls of this type of diet must be reviewed and addressed upon meal planning in order to be avoided.

Trace Elements Status and Their Associations With Related Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis

OBJECTIVE

It remains ambiguous as to whether the status of trace elements would affect their related enzyme activities toward defending a possible higher oxidative stress in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD) treatment. We investigated copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) status in patients receiving PD or HD treatments and further determined the association of these trace elements with their related antioxidant capacities in those patients.

METHODS

Sixty PD and 80 HD patients before and after HD treatment had their blood drawn. Demographic, clinical, and 24-hour diet recall data were recorded and collected. Plasma trace elements, oxidative stress indicators, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured.

RESULTS

Patients receiving PD or HD treatments experienced similar Zn and Cu intakes. PD and HD patients displayed adequate mean plasma Cu, Zn, and Se levels. Patients receiving PD treatment showed significantly higher levels of Cu, Zn, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but had significantly lower levels of Se and total antioxidant capacity when compared to levels in the HD patients at the pre-HD session. The levels of 3 trace elements and AOPP increased significantly, while the levels of glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GPx, and SOD activities decreased significantly after receiving HD treatment than did the levels in the pre-HD session. Plasma Cu, Se, and Zn levels had a different correlation with plasma AOPP level, GPx, and SOD activities during PD, pre- or post-HD sessions. Plasma Cu, Zn, and Se levels did not have any association with their associated enzyme activities in patients with PD, while plasma Cu and Zn levels may have influenced SOD activity in HD patients.

CONCLUSIONS

An adequate Cu, Zn, and Se status is required in order to help their associated enzyme activity cope with increased oxidative stress during PD or HD sessions.

Role of Nutrients in Pediatric Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Correct Supplementation

Nutrition management is fundamental for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fluid balance and low-protein and low-sodium diets are the more stressed fields from a nutritional point of view. At the same time, the role of micronutrients is often underestimated. Starting from the causes that could lead to potential micronutrient deficiencies in these patients, this review considers all micronutrients that could be administered in CKD to improve the prognosis of this disease.

Mantidisflavin A: A Riboflavin Derivative Featuring a 6/6/6/5/5 Skeleton from the Egg Cases of the Insect Tenodera sinensis Saussure and Its Anti-Renal Fibrosis Activity

Mantidisflavin A (1) was isolated from the egg cases of the Tenodera sinensis Saussure. It exhibits an unprecedented 6/6/6/5/5 skeleton, accompanied by the formation of two additional fused heterocycles through a novel C-C bond and an oxygen bridge on riboflavin backbone. The structure of 1 was identified by spectroscopic and computational methods. To assess the inhibitory effect against renal fibrosis, compound 1 was evaluated in TGF-β1-induced rat kidney epithelial cells, and the results were compared to those of its precursor, riboflavin.

The Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Cholecalciferol Therapy in Hemodialysis Patients

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are highly prevalent in CKD, affecting over 80% of hemodialysis (HD) patients and requiring therapeutic intervention. Nephrological societies suggest the administration of cholecalciferol according to the guidelines for the general population. The aim of the observational study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the therapy with a high dose of cholecalciferol in HD patients with 25(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency to reach the target serum 25(OH)D level > 30 ng/mL. A total of 22 patients (16 M), with an average age of 72.5 ± 13.03 years and 25(OH)D concentration of 13.05 (9.00-17.90) ng/mL, were administered cholecalciferol at a therapeutic dose of 70,000 IU/week (20,000 IU + 20,000 IU + 30,000 IU, immediately after each dialysis session). All patients achieved the target value > 30 ng/mL, with a mean time of 2.86 ± 1.87 weeks. In the first week, the target level of 25(OH)D (100%) was reached by 2 patients (9.09%), in the second week by 15 patients (68.18%), in the fourth week by 18 patients (81.18%), and in the ninth week by all 22 patients (100%). A significant increase in 1,25(OH)2D levels was observed during the study. However, only 2 patients (9.09%) achieved a concentration of 1,25(OH)2D above 25 ng/mL-the lower limit of the reference range. The intact PTH concentrations remained unchanged during the observation period. No episodes of hypercalcemia were detected, and one new episode of hyperphosphatemia was observed. In conclusion, our study showed that the administration of a high-therapeutic dose of cholecalciferol allowed for a quick, effective, and safe leveling of 25(OH)D concentration in HD patients.

The arsenic-lowering effect of inulin-type prebiotics in end-stage renal disease: a randomized crossover trial

Background: Circulatory imbalance of trace elements is frequent in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), leading to a deficiency of essential elements and excess of toxic elements. The present study aimed to investigate whether inulin-type fructans (ITFs) could ameliorate the circulatory imbalance by modulating gut microbiota and regulating the absorption and elimination of trace elements. Methods: Peritoneal dialysis patients were enrolled in a randomized crossover trial, undergoing interventions with ITFs (10 g d-1) and maltodextrin (placebo) over a 9-month period (with a 3-month washout). The primary outcomes included essential elements Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, and Mo and potential toxic elements V, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Ba, Tl, Pb, Th, and U in plasma. Secondary outcomes included the gut microbiome, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and daily removal of trace elements through urine, dialysate and feces. Results: Among the 44 participants initially randomized, 29 completed the prebiotic, placebo or both interventions. The daily dietary intake of macronutrients and trace elements remained consistent throughout the study. The administration of 10 g d-1 ITFs significantly reduced plasma arsenic (As) by 1.03 μg L-1 (95%CI: -1.74, -0.33) (FDR-adjusted P = 0.045) down from the baseline of 3.54 μg L-1 (IQRs: 2.61-4.40) and increased the As clearance rate by urine and dialysis (P = 0.033). Positive changes in gut microbiota were also observed, including an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (P = 0.050), a trend towards higher fecal SCFAs (P = 0.082), and elevated excretion of primary BAs (P = 0.035). However, there were no significant changes in plasma concentrations of other trace elements or their daily removal by urine, dialysis and feces. Conclusions: The daily administration of 10 g d-1 ITFs proved to be effective in reducing the circulating retention of As but demonstrated to be ineffective for other trace elements in ESRD. These sentences are ok to include but as "The clinical trial registry number is ChiCTR-INR-17013739 (https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=21228)".

Effects of a low-protein nutritional formula with dietary counseling in older adults with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Although combining a low-protein diet (LPD) with oral nutritional supplements increases treatment adherence and nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the effect of this combination approach in older adults remains unclear. This study examined the impact of a 6% low-protein formula (6% LPF) with diet counseling in older adults with stage 3-5 CKD.

METHODS

In this three-month randomized controlled study, 66 patients (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, non-dialysis, over 65 years of age) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (LPD plus a 6% LPF) or control group (LPD alone). The 6% LPF comprised 400 kcal, 6 g of protein, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and various micronutrients. All data were collected at baseline and after three months, including physical performance based on hand grip strength (HGS) and gait speed, nutritional status using Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) scores, body composition through bioelectrical impedance analysis, and dietary intake from 24-h dietary records.

RESULTS

This study incorporated 47 participants (median age, 73; median eGFR, 36 ml/min/1.73 m2; intervention group: 24; control group: 23). The intervention group exhibited significant differences in HGS and gait speed, and micronutrient analysis revealed significantly higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), EPA, DHA, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, and folic acid intake than the control group. MNA-SF scores, macronutrient intake, and body composition did not differ significantly between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to LPD counseling alone, an LPD prescription with 6% LPF in older adults with CKD stages 3-5 helped relieve physical deterioration and increased micronutrient intake after three months.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05318014 (retrospectively registered on 08/04/2022).

Dietary intake, body composition and micronutrient profile of patients on maintenance hemodialysis attending Kiruddu National Referral Hospital, Uganda: A cross sectional study

Patients on maintenance hemodialysis are at a great risk for altered nutritional status, characterized by protein energy wasting and micronutrient deficiency due to medication interactions and dietary restrictions. This study determined the dietary intake, micronutrient profile and body composition of patients on maintenance hemodialysis at Kiruddu National referral hospital (KNRH), Uganda. A cross sectional study was done among adult CKD patients on maintenance hemodialysis therapy at KNRH. Data concerning patients' demographics, clinical history and dietary intake was obtained using interactive and quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Body composition was obtained using the TANITA BC-351, Japan weighing Bathroom scale and anthropometric measurements using standard methods and procedures. Serum micronutrient profile assessment was done using the COBAS Auto analyzer. Data analysis was done using the SPSS software version 20. T-test was used to make comparisons and logistic regression analysis was done to check for any correlations. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among the 63 hemodialysis patients, 38% were female, with a median duration of hemodialysis of 12 months and the overall age range of patients was 31-40 years. Majority (92.1%) of the patients had hypertension. Carbohydrates like maize flour were highly consumed, in addition to eggs among the proteins on the daily basis. Fruits and vegetables were not highly consumed. Regarding body composition; 75% of the study participants had normal Body mass Index (BMI), the mean muscle mass was 51.94±8.68, body fat was 15.25±7.35, bone mass was 2.77±0.46 and body water was 62.04±9.06. Patients had deranged micronutrient levels especially for Vitamin D, Potassium and phosphorus. In conclusion, hemodialysis patients at KNRH, have altered nutritional status as evidenced by altered body weight for some patients and deranged micronutrient levels. We recommend that hemodialysis patients should be regularly assessed for nutritional status, appropriately treated and educated about their nutritional status.

Does Vitamin Supplementation Play a Role in Chronic Kidney Disease?

Although the role of vitamins in the human body is proven, guidelines for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain unclear. This narrative review summarizes the findings of 98 studies of CKD and the effects of vitamin D, B, C, A, E, and K supplementation on patients on dialysis for CKD, with the aim of summarizing the existing guidelines. The findings are promising, showing the potential effectiveness of vitamin supplementation with, for example, vitamins B, D, or C. However, recommendations are still ambiguous, especially in the case of vitamins A and K, due to the potential toxicity associated with higher doses for patients. Continued research is needed to rigorously evaluate the effectiveness and carefully consider the potential risks of some vitamin supplementation for patients with CKD.

Physiological Associations between Vitamin B Deficiency and Diabetic Kidney Disease

The number of people living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is growing as our global population continues to expand. With aging, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease being major harbingers of kidney disease, the number of people diagnosed with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has grown concurrently. Poor clinical outcomes in DKD could be influenced by an array of factors-inadequate glycemic control, obesity, metabolic acidosis, anemia, cellular senescence, infection and inflammation, cognitive impairment, reduced physical exercise threshold, and, importantly, malnutrition contributing to protein-energy wasting, sarcopenia, and frailty. Amongst the various causes of malnutrition in DKD, the metabolic mechanisms of vitamin B (B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin/Nicotinamide), B5 (Pantothenic Acid), B6 (Pyridoxine), B8 (Biotin), B9 (Folate), and B12 (Cobalamin)) deficiency and its clinical impact has garnered greater scientific interest over the past decade. There remains extensive debate on the biochemical intricacies of vitamin B metabolic pathways and how their deficiencies may affect the development of CKD, diabetes, and subsequently DKD, and vice-versa. Our article provides a review of updated evidence on the biochemical and physiological properties of the vitamin B sub-forms in normal states, and how vitamin B deficiency and defects in their metabolic pathways may influence CKD/DKD pathophysiology, and in reverse how CKD/DKD progression may affect vitamin B metabolism. We hope our article increases awareness of vitamin B deficiency in DKD and the complex physiological associations that exist between vitamin B deficiency, diabetes, and CKD. Further research efforts are needed going forward to address the knowledge gaps on this topic.

Overcoming the chromatographic challenges when performing LC-MS/MS measurements of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate

Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, is required for numerous enzymatic reactions. Vitamin B6 deficiency or exceptionally high levels of PLP have negative implications, making measurements of PLP imperative for diagnoses and monitoring in many clinical scenarios. Traditional assays are enzymatic, ELISA based, or employ HPLC with various detection modalities; all of these are prone to interferences and crossreactivity with other compounds. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been increasingly used to overcome these issues, but the high polarity of PLP raises chromatographic challenges. Using ion pairing reagents in the mobile phases is a possible solution, but these reagents often have deleterious effects on instrumentation. An alternative strategy is the addition of an ion pairing reagent after extraction, but prior to injection. To prove this, we used 1-octanesulfonic acid (OSA) without changing the LC method or column. With this technique, we observed a 2-4 fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio. Intraday and interday precision of replicate measurements also improved drastically compared to analyses without OSA, while also yielding a dramatic improvement in column life compared to our previous approach and to this point no deleterious effects on instrument hardware commonly associated with traditional ion pairing reagent techniques have been observed.

Demand for Water-Soluble Vitamins in a Group of Patients with CKD versus Interventions and Supplementation-A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Increasingly, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming an inevitable consequence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. As the disease progresses, and through dialysis, the need for and loss of water-soluble vitamins both increase. This review article looks at the benefits and possible risks of supplementing these vitamins with the treatment of CKD.

METHODS

Data in the PubMed and Embase databases were analyzed. The keywords "chronic kidney disease", in various combinations, are associated with thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folates, niacin, cobalamin, and vitamin C. This review focuses on the possible use of water-soluble vitamin supplementation to improve pharmacological responses and the overall clinical condition of patients.

RESULTS

The mechanism of supportive supplementation is based on reducing oxidative stress, covering the increased demand and losses resulting from the treatment method. In the initial period of failure (G2-G3a), it does not require intervention, but later, especially in the case of inadequate nutrition, the inclusion of supplementation with folate and cobalamin may bring benefits. Such supplementation seems to be a necessity in patients with stage G4 or G5 (uremia). Conversely, the inclusion of additional B6 supplementation to reduce CV risk may be considered. At stage 3b and beyond (stages 4-5), the inclusion of niacin at a dose of 400-1000 mg, depending on the patient's tolerance, is required to lower the phosphate level. The inclusion of supplementation with thiamine and other water-soluble vitamins, especially in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients, is necessary for reducing dialysis losses. Allowing hemodialysis patients to take low doses of oral vitamin C effectively reduces erythropoietin dose requirements and improves anemia in functional iron-deficient patients. However, it should be considered that doses of B vitamins that are several times higher than the recommended dietary allowance of consumption may exacerbate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in CKD patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Taking into account the research conducted so far, it seems that the use of vitamin supplementation in CKD patients may have a positive impact on the treatment process and maintaining a disease-free condition.

Physicochemical, Nutritional Properties and Metabolomics Analysis Fat Deposition Mechanism of Chahua Chicken No. 2 and Yao Chicken

Poultry is an important dietary source of animal protein, accounting for approximately 30% of global meat consumption. Because of its low price, low fat and cholesterol content, and no religious restrictions, chicken is considered a widely available healthy meat. Chahua chicken No. 2 is a synthetic breed of Chahua chicken derived from five generations of specialized strain breeding. In this study, Chahua chicken No. 2 (CH) and Yao chicken (Y) were used as the research objects to compare the differences in physicochemical and nutritional indicators of meat quality between the two chicken breeds, and metabolomics was used to analyze the differences in metabolites and lipid metabolism pathways and to explore the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis. The physical index and nutritional value of CH are better than that of Y, and the chemical index of Y is better than that of CH. However, the chemical index results of CH are also within the normal theoretical value range. Comprehensive comparison shows that the meat quality of CH is relatively good. Metabolomics analysis showed that CH and Y had 85 different metabolites, and the differential metabolites were mainly classified into eight categories. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed 13 different metabolic pathways. The screened PPARG, FABP3, ACSL5, FASN, UCP3 and SC5D were negatively correlated with muscle fat deposition, while PPARα, ACACA and ACOX1 were positively correlated with muscle fat deposition. The meat quality of CH was better than Y. The metabolites and metabolic pathways obtained by metabonomics analysis mainly involved the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids, which were consistent with the differences in meat quality between the two breeds and the contents of precursors affecting flavor. The screened genes were associated with fatty deposition in poultry.

Association between Vitamin Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease According to a Variant Located Upstream of the PTGS1 Gene: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Shika Study

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have been advised to take vitamins; however, the effects have been controversial. The individual differences in developing CKD might involve genetic variants of inflammation, including variant rs883484 located upstream of the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PTGS1) gene. We aimed to identify whether the 12 dietary vitamin intake interacts with genotypes of the rs883484 on developing CKD. The population-based, cross-sectional study had 684 Japanese participants (≥40 years old). The study used a validated, brief, self-administered diet history questionnaire to estimate the intake of the dietary vitamins. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The study participants had an average age of 62.1 ± 10.8 years with 15.4% minor homozygotes of rs883484, and 114 subjects had CKD. In the fully adjusted model, the higher intake of vitamins, namely niacin (odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57−0.96, p = 0.024), α-tocopherol (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.26−0.95, p = 0.034), and vitamin C (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95−1.00, p = 0.037), was independently associated with lower CKD tendency in the minor homozygotes of rs883484. The results suggested the importance of dietary vitamin intake in the prevention of CKD in middle-aged to older-aged Japanese with minor homozygous of rs883484 gene variant.

Association between the blood manganese (Mn) and hemoglobin in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Manganese (Mn) and iron metabolism are closely related. Iron metabolism disorders often lead to anemia in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Here, we aimed to investigate the relationship between blood Mn and hemoglobin (Hb) in patients undergoing MHD.

METHODS

Patients undergoing MHD in September 2019 were included in a cross-sectional study. Clinical and demographic data and blood samples were collected before hemodialysis sessions, and blood levels of Mn were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Both multivariable linear and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to study the relationship between the blood Mn and Hb.

RESULTS

A total of 144 patients undergoing MHD were enrolled in the study. The patients had a mean age of 64.33 ± 13.39 years, median vintage of 33.50 (16.25-57.50) months. Among them, 66 were females (45.8%). The median blood Mn level was 13.55 µg/L (IQR:9.92-17.48). Ninety-nine patients were anemic (68.8%). The mean Hb level was 99.83 ± 19.68 g/L. The patient group with high blood Mn had a high proportion of females, and these patients had high levels of RBC, hemoglobin, Hct, UIBC, serum TCHOL, and serum LDL, yet short dialysis vintage, low prevalence of anemia, low levels of serum ferritin, serum iron, and TSAT. Following adjustment for confounding factors, we found that low blood Mn level was independently associated with lower Hb level and anemia in patients undergoing MHD by multivariate linear and multivariate binary logistic regression, respectively, in different models.

CONCLUSION

Whilst our study showed that high levels of blood Mn were independently associated with high hemoglobin in patients undergoing MHD, further multicenter studies with large sample sizes are still required.

Associations between dietary patterns and stages of chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

Studies have revealed that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have dietary patterns different from those of the general population. However, no studies have compared the dietary patterns of between patients with early-stages (stages 1-3a) and late-stages (stages 3b-5) of CKD. Our objective was to investigate the associations between dietary patterns in early and late-stage CKD.

METHODS

We analyzed 4480 participants with CKD at various stages based on the data recorded between 2007 and 2016 from the database of the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

RESULTS

In total, 3683 and 797 participants had early and late-stage CKD, respectively. Through principal components analysis, the dietary intake dimension was reduced from 63 variables to 3 dietary patterns. We adopted logistic regression for analysis. The three dietary patterns are as follows: (1) saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA); (2) vitamins and minerals; and (3) cholesterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These 3 patterns explained > 50% of dietary nutrient intake. Results indicated that among participants with dietary patterns 2 (vitamins and minerals) and 3 (cholesterols and PUFA), those with low intakes were more likely to have late-stage CKD. The odds ratios for patterns 2 and 3 were 1.74 (95% CI: 1.21-2.50) and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.13-2.43), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that intakes of vitamins and minerals and cholesterols and PUFA were associated with the stages of CKD.

α1-Acid Glycoprotein and Dietary Intake in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

Management of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients requires monitoring each of the components of malnutrition–inflammation–atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome. Restrictive diet can negatively affect nutritional status and inflammation. An acute-phase protein—α₁-acid glycoprotein (AGP), has been associated with energy metabolism in animal and human studies. The aim of our study was to look for a relationship between serum AGP concentrations, laboratory parameters, and nutrient intake in ESRD patients. The study included 59 patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis. A 24 h recall assessed dietary intake during four non-consecutive days—two days in the post-summer period, and two post-winter. Selected laboratory tests were performed: complete blood count, serum iron, total iron biding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron biding capacity (UIBC), vitamin D, AGP, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, prealbumin, and phosphate–calcium metabolism markers (intact parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate). Recorded dietary intake was highly deficient. A majority of patients did not meet recommended daily requirements for energy, protein, fiber, iron, magnesium, folate, and vitamin D. AGP correlated positively with CRP (R = 0.66), platelets (R = 0.29), and negatively with iron (R = −0.27) and TIBC (R = −0.30). AGP correlated negatively with the dietary intake of plant protein (R = −0.40), potassium (R = −0.27), copper (R = −0.30), vitamin B₆ (R = −0.27), and folates (R = −0.27), p < 0.05. However, in multiple regression adjusted for confounders, only CRP was significantly associated with AGP. Our results indicate that in hemodialyzed patients, serum AGP is weakly associated with dietary intake of several nutrients, including plant protein.

Kidney Adaptations Prevent Loss of Trace Elements in Wistar Rats with Early Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of related metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. These metabolic derangements present significant risk factors for chronic kidney disease that carries to loss of essential micronutrients, which accelerates comorbidity apparition. The work aimed was to evaluate the trace element homeostasis regarding morphological adaptations and renal function in MetS early-onset. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: (a) control group and (b) hypercaloric diet group that developed MetS early-onset after 3 months. Classical zoometric parameters do not show changes; however, biochemical modifications were observed such as hyperglycemia, protein glycation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia. MetS early-onset group observed renal structural modifications, but no functional changes. The structural modifications observed were minimal glomerular injury, glomerular basement membrane thickening, as well as mesangial and tubular cells that showed growth and proliferation. In serum and kidney (cortex and medulla), the concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cr, Mg, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni were no differences between the experimental groups, but excretory fractions of these were lower in the hypercaloric diet group. In conclusion, MetS early-onset coexist renal structural modification and a hyperreabsorptive activity of essential trace elements that avoid its loss; thus, the excretory fraction of oligo-elements could be used a biomarker of early renal injury caused by metabolic diseases in the clinical practice.

Integration of Nutrition Topics in Osteopathic Medical School Curriculum - Shared Experiences

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. A crucial component of osteopathic medicine's philosophy is self-regulation, preventive care, and health maintenance, including a healthy lifestyle. More than half of the osteopathic medical graduates pursue a career as primary care physicians, and as such patient education on healthy lifestyle, including eating habits, is a significant part of their daily practice. However, nutrition is often overlooked in the osteopathic medical school curricula. Therefore, strategic inclusion of evidence-based nutrition approaches will equip future osteopathic medical students with an understanding and application of nutrition to the ever-growing primary care medical profession. Working towards this goal, we are implementing nutritional science topics across the pre-clinical years of our new osteopathic medical school's curriculum. Providing nutrition topics that will fit into the systems-based curriculum may encourage other medical schools to enhance nutrition instruction in osteopathic medical education. Assimilating nutrition as a part of the curriculum will enhance osteopathic medical students' confidence to counsel and treat their future patient population.

The importance of polymorphisms of regulatory and catalytic antioxidant proteins in chronic kidney disease

Both excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired antioxidant function are found in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, individual susceptibility towards CKD can be induced by functional variations of genes encoding antioxidant regulatory (nuclear factor erythroid 2 - related factor 2 (Nrf2)) and catalytic (superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1)) proteins. Several types of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found within the genes encoding these proteins, with Nrf2 (-617C/A), SOD2 (Ala16Val) and GPX1 (Pro198Leu) conferring impaired catalytic activity. The most unexplored gene polymorphism in CKD susceptibility, progression and survival, with only two original studies published, is the Nrf2 (-617C/A) polymorphism. The results of these studies showed that there was no individual impact of this polymorphism on the susceptibility towards end stage renal disease (ESRD) development, oxidative phenotype and mortality. However, Nrf2 had a significant role in ESRD risk and survival, when combined with other antioxidant genes. The results regarding the impact of SOD2 (Ala16Val) and GPX1 (Pro198Leu) polymorphisms on either CKD or ESRD are still inconclusive. Namely, some studies showed that patients having variant SOD2 (Val) or GPX1 (Leu) allele were at increased risk of CKD development and progression, while other studies reported only weak or no association between these polymorphisms and CKD. Surprisingly, the only study that reported an association of GPX1 polymorphism with overall/cardiovascular survival in ESRD patients showed a significant impact of low activity GPX1 (Leu/Leu) genotype on better survival. In this review, we comprehensively and critically appraise the literature on these polymorphisms related to oxidative stress in CKD patients, in order to identify gaps and provide recommendations for further clinical research and translation. New developments in the field of antioxidant polymorphisms in CKD patients could lead to better stratification of CKD patients, based on a prognostic antioxidant gene panel, and provide a more personalised medicine approach for the need of antioxidant therapy in these patients.

Circulatory and Urinary B-Vitamin Responses to Multivitamin Supplement Ingestion Differ between Older and Younger Adults

Multivitamin and mineral (MVM) supplements are frequently used amongst older populations to improve adequacy of micronutrients, including B-vitamins, but evidence for improved health outcomes are limited and deficiencies remain prevalent. Although this may indicate poor efficacy of supplements, this could also suggest the possibility for altered B-vitamin bioavailability and metabolism in older people. This open-label, single-arm acute parallel study, conducted at the Liggins Institute Clinical Research Unit in Auckland, compared circulatory and urinary B-vitamer responses to MVM supplementation in older (70.1 ± 2.7 y, n = 10 male, n = 10 female) compared to younger (24.2 ± 2.8 y, n = 10 male, n = 10 female) participants for 4 h after the ingestion of a single dose of a commercial MVM supplement and standardized breakfast. Older adults had a lower area under the curve (AUC) of postprandial plasma pyridoxine (p = 0.02) and pyridoxal-5′phosphate (p = 0.03) forms of vitamin B₆ but greater 4-pyridoxic acid AUC (p = 0.009). Urinary pyridoxine and pyridoxal excretion were higher in younger females than in older females (time × age × sex interaction, p < 0.05). Older adults had a greater AUC increase in plasma thiamine (p = 0.01), riboflavin (p = 0.009), and pantothenic acid (p = 0.027). In older adults, there was decreased plasma responsiveness of the ingested (pyridoxine) and active (pyridoxal-5′phosphate) forms of vitamin B₆, which indicated a previously undescribed alteration in either absorption or subsequent metabolic interconversion. While these findings cannot determine whether acute B₆ responsiveness is adequate, this difference may have potential implications for B₆ function in older adults. Although this may imply higher B vitamin substrate requirements for older people, further work is required to understand the implications of postprandial differences in availability.

Oxidative Stress in ESRD Patients on Dialysis and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases

Chronic kidney disease is highly prevalent worldwide. The decline of renal function is associated with inadequate removal of a variety of uremic toxins that exert detrimental effects on cells functioning, thus affecting the cardiovascular system. The occurrence of cardiovascular aberrations in CKD is related to the impact of traditional risk factors and non-traditional CKD-associated risk factors, including anemia; inflammation; oxidative stress; the presence of some uremic toxins; and factors related to the type, frequency of dialysis and the composition of dialysis fluid. Cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent cause for the deaths of patients with all stages of renal failure. The kidney is one of the vital sources of antioxidant enzymes, therefore, the impairment of this organ is associated with decreased levels of these enzymes as well as increased levels of pro-oxidants. Uremic toxins have been shown to play a vital role in the onset of oxidative stress. Hemodialysis itself also enhances oxidative stress. Elevated oxidative stress has been demonstrated to be strictly related to kidney and cardiac damage as it aggravates kidney dysfunction and induces cardiac hypertrophy. Antioxidant therapies may prove to be beneficial since they can decrease oxidative stress, reduce uremic cardiovascular toxicity and improve survival.

Erythropoietin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Perspectives

Anemia is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease, and its primary cause is erythropoietin deficiency. After diagnosis, treatment begins with administration of an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA). However, some patients present with resistance to ESA, which needs to be reversed, as it can increase the risk of death in patients with kidney disease. Therefore, we provide a discussion of the current literature regarding the factors that can modify the response to this class of drugs and the strategies that can be considered to optimize the benefits of treating anemia.

Food as medicine: targeting the uraemic phenotype in chronic kidney disease

The observation that unhealthy diets (those that are low in whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and high in sugar, salt, saturated fat and ultra-processed foods) are a major risk factor for poor health outcomes has boosted interest in the concept of 'food as medicine'. This concept is especially relevant to metabolic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), in which dietary approaches are already used to ameliorate metabolic and nutritional complications. Increased awareness that toxic uraemic metabolites originate not only from intermediary metabolism but also from gut microbial metabolism, which is directly influenced by diet, has fuelled interest in the potential of 'food as medicine' approaches in CKD beyond the current strategies of protein, sodium and phosphate restriction. Bioactive nutrients can alter the composition and metabolism of the microbiota, act as modulators of transcription factors involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, act as senolytics and impact the epigenome by altering one-carbon metabolism. As gut dysbiosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, premature ageing and epigenetic changes are common features of CKD, these findings suggest that tailored, healthy diets that include bioactive nutrients as part of the foodome could potentially be used to prevent and treat CKD and its complications.

KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update

The National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) has provided evidence-based guidelines for nutrition in kidney diseases since 1999. Since the publication of the first KDOQI nutrition guideline, there has been a great accumulation of new evidence regarding the management of nutritional aspects of kidney disease and sophistication in the guidelines process. The 2020 update to the KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD was developed as a joint effort with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy). It provides comprehensive up-to-date information on the understanding and care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in terms of their metabolic and nutritional milieu for the practicing clinician and allied health care workers. The guideline was expanded to include not only patients with end-stage kidney disease or advanced CKD, but also patients with stages 1-5 CKD who are not receiving dialysis and patients with a functional kidney transplant. The updated guideline statements focus on 6 primary areas: nutritional assessment, medical nutrition therapy (MNT), dietary protein and energy intake, nutritional supplementation, micronutrients, and electrolytes. The guidelines primarily cover dietary management rather than all possible nutritional interventions. The evidence data and guideline statements were evaluated using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. As applicable, each guideline statement is accompanied by rationale/background information, a detailed justification, monitoring and evaluation guidance, implementation considerations, special discussions, and recommendations for future research.

Influence of Resveratrol on the Cardiovascular Health Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is closely related to chronic kidney disease (CKD), and patients with CKD have a high risk of CVD-related mortality. Traditional CVD risk factors cannot account for the higher cardiovascular risk of patients with CKD, and standard CVD interventions cannot reduce the mortality rates among patients with CKD. Nontraditional factors related to mineral and vitamin-D metabolic disorders provide some explanation for the increased CVD risk. Non-dialyzable toxins, indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol sulfate (PCS)-produced in the liver by colonic microorganisms-cause kidney and vascular dysfunction. Plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary L-carnitine and choline-is elevated in CKD and related to vascular disease, resulting in poorer long-term survival. Therefore, the modulation of colonic flora can improve prospects for patients with CKD. Managing metabolic syndrome, anemia, and abnormal mineral metabolism is recommended for the prevention of CVD in patients with CKD. Considering nontraditional risk factors, the use of resveratrol (RSV), a nutraceutical, can be helpful for patients with CVD and CKD. This paper discusses the beneficial effects of RSV on biologic, pathophysiological and clinical responses, including improvements in intestinal epithelial integrity, modulation of the intestinal microbiota and reduction in hepatic synthesis of IS, PCS and TMAO in patients with CVD and CKD.

Chronic Kidney Disease as Oxidative Stress- and Inflammatory-Mediated Cardiovascular Disease

Generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) is necessary for both physiology and pathology. An imbalance between endogenous oxidants and antioxidants causes oxidative stress, contributing to vascular dysfunction. The ROS-induced activation of transcription factors and proinflammatory genes increases inflammation. This phenomenon is of crucial importance in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), because atherosclerosis is one of the critical factors of their cardiovascular disease (CVD) and increased mortality. The effect of ROS disrupts the excretory function of each section of the nephron. It prevents the maintenance of intra-systemic homeostasis and leads to the accumulation of metabolic products. Renal regulatory mechanisms, such as tubular glomerular feedback, myogenic reflex in the supplying arteriole, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, are also affected. It makes it impossible for the kidney to compensate for water-electrolyte and acid-base disturbances, which progress further in the mechanism of positive feedback, leading to a further intensification of oxidative stress. As a result, the progression of CKD is observed, with a spectrum of complications such as malnutrition, calcium phosphate abnormalities, atherosclerosis, and anemia. This review aimed to show the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in renal impairment, with a particular emphasis on its influence on the most common disturbances that accompany CKD.

Vitamin and trace element concentrations in infants and children with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

There are limited data regarding vitamin and trace element blood concentrations and supplementation needs in children with non-dialysis stages 3-5 of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

METHODS

Retrospective cross-sectional review for nutritional blood concentrations measured over a recent 2-year period. In our CKD clinics, nutritional bloods including copper, zinc, selenium and vitamin A, vitamin E, active vitamin B12 and folate are monitored annually. Vitamin D status is monitored every 6-12 months.

RESULTS

We reviewed 112 children (70 boys) with median (IQ1, IQ3) age 8.97 (4.24, 13.80) years. Estimated median (IQ1, IQ3) GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) was 28 (21, 37). Vitamin A, active vitamin B12 and vitamin E concentrations were within normal range in 19%, 23% and 67% respectively, with all others being above normal range. Vitamin D blood concentrations were within desired range for 85% (15% had low levels) and folate blood concentrations were within normal range in 92%, with the remainder above or below target. For trace elements, 60%, 85% and 87% achieved normal ranges for zinc, selenium and copper respectively. Deficiencies were seen for zinc (35%), copper (7%), folate (3%) and selenium (1%), whilst 5%, 6% and 14% had zinc, copper and selenium levels above normal ranges.

CONCLUSIONS

Several vitamin and trace element blood concentrations were outside normal reference ranges. Monitoring vitamin D and zinc blood concentrations is indicated due to the percentages with low levels in this group. Targeted vitamin and trace element supplementation should be considered where indicated rather than commencing multivitamin and/or mineral supplementation. Graphical abstract Vitamin and trace element concentrations in infants and children with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease.

A Pilot Study of a Natural Food Supplement as New Possible Therapeutic Approach in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

The identification of natural bioactive compounds, able to counteract the abnormal increase of oxidative stress and inflammatory status in chronic degenerative non-communicable diseases is useful for the clinical management of these conditions. We tested an oral food supplement (OFS), chemically characterized and evaluated for in vitro and in vivo activity. Vitamin C, analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD), was 0.19 mg/g in rosehip dry extract and 15.74 mg/capsule in the OFS. The identification of polyphenols was performed by HPLC-DAD; the total antioxidant capacity was assessed by Folin-Ciocalteu test. Total polyphenols were 14.73 mg/g gallic acid equivalents (GAE) for rosehip extract and 1.93 mg/g GAE for OFS. A total of 21 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and 10 healthy volunteers were recruited. The evaluation of routine laboratory and inflammatory parameters, erythrocyte glutathione transferase (e-GST), human oxidized serum albumin (HSAox), and assessment of body composition were performed at two different times, at baseline and after 5 weeks of OFS assumption. In the study, we highlighted a significant decrease of traditional inflammatory biomarkers (such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelet to lymphocyte ratio) and other laboratory parameters like e-GST, azotaemia, and albuminuria after OFS treatment in CKD patients. Moreover, we demonstrated a lipid profile improvement in CKD patients after OFS supplementation.

Effects of magnesium, phosphate and zinc supplementation in ICU patients-Protocol for a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Depletion of the trace elements magnesium, phosphate and zinc is common in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Observational studies have suggested worse outcome in patients with hypomagnesaemia, hypophosphataemia or hypozincaemia, but also inverse associations with worse outcome with too high serum levels. However, it is unclear whether data from randomised clinical trials (RCTs) confirm this. Accordingly, we plan to assess the balance between benefits and harms of supplementation as compared with placebo or no supplementation in adult ICU patients.

METHODS

We will conduct a systematic review of RCTs with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement and the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. We will assess the effects of any supplementation with magnesium, phosphate or zinc vs. placebo or no treatment in adult ICU patients. We will systematically search the Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, PubMed, and for unpublished trials: ClinicalTrials.gov, the EU clinical Trials Register and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. The primary outcomes will be days alive without mechanical ventilation and overall mortality. Secondary outcomes include use for mechanical ventilation, tachy-arrhythmias, use of vasopressors, length of hospital stay and use of renal replacement therapy.

DISCUSSION

The benefits and harms of supplementation therapy with magnesium, phosphate and zinc in general ICU patients are unknown. This outlined systematic review will provide data on the evidence, on which future recommendations for supplementation may be founded.

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease-Potential Therapeutic Role of Minerals, Vitamins and Plant-Derived Metabolites

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a debilitating pathology with various causal factors, culminating in end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. The progression of CKD is closely associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which are responsible for the manifestation of numerous complications such as malnutrition, atherosclerosis, coronary artery calcification, heart failure, anemia and mineral and bone disorders, as well as enhanced cardiovascular mortality. In addition to conventional therapy with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agents, growing evidence has indicated that certain minerals, vitamins and plant-derived metabolites exhibit beneficial effects in these disturbances. In the current work, we review the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of various agents which could be of potential benefit in CKD/ESRD. However, the related studies were limited due to small sample sizes and short-term follow-up in many trials. Therefore, studies of several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents with long-term follow-ups are necessary.

Oxidative Status before and after Renal Replacement Therapy: Differences between Conventional High Flux Hemodialysis and on-Line Hemodiafiltration

Hemodialysis patients experience high oxidative stress because of systemic inflammation and depletion of antioxidants. Little is known about the global oxidative status during dialysis or whether it is linked to the type of dialysis. We investigated the oxidative status before (pre-) and after (post-) one dialysis session in patients subjected to high-flux dialysis (HFD) or on-line hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF). We analyzed carbonyls, oxidized LDL (oxLDL), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, and xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity as oxidative markers, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities as measures of antioxidant defense. Indices of oxidative damage (OxyScore) and antioxidant defense (AntioxyScore) were computed and combined into a global DialysisOxyScore. Both dialysis modalities cleared all markers (p < 0.01) except carbonyls, which were unchanged, and oxLDL, which increased post-dialysis (p < 0.01). OxyScore increased post-dialysis (p < 0.001), whereas AntioxyScore decreased (p < 0.001). XOD and catalase activities decreased post-dialysis after OL-HDF (p < 0.01), and catalase activity was higher after OL-HDF than after HFD (p < 0.05). TAC decreased in both dialysis modalities (p < 0.01), but remained higher in OL-HDF than in HFD post-dialysis (p < 0.05), resulting in a lower overall DialysisOxyScore (p < 0.05). Thus, patients on OL-HDF maintain higher levels of antioxidant defense, which might balance the elevated oxidative stress during dialysis, although further longitudinal studies are needed.

Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Nutritional Status in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND

Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human beings and its deficiency affects their normal growth and development.

OBJECTIVE

The main aim was to evaluate the effect of two doses of zinc supplementation (ZS) on the nutritional status in chronic kidney disease (CKD) children.

METHODS

A randomized-trial multicentric study was conducted in 48 CKD (23 females) patients under 18-years-old, for a year. At random, participants took 30 or 15 mg/day of ZS, respectively. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis were performed. Hypozincemia was determined by serum zinc concentration (SZC) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The positive or negative change in patients' body mass index (BMI) Z-score, serum albumin, zinc and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were used to evaluate the effect of ZS.

RESULTS

Mean SZC was normal before and after ZS. Despite ZS, there were no significant changes in serum albumin, zinc and CRP levels. A positive and significant association was observed between SZC and serum albumin before (p = 0.000) and after (p = 0.007) ZS. In both groups of ZS, there was a small but positive and significant change in body mass and normalization in BMI Z-score, hypoalbuminemia, hypozincemia and high CRP, especially with 30 mg/day of ZS.

CONCLUSIONS

Zinc supplementation may be beneficial for nutritional status in children and adolescents with CKD.

Biochemical, Hematological and Histopathological Indices of Wistar Rats Fed Vitamin and Mineral Deficient Diets Supplemented with Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal

Background:

Moringa oleifera is currently and rapidly gaining superfood status.

Objective:

This study evaluated the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOLM) on haematological, biochemical and histopathology indices of rats fed with Vitamins and Minerals Deficient (VMD) diets.

Methods:

Twenty-five male Wistar rats (220-290g) were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 5 rats each. The control (normal rat chow), remaining four diets were VMD plus MOLM at 0, 3, 5 and 10%. Haematological, biochemical and histopathological statuses were evaluated after 28 days.

Results:

Non-significant increase in RBC was observed in rats fed with the MOLM diets compared to control. Rats on VMD diet had the lowest haemoglobin levels, whereas haemoglobin increased with MOLM. No significant differences were observed in haematocrit, MCH, MCHC, platelets, RDW and MPV in all the treatments and control group. However, VMD rats showed a decrease in haemoglobin, and an increase in WBC and platelets. Electrolytes and glucose for all the treatments and control were not significantly different, but, control and VMD10 diets rats showed significantly higher values for creatinine compared to MOLM diets; total protein and albumin increased with MOLM and were higher than in VMD and control rats. Serum activities of hepatic, cardiac and adrenal marker enzymes were observed to be significantly lower in MOLM rats compared to VMD and control. Mild congestion in VMD and VMD3 rats’ liver and diffused congestion in the kidney of VMD diet rats were observed.

Conclusion:

The significantly high increase in platelet count in the VMD treated rats, indicative of anemia and other physiological imbalances, highlights the effect of micronutrient (mineral and vitamins) deficiencies in the diet. There is also the possibility that the anti-nutrients factors present in Moringa oleifera prevented uptake and bioavailability of nutrients, since the MOLM did not undergo any processing that could have removed or reduced these antinutrients. Further studies are still needed on Moringa oleifera leaves to validate the bioavailability of nutrients from the plant.

Micronutrient Deficiencies in Medical and Surgical Inpatients

Inpatients are threatened by global malnutrition, but also by specific micronutrient (i.e., trace element and vitamins) deficiencies that frequently are overseen in the differential diagnosis of major organ dysfunctions. Some of them are related to specific geographic risks (iodine, iron, selenium, zinc, vitamin A), while others are pathology related, and finally many are associated with specific feeding patterns, including low dose enteral feeding. Among the pathologies in which laboratory blood investigations should include a micronutrient outwork, anemia is in the front line, followed by obesity with bariatric surgery, chronic liver disease, kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiomyopathies and heart failure. The micronutrients at the highest risk are iron, zinc, thiamine, vitamin B12 and vitamin C. Admission to hospital has been linked with an additional risk of malnutrition—feeding below 1500 kcal/day was frequent and has been associated with a structural additional risk of insufficient micronutrient intake to cover basal needs. Although not evidence based, systematic administration of liberal thiamine doses upon admission, and daily complementation of inpatients’ food and enteral feeding solutions with multi-micronutrient tablets might be considered.

Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as disturbances in the pro-/antioxidant balance, is harmful to cells due to the excessive generation of highly reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. When the balance is not disturbed, OS has a role in physiological adaptations and signal transduction. However, an excessive amount of ROS and RNS results in the oxidation of biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Oxidative stress has been reported in kidney disease, due to both antioxidant depletions as well as increased ROS production. The kidney is a highly metabolic organ, rich in oxidation reactions in mitochondria, which makes it vulnerable to damage caused by OS, and several studies have shown that OS can accelerate kidney disease progression. Also, in patients at advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), increased OS is associated with complications such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and anemia. In this review, we aim to describe OS and its influence on CKD progression and its complications. We also discuss the potential role of various antioxidants and pharmacological agents, which may represent potential therapeutic targets to reduce OS in both pediatric and adult CKD patients.