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Jurisch M, Fantini C, Augusti R, Almeida MR. Combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and paper spray mass spectrometry for the identification and confirmation of psychotropic substances in alcoholic beverages. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4997. [PMID: 38146219 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Criminal practices in which an individual becomes vulnerable and prone to sexual assault after ingesting drinks spiked with doping substances have become a social concern globally. As forensic protocols require a multi-tiered strategy for chemical evidentiary analysis, the backlog of evidence has become a significant problem in the community. Herein, a fast, sensible, and complementary dual analytical methodology was developed using a single commercial paper substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) analysis to identify psychotropic substances added to alcoholic beverages irrefutably. To study and investigate this criminal practice, pharmaceutical formulations containing distinct psychotropic substances (zolpidem, clonazepam, diazepam, and ketamine) were added to drinks typically consumed at parties and festivals (Pilsen beer, açaí Catuaba®, gin tonic, and vodka mixed with Coca-Cola Zero®). A simple liquid-liquid extraction with a low-temperature partitioning (LLE-LTP) procedure was applied to the drinks and effectively minimized matrix effects. As a preliminary analysis, SERS spectra combined with Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) provided sufficient information to investigate the samples further. The presence of the protonated species for the psychotropic substances in the spiked drinks was readily verified in the mass spectra and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Finally, the results demonstrate the potential of this methodology to be easily implemented into the routine of forensic laboratories and to be further employed at harm reduction tends at parties and festivals to detect contaminated beverages promptly and irrefutably as an efficient tool to prevent such crimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jurisch
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Fantini
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ramos Almeida
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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2
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Ott CE, Burns A, Sisco E, Arroyo LE. Targeted fentanyl screening utilizing electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SERS) applied to authentic seized drug casework samples. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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3
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Wilcox PG, Emmons ED, Pardoe IJ, Kline ND, Guicheteau JA. Quantitative Raman Cross-Sections and Band Assignments for Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogs. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:439-448. [PMID: 36792941 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231160565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Raman cross sections and spectra were measured for five synthetic opioid fentanyl analogs: fentanyl citrate, sufentanil citrate, alfentanil HCl, carfentanil oxalate, and remifentanil HCl. The measurements were performed with excitation wavelengths in the visible (532 nm) and near infrared (785 nm). In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to generate simulated spectra of the compounds and aid in identification of the observed spectral modes. These cross-section measurements and calculations were also used to assess results from a series of measurements of fentanyls cut with other powdered materials. These measurements are valuable for assessment of field-deployable Raman chemical sensors for detection of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, including when mixed with other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Wilcox
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | - Erik D Emmons
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | - Ian J Pardoe
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | - Neal D Kline
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | - Jason A Guicheteau
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen, MD, USA
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Ding Z, Wang C, Song X, Li N, Zheng X, Wang C, Su M, Liu H. Strong π-Metal Interaction Enables Liquid Interfacial Nanoarray-Molecule Co-assembly for Raman Sensing of Ultratrace Fentanyl Doped in Heroin, Ketamine, Morphine, and Real Urine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12570-12579. [PMID: 36808908 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Toward the challenge on reliable determination of trace fentanyl to avoid opioid overdose death in drug crisis, here we realize rapid and direct detection of trace fentanyl in real human urine without pretreatment by a portable surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) strategy on liquid/liquid interfacial (LLI) plasmonic arrays. It was observed that fentanyl could interact with the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) surface, facilitate the LLI self-assembly, and consequently amplify the detection sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1 ng/mL in aqueous solution and 50 ng/mL spiked in urine. Furthermore, we achieve multiplex blind sample recognition and classification of ultratrace fentanyl doped in other illegal drugs, which has extremely low LODs at mass concentrations of 0.02% (2 ng in 10 μg of heroin), 0.02% (2 ng in 10 μg of ketamine), and 0.1% (10 ng in 10 μg of morphine). A logic circuit of the AND gate was constructed for automatic recognition of illegal drugs with or without fentanyl doping. The data-driven analog soft independent modeling model could quickly distinguish fentanyl-doped samples from illegal drugs with 100% specificity. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation elucidates the underlying molecular mechanism of nanoarray-molecule co-assembly through strong π-metal interactions and the differences in the SERS signal of various drug molecules. It paves a rapid identification, quantification, and classification strategy for trace fentanyl analysis, indicating broad application prospects in response to the opioid epidemic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Ding
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xin Song
- Hefei Public Security Bureau, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ning Li
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | | | - Chenxue Wang
- Hefei Public Security Bureau, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Mengke Su
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Farquharson S, Shende C, Newcomb J, Petrakis IL, Arias AJ. Analysis of Drugs in Saliva of US Military Veterans Treated for Substance Use Disorders Using Supported Liquid Extraction and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052010. [PMID: 36903255 PMCID: PMC10004423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the Center for Disease Control, there were more than 107,000 US drug overdose deaths in 2021, over 80,000 of which due to opioids. One of the more vulnerable populations is US military veterans. Nearly 250,000 military veterans suffer from substance-related disorders (SRD). For those seeking treatment, buprenorphine is prescribed to help treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Urinalysis is currently used to monitor buprenorphine adherence as well as to detect illicit drug use during treatment. Sometimes sample tampering occurs if patients seek to generate a false positive buprenorphine urine test or mask illicit drugs, both of which can compromise treatment. To address this problem, we have been developing a point-of-care (POC) analyzer that can rapidly measure both medications used for treatment and illicit drugs in patient saliva, ideally in the physi-cian's office. The two-step analyzer employs (1) supported liquid extraction (SLE) to isolate the drugs from the saliva and (2) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect the drugs. A prototype SLE-SERS-POC analyzer was used to quantify buprenorphine at ng/mL concentrations and identify illicit drugs in less than 1 mL of saliva collected from 20 SRD veterans in less than 20 min. It correctly detected buprenorphine in 19 of 20 samples (18 true positives, 1 true negative and 1 false negative). It also identified 10 other drugs in patient samples: acetaminophen, amphetamine, cannabidiol, cocaethylene, codeine, ibuprofen, methamphetamine, methadone, nicotine, and norbuprenorphine. The prototype analyzer shows evidence of accuracy in measuring treatment medications and relapse to drug use. Further study and development of the system is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Farquharson
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-860-635-9800
| | - Chetan Shende
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Jenelle Newcomb
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ismene L. Petrakis
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Albert J. Arias
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Liu Y, Zhang N, Tua D, Zhu Y, Rada J, Yang W, Song H, Thompson AC, Collins RL, Gan Q. Superhydrophobic 3D-Assembled Metallic Nanoparticles for Trace Chemical Enrichment in SERS Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204234. [PMID: 36260841 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The performance of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is determined by the interaction between highly diluted analytes and boosted localized electromagnetic fields in nanovolumes. Although superhydrophobic surfaces are developed for analyte enrichment, i.e., to concentrate and transfer analytes toward a specific position, it is still challenging to realize reproducible, uniform, and sensitive superhydrophobic SERS substrates over large scales, representing a major barrier for practical sensing applications. To overcome this challenge, a superhydrophobic SERS chip that combines 3D-assembled gold nanoparticles on nanoporous substrates is proposed, for a strong localized field, with superhydrophobic surface treatment for analyte enrichment. Intriguingly, by concentrating droplets in the volume of 40 µL, the sensitivity of 1 nm is demonstrated using 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-ethylene molecules. In addition, this unique chip demonstrates a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.2% in chip-to-chip reproducibility for detection of fentanyl at 1 µg mL-1 concentration, revealing its potential for quantitative sensing of chemicals and drugs. Furthermore, the trace analysis of fentanyl and fentanyl-heroin mixture in human saliva is realized after a simple pretreatment process. This superhydrophobic chip paves the way toward on-site and real-time drug sensing to tackle many societal issues like drug abuse and the opioid crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhai Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Dylan Tua
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jacob Rada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenhong Yang
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Haomin Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexis C Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - R Lorraine Collins
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Qiaoqiang Gan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Boroujerdi R, Paul R, Abdelkader A. Rapid Detection of Amitriptyline in Dried Blood and Dried Saliva Samples with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8257. [PMID: 36365956 PMCID: PMC9657543 DOI: 10.3390/s22218257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing demand for rapid, nondestructive detection of trace-level bioactive molecules including medicines, toxins, biomolecules, and single cells, in a variety of disciplines. In recent years, surface-enhanced Raman scattering has been increasingly applied for such purposes, and this area of research is rapidly growing. Of particular interest is the detection of such compounds in dried saliva spots (DSS) and dried blood spots (DBS), often in medical scenarios, such as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and disease diagnosis. Such samples are usually analyzed using hyphenated chromatography techniques, which are costly and time consuming. Here we present for the first time a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy protocol for the detection of the common antidepressant amitriptyline (AMT) on DBS and DSS using a test substrate modified with silver nanoparticles. The validated protocol is rapid and non-destructive, with a detection limit of 95 ppb, and linear range between 100 ppb and 1.75 ppm on the SERS substrate, which covers the therapeutic window of AMT in biological fluids.
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8
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Markina NE, Goryacheva IY, Markin AV. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Determination of Medical and Narcotic Drugs in Human Biofluids. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193482208007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Azimi S, Docoslis A. Recent Advances in the Use of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering for Illicit Drug Detection. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103877. [PMID: 35632286 PMCID: PMC9143835 DOI: 10.3390/s22103877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in illicit drug use and its adverse health effects and socio-economic consequences have reached alarming proportions in recent years. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as a highly sensitive analytical tool for the detection of low dosages of drugs in liquid and solid samples. In the present article, we review the state-of-the-art use of SERS for chemical analysis of illicit drugs in aqueous and complex biological samples, including saliva, urine, and blood. We also include a review of the types of SERS substrates used for this purpose, pointing out recent advancements in substrate fabrication towards quantitative and qualitative detection of illicit drugs. Finally, we conclude by providing our perspective on the field of SERS-based drug detection, including presently faced challenges. Overall, our review provides evidence of the strong potential of SERS to establish itself as both a laboratory and in situ analytical method for fast and sensitive drug detection and identification.
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10
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Zhang M, Pan J, Xu X, Fu G, Zhang L, Sun P, Yan X, Liu F, Wang C, Liu X, Lu G. Gold-Trisoctahedra-Coated Capillary-Based SERS Platform for Microsampling and Sensitive Detection of Trace Fentanyl. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4850-4858. [PMID: 35258921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cost-effective and highly reproducible capillary-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform for sensitive, portable detection and identification of fentanyl is presented. Through encapsulating gold trisoctahedra (Au TOH) in the capillary tube for the first time, the SERS platform was constructed by combining the superior SERS properties of Au TOH and the advantages of capillaries in SERS signal amplification, facile sample extraction, and portable trace analysis. The effects of the size and density of Au TOH on the SERS performance were investigated by experiments and simulations, which showed that the maximum SERS enhancement was obtained for Au TOH with the size of 75 nm when particle density reached 74.54 counts/μm2. The proposed SERS platform possesses good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 5%. As a demonstration, the platform was applied to detect fentanyl spiked in aqueous solution and serum samples with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1.86 and 40.63 ng/mL, respectively. We also validated the feasibility of the designed platform for accurate identification of trace fentanyl adulterated in heroin at mass concentration down to 0.1% (10 ng in 10 μg total). Overall, this work advances more explorations on capillary-based SERS platform to benefit portable trace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Pan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Public Security of Jilin Province, Changchun 130051, People's Republic of China
| | - Gege Fu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Geyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Gas Sensors of Jilin Province, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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Aitekenov S, Sultangaziyev A, Abdirova P, Yussupova L, Gaipov A, Utegulov Z, Bukasov R. Raman, Infrared and Brillouin Spectroscopies of Biofluids for Medical Diagnostics and for Detection of Biomarkers. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1561-1590. [PMID: 35157535 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2036941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
This review surveys Infrared, Raman/SERS and Brillouin spectroscopies for medical diagnostics and detection of biomarkers in biofluids, that include urine, blood, saliva and other biofluids. These optical sensing techniques are non-contact, noninvasive and relatively rapid, accurate, label-free and affordable. However, those techniques still have to overcome some challenges to be widely adopted in routine clinical diagnostics. This review summarizes and provides insights on recent advancements in research within the field of vibrational spectroscopy for medical diagnostics and its use in detection of many health conditions such as kidney injury, cancers, cardiovascular and infectious diseases. The six comprehensive tables in the review and four tables in supplementary information summarize a few dozen experimental papers in terms of such analytical parameters as limit of detection, range, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and other figures of merits. Critical comparison between SERS and FTIR methods of analysis reveals that on average the reported sensitivity for biomarkers in biofluids for SERS vs FTIR is about 103 to 105 times higher, since LOD SERS are lower than LOD FTIR by about this factor. High sensitivity gives SERS an edge in detection of many biomarkers present in biofluids at low concentration (nM and sub nM), which can be particularly advantageous for example in early diagnostics of cancer or viral infections.HighlightsRaman, Infrared spectroscopies use low volume of biofluidic samples, little sample preparation, fast time of analysis and relatively inexpensive instrumentation.Applications of SERS may be a bit more complicated than applications of FTIR (e.g., limited shelf life for nanoparticles and substrates, etc.), but this can be generously compensated by much higher (by several order of magnitude) sensitivity in comparison to FTIR.High sensitivity makes SERS a noninvasive analytical method of choice for detection, quantification and diagnostics of many health conditions, metabolites, and drugs, particularly in diagnostics of cancer, including diagnostics of its early stages.FTIR, particularly ATR-FTIR can be a method of choice for efficient sensing of many biomarkers, present in urine, blood and other biofluids at sufficiently high concentrations (mM and even a few µM)Brillouin scattering spectroscopy detecting visco-elastic properties of probed liquid medium, may also find application in clinical analysis of some biofluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Aitekenov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Alisher Sultangaziyev
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Perizat Abdirova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyailya Yussupova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Zhandos Utegulov
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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Buchan E, Kelleher L, Clancy M, Stanley Rickard JJ, Oppenheimer PG. Spectroscopic molecular-fingerprint profiling of saliva. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:339074. [PMID: 34711319 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Saliva analysis has been gaining interest as a potential non-invasive source of disease indicative biomarkers due to being a complex biofluid correlating with blood-based constituents on a molecular level. For saliva to cement its usage for analytical applications, it is paramount to gain underpinning molecular knowledge and establish a 'baseline' of the salivary composition in healthy individuals as well as characterize how these factors are impacting its performance as potential analytical biofluid. Here, we have systematically studied the molecular spectral fingerprint of saliva, including the changes associated with gender, age, and time. Via hybrid artificial neural network algorithms and Raman spectroscopy, we have developed a non-destructive molecular profiling approach enabling the assessment of salivary spectral changes yielding the determination of gender and age of the biofluid source. Our classification algorithm successfully identified the gender and age from saliva with high classification accuracy. Discernible spectral molecular 'barcodes' were subsequently constructed for each class and found to primarily stem from amino acid, protein, and lipid changes in saliva. This unique combination of Raman spectroscopy and advanced machine learning techniques lays the platform for a variety of applications in forensics and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Buchan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Liam Kelleher
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael Clancy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK.
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Tanwar S, Paidi SK, Prasad R, Pandey R, Barman I. Advancing Raman spectroscopy from research to clinic: Translational potential and challenges. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 260:119957. [PMID: 34082350 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a non-invasive and versatile diagnostic technique due to its ability to provide molecule-specific information with ultrahigh sensitivity at near-physiological conditions. Despite exhibiting substantial potential, its translation from optical bench to clinical settings has been impacted by associated limitations. This perspective discusses recent clinical and biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy and technological advancements that provide valuable insights and encouragement for resolving some of the most challenging hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Tanwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Santosh Kumar Paidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar 845401, India
| | - Rishikesh Pandey
- CytoVeris Inc., Farmington, CT 06032, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
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14
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Jiang S, Chang L, Luo J, Zhang J, Liu X, Lee CY, Zhang W. Fabrication of a honeycomb-like bimetallic SERS substrate for the detection of triphenyltin chloride. Analyst 2021; 146:6170-6177. [PMID: 34522939 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin chloride (TPhT) is an organotin compound that causes intensive toxicological risk to the environment and humans. A detection method with high sensitivity and stability is therefore desired to better detect TPhT. In this study, a novel SERS substrate was prepared by sputtering an ultra-thin Au layer on a honeycomb-like silver nanoarray fabricated via the nanosphere lithography method. The ultra-thin Au layer was formed by sputtering the intermittent Au nanoparticles on the silver nanoarray, resulting in bimetallic coupling with dramatically increased hotspots and extremely high SERS enhancement with an analytical enhancement factor (AEF) of 6.08 × 109 using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as the probe molecule. Based on density functional theory (DFT) simulations, the Raman characteristic peaks of TPhT at 999 cm-1 and 655 cm-1 were selected for TPhT detection. The AEF of the SERS substrate HC5-AgAu was calculated to be 3.38 × 106 with the detection concentration of TPhT down to 10-10 M. The as-prepared honeycomb-like silver-gold bimetallic SERS substrate demonstrated great stability and sensitivity for TPhT detection, which might also be applied in monitoring many other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China. .,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China. .,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China.
| | - Chong-Yew Lee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China. .,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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15
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Liu J, Liu W, Huang Y, Zhao X, Feng Z, Wang D, Gong Z, Fan M. Self-supporting liquid film as reproducible SERS platform for therapeutic drug monitoring of berberine hydrochloride in human urine. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Lukose J, M. SP, N. M, Barik AK, Pai KM, Unnikrishnan VK, George SD, Kartha VB, Chidangil S. Photonics of human saliva: potential optical methods for the screening of abnormal health conditions and infections. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:359-385. [PMID: 34093888 PMCID: PMC8170462 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva can be treated as a pool of biological markers able to reflect on the state of personal health. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the use of optical devices for the analysis of body fluids. Several groups have carried out studies investigating the potential of saliva as a non-invasive and reliable clinical specimen for use in medical diagnostics. This brief review aims to highlight the optical technologies, mainly surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which are being used for the probing of saliva for diverse biomedical applications. Advances in bio photonics offer the promise of unambiguous, objective and fast detection of abnormal health conditions and viral infections (such as COVID-19) from the analysis of saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sanoop Pavithran M.
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Mithun N.
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Barik
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Keerthilatha M. Pai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - V. K. Unnikrishnan
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sajan D. George
- Centre for Applied Nanoscience, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - V. B. Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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17
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Zhang M, Jin C, Nie Y, Ren Y, Hao N, Xu Z, Dong L, Zhang JXJ. Silver nanoparticle on zinc oxide array for label-free detection of opioids through surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11329-11337. [PMID: 35423637 PMCID: PMC8695809 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00760b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid abuse is a significant public health problem. Over two million Americans have some form of addiction to opioids; however, despite governmental programs established to treat overdoses and restrict opioid distribution, there are still few screening tools that are quantitative, portable and easy to use for high-throughput mapping and monitoring this ongoing crisis. In this paper, we demonstrated a plasmonic zinc oxide (ZnO) arrays-on-silicon sensor for the label-free detection of opioids through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and evaluated the chips' opioid sensing performance. Specifically, we tested our device with oxycodone, a potent and commonly abused opioid, dissolved in methanol and blood serum as a proof-of-concept study. Ag particles were in situ patterned onto the ZnO array to form the completed sensing platform. The resulting Ag@ZnO arrays were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDS), and element mapping. In addition, the enhanced electric field induced by the localized surface plasmonic resonance at the Ag particle decorated ZnO is simulated using COMSOL. Opioid-containing samples at varying concentrations, from 900 μg mL-1 to 90 ng mL-1 were tested using SERS to characterize the chip's accuracy and sensitivity. We demonstrated that the sensor can reliably detect opioid concentrations as low as 90 ng mL-1 with great accuracy and sensitivity even spiked into blood serum. The chips could provide a cost-effective, high-throughput method for detecting opiate oxycodone, thereby providing a powerful tool to monitor and control the emerging public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Congran Jin
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Yuan Nie
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Yundong Ren
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Nanjing Hao
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Zhe Xu
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Lin Dong
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
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18
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Hackshaw KV, Miller JS, Aykas DP, Rodriguez-Saona L. Vibrational Spectroscopy for Identification of Metabolites in Biologic Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:E4725. [PMID: 33076318 PMCID: PMC7587585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy (mid-infrared (IR) and Raman) and its fingerprinting capabilities offer rapid, high-throughput, and non-destructive analysis of a wide range of sample types producing a characteristic chemical "fingerprint" with a unique signature profile. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and an array of mass spectrometry (MS) techniques provide selectivity and specificity for screening metabolites, but demand costly instrumentation, complex sample pretreatment, are labor-intensive, require well-trained technicians to operate the instrumentation, and are less amenable for implementation in clinics. The potential for vibration spectroscopy techniques to be brought to the bedside gives hope for huge cost savings and potential revolutionary advances in diagnostics in the clinic. We discuss the utilization of current vibrational spectroscopy methodologies on biologic samples as an avenue towards rapid cost saving diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V. Hackshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, 1601 Trinity St, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Joseph S. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, OH 43016, USA;
| | - Didem P. Aykas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.P.A.); (L.R.-S.)
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09100, Turkey
| | - Luis Rodriguez-Saona
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.P.A.); (L.R.-S.)
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19
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Akçan R, Yildirim MŞ, Ilhan H, Güven B, Tamer U, Sağlam N. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a novel tool for rapid quantification of heroin and metabolites in saliva. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1470-1479. [PMID: 32178510 PMCID: PMC7491273 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1912-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heroin can be detected and quantified by certain analytical methods, however, forensic professionals and criminal laboratories study for cheaper and faster detection tools. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) rises as a possible alternative tool with its widening application spectra. There are few studies regarding Raman and SERS spectra of heroin and its metabolites, which are unfortunately controversial. In this study, we compared five different surfaces in order to find out more efficient Raman-active substrate for opiate detection and rapid quantification of heroin and its metabolites in saliva. Materials and methods Morphine standard material was used to identify proper surface for SERS analysis of opiates. Heroin and its metabolites (morphine, morphine-3-ß-glucuronide and 6-monoacetyl morphine) were calibrated between 50 ppb and 500 ppm and quantified on AuNRs with signal enhancement of silver colloids in saliva. Raman microscope with a 785-nm laser source was used. Results and Conclusion Obtained results showed that heroin and its metabolites can be detected and quantified in saliva samples using a SERS-based system. Additionally, the present study revealed that synergetic effect of a specific gold nano-surface with ability controlling liquid motion and silver nanoparticles increase band numbers and intensities. Therefore, we suggest a fast, accurate and cost-effective method to detect and quantify heroin in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Akçan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Şerif Yildirim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ilhan
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Güven
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Uğur Tamer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Necdet Sağlam
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Lanzarotta A, Thatcher MD, Lorenz LM, Batson JS. Detection of Mitragynine in
Mitragyna Speciosa
(Kratom) Using Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with Handheld Devices. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1443-1449. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lanzarotta
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH45237
| | - Michael D. Thatcher
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH45237
| | - Lisa M. Lorenz
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH45237
| | - JaCinta S. Batson
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH45237
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21
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Ultrasensitive SERS-Based Plasmonic Sensor with Analyte Enrichment System Produced by Direct Laser Writing. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 10:nano10010049. [PMID: 31878209 PMCID: PMC7022550 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report an easy-to-implement device for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection of various analytes dissolved in water droplets at trace concentrations. The device combines an analyte-enrichment system and SERS-active sensor site, both produced via inexpensive and high-performance direct femtosecond (fs)-laser printing. Fabricated on a surface of water-repellent polytetrafluoroethylene substrate as an arrangement of micropillars, the analyte-enrichment system supports evaporating water droplet in the Cassie-Baxter superhydrophobic state, thus ensuring delivery of the dissolved analyte molecules towards the hydrophilic SERS-active site. The efficient pre-concentration of the analyte onto the sensor site based on densely arranged spiky plasmonic nanotextures results in its subsequent label-free identification by means of SERS spectroscopy. Using the proposed device, we demonstrate reliable SERS-based fingerprinting of various analytes, including common organic dyes and medical drugs at ppb concentrations. The proposed device is believed to find applications in various areas, including label-free environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and forensics.
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22
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Farquharson S, Brouillette C, Smith W, Shende C. A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectral Library of Important Drugs Associated With Point-of-Care and Field Applications. Front Chem 2019; 7:706. [PMID: 31709234 PMCID: PMC6823623 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, the ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to measure extremely low concentrations, such as mg/L and below, and the availability of hand-held Raman spectrometers, has led to a significant growth in the number and variety of applications of SERS to real-world problems. Most of these applications involve the measurement of drugs, such as quantifying medication in patients, identifying illicit drugs in impaired drivers, and more recently, identifying drugs used as weapons. Similar to Raman spectroscopy, most of the point-of-care and field applications involve the identification of the drug to determine the course of action. However, unlike Raman spectroscopy, spectral libraries are not readily available to perform the necessary identification. In a large part, this is due to the uniqueness of the commercially available SERS substrates, each of which can produce different spectra for the same drug. In an effort to overcome this limitation, we have measured numerous drugs using the most common, and readily available SERS material and hand-held Raman analyzers, specifically gold colloids and analyzers using 785 nm laser excitation. Here we present the spectra of some 39 drugs of current interest, such as buprenorphine, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, and fentanyl, which we hope will aid in the development of current and future SERS drug analysis applications.
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23
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Shende C, Brouillette C, Farquharson S. Detection of codeine and fentanyl in saliva, blood plasma and whole blood in 5-minutes using a SERS flow-separation strip. Analyst 2019; 144:5449-5454. [PMID: 31424465 PMCID: PMC6737938 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01087d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple-to-use device to measure drugs in saliva, blood plasma, and whole blood for point-of-care analysis and treatment of overdose patients has been investigated. A rudimentary flow strip has been developed to separate opioids from these biofluids for analysis by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The strips are based on lateral flow assays, in which the antibodies have been substituted by SERS-active pads for detection. Samples of codeine and fentanyl, artificially added to these biofluids, were measured using the strips by a field-usable Raman spectrometer. We report measurement of these drugs in these biofluids from 0.5 to 5 μg mL-1 in 5 minutes. Calculated limits of detection for the spectra suggest that these drugs could be measured at 5 to 20 ng mL-1 with improvements in the strips' separation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Shende
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., 362 Industrial Park Rd, Unit 8, Middletown, CT 06457, USA.
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24
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Quantitative Measurements of Codeine and Fentanyl on a Surface-Enhanced Raman-Active Pad Test. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142578. [PMID: 31315188 PMCID: PMC6680930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The USA is in the midst of an opioid crisis that included over 60,000 overdose fatalities in 2017, mostly unintentional. This is due to excessive use of prescription opioids and the use of very strong synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, mixed with illicit street drugs. The ability to rapidly determine if people or packages entering the country have or contain drugs could reduce their availability, and thereby decrease the use of illicit drugs. In an effort to address this problem, we have been investigating the ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to detect trace amounts of opioids on clothing and packages. Here, we report the measurement of codeine and fentanyl at 100 ng/mL for 5 min on a pad impregnated with gold colloids, as well as a preliminary measurement of 500 pg of fentanyl on a glass surface using one of these pads. The calculated limit of detection for this measurement was 40 pg. This data strongly suggests that these pads, used with portable Raman analyzers, would be invaluable to airport security, drug raids, crime scenes, and forensic analysis.
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25
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Liang P, Zhou YF, Xu BJ, Xuan Y, Xia J, Wang D, Zhang D, Ye JM, Yu Z, Jin SZ. SERS-based vibration model and trace detection of drug molecules: Theoretical and experimental aspects. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 215:168-175. [PMID: 30836305 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prescription drug abuse can lead to serious medical negligence, so there is an urgent need to address its screening problem. Gliclazide is widely used as an antihypertensive drug for lowering blood sugar, but its excessive intake can cause serious harm to human body. Here we take gliclazide as an example to provide a method to realize the screening of drug abuse. Flower-like silver nanoparticles were prepared as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate, which can quantitatively and accurately detect the concentration of gliclazide. To understanding the enhanced activity of flower-like silver substrates, the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulation model was established, and the simulation results showed that flower-like silver had high SERS substrate activity as well as enhanced hot spots at the rough particle surface and the adjacent particles. The experimental results indicated that the flower-shaped silver had an excellent Raman enhancement effect using R6G as detection molecules. When the gliclazide solutions with different concentration gradients were tested, the molecular vibrational modes were also obtained using Gaussian calculations. The rapid and accurate detection of gliclazide concentration was processed by Principal Component Analysis, which were consistent with the experiment, suggesting the importance of the combination of experiment and calculation. Finally, SERS substrate test was performed on the daily medication gliclazide tablets (II), which proved that the flower-like silver still has great Raman enhancement effect on the detection of actual samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yong-Feng Zhou
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Jie Xu
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xuan
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - De Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Ming Ye
- Analysis and Testing Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Shang-Zhong Jin
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
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26
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Salemmilani R, Mirsafavi RY, Fountain AW, Moskovits M, Meinhart CD. Quantitative surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy chemical analysis using citrate as an in situ calibrant. Analyst 2019; 144:1818-1824. [PMID: 30672922 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct detection, or inferring the presence of illicit substances, is of great forensic and toxicological value. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been shown capable of detecting such molecules in a quick and sensitive manner. Herein we describe an analysis strategy for quantitation of low concentrations of three analytes (methamphetamine, cocaine, and papaverine) by SERS analysis using the citrate capping agent that initially saturates the silver nanoparticles' surface as an in situ standard. The citrate is subsequently displaced by the analyte to an extent dependent on the analyte's concentration in the analyte solution. A general model for the competitive adsorption of citrate and a target analyte was developed and used to determine the relative concentrations of the two species coexisting on the surface of the silver nanoparticles. To apply this model, classical least squares (CLS) was used to extract the relative SERS contribution of each of the two species in a given SERS spectrum, thereby accurately determining the analyte concentration in the sample solution. This approach, in essence, transforms citrate into a local standard against which the concentration of an analyte can be reliably determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Salemmilani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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27
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Deriu C, Conticello I, Mebel AM, McCord B. Micro Solid Phase Extraction Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (μ-SPE/SERS) Screening Test for the Detection of the Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-018 in Oral Fluid. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4780-4789. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Deriu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Irene Conticello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, School of Science, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Bruce McCord
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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28
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Xi W, Haes AJ. Elucidation of HEPES Affinity to and Structure on Gold Nanostars. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4034-4042. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Amanda J. Haes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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29
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ZHANG C, HAN SQGW, ZHAO H, LIN S, HASI WLJ. Detection and Quantification of Bucinnazine Hydrochloride Injection Based on SERS Technology. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1249-1255. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen ZHANG
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
| | | | - Hang ZHAO
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
| | - Shuang LIN
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
| | - Wu-Li-Ji HASI
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
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30
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Pankin D, Kolesnikov I, Vasileva A, Pilip A, Zigel V, Manshina A. Raman fingerprints for unambiguous identification of organotin compounds. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:158-163. [PMID: 29929180 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectra of the different ecotoxicants such as perfluorooctane sulfonate acid, organotin compounds of different families tributyl-, and triphenyl-, as well as chemically close compounds belonging to the same family - such as mono-, di-, and tributyl organotin compounds were analyzed. The comprehensive Raman spectra analysis allowed suggesting the identification scheme for clear recognition of the toxins family and the following intra-group specification. Possibility of unambiguous toxins detection and identification was demonstrated also for complex mixtures of various toxins on a base of control of characteristic peak groups, which can be considered as Raman fingerprints of the listed environmentally hazardous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Pankin
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, Saint Petersburg State University, Uljanovskaya 5, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya Kolesnikov
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, Saint Petersburg State University, Uljanovskaya 5, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Anna Vasileva
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research, Saint Petersburg State University, Uljanovskaya 5, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Pilip
- Institution of Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Centre for Ecological Safety RAS, Korpusnaya st, 18, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav Zigel
- Institution of Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Centre for Ecological Safety RAS, Korpusnaya st, 18, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alina Manshina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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31
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D’Elia V, Rubio-Retama J, Ortega-Ojeda FE, García-Ruiz C, Montalvo G. Gold nanorods as SERS substrate for the ultratrace detection of cocaine in non-pretreated oral fluid samples. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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32
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Mahmoudi M, Pakpour S, Perry G. Drug-Abuse Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Challenges. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2288-2298. [PMID: 29851334 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid drug abuse and dependence/addiction are complex disorders regulated by a wide range of interacting networks of genes and pathways that control a variety of phenotypes. Although the field has been extensively progressed since the birth of the National Institute on Drug Abuse in 1974, the fundamental knowledge and involved mechanisms that lead to drug dependence/addiction are poorly understood, and thus, there has been limited success in the prevention of drug addiction and development of therapeutics for definitive treatment and cure of addiction disease. The lack of success in both identification of addiction in at-risk populations and the development of efficient drugs has resulted in a serious social and economic burden from opioid drug abuse with global increasing rate of mortality from drug overdoses. This perspective aims to draw the attention of scientists to the potential role of nanotechnologies, which might pave the way for the development of more practical platforms for either drug development or identification and screening of patients who may be vulnerable to addiction after using opioid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sepideh Pakpour
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - George Perry
- Neurosciences Institute and Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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33
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Haddad A, Comanescu MA, Green O, Kubic TA, Lombardi JR. Detection and Quantitation of Trace Fentanyl in Heroin by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12678-12685. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abed Haddad
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, City University of New York Graduate School and University Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, City University of New York, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Mircea A. Comanescu
- Ph.D. Program in Criminal Justice, Forensic Science Specialization, City University of New York, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th Street, New York, New York 10019, United States
| | - Omar Green
- Ionica Sciences, Inc., McGovern Center for Venture Development in the Life Sciences, 413 Weill Hall, 526 North Campus Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Thomas A. Kubic
- Ph.D. Program in Criminal Justice, Forensic Science Specialization, City University of New York, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th Street, New York, New York 10019, United States
| | - John R. Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry, City University of New York, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
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34
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Yu B, Ge M, Li P, Xie Q, Yang L. Development of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy application for determination of illicit drugs: Towards a practical sensor. Talanta 2018; 191:1-10. [PMID: 30262036 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been widely applied to identify or detect illicit drugs, because of the ability for highly specific molecular fingerprint and independence of aqueous solutions impact. We summarize the progress in determination of illicit drugs using SERS, including trace illicit drugs, suspicious objects and drugs or their metabolites in real biological system (urine, saliva and so on). Even though SERS detection of illicit drugs in real samples still remains a huge challenge because of the complex unknown environment, the efficient sample separation and the improved hand-held Raman analyzer will provide the possibility to make SERS a practically analytical technique. Moreover, we put forward a prospective overview for future perspectives of SERS as a practical sensor for illicit drugs determination. Perhaps the review is not exhaustive, we expect to help researchers to understand the evolution and challenges in this field and further interest in promoting Raman and SERS as a practical analyzer for convenient and automated illicit drugs identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borong Yu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Meihong Ge
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Qiwen Xie
- Institute of Forensic of Anhui Public Security Department, Hefei 230061, PR China.
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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35
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Eremina OE, Semenova AA, Sergeeva EA, Brazhe NA, Maksimov GV, Shekhovtsova TN, Goodilin EA, Veselova IA. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in modern chemical analysis: advances and prospects. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Salemmilani R, Piorek BD, Mirsafavi RY, Fountain AW, Moskovits M, Meinhart CD. Dielectrophoretic Nanoparticle Aggregation for On-Demand Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7930-7936. [PMID: 29863841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid chemical identification of drugs of abuse in biological fluids such as saliva is of growing interest in healthcare and law enforcement. Accordingly, a label-free detection platform that accepts biological fluid samples is of great practical value. We report a microfluidics-based dielectrophoresis-induced surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) device, which is capable of detecting physiologically relevant concentrations of methamphetamine in saliva in under 2 min. In this device, iodide-modified silver nanoparticles are trapped and released on-demand using electrodes integrated in a microfluidic channel. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reliably distinguish methamphetamine-positive samples from the negative control samples. Passivation of the electrodes and flow channels minimizes microchannel fouling by nanoparticles, which allows the device to be cleared and reused multiple times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Salemmilani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Brian D Piorek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Rustin Y Mirsafavi
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Augustus W Fountain
- Research and Technology Directorate , Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010-5424 , United States
| | - Martin Moskovits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Carl D Meinhart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
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37
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Goodacre R, Graham D, Faulds K. Recent developments in quantitative SERS: Moving towards absolute quantification. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Malekzad H, Zangabad PS, Mohammadi H, Sadroddini M, Jafari Z, Mahlooji N, Abbaspour S, Gholami S, Ghanbarpoor M, Pashazadeh R, Beyzavi A, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Noble metal nanostructures in optical biosensors: Basics, and their introduction to anti-doping detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2018; 100:116-135. [PMID: 29731530 PMCID: PMC5933885 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has illustrated significant potentials in biomolecular-sensing applications; particularly its introduction to anti-doping detection is of great importance. Illicit recreational drugs, substances that can be potentially abused, and drugs with dosage limitations according to the prohibited lists announced by the World Antidoping Agency (WADA) are becoming of increasing interest to forensic chemists. In this review, the theoretical principles of optical biosensors based on noble metal nanoparticles, and the transduction mechanism of commonly-applied plasmonic biosensors are covered. We review different classes of recently-developed plasmonic biosensors for analytic determination and quantification of illicit drugs in anti-doping applications. The important classes of illicit drugs include anabolic steroids, opioids, stimulants, and peptide hormones. The main emphasis is on the advantages that noble metal nano-particles bring to optical biosensors for signal enhancement and the development of highly sensitive (label-free) biosensors. In the near future, such optical biosensors may be an invaluable substitute for conventional anti-doping detection methods such as chromatography-based approaches, and may even be commercialized for routine anti-doping tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Malekzad
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran
| | - Parham Sahandi Zangabad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Science (TUOMS), Tabriz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Mohammadi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sadroddini
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Niloofar Mahlooji
- Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan 35351-19111, Iran
| | - Somaye Abbaspour
- School of Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, International Campus, Iran
| | | | | | - Rahim Pashazadeh
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran
| | - Ali Beyzavi
- Koch Institute of MIT, 500 Main Street, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Teheran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Teheran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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39
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Cailletaud J, De Bleye C, Dumont E, Sacré PY, Netchacovitch L, Gut Y, Boiret M, Ginot YM, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Critical review of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy applications in the pharmaceutical field. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:458-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Lanzarotta A, Lorenz L, Batson JS, Flurer C. Development and implementation of a pass/fail field-friendly method for detecting sildenafil in suspect pharmaceutical tablets using a handheld Raman spectrometer and silver colloids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:420-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Mirsafavi RY, Lai K, Kline ND, Fountain AW, Meinhart CD, Moskovits M. Detection of Papaverine for the Possible Identification of Illicit Opium Cultivation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1684-1688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rustin Y. Mirsafavi
- Department
of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kristine Lai
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Neal D. Kline
- Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Edgewood, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Augustus W. Fountain
- Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Edgewood, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Carl D. Meinhart
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Martin Moskovits
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
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42
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Mostowtt T, McCord B. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a method for the toxicological analysis of synthetic cannabinoids. Talanta 2016; 164:396-402. [PMID: 28107947 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (K2, spice) present problems in forensic investigations because standard presumptive methods, such as immunoassays, are insufficiently specific for the wide range of potential target compounds. This issue can lead to problems with low sensitivity and yield false negative results. A potential solution to this problem is surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this study we demonstrate the analysis of a set of structurally similar synthetic cannabinoids using SERS. The procedure involves mixing the analyte with gold nanoparticles prepared in a solution containing alkali or alkaline earth salt solutions. The salts produce aggregation of the nanoparticles with a resultant spectral enhancement due to the formation of spectral hotspots with enhanced field effects within the aggregate. Among the salts tested, 0.0167M MgCl2 produced the lowest limit of detection and best overall sensitivity. The method produces clearly distinguishable spectra for each synthetic cannabinoid with detection limits as low as 18ng/mL. Spiked urine samples were also analyzed following a cleanup procedure involving support liquid extraction. When using a portable Raman system, a higher concentration of MgCl2 was needed to produce similar a LOD. The results demonstrate that this procedure has great potential as a method for presumptive screening of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus Mostowtt
- Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, CP304, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Bruce McCord
- Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, CP304, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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43
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Sun F, Hung HC, Sinclair A, Zhang P, Bai T, Galvan DD, Jain P, Li B, Jiang S, Yu Q. Hierarchical zwitterionic modification of a SERS substrate enables real-time drug monitoring in blood plasma. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13437. [PMID: 27834380 PMCID: PMC5114600 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an ultrasensitive analytical technique with molecular specificity, making it an ideal candidate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). However, in critical diagnostic media including blood, nonspecific protein adsorption coupled with weak surface affinities and small Raman activities of many analytes hinder the TDM application of SERS. Here we report a hierarchical surface modification strategy, first by coating a gold surface with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) designed to attract or probe for analytes and then by grafting a non-fouling zwitterionic polymer brush layer to effectively repel protein fouling. We demonstrate how this modification can enable TDM applications by quantitatively and dynamically measuring the concentrations of several analytes—including an anticancer drug (doxorubicin), several TDM-requiring antidepressant and anti-seizure drugs, fructose and blood pH—in undiluted plasma. This hierarchical surface chemistry is widely applicable to many analytes and provides a generalized platform for SERS-based biosensing in complex real-world media. Despite the high sensitivity of SERS analysis, non-specific binding of proteins can impact the effectiveness in biologically important media such as blood. Here the authors report a SERS substrate modified to prevent protein fouling and demonstrate drug detection in undiluted plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chieh Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Tao Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Daniel David Galvan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Priyesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shaoyi Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Qiuming Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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44
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Kline ND, Tripathi A, Mirsafavi R, Pardoe I, Moskovits M, Meinhart C, Guicheteau JA, Christesen SD, Fountain AW. Optimization of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Conditions for Implementation into a Microfluidic Device for Drug Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10513-10522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neal D. Kline
- Oak Ridge Institute
for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ashish Tripathi
- Research and Technology
Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Rustin Mirsafavi
- Department
of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California−Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ian Pardoe
- Excet, Inc., Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Martin Moskovits
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California−Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Carl Meinhart
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jason A. Guicheteau
- Research and Technology
Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Steven D. Christesen
- Research and Technology
Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Augustus W. Fountain
- Research and Technology
Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
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45
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Jiang J, Gao JM, Guo JS, Zhou QH, Liu XH, Ouyang WJ, Zhang P, Fu WL, Zhang W, He SX. Identification and analysis of Triphenyltin chloride with surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:96-103. [PMID: 27423126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPhT) is a kind of organotin compounds which have been used ubiquitously as herbicide, pesticide, and fungicide in agriculture. The present study provides the possibility to detect and monitor TPhT with normal Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. Firstly, the complete vibrational Raman spectra characterization of TPhT along with the IR spectroscopy were reported for the first time. Then a wide range of pH values were carried out to choose the optimal pH value in TPhT detection by using Raman spectroscopy. Afterwards, Raman spectra of various TPhT solutions were collected and analyzed. The results indicate that the optimal pH value for TPhT detection by Raman spectroscopy is 5.5, and with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as SERS substrate is an effective technique for trace TPhT detection with an enhancement by 5 orders of magnitude and the detection limit can be as low as 0.6 ng/L within less than 30 s. Finally, in this study, the residual of TPhT on apple peel was investigated by casting different concentrations of TPhT on apple peel under the current optimized condition. The result demonstrates that TPhT could be detected based on its SESR spectra at 6.25 ng/cm(2) in standard solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun-Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Wen-Juan Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Wei-Ling Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Shi-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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46
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El-Zahry MR, Refaat IH, Mohamed HA, Lendl B. Sequential SERS determination of aspirin and vitamin C using in situ laser-induced photochemical silver substrate synthesis in a moving flow cell. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4733-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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From near-infrared and Raman to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: progress, limitations and perspectives in bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1077-103. [PMID: 27079546 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent decades, spreading environmental concern entailed the expansion of green chemistry analytical tools. Vibrational spectroscopy, belonging to this class of analytical tool, is particularly interesting taking into account its numerous advantages such as fast data acquisition and no sample preparation. In this context, near-infrared, Raman and mainly surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have thus gained interest in many fields including bioanalysis. The two former techniques only ensure the analysis of concentrated compounds in simple matrices, whereas the emergence of SERS improved the performances of vibrational spectroscopy to very sensitive and selective analyses. Complex SERS substrates were also developed enabling biomarker measurements, paving the way for SERS immunoassays. Therefore, in this paper, the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques will be highlighted with a focus on recent progress.
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D'Elia V, Montalvo G, Ruiz CG. Analysis of street cocaine samples in nasal fluid by Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 2016; 154:367-73. [PMID: 27154688 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The principal objective of this work was to demonstrate the capability of Raman spectroscopy to detect small amounts of cocaine in nasal fluid, and to identify the main drug and the most widely used cutting agents. Initially, standard samples were analysed and sampling conditions were studied by comparing different swabs used for the sample collection. Once the most appropriate swab was selected, which permitted a relatively simple detection of the standard cocaine hydrochloride, qualitative analyses of real samples were carried out. Three street cocaine samples were analysed, and the presence of cutting substances was highlighted by the appearance of different bands not corresponding to the ones of the standard cocaine. To identify the substances present in each sample, the spectra of the street cocaine samples were collected and compared with a digital library created on purpose with the spectra of the most common cutting agents. In this case, correlation coefficients permitted to recognize the most important substances presumably present in the samples, and gave an estimation of the purity of the cocaine. However, when nasal fluid was present, its strong signal could overlap or interfere with the smaller signal of the cutting substances, hindering their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D'Elia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Montalvo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen García Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Dana K, Shende C, Huang H, Farquharson S. Rapid Analysis of Cocaine in Saliva by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL & BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 2016; 6:1-5. [PMID: 26819811 PMCID: PMC4725314 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increases in illicit drug use and the number of emergency-room visits attributable to drug misuse or abuse highlight the need for an efficient, reliable method to detect drugs in patients in order to provide rapid and appropriate care. A surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based method was successfully developed to rapidly measure cocaine in saliva at clinical concentrations, as low as 25 ng/mL. Pretreatment steps comprising chemical separation, physical separation, and solid-phase extraction were investigated to recover the analyte drug from the saliva matrix. Samples were analyzed using Fourier-transform (FT) and dispersive Raman systems, and statistical analysis of the results shows that the method is both reliable and accurate, and could be used to quantify unknown samples. The procedure requires minimal space and equipment and can be completed in less than 16 minutes. Finally, due to the inclusion of a buffer solution and the use of multiple robust pretreatment steps, with minimal further development this method could also be applied to other drugs of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Dana
- Real-Time Analyzers Inc., 362 Industrial Park Road, Unit 8, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Chetan Shende
- Real-Time Analyzers Inc., 362 Industrial Park Road, Unit 8, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Hermes Huang
- Real-Time Analyzers Inc., 362 Industrial Park Road, Unit 8, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Stuart Farquharson
- Real-Time Analyzers Inc., 362 Industrial Park Road, Unit 8, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
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Muehlethaler C, Leona M, Lombardi JR. Review of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Applications in Forensic Science. Anal Chem 2015; 88:152-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Muehlethaler
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of
Scientific Research, New York, New York 10028, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, City College of New York and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Marco Leona
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of
Scientific Research, New York, New York 10028, United States
| | - John R. Lombardi
- Department
of Chemistry, City College of New York and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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