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Dolton MJ, Bowman C, Ma F, Cheeti S, Kuruvilla D, Kassir N, Chen Y, Liu J, Chiang PC. Integrating Dynamic in vitro Systems and Mechanistic Absorption Modeling: Case Study of Pralsetinib. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2952-2956. [PMID: 39002726 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic in vitro absorption systems and mechanistic absorption modeling via PBPK have both shown promise in predicting human oral absorption, although these efforts have been largely separate; this work aimed to integrate knowledge from these approaches to investigate the oral absorption of a RET inhibitor, pralsetinib, with BCS Class II properties. Tiny-TIM (TIM B.V., Weteringbrug, The Netherlands) is a dynamic in vitro model with close simulation of the successive physiological conditions of the human stomach and small intestine. Tiny-TIM runs with pralsetinib were performed at doses of 200 mg and 400 mg under fasting conditions. Mechanistic modeling of absorption was performed in Simcyp V21 (Certara, Manchester, UK). Pralsetinib fasted bioaccessibility in the Tiny-TIM system was 63% at 200 mg and 53% at 400 mg; a 16% reduction at 400 mg was observed under elevated gastric pH. Maximum pralsetinib solubility from the small intestinal compartment in Tiny-TIM directly informed the supersaturation/precipitation model parameters. The PBPK model predicted a similar fraction absorbed at 200 mg and 400 mg, consistent with the dose proportional increases in observed pralsetinib exposure. Integrating dynamic in vitro systems with mechanistic absorption modeling provides a promising approach for understanding and predicting human absorption with challenging low solubility compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Dolton
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Christine Bowman
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Fang Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sravanthi Cheeti
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Denison Kuruvilla
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nastya Kassir
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Po-Chang Chiang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Kean EA, Adeleke OA. Geriatric drug delivery - barriers, current technologies and the road ahead. J Drug Target 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39076049 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2386626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The geriatric population encompasses the largest part of the health care system worldwide. Chronic medical conditions are highly prevalent in the elderly, consequently, due to their complex health needs, there is a significant rate of multi-drug therapy. Despite the high numbers of medications prescribed, geriatric patients face several barriers when it comes to successful drug delivery including alterations in cognitive and physical function. The current review highlights the impact of chronic diseases on the ageing population along with how changes in drug pharmacokinetics could impact drug efficacy and safety. Also discussed are applications of administration routes in the geriatric population and complications that could arise. A focus is placed on the traditional and upcoming drug delivery advancements being employed in seniors with a focus addressing obstacles faced by this patient category. Nanomedicines, three-dimensional printing, long-acting formulations, transdermal systems, orally disintegrating tablets, and shape/taste modification technologies are discussed. Several barriers to drug delivery in the elderly have been identified in literature and directions for future studies should focus on addressing these gaps for geriatric drug formulation development including personalised medicine, insights into novel drug delivery systems like nanomedicines, methods for decreasing pill burden and shape/size modifications.ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTSTypically, senior citizens take more medications than any other patient population, yet most drug delivery technologies are not tailored to address the specific cognitive and physical barriers that these individuals encounter.The safety of drug delivery systems in the elderly patients should be prioritised with considerations on changes in pharmacokinetics with age, use of non-toxic excipients, and selecting drugs with minimal off-target side effects.Several commercialised and upcoming drug delivery technologies have begun to address the current limitations that the ageing population faces.Future research should focus on applying novel strategies like 3D printing, personalised medicine, and long-acting formulations to improve drug delivery to elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Kean
- Preclinical Laboratory for Drug Delivery Innovations, College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Oluwatoyin A Adeleke
- Preclinical Laboratory for Drug Delivery Innovations, College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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D’Ambrosio A, Itaj F, Cacace F, Piemonte V. Mathematical Modeling of the Gastrointestinal System for Preliminary Drug Absorption Assessment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:813. [PMID: 39199771 PMCID: PMC11352181 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of a multicompartmental mathematical model to simulate the activity of the gastrointestinal system after the intake of drugs, with a limited number of parameters. The gastrointestinal system is divided into five compartments, modeled as both continuous systems with discrete events (stomach and duodenum) and systems with delay (jejunum, ileum, and colon). The dissolution of the drug tablet occurs in the stomach and is described through the Noyes-Whitney equation, with pH dependence expressed through the Henderson-Hasselbach relationship. The boluses resulting from duodenal activity enter the jejunum, ileum, and colon compartments, where drug absorption takes place as blood flows countercurrent. The model includes only three parameters with assigned physiological meanings. It was tested and validated using data from in vivo experiments. Specifically, the model was tested with the concentration profiles of nine different drugs and validated using data from two drugs with varying initial concentrations. Overall, the outputs of the model are in good agreement with experimental data, particularly with regard to the time of peak concentration. The primary sources of discrepancy were identified in the concentration decay. The model's main strength is its relatively low computational cost, making it a potentially excellent tool for in silico assessment and prediction of drug adsorption in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D’Ambrosio
- Unit of Chemical-Physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (V.P.)
| | - Fatjon Itaj
- Unit of Chemical-Physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (V.P.)
| | - Filippo Cacace
- Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Piemonte
- Unit of Chemical-Physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (V.P.)
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Bois FY, Brochot C. A Bayesian framework for virtual comparative trials and bioequivalence assessments. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1404619. [PMID: 39139647 PMCID: PMC11319711 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1404619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In virtual bioequivalence (VBE) assessments, pharmacokinetic models informed with in vitro data and verified with small clinical trials' data are used to simulate otherwise unfeasibly large trials. Simulated VBE trials are assessed in a frequentist framework as if they were real despite the unlimited number of virtual subjects they can use. This may adequately control consumer risk but imposes unnecessary risks on producers. We propose a fully Bayesian model-integrated VBE assessment framework that circumvents these limitations. Methods We illustrate our approach with a case study on a hypothetical paliperidone palmitate (PP) generic long-acting injectable suspension formulation using a validated population pharmacokinetic model published for the reference formulation. BE testing, study power, type I and type II error analyses or their Bayesian equivalents, and safe-space analyses are demonstrated. Results The fully Bayesian workflow is more precise than the frequentist workflow. Decisions about bioequivalence and safe space analyses in the two workflows can differ markedly because the Bayesian analyses are more accurate. Discussion A Bayesian framework can adequately control consumer risk and minimize producer risk . It rewards data gathering and model integration to make the best use of prior information. The frequentist approach is less precise but faster to compute, and it can still be used as a first step to narrow down the parameter space to explore in safe-space analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Y. Bois
- Certara UK Limited, Certara Predictive Technologies Division, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Arav Y. Advances in Modeling Approaches for Oral Drug Delivery: Artificial Intelligence, Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetics, and First-Principles Models. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:978. [PMID: 39204323 PMCID: PMC11359797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16080978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral drug absorption is the primary route for drug administration. However, this process hinges on multiple factors, including the drug's physicochemical properties, formulation characteristics, and gastrointestinal physiology. Given its intricacy and the exorbitant costs associated with experimentation, the trial-and-error method proves prohibitively expensive. Theoretical models have emerged as a cost-effective alternative by assimilating data from diverse experiments and theoretical considerations. These models fall into three categories: (i) data-driven models, encompassing classical pharmacokinetics, quantitative-structure models (QSAR), and machine/deep learning; (ii) mechanism-based models, which include quasi-equilibrium, steady-state, and physiologically-based pharmacokinetics models; and (iii) first principles models, including molecular dynamics and continuum models. This review provides an overview of recent modeling endeavors across these categories while evaluating their respective advantages and limitations. Additionally, a primer on partial differential equations and their numerical solutions is included in the appendix, recognizing their utility in modeling physiological systems despite their mathematical complexity limiting widespread application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Arav
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Israeli Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness-Ziona 7410001, Israel
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Winter F, Foja C, Feldmüller M, Kromrey ML, Schick P, Tzvetkov M, Weitschies W. Predicting gastric emptying of drug substances taken under postprandial conditions by combination of biorelevant dissolution and mechanistic in silico modeling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 198:106788. [PMID: 38705421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can help to understand the effects of gastric emptying on pharmacokinetics and in particular also provide a platform for understanding mechanisms of food effects, as well as extrapolation between different postprandial conditions, whether standardized clinical or patient-oriented, non-clinical conditions. By integrating biorelevant dissolution data from the GastroDuo dissolution model into a previously described mechanistic model of fed-state gastric emptying, we simulated the effects of a high-calorie high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil, febuxostat, acetylsalicylic acid, theobromine and caffeine. The model was able to simulate the variability in Cmax and tmax caused by the presence of the stomach road. The main influences investigated to affect the gastric emptying process were drug solubility (theobromine and caffeine), tablet dissolution rate (acetylsalicylic acid) and sensitivity to gastric motility (sildenafil and febuxostat). Finally, we showed how PBPK models can be used to extrapolate pharmacokinetics between different prandial states using theobromine as an example with results from a clinical study being presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Winter
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Constantin Foja
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maximilian Feldmüller
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Kromrey
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Schick
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mladen Tzvetkov
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of General Pharmacology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Qayyum A, Zamir A, Rasool MF, Imran I, Ahmad T, Alqahtani F. Investigating clinical pharmacokinetics of brivaracetam by using a pharmacokinetic modeling approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13357. [PMID: 38858493 PMCID: PMC11164859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of technology and the processing speed of computing machines have facilitated the evaluation of advanced pharmacokinetic (PK) models, making modeling processes simple and faster. The present model aims to analyze the PK of brivaracetam (BRV) in healthy and diseased populations. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to incorporate the BRV plasma concentration data and its input parameters into PK-Sim software, leading to the creation of intravenous (IV) and oral models for both populations. The developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of BRV was then assessed using the visual predictive checks, mean observed/predicted ratios (Robs/pre), and average fold error for PK parameters including the maximum systemic concentration (Cmax), the area under the curve at time 0 to t (AUC0-∞), and drug clearance (CL). The PBPK model of BRV demonstrated that mean Robs/pre ratios of the PK parameters remained within the acceptable limits when assessed against a twofold error margin. Furthermore, model predictions were carried out to assess how AUC0-∞ is affected following the administration of BRV in individuals with varying degrees of liver cirrhosis, ranging from different child-pugh (CP) scores like A, B, and C. Moreover, dose adjustments were recommended by considering the variations in Cmax and CL in various kidney disease stages (mild to severe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia Qayyum
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Zamir
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Instiitute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Grenoble Alpes University, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Alaei S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Schiele J, Deng R, Shiller D, Marroum P, Menon R, Salem AH. Venetoclax Clinical Pharmacokinetics After Administration of Crushed, Ground or Whole Tablets. Clin Ther 2024:S0149-2918(24)00080-8. [PMID: 38782609 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Venetoclax is a potent, orally bioavailable BCL-2 inhibitor used in the treatment of some hematological malignancies. Crushing tablets may be necessary to help with the administration of venetoclax to patients with swallowing difficulties or patients requiring nasogastric tube feeding. The study was conducted to assess the bioavailability of crushed and finely ground venetoclax tablets relative to whole tablets. METHODS An open-label, randomized, 3-way, crossover study in 15 healthy adult females was conducted. Venetoclax tablets were administered orally in a crushed, ground or intact form on Day 1 of each period with water following a high-fat breakfast. Pharmacokinetic samples were collected up to 72 hours postdosing. FINDINGS The crushed and ground tablets met the bioequivalence criteria (0.80-1.25) relative to the intact tablets with respect to area under the concentration-time curve to time of the last measurable concentration (AUCt) and to infinite time (AUCinf) but exhibited a slightly lower maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). This was not considered clinically significant as only venetoclax overall exposure (AUC) has been shown to correlate with clinical efficacy. There was no change in the physical appearance and the evaluated physicochemical properties of crushed and ground venetoclax tablets after 72 hours of storage at 25°C/60% relative humidity. IMPLICATIONS Crushing or grinding venetoclax tablets before administration could be considered as a viable alternative method of administration for patients who have difficulty swallowing whole venetoclax tablets or patients requiring nasogastric tube feeding. CLINICALTRIALS GOV IDENTIFIERS NCT05909553, registered June 12, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rong Deng
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Szederkényi G, Kocsis D, Vághy MA, Czárán D, Sasvári P, Lengyel M, Naszlady MB, Kreis F, Antal I, Csépányi-Kömi R, Erdő F. Mathematical modeling of transdermal delivery of topical drug formulations in a dynamic microfluidic diffusion chamber in health and disease. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299501. [PMID: 38603673 PMCID: PMC11008853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models of epidermal and dermal transport are essential for optimization and development of products for percutaneous delivery both for local and systemic indication and for evaluation of dermal exposure to chemicals for assessing their toxicity. These models often help directly by providing information on the rate of drug penetration through the skin and thus on the dermal or systemic concentration of drugs which is the base of their pharmacological effect. The simulations are also helpful in analyzing experimental data, reducing the number of experiments and translating the in vitro investigations to an in-vivo setting. In this study skin penetration of topically administered caffeine cream was investigated in a skin-on-a-chip microfluidic diffusion chamber at room temperature and at 32°C. Also the transdermal penetration of caffeine in healthy and diseased conditions was compared in mouse skins from intact, psoriatic and allergic animals. In the last experimental setup dexamethasone, indomethacin, piroxicam and diclofenac were examined as a cream formulation for absorption across the dermal barrier. All the measured data were used for making mathematical simulation in a three-compartmental model. The calculated and measured results showed a good match, which findings indicate that our mathematical model might be applied for prediction of drug delivery through the skin under different circumstances and for various drugs in the novel, miniaturized diffusion chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Szederkényi
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Systems and Control Laboratory, HUN-REN Institute for Computer Science and Control (SZTAKI), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Kocsis
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály A. Vághy
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domonkos Czárán
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sasvári
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miléna Lengyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Bese Naszlady
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fabiola Kreis
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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Djuris J, Cvijic S, Djekic L. Model-Informed Drug Development: In Silico Assessment of Drug Bioperformance following Oral and Percutaneous Administration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:177. [PMID: 38399392 PMCID: PMC10892858 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has faced significant changes in recent years, primarily influenced by regulatory standards, market competition, and the need to accelerate drug development. Model-informed drug development (MIDD) leverages quantitative computational models to facilitate decision-making processes. This approach sheds light on the complex interplay between the influence of a drug's performance and the resulting clinical outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to explain the mechanisms that control the dissolution and/or release of drugs and their subsequent permeation through biological membranes. Furthermore, the importance of simulating these processes through a variety of in silico models is emphasized. Advanced compartmental absorption models provide an analytical framework to understand the kinetics of transit, dissolution, and absorption associated with orally administered drugs. In contrast, for topical and transdermal drug delivery systems, the prediction of drug permeation is predominantly based on quantitative structure-permeation relationships and molecular dynamics simulations. This review describes a variety of modeling strategies, ranging from mechanistic to empirical equations, and highlights the growing importance of state-of-the-art tools such as artificial intelligence, as well as advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djuris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.C.); (L.D.)
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Lancheros Porras KD, Alves IA, Novoa DMA. PBPK Modeling as an Alternative Method of Interspecies Extrapolation that Reduces the Use of Animals: A Systematic Review. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:102-126. [PMID: 37031391 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230408201849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a computational approach that simulates the anatomical structure of the studied species and presents the organs and tissues as compartments interconnected by arterial and venous blood flows. AIM The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the published articles focused on the development of PBPK models for interspecies extrapolation in the disposition of drugs and health risk assessment, presenting to this modeling an alternative to reduce the use of animals. METHODS For this purpose, a systematic search was performed in PubMed using the following search terms: "PBPK" and "Interspecies extrapolation". The revision was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS In the analysis of the articles, it was found that rats and mice are the most commonly used animal models in the PBPK models; however, most of the physiological and physicochemical information used in the reviewed studies were obtained from previous publications. Additionally, most of the PBPK models were developed to extrapolate pharmacokinetic parameters to humans and the main application of the models was for toxicity testing. CONCLUSION PBPK modeling is an alternative that allows the integration of in vitro and in silico data as well as parameters reported in the literature to predict the pharmacokinetics of chemical substances, reducing in large quantity the use of animals that are required in traditional studies.
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Porat D, Dukhno O, Cvijić S, Dahan A. The Complexity of Bariatric Patient's Pharmacotherapy: Sildenafil Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics before vs. after Gastric Sleeve/Bypass. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2795. [PMID: 38140135 PMCID: PMC10747454 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Postbariatric altered gastrointestinal (GI) anatomy/physiology may significantly harm oral drug absorption and overall bioavailability. In this work, sildenafil, the first phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor, was investigated for impaired postbariatric solubility/dissolution and absorption; this research question is of particular relevance since erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with higher body mass index (BMI). Sildenafil solubility was determined both in vitro and ex vivo, using pre- vs. postsurgery gastric contents aspirated from patients. Dissolution tests were done in conditions mimicking the stomach before surgery, after sleeve gastrectomy (post-SG, pH 5), and after one anastomosis gastric bypass (post-OAGB, pH 7). Finally, these data were included in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling (GastroPlus®) to simulate sildenafil PK before vs. after surgery. pH-dependent solubility was demonstrated with low solubility (0.3 mg/mL) at pH 7 vs. high solubility at pH 1-5, which was also confirmed ex vivo with much lower solubility values in postbariatric gastric samples. Hampered dissolution of all sildenafil doses was obtained under post-OAGB conditions compared with complete (100%) dissolution under both presurgery and post-SG conditions. PBPK simulations revealed delayed sildenafil absorption in postbariatric patients (increased tmax) and reduced Cmax, especially in post-OAGB patients, relative to a presurgery state. Hence, the effect of bariatric surgery on sildenafil PK is unpredictable and may depend on the specific bariatric procedure. This mechanistically based analysis suggests a potentially undesirable delayed onset of action of sildenafil following gastric bypass surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Porat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Oleg Dukhno
- Department of Surgery B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 8410101, Israel;
| | - Sandra Cvijić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
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Stielow M, Witczyńska A, Kubryń N, Fijałkowski Ł, Nowaczyk J, Nowaczyk A. The Bioavailability of Drugs-The Current State of Knowledge. Molecules 2023; 28:8038. [PMID: 38138529 PMCID: PMC10745386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug bioavailability is a crucial aspect of pharmacology, affecting the effectiveness of drug therapy. Understanding how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in patients' bodies is essential to ensure proper and safe treatment. This publication aims to highlight the relevance of drug bioavailability research and its importance in therapy. In addition to biochemical activity, bioavailability also plays a critical role in achieving the desired therapeutic effects. This may seem obvious, but it is worth noting that a drug can only produce the expected effect if the proper level of concentration can be achieved at the desired point in a patient's body. Given the differences between patients, drug dosages, and administration forms, understanding and controlling bioavailability has become a priority in pharmacology. This publication discusses the basic concepts of bioavailability and the factors affecting it. We also looked at various methods of assessing bioavailability, both in the laboratory and in the clinic. Notably, the introduction of new technologies and tools in this field is vital to achieve advances in drug bioavailability research. This publication also discusses cases of drugs with poorly described bioavailability, providing a deeper understanding of the complex challenges they pose to medical researchers and practitioners. Simultaneously, the article focuses on the perspectives and trends that may shape the future of research regarding bioavailability, which is crucial to the development of modern pharmacology and drug therapy. In this context, the publication offers an essential, meaningful contribution toward understanding and highlighting bioavailability's role in reliable patient treatment. The text also identifies areas that require further research and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrianna Witczyńska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 Jurasza Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.W.); (N.K.); (Ł.F.)
| | - Natalia Kubryń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 Jurasza Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.W.); (N.K.); (Ł.F.)
| | - Łukasz Fijałkowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 Jurasza Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.W.); (N.K.); (Ł.F.)
| | - Jacek Nowaczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 Jurasza Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.W.); (N.K.); (Ł.F.)
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14
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Sedlmayr V, Horn C, Wurm DJ, Spadiut O, Quehenberger J. Archaeosomes facilitate storage and oral delivery of cannabidiol. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123434. [PMID: 37739097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) has received great scientific interest due to its numerous therapeutic applications. Degradation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, first-pass metabolism, and low water solubility restrain bioavailability of CBD to only 6% in current oral administration. Lipid-based nanocarriers are delivery systems that may enhance accessibility and solubility of hydrophobic payloads, such as CBD. Conventional lecithin-derived liposomes, however, have limitations regarding stability in the GI tract and long-term storage. Ether lipid-based archaeosomes may have the potential to overcome these problems due to chemical and structural uniqueness. In this study, we compared lecithin-derived liposomes with archaeosomes in their applicability as an oral delivery system of CBD. We evaluated drug load, storage stability, stability in a simulated GI tract, and in vitro particle uptake in Caco-2 cells. Loading capacity was 6-fold higher in archaeosomes than conventional liposomes while providing a stable formulation over six months after lyophilization. In a simulated GI tract, CBD recovery in archaeosomes was 57 ± 3% compared to only 34 ± 1% in conventional liposomes and particle uptake in Caco-2 cells was enhanced up to 6-fold. Our results demonstrate that archaeosomes present an interesting solution to tackle current issues of oral CBD formulations due to improved stability and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sedlmayr
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Oliver Spadiut
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Quehenberger
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria; NovoArc GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Krajcer A, Grzywna E, Lewandowska-Łańcucka J. Strategies increasing the effectiveness of temozolomide at various levels of anti-GBL therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115174. [PMID: 37459661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBL) is the most common (60-70% of primary brain tumours) and the most malignant of the glial tumours. Although current therapies remain palliative, they have been proven to prolong overall survival. Within an optimal treatment regimen (incl. surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy) temozolomide as the current anti-GBL first-line chemotherapeutic has increased the median overall survival to 14-15 months, and the percentage of patients alive at two years has been reported to rise from 10.4% to 26.5%. Though, the effectiveness of temozolomide chemotherapy is limited by the serious systemic, dose-related side effects. Therefore, the ponderation regarding novel treatment methods along with innovative formulations is crucial to emerging the therapeutic potential of the widely used drug simultaneously reducing the drawbacks of its use. Herein the complex temozolomide application restrictions present at different levels of therapy as well as, the currently proposed strategies aimed at reducing those limitations are demonstrated. Approaches increasing the efficacy of anti-GBL treatment are addressed. Our paper is focused on the most recent developments in the field of nano/biomaterials-based systems for temozolomide delivery and their functionalization towards more effective blood-brain-barrier crossing and/or tumour targeting. Appropriate designing accounting for the physical and chemical features of formulations along with distinct routes of administration is also discussed. In addition, considering the multiple resistance mechanisms, the molecular heterogeneity and the evolution of tumour the purposely selected delivery methods, the combined therapeutic approaches and specifically focused on GBL cells therapies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Krajcer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grzywna
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Św. Anny 12, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
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16
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Lehmann A, Geburek I, These A, Hessel-Pras S, Hengstler JG, Albrecht W, Mielke H, Müller-Graf C, Yang X, Kloft C, Hethey C. PBTK modeling of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine to predict liver toxicity in mouse and rat. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1319-1333. [PMID: 36906727 PMCID: PMC10110657 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Retrorsine is a hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) found in herbal supplements and medicines, food and livestock feed. Dose-response studies enabling the derivation of a point of departure including a benchmark dose for risk assessment of retrorsine in humans and animals are not available. Addressing this need, a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model of retrorsine was developed for mouse and rat. Comprehensive characterization of retrorsine toxicokinetics revealed: both the fraction absorbed from the intestine (78%) and the fraction unbound in plasma (60%) are high, hepatic membrane permeation is dominated by active uptake and not by passive diffusion, liver metabolic clearance is 4-fold higher in rat compared to mouse and renal excretion contributes to 20% of the total clearance. The PBTK model was calibrated with kinetic data from available mouse and rat studies using maximum likelihood estimation. PBTK model evaluation showed convincing goodness-of-fit for hepatic retrorsine and retrorsine-derived DNA adducts. Furthermore, the developed model allowed to translate in vitro liver toxicity data of retrorsine to in vivo dose-response data. Resulting benchmark dose confidence intervals (mg/kg bodyweight) are 24.1-88.5 in mice and 79.9-104 in rats for acute liver toxicity after oral retrorsine intake. As the PBTK model was built to enable extrapolation to different species and other PA congeners, this integrative framework constitutes a flexible tool to address gaps in the risk assessment of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lehmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Geburek
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans Mielke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christine Müller-Graf
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Charlotte Kloft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hethey
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Winter F, Schick P, Weitschies W. Bridging the Gap between Food Effects under Clinical Trial Conditions and Real Life: Modeling Delayed Gastric Emptying of Drug Substances and Gastric Content Volume Based on Meal Characteristics. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1039-1049. [PMID: 36548544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Delayed gastric emptying is known to have a major impact on drug absorption. While the test meal recommended by the FDA and EMA to study food effects represents a worst-case scenario, it does not reflect the reality of the patients. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models could bridge the gap between clinical settings of food effect studies and the diverse nonclinical situations by simulating the effect of meals with different compositions and volumes. A mathematical equation based on a stretched exponential function was reparameterized to describe the gastric emptying process of mixed solid meals. The model was fitted to literature data including the gastric emptying data of 23 meals from 15 studies. Using a multiple linear regression model, we were able to predict the two function parameters from the meal characteristics caloric content and the percentage of calories derived from fat. After implementation into the PBPK software PK-Sim, the model, together with a separate compartment for liquid gastric contents, was compared to commercially available software. The model is able to simulate the gastric emptying of mixed solid meals containing drugs based on specific meal characteristics. A second compartment allows for distribution between liquid and solid components and rapid gastric emptying along the Magenstrasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Winter
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald17489, Germany
| | - Philipp Schick
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald17489, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald17489, Germany
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18
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Agnihotri TG, Alexander A, Agrawal M, Dubey SK, Jain A. In vitro-in vivo correlation in nanocarriers: From protein corona to therapeutic implications. J Control Release 2023; 354:794-809. [PMID: 36709923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and establishing a link between the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) and their biological interactions poses to be a great challenge in the field of nanotherapeutics. Recent analytical advancements concerning bio-nanointerfaces have accelerated the quest to comprehend the fate of nanocarrier systems in vivo. Scientists have discovered that protein corona, an adsorbed layer of biomolecules on the surface of NPs takes a leading part in interacting with cells and in the cellular uptake process, thereby determining the in vivo behaviour of NPs. Another useful method to assess the in vivo fate of NPs is by performing dissolution testing. This forms the basis for in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC), relating in vitro dissolution of NPs and their in vivo properties. Scientists are continuously directing their efforts towards establishing IVIVC for different nanocarrier systems while concurrently gaining insights into protein corona. This review primarily summarizes the importance of protein corona and its interaction with nanoparticles. It also gives an insight into the factors affecting the interaction and various in vitro dissolution media used for varied nanocarrier systems. The article concludes with a discussion of the limitations of IVIVC modelling and its position from a regulatory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Girish Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Sila village, Nizsundarighopa, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Polepally SEZ, TSIIC, Jadcherla, Mahbubnagar, Hyderabad 509301, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata 700056, India.
| | - Aakanchha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Mikov M, Đanić M, Lazarević S, Pavlović N, Stanimirov B, Al-Salami H, Mooranian A. Editorial: Pharmacokinetic evaluation and modeling of clinically significant drug metabolites, Volume II. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1087988. [PMID: 36686693 PMCID: PMC9846551 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1087988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia,*Correspondence: Momir Mikov,
| | - Maja Đanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slavica Lazarević
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stanimirov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia,Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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20
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Al Shoyaib A, Riedmaier AE, Kumar A, Roy P, Parrott NJ, Fang L, Tampal N, Yang Y, Jereb R, Zhao L, Wu F. Regulatory utility of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for assessing food impact in bioequivalence studies: A workshop summary report. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:610-618. [PMID: 36597353 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This workshop report summarizes the presentations and panel discussion related to the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approaches for food effect assessment, collected from Session 2 of Day 2 of the workshop titled "Regulatory Utility of Mechanistic Modeling to Support Alternative Bioequivalence Approaches." The US Food and Drug Administration in collaboration with the Center for Research on Complex Generics organized this workshop where this particular session titled "Oral PBPK for Evaluating the Impact of Food on BE" presented successful cases of PBPK modeling approaches for food effect assessment. Recently, PBPK modeling has started to gain popularity among academia, industries, and regulatory agencies for its potential utility during bioavailability (BA) and/or bioequivalence (BE) studies of new and generic drug products to assess the impact of food on BA/BE. Considering the promises of PBPK modeling in generic drug development, the aim of this workshop session was to facilitate knowledge sharing among academia, industries, and regulatory agencies to understand the knowledge gap and guide the path forward. This report collects and summarizes the information presented and discussed during this session to disseminate the information into a broader audience for further advancement in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Shoyaib
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA
| | | | - Anita Kumar
- Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lanyan Fang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Nilufer Tampal
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuching Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebeka Jereb
- Sandoz Development Center, Clinical Development, Sandoz, Slovenia
| | - Liang Zhao
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Fang Wu
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA
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21
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The impact of viscosity on the dissolution of naproxen immediate-release tablets. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 18:687-695. [PMID: 36852245 PMCID: PMC9957778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The increase in viscosity of gastric fluid as a result of food ingestion is one criterion that can negatively impact the dissolution and solubility of orally administered medications. Consequently, it is crucial to address this issue in the pharmacokinetic profile assessment of oral formulations. In this scientific work, various kinds of viscosity enhancers, namely carboxy methylcellulose, pectin, guar gum, and xanthan, were applied to the preparation of different media similar to the biological condition after a meal, and their impacts on the rate of naproxen dissolution and its saturation solubility were evaluated. Methods A Brookfield viscometer was used to assess the rheological features of two potencies of each viscosity booster dissolved in fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF). After 24 h of samples shaking, the saturation solubility of the selected medicine in the assessed media was measured using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and investigation of the drug dissolution profile was performed with a paddle dissolution apparatus in 200 mL of fluid. Results Great reduction in the saturation solubility of naproxen was detected when the viscosity of the tested media was increased and the highest reduction of solubility was observed with pectin in FeSSIF. Similarly, the dissolution profile of naproxen decrease with enhancement of the viscosity of investigated media. Conclusion A polymer structure not only enhances the viscosity of media but also interferes with drug solubilization. As a result, it is essential to address the rheological aspect in designing in vitro media during the assessment of drug dissolution profiles.
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22
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In-Depth Analysis of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling Utilization in Different Application Fields Using Text Mining Tools. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010107. [PMID: 36678737 PMCID: PMC9860979 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, only a small number of papers have elaborated on the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling across different areas. In this review, an in-depth analysis of the distribution of PBPK modeling in relation to its application in various research topics and model validation was conducted by text mining tools. Orange 3.32.0, an open-source data mining program was used for text mining. PubMed was used for data retrieval, and the collected articles were analyzed by several widgets. A total of 2699 articles related to PBPK modeling met the predefined criteria. The number of publications per year has been rising steadily. Regarding the application areas, the results revealed that 26% of the publications described the use of PBPK modeling in early drug development, risk assessment and toxicity assessment, followed by absorption/formulation modeling (25%), prediction of drug-disease interactions (20%), drug-drug interactions (DDIs) (17%) and pediatric drug development (12%). Furthermore, the analysis showed that only 12% of the publications mentioned model validation, of which 51% referred to literature-based validation and 26% to experimentally validated models. The obtained results present a valuable review of the state-of-the-art regarding PBPK modeling applications in drug discovery and development and related fields.
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23
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Fouad A, Quintiliani R, Nicolau DP, Asempa TE. Relative bioavailability of crushed tebipenem administered through a nasogastric tube with and without enteral feeding. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 78:205-208. [PMID: 36374528 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide is an orally bioavailable carbapenem prodrug of the active agent tebipenem with broad-spectrum activity against drug-resistant Enterobacterales. This study aimed to evaluate the relative bioavailability of crushed tebipenem tablets administered via nasogastric tube (NGT) with or without concomitant enteral feeds. METHODS This Phase 1, open label study randomized 12 healthy subjects to receive a crushed tebipenem tablet via NGT (n = 6) or via NGT with concomitant Osmolite® enteral feeds (n = 6) on Study Day 1, followed by oral administration of tebipenem whole tablet (reference formulation) on Study Day 2. Tebipenem plasma concentrations were measured by LC with mass spectrometry. Bioequivalence was determined using pharmacokinetic parameters derived through non-compartmental analyses. RESULTS Mean ± SD tebipenem pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma for subjects who received a crushed tablet via NGT (relative to whole tablet) and a crushed tablet with enteral feeds (relative to whole tablet) were as follows: maximum total plasma concentration (Cmax), 11.1 ± 3.9 (12 ± 3.4) and 10.2 ± 1.9 (10 ± 4) mg/L; area under the curve (AUC0-8), 17.5 ± 3.5 (17.9 ± 2.3) and 15 ± 4.3 (13.4 ± 5.3) mg•h/L. Using the 90% CI criteria, Cmaxand AUC0-8 values for tebipenem were found to be bioequivalent following alternative methods of administration compared with oral dosing of the whole tablet. The three methods of administration were well tolerated. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate that tebipenem maintained bioequivalence when crushed and administered via NGT with and without accompanying enteral feeds in healthy subjects, relative to whole tablet oral administration. Data therefore support alternative methods of tebipenem administration depending on patient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa Fouad
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | - David P Nicolau
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Tomefa E Asempa
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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24
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Vale N, Pereira M, Santos J, Moura C, Marques L, Duarte D. Prediction of Drug Synergism between Peptides and Antineoplastic Drugs Paclitaxel, 5-Fluorouracil, and Doxorubicin Using In Silico Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010069. [PMID: 36613510 PMCID: PMC9820768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for most early-stage cancers; nevertheless, its efficacy is usually limited by drug resistance, toxicity, and tumor heterogeneity. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are small peptide sequences that can be used to increase the delivery rate of chemotherapeutic drugs to the tumor site, therefore contributing to overcoming these problems and enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. The drug combination is another promising strategy to overcome the aforementioned problems since the combined drugs can synergize through interconnected biological processes and target different pathways simultaneously. Here, we hypothesized that different peptides (P1-P4) could be used to enhance the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents into three different cancer cells (HT-29, MCF-7, and PC-3). In silico studies were performed to simulate the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of each peptide and antineoplastic agent to help predict synergistic interactions in vitro. These simulations predicted peptides P2-P4 to have higher bioavailability and lower Tmax, as well as the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to have enhanced permeability properties over other antineoplastic agents, with P3 having prominent accumulation in the colon. In vitro studies were then performed to evaluate the combination of each peptide with the chemotherapeutic agents as well as to assess the nature of drug interactions through the quantification of the Combination Index (CI). Our findings in MCF-7 and PC-3 cancer cells demonstrated that the combination of these peptides with paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOXO), respectively, is not advantageous over a single treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent. In the case of HT-29 colorectal cancer cells, the combination of P2-P4 with 5-FU resulted in synergistic cytotoxic effects, as predicted by the in silico simulations. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that these CPP6-conjugates can be used as adjuvant agents to increase the delivery of 5-FU into HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, these results support the use of in silico approaches for the prediction of the interaction between drugs in combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariana Pereira
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Santos
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Moura
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lara Marques
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Duarte
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Chunduri V, Maddi S. Role of in vitro two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems for ADME-Tox screening in drug discovery and development: a comprehensive review. ADMET & DMPK 2022; 11:1-32. [PMID: 36778905 PMCID: PMC9909725 DOI: 10.5599/admet.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery and development have become a very time-consuming and expensive process. Preclinical animal models have become the gold standard for studying drug pharmacokinetic and toxicity parameters. However, the involvement of a huge number of animal subjects and inter-species pathophysiological variations between animals and humans has provoked a lot of debate, particularly because of ethical concerns. Although many efforts are being established by biotech and pharmaceutical companies for screening new chemical entities in vitro before preclinical trials, failures during clinical trials are still involved. Currently, a large number of two- dimensional (2D) in vitro assays have been developed and are being developed by researchers for the screening of compounds. Although these assays are helpful in screening a huge library of compounds and have shown perception, there is a significant lack in predicting human Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicology (ADME-Tox). As a result, these assays cannot completely replace animal models. The recent inventions in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture-based assays like organoids and micro-physiological systems have shown great potential alternative tools for predicting the compound pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic fate in humans. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized some of the most commonly used 2D in vitro assays and emphasized the achievements in next-generation 3D cell culture-based systems for predicting the compound ADME-Tox.
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Aminian-Dehkordi J, Valiei A, Mofrad MRK. Emerging computational paradigms to address the complex role of gut microbial metabolism in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:987104. [PMID: 36299869 PMCID: PMC9589059 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.987104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota and its associated perturbations are implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). There is evidence that the structure and metabolic composition of the gut microbiome and some of its metabolites have mechanistic associations with several CVDs. Nevertheless, there is a need to unravel metabolic behavior and underlying mechanisms of microbiome-host interactions. This need is even more highlighted when considering that microbiome-secreted metabolites contributing to CVDs are the subject of intensive research to develop new prevention and therapeutic techniques. In addition to the application of high-throughput data used in microbiome-related studies, advanced computational tools enable us to integrate omics into different mathematical models, including constraint-based models, dynamic models, agent-based models, and machine learning tools, to build a holistic picture of metabolic pathological mechanisms. In this article, we aim to review and introduce state-of-the-art mathematical models and computational approaches addressing the link between the microbiome and CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad R. K. Mofrad
- Department of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Reliable Prediction of Caco-2 Permeability by Supervised Recursive Machine Learning Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14101998. [PMID: 36297432 PMCID: PMC9610902 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the Caco-2 cell line and differences in experimental protocols for permeability assessment using this cell-based method have resulted in the high variability of Caco-2 permeability measurements. These problems have limited the generation of large datasets to develop accurate and applicable regression models. This study presents a QSPR approach developed on the KNIME analytical platform and based on a structurally diverse dataset of over 4900 molecules. Interpretable models were obtained using random forest supervised recursive algorithms for data cleaning and feature selection. The development of a conditional consensus model based on regional and global regression random forest produced models with RMSE values between 0.43–0.51 for all validation sets. The potential applicability of the model as a surrogate for the in vitro Caco-2 assay was demonstrated through blind prediction of 32 drugs recommended by the International Council for the Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals (ICH) for validation of in vitro permeability methods. The model was validated for the preliminary estimation of the BCS/BDDCS class. The KNIME workflow developed to automate new drug prediction is freely available. The results suggest that this automated prediction platform is a reliable tool for identifying the most promising compounds with high intestinal permeability during the early stages of drug discovery.
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Porat D, Dukhno O, Vainer E, Cvijić S, Dahan A. Antiallergic Treatment of Bariatric Patients: Potentially Hampered Solubility/Dissolution and Bioavailability of Loratadine, but Not Desloratadine, Post-Bariatric Surgery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2922-2936. [PMID: 35759355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal anatomical/physiological changes after bariatric surgery influence variables affecting the fate of drugs after ingestion, and medication management of these patients requires a thorough and complex mechanistic analysis. The aim of this research was to study whether loratadine/desloratadine antiallergic treatment of bariatric patients is at risk of being ineffective due to impaired solubility/dissolution. The pH-dependent solubility of loratadine/desloratadine was studied in vitro, as well as ex vivo, in gastric content aspirated from patients before versus after bariatric surgery. Then, a biorelevant dissolution method was developed to simulate the gastric conditions after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), accounting for key variables (intragastric volume, pH, and contractility), and the dissolution of loratadine/desloratadine was studied pre- versus post-surgery. Dissolution was also studied after tablet crushing or syrup ingestion, as these actions are recommended after bariatric surgery. Finally, these experimental data were implemented in a newly developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to simulate loratadine/desloratadine PK profiles pre- versus post-surgery. For both drugs, pH-dependent solubility was demonstrated, with decreased solubility at higher pH; over the pH range 1-7, loratadine solubility decreased ∼2000-fold, and desloratadine decreased ∼120-fold. Ex vivo solubility in aspirated human gastric fluid pre- versus post-surgery was in good agreement with these in vitro results and revealed that while desloratadine solubility still allows complete dissolution post-surgery, loratadine solubility post-surgery is much lower than the threshold required for the complete dissolution of the drug dose. Indeed, severely hampered loratadine dissolution was revealed, dropping from 100% pre-surgery to only 3 and 1% post-SG and post-OAGB, respectively. Tablet crushing did not increase loratadine dissolution in any post-bariatric condition, nor did loratadine syrup in post-OAGB (pH 7) media, while in post-laparoscopic SG conditions (pH 5), the syrup provided partial improvement of up to 40% dissolution. Desloratadine exhibited quick and complete dissolution across all pre-/post-surgery conditions. PBPK simulations revealed pronounced impaired absorption of loratadine post-surgery, with 84-88% decreased Cmax, 28-36% decreased Fa, and 24-31% decreased overall bioavailability, depending on the type of bariatric procedure. Desloratadine absorption remained unchanged post-surgery. We propose that desloratadine should be preferred over loratadine in bariatric patients, and as loratadine is an over-the-counter medication, antiallergic therapy after bariatric surgery requires special attention by patients and clinicians alike. This mechanistic approach that reveals potential post-surgery complexity, and at the same time provides adequate substitutions, may contribute to better pharmacotherapy and overall patient care after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Porat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Oleg Dukhno
- Department of Surgery B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 8410101, Israel
| | - Ella Vainer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Sandra Cvijić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Cheng TM, Chu HY, Huang HM, Li ZL, Chen CY, Shih YJ, Whang-Peng J, Cheng RH, Mo JK, Lin HY, Wang K. Toxicologic Concerns with Current Medical Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7597. [PMID: 35886945 PMCID: PMC9322368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is one of the scientific advances in technology. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small materials ranging from 1 to 100 nm. When the shape of the supplied nanoparticles changes, the physiological response of the cells can be very different. Several characteristics of NPs such as the composition, surface chemistry, surface charge, and shape are also important parameters affecting the toxicity of nanomaterials. This review covered specific topics that address the effects of NPs on nanomedicine. Furthermore, mechanisms of different types of nanomaterial-induced cytotoxicities were described. The distributions of different NPs in organs and their adverse effects were also emphasized. This review provides insight into the scientific community interested in nano(bio)technology, nanomedicine, and nanotoxicology. The content may also be of interest to a broad range of scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Mu Cheng
- Graduate Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (T.-M.C.); (H.-Y.C.)
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Yi Chu
- Graduate Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (T.-M.C.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Haw-Ming Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Zi-Lin Li
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Z.-L.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-J.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Chiang-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Z.-L.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-J.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Jung Shih
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Z.-L.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-J.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | | | - R. Holland Cheng
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Ju-Ku Mo
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Z.-L.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-J.S.)
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Lin L, Wright MR, Hop CECA, Wong H. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models Can be used to Predict the Unique Nonlinear Absorption Profiles of Vismodegib. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1170-1181. [PMID: 35779865 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting human pharmacokinetics (PK) during the drug discovery phase is valuable to assess doses required to reach therapeutic exposures. For orally administered compounds, however, this can be especially difficult since the absorption process is complex. Vismodegib is a compound with unique nonlinear oral PK characteristics in humans. Oral physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were built using preclinical in vitro and in vivo data and successfully predicted the oral PK profiles in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Simulated drug exposures (AUC0-inf and Cmax), following oral administration were within 2-fold of observed values for the dog and monkey, and close to 2-fold for the rat, providing validation to the model structure. Adaptation of this oral PBPK model to humans, using human physiological parameters coupled with predicted human PK, resulted in underpredictions of vismodegib exposure following both single and multiple doses. When observed human PK was used to drive the oral PBPK model, oral PK profiles in humans were well predicted with fold errors in predicted vs observed drug exposures being close to 1. Importantly, the oral PBPK model captured the unique nonlinear, non-dose dependent PK of vismodegib at steady-state. The mechanism responsible for nonlinearity was consistent with oral absorption being influenced by nonsink permeation conditions. We introduce a new parameter, the permeation gradient factor, to characterize the effect of nonsink conditions on permeation. Using vismodegib as an example, we demonstrate the value of using oral PBPK models in drug discovery to predict the oral PK of compounds with nonlinear absorption characteristics in human. Significance Statement A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model was built to demonstrate the value of these models early in the drug discovery stage for the prediction of human PK for compounds with unusual oral pharmacokinetics. In this study, our model could successfully capture the unique steady-state oral pharmacokinetics of our model compound, vismodegib. The mechanism for nonlinearity can be attributed to nonsink permeation conditions in vivo. We introduce the permeation gradient factor as a parameter to assess this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
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31
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The Role of Paracellular Transport in the Intestinal Absorption and Biopharmaceutical Characterization of Minoxidil. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071360. [PMID: 35890257 PMCID: PMC9320695 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate mechanisms behind the intestinal permeability of minoxidil, with special emphasis on paracellular transport, and elucidate the suitability of minoxidil to be a reference drug for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). The permeability of minoxidil (vs. metoprolol) was evaluated in-silico, in-vitro using both the PAMPA assay and across Caco-2 cell monolayers, as well as in-vivo in rats throughout the entire intestine. The permeability was studied in conditions that represent the different segments of the small intestine: upper jejunum (pH 6.5), mid small intestine (pH 7.0), distal ileum (pH 7.5), and colon (pH 6.5). Since we aimed to investigate the paracellular transport of minoxidil, we have also examined its permeability in the presence of quercetin (250 µM), which closes the tight junctions, and sodium decanoate (10 mM), which opens the tight junctions. While metoprolol demonstrated segmental-dependent rat and PAMPA permeability, with higher permeability in higher pH regions, the permeability of minoxidil was pH-independent. Minoxidil PAMPA permeability was significantly lower than its rat permeability, indicating a potential significant role of the paracellular route. In rat intestinal perfusion studies, and across Caco-2 monolayers, tight junction modifiers significantly affected minoxidil permeability; while the presence of quercetin caused decreased permeability, the presence of sodium decanoate caused an increase in minoxidil permeability. In accordance with these in-vitro and in-vivo results, in-silico simulations indicated that approximatelly 15% of minoxidil dose is absorbed paracellularly, mainly in the proximal parts of the intestine. The results of this study indicate that paracellular transport plays a significant role in the intestinal permeability of minoxidil following oral administration. Since this permeation route may lead to higher variability in comparison to transcellular, these findings diminish the suitability of minoxidil to serve as the low/high BSC permeability class benchmark.
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32
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Theoretical Prediction of Gastrointestinal Absorption of Phytochemicals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of bioactive compounds for non-invasive therapy has been the goal of research groups focused on pharmacotherapy. Phytonutrients have always been attractive for researchers because they are a significant source of bioactive phytochemicals. Still, it is challenging to determine which components show high biomedical activity and bioavailability after administration. However, based on the chemical structure of these phytochemicals, their physicochemical properties can be calculated to predict the probability of gastrointestinal (GI) absorption after oral administration. Indeed, different researchers have proposed several rules (e.g., Lipinski’s, Veber’s, Ghose’s, and Muegge’s rules) to attain these predictions, but only for synthetic compounds. Most phytochemicals do not fully comply with these rules even though they show high bioactivity and high GI absorption experimentally. Here, we propose a detailed methodology using scientifically validated web-based platforms to determine the physicochemical properties of five phytochemicals found in ginger, echinacea, and tobacco. Furthermore, we analyzed the calculated data and established a protocol based on the integration of these classical rules, plus other extended parameters, that we called the Phytochemical Rule, to obtain a more reliable prediction of the GI absorption of natural compounds. This methodology can help evaluate bioactive phytochemicals as potential drug candidates and predict their oral bioavailability in patients.
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Subhani S, Kim C, Muniz P, Rodriguez M, van Os S, Suarez E, Cristofoletti R, Schmidt S, Vozmediano V. Application of Physiologically Based Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modeling in the development process of oral modified release generic products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 176:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Le A, Wearing HJ, Li D. Streamlining physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic model design for intravenous delivery of nanoparticle drugs. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:409-424. [PMID: 35045205 PMCID: PMC9007599 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for nanoparticles elucidates the nanoparticle drug’s disposition in the body and serves a vital role in drug development and clinical studies. This paper offers a systematic and tutorial‐like approach to developing a model structure and writing distribution ordinary differential equations based on asking binary questions involving the physicochemical nature of the drug in question. Further, by synthesizing existing knowledge, we summarize pertinent aspects in PBPK modeling and create a guide for building model structure and distribution equations, optimizing nanoparticle and non‐nanoparticle specific parameters, and performing sensitivity analysis and model validation. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate a streamlined model development process for students and practitioners in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh‐Dung Le
- Nanoscience & Microsystems Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Helen J. Wearing
- Department of Biology Department of Mathematics & Statistics University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Dingsheng Li
- School of Community Health Sciences University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
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35
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Radice C, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. Predicting impact of food and feeding time on oral absorption of drugs with a novel rat continuous intestinal absorption model. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:750-761. [PMID: 35339986 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intricacies in intestinal physiology, drug properties, and food effects should be incorporated into models to predict complex oral drug absorption. A previously published human continuous intestinal absorption model based on the convection-diffusion equation was modified specifically for the male Sprague-Dawley rat in this report. Species-specific physiological conditions along intestinal length 'x' - experimental velocity and pH under fasted and fed conditions, were measured and incorporated into the intestinal absorption model. Concentration- time (C-t) profiles were measured upon a single IV and PO dose for three drugs, amlodipine (AML), digoxin (DIG), and glyburide (GLY). Absorption profiles were predicted and compared with experimentally collected data under three feeding conditions: 12-hr fasted rats were provided food at two specific times after oral drug dose (1 hr and 2 hr for AML and GLY, 0.5 hr and 1 hr for DIG), or were provided food for the entire study. IV versus PO C-t profiles suggested absorption even at later times, and informed design of appropriate mathematical input functions based on experimental feeding times. With this model, AML, DIG and GLY oral C-t profiles for all feeding groups were generally well predicted, with exposure overlap coefficients (EOC) in the range of 0.80 - 0.97. Efflux transport for DIG and uptake and efflux transport for GLY were included, modeling uptake transporter inhibition in the presence of food. Results indicate that the continuous intestinal rat model incorporates complex physiological processes and feeding times relative to drug dose, into a simple framework to provide accurate prediction of oral absorption. Significance Statement A novel rat continuous intestinal model predicts drug absorption with respect to time and intestinal length. Feeding time relative to dose was modeled as a key effect. Experimental fasted/fed intestinal pH and velocity, efflux and uptake transporter expression along intestinal length, and uptake transporter inhibition in the presence of food, were modeled. The model uses the pharmacokinetic profiles of three model drugs and provides a novel framework to study food effects on absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Radice
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Swati Nagar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, United States
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Tadini MC, Fernandes FS, Ozelin SD, de Melo MRS, Mansur AL, de Toledo TB, de Albuquerque NCP, Tavares DC, Marquele-Oliveira F, de Oliveira ARM. Pharmacokinetic study of AmB-NP-GR: a new granule form with amphotericin B to treat leishmaniasis and fungal infections. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 173:106173. [PMID: 35331860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) has been the gold standard to treat systemic fungal infections. The use of AmB is restricted to hospitals because it poses several risks, mainly risks related to its high nephrotoxicity. Given the importance of this drug in medicine, new therapeutics and AmB formulations with nanotechnological improvements are required and could bring many benefits to patients. A new drug formulation with gastro-resistant coated granules has been proposed. The lipid-based system containing AmB was produced and used as raw material in the granulation/coated process. The new developed formulation (AmB-NP-GR) was characterized by optical microscopy, granulometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) after disintegration test. AmB-NP-GR showed granular shape, with most granules measured between 250 and 500 µm (37 ± 7% w/w). The AFM images indicated that the granule formulation should disintegrate in the intestine, to release the lipid-based carriers, making them available for absorption and allowing them to reach the blood circulation. The developed formulation was administered to rats in a single dose of 4.0 or 8.0 mg kg-1 and the pharmacokinetics was studied. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Before the pharmacokinetic studies were conducted, the bioanalytical method was validated according to the EMA guideline and all evaluated parameters agreed with this guideline. The pharmacokinetic results showed that Cmax was similar for both doses and that tmax was reached at 4-12 hours for dose of 4.0 mg kg-1 and 4 hours for dose of 8.0 mg kg-1. The half-life related to the dose of 8.0 mg kg-1 increased significantly compared to the dose of 4.0 mg kg-1 (an increase of more than 3 times). In addition, the mean residence time related to the dose of 8.0 mg kg-1 was 4 times higher than for the lower dose. The clearance value showed to be higher for the lower dose. Together, these results provide important conclusions for experimental design of other in vivo safety and efficacy studies of AmB-NP-GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maraine Catarina Tadini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Eleve Science Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Supera Parque Av. Dra. Nadir Aguiar, n. 1805, 14056-680, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Duarte Ozelin
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, n. 201, 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Luiza Mansur
- Eleve Science Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Supera Parque Av. Dra. Nadir Aguiar, n. 1805, 14056-680, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís Bueno de Toledo
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Eleve Science Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Supera Parque Av. Dra. Nadir Aguiar, n. 1805, 14056-680, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Crispim Tavares
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, n. 201, 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Franciane Marquele-Oliveira
- Eleve Science Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Supera Parque Av. Dra. Nadir Aguiar, n. 1805, 14056-680, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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In Silico Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Profile for Human Oral Drug Candidates Which Lack Clinical Pharmacokinetic Experiment Data. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:403-417. [PMID: 35171461 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVES In silico methods which can generate high-quality physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for arbitrary drug candidates are greatly needed to select developable drug candidates that escape drug attrition because of the poor pharmacokinetic profile. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel protocol to preliminarily predict the concentration profile of a target drug based on the PBPK model of a structurally similar template drug by combining two software platforms for PBPK modeling, the SimCYP simulator and ADMET Predictor. METHODS The method was evaluated by utilizing 13 drug pairs from 18 drugs in the built-in database of the SimCYP software. All drug pairs have Tanimoto scores (TS) no less than 0.5. As each drug in a drug pair can serve as both target and template, 26 sets were studied in this work. Three versions (V1, V2 and V3) of models for the target drug were constructed by replacing the corresponding parameters of the template drug step by step with those predicted by ADMET Predictor for the target drug. V1 represents the replacement of molecular weight (MW), V2 includes the replacement of parameter MW, fraction unbound in plasma (fu), blood-to-plasma partition ratio (B/P), logarithm of the octanol-buffer partition coefficient (log Po:w) and acid dissociation constant (pKa). In V3, all above-mentioned parameters as well as human jejunum effective permeability (Peff), Vd and cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism parameters (Km, Vmax or CLint) are modified. Normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) was used for the evaluation of the model performance. RESULTS We found that the performance of the three versions of the models depends on structural similarity of the drug pairs. For Group I drug pairs (TS ≤ 0.7), V2 and V3 performed better than V1 in terms of NRMSE; for Group II drug pairs (0.7 < TS ≤ 0.9), 8 out of 10 V3 models had NRMSE < 0.2, the cutoff we applied to judge whether the simulated concentration-time (C-T) curve was satisfactory or not. V3 outperformed the V1 and V2 versions. For the two drug pairs belonging to Group III (TS > 0.9), V2 outperformed V1 and V3, suggesting more unnecessary replacement can lower the performance of PBPK models. We also investigated how the prediction accuracy of ADMET Predictor as well as its collaboration with SimCYP influences the quality of PBPK models constructed using SimCYP. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we generated practical guidance on applying two mainstream software packages, ADMET Predictor and SimCYP, to construct PBPK models for drugs or drug candidates that lack ADME parameters in model construction.
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Adaptation of the Kirkstall QV600 LLI Microfluidics System for the Study of Gastrointestinal Absorption by Mass Spectrometry Imaging and LC-MS/MS. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020364. [PMID: 35214096 PMCID: PMC8878338 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Absorption studies on oral drugs can be difficult due to the challenge of replicating the complex structure and environment of the GI tract. Drug absorption studies can be conducted using in vivo and ex vivo animal tissue or animal-free techniques. These studies typically involve the use of Caco-2 cells. However, Caco-2 cells do not incorporate all the cell types found in intestinal tissue and lack P450 metabolizing enzymes. The QV600 LLI system is a microfluidics system designed for use with cell culture. Here, it has been adapted to house appropriate sections of ex vivo porcine tissue to act as a system that models the duodenum section of the small intestine. A pH regulated solution of Atorvastatin was flowed over the apical layer of the GI tissue and a nutrient solution flowed over the basal layer of the tissue to maintain tissue viability. The tissue samples were snap-frozen, cryosectioned, and imaged using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI). A proof-of-concept study on the effect of excipients on absorption was conducted. Different concentrations of the solubilizing agent were added to the donor circuit of the QV600 LLI. The amount of Atorvastatin in the acceptor circuit was determined to study the effect of the excipient on the amount of drug that had permeated through the tissue. Using these data, Papp, pig values were calculated and compared with the literature.
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Wuelfing WP, El Marrouni A, Lipert MP, Daublain P, Kesisoglou F, Converso A, Templeton AC. Dose Number as a Tool to Guide Lead Optimization for Orally Bioavailable Compounds in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1685-1694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Peter Wuelfing
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Maya P. Lipert
- AbbVie, Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Pierre Daublain
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | | | - Antonella Converso
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Allen C. Templeton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
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Best practices in current models mimicking drug permeability in the gastrointestinal tract - an UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 170:106098. [PMID: 34954051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of orally administered drug products is a complex, dynamic process, dependent on a range of biopharmaceutical properties; notably the aqueous solubility of a molecule, stability within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and permeability. From a regulatory perspective, the concept of high intestinal permeability is intrinsically linked to the fraction of the oral dose absorbed. The relationship between permeability and the extent of absorption means that experimental models of permeability have regularly been used as a surrogate measure to estimate the fraction absorbed. Accurate assessment of a molecule's intestinal permeability is of critical importance during the pharmaceutical development process of oral drug products, and the current review provides a critique of in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo approaches. The usefulness of in silico models to predict drug permeability is also discussed and an overview of solvent systems used in permeability assessments is provided. Studies of drug absorption in humans are an indirect indicator of intestinal permeability, but in vitro and ex vivo tools provide initial screening approaches are important tools for direct assessment of permeability in drug development. Continued refinement of the accuracy of in silico approaches and their validation with human in vivo data will facilitate more efficient characterisation of permeability earlier in the drug development process and will provide useful inputs for integrated, end-to-end absorption modelling.
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Kim HJ, Im DU, Chau GC, Mishra NK, Kim IS, Um SH. Novel anti-adipogenic effect of CF 3-allylated indole in 3T3-L1 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 352:109782. [PMID: 34932954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indole derivatives from various plants are known to have health benefits because of their anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tubercular effects. However, their effects on adipogenesis have not been fully elucidated yet. Herein, we show that a newly synthesized indole derivative, CF3-allylated indole, [(E)-1-(pyrimidin- 2-yl)-2-(4,4,4- trifluorobut-2-enyl)-1H-indole], effectively inhibits adipogenesis. We found that CF3-allylated indole inhibited lipid accumulation and suppressed the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in 3T3-L1 cells. The inhibitory effect of CF3-allylated indole primarily occurred at the early phase of adipocyte differentiation by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and enhancing protein kinase A (PKA) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Conversely, depletion of PKA or treatment with a protein kinase A inhibitor (H89) reversed such inhibitory effects of CF3-allylated indole on adipogenesis and PPARγ expression. These results suggest that CF3-allylated indole inhibits early stages of adipogenesis by increasing phosphorylation of PKA/AMPK, leading to decreased expression of adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 cells. These results indicate that CF3-allylated indole has potential for controlling initial adipocyte differentiation in metabolic disorders such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Uk Im
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Gia Cac Chau
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Neeraj Kumar Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hee Um
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute Convergence at Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Shekarri Q, Dekker M. A Physiological-Based Model for Simulating the Bioavailability and Kinetics of Sulforaphane from Broccoli Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112761. [PMID: 34829040 PMCID: PMC8620288 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no known physiological-based digestion models that depict glucoraphanin (GR) to sulforaphane (SR) conversion and subsequent absorption. The aim of this research was to make a physiological-based digestion model that includes SR formation, both by endogenous myrosinase and gut bacterial enzymes, and to simulate the SR bioavailability. An 18-compartment model (mouth, two stomach, seven small intestine, seven large intestine, and blood compartments) describing transit, reactions and absorption was made. The model, consisting of differential equations, was fit to data from a human intervention study using Mathwork’s Simulink and Matlab software. SR urine metabolite data from participants who consumed different broccoli products were used to estimate several model parameters and validate the model. The products had high, medium, low, and zero myrosinase content. The model’s predicted values fit the experimental values very well. Parity plots showed that the predicted values closely matched experimental values for the high (r2 = 0.95), and low (r2 = 0.93) products, but less so for the medium (r2 = 0.85) and zero (r2 = 0.78) myrosinase products. This is the first physiological-based model to depict the unique bioconversion processes of bioactive SR from broccoli. This model represents a preliminary step in creating a predictive model for the biological effect of SR, which can be used in the growing field of personalized nutrition.
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Diaminomaleonitrile derivatives as new potential antichagasic compounds: a study of structure-activity relationships. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:2167-2183. [PMID: 34708659 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schiff bases are synthetically accessible compounds that have been used in medicinal chemistry. Methods & results: In this work, 27 Schiff bases derived from diaminomaleonitrile were synthesized in high yields (80-98%). Molecular docking studies suggested that the Schiff bases interact with the catalytic site of cruzain. The most active cruzain inhibitor, analog 13 (IC50 = 263 nM), was predicted to form an additional hydrophobic contact with Met68 in the binding site of the enzyme. A strong correlation between the IC50 values and ChemScore binding energies was observed (R = 0.99). Kernel-based 2D quantitative structure-activity relationship models for the whole dataset yielded sound correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.844; Q2 = 0.719). Conclusion: These novel and potent cruzain inhibitors are worthwhile starting points in further Chagas disease drug discovery programs.
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Kulkarni P, Lohidasan S, Mahadik K. Bioanalytical method development for momordicinin and its application to long-term pharmacokinetics in diabetic rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1064-1071. [PMID: 33818228 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1908337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate bioanalytical RP-HPLC method to evaluate pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution pattern of momordicinin (MRN). SIGNIFICANCE MRN is one of the major cucurbitane triterpenoid found in Momordica charantia Linn (MC). However, MRN has not been explored for its pharmacokinetic profile, tissue distribution, and stability in order to establish it as an antidiabetic agent. METHODS In 28 days pharmacokinetic study, 54 diabetic male wistar rats were divided into three different groups and administered with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg MRN orally. The blood samples were collected at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28th day of the treatment and plasma quantification of MRN was done by validated RP-HPLC method. The rats were sacrificed at end of the study for tissue distribution. RESULTS The developed method was successfully applied to investigate pharmacokinetic profile of MRN. In pharmacokinetic analysis, the Cmax for 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg was found to be 8.412, 10.443, and 11.829 µg/mL respectively suggesting the dose dependent activity. The maximum plasma concentration was achieved at 2 h for all doses. MRN showed major distribution in liver followed by kidney, spleen, and pancreas. CONCLUSION The newly developed and validated method was used to assay MRN in plasma as well as in tissues to evaluate pharmacokinetics of the drug for the first time. Undoubtedly, these findings can be taken into consideration while concluding its therapeutic effects after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, India
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Lohidasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, India
| | - Kakasaheb Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Pune, India
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Anuta V, Mircioiu C, Voicu V, Mircioiu I, Sandulovici R. Square root law model for the delivery and intestinal absorption of drugs: a case of hydrophilic captopril. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1685-1694. [PMID: 34355621 PMCID: PMC8354182 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1960929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo release and absorption of drugs are dependent on the interplay between many factors related to compound, formulation, and physiological properties. The mathematical models of oral drug absorption attempt to strike a balance between a complete description that takes into consideration as many independent factors as possible, and simple models that operate with fewer parameters, based mainly on critical factors. The latter models are by far more robust and easier to apply to predict the extent and sometimes even the rate of absorption. The present paper attempted to develop a simple model to describe the time course of absorption of the hydrophilic drug captopril (CPT) at the early phases of absorption, with implications mainly in the induction and early stages of achieving its therapeutic effect. As a phenomenological model, the instantaneous release of CPT was considered in the gastrointestinal fluid, leading to a constant drug concentration for a prolonged time, followed by a ‘long path diffusion’ inside the intestinal wall and a very low concentration at the interface intestinal wall-blood. These conditions regarding CPT concentration were translated into initial and boundary mathematical conditions for the diffusion equation in the intestinal wall. The solution of the diffusion equation led in the end to a square root law describing the dependence between the fraction of the drug absorbed and time. The model was successfully applied to data obtained in five bioequivalence studies: three comparing plasma levels achieved after the administration of a single dose of CPT 50 mg, one evaluating CPT pharmacokinetics after a 100 mg dose, and a fifth comparing CPT pharmacokinetics of two fixed-dose combinations of CPT 50 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Anuta
- Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Mircioiu
- Doctoral School, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Victor Voicu
- Doctoral School, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ion Mircioiu
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Sandulovici
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Biostatistics, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
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Dyavar SR, Kumar S, Gautam N, Podany AT, Winchester LC, Weinhold JA, Mykris TM, Nallasamy P, Alnouti Y, Fletcher CV. Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of antiretroviral drugs, compared with oral, enhances delivery to lymphoid tissues in BALB/c mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2651-2658. [PMID: 34312680 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple tissue reservoirs are established soon after HIV infection, and some tissues may also be pharmacological sanctuaries. Parenteral administration of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection is an active area of drug development. The influence of route of administration on ARV tissue pharmacokinetics is not known. OBJECTIVES To investigate ARV pharmacokinetics in lymphatic and select non-lymphatic tissues (e.g. brain and testes) after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration compared with oral in BALB/c mice. METHODS Tissue concentrations of cobicistat, efavirenz, elvitegravir, maraviroc, rilpivirine, tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were determined. The tissue penetration ratio (TPR) was the primary measure for comparison; a change in TPR arises from factors affecting tissue distribution controlling for changes in systemic bioavailability. RESULTS Intramuscular and subcutaneous delivery increased TPRs in the lymph node and spleen for 27 of 28 (96%) drug administration events. Decreased TPRs, however, were found in some tissues such as the brain and testes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a change in route of drug administration from oral to intramuscular or subcutaneous can change tissue uptake. This has implications for HIV pharmacotherapy. For example, HIV persists in lymphoid tissues despite long-term oral ARV therapy, and low ARV concentrations have been found in lymphoid tissues. The improved ARV lymphatic tissue bioavailability with intramuscular and subcutaneous administration allows future studies to investigate these routes of drug administration as a therapeutic manoeuvre to limit viral persistence and eliminate viral sanctuaries in the lymphatic tissues, which is a prerequisite for eradication of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shetty Ravi Dyavar
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anthony T Podany
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lee C Winchester
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jonathan A Weinhold
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy M Mykris
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Palanisamy Nallasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UNMC, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, UNMC, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
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A hybrid modeling approach for assessing mechanistic models of small molecule partitioning in vivo using a machine learning-integrated modeling platform. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11143. [PMID: 34045592 PMCID: PMC8160209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of the first-in-human dosing regimens is a critical step in drug development and requires accurate quantitation of drug distribution. Traditional in vivo studies used to characterize clinical candidate’s volume of distribution are error-prone, time- and cost-intensive and lack reproducibility in clinical settings. The paper demonstrates how a computational platform integrating machine learning optimization with mechanistic modeling can be used to simulate compound plasma concentration profile and predict tissue-plasma partition coefficients with high accuracy by varying the lipophilicity descriptor logP. The approach applied to chemically diverse small molecules resulted in comparable geometric mean fold-errors of 1.50 and 1.63 in pharmacokinetic outputs for direct tissue:plasma partition and hybrid logP optimization, with the latter enabling prediction of tissue permeation that can be used to guide toxicity and efficacy dosing in human subjects. The optimization simulations required to achieve these results were parallelized on the AWS cloud and generated outputs in under 5 h. Accuracy, speed, and scalability of the framework indicate that it can be used to assess the relevance of other mechanistic relationships implicated in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic phenomena with a lower risk of overfitting datasets and generate large database of physiologically-relevant drug disposition for further integration with machine learning models.
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Fedi A, Vitale C, Ponschin G, Ayehunie S, Fato M, Scaglione S. In vitro models replicating the human intestinal epithelium for absorption and metabolism studies: A systematic review. J Control Release 2021; 335:247-268. [PMID: 34033859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies represent a fundamental step in the early stages of drug discovery. In particular, the absorption of orally administered drugs, which occurs at the intestinal level, has gained attention since poor oral bioavailability often led to failures for new drug approval. In this context, several in vitro preclinical models have been recently developed and optimized to better resemble human physiology in the lab and serve as an animal alternative to accomplish the 3Rs principles. However, numerous models are ineffective in recapitulating the key features of the human small intestine epithelium and lack of prediction potential for drug absorption and metabolism during the preclinical stage. In this review, we provide an overview of in vitro models aimed at mimicking the intestinal barrier for pharmaceutical screening. After briefly describing how the human small intestine works, we present i) conventional 2D synthetic and cell-based systems, ii) 3D models replicating the main features of the intestinal architecture, iii) micro-physiological systems (MPSs) reproducing the dynamic stimuli to which cells are exposed in the native microenvironment. In this review, we will highlight the benefits and drawbacks of the leading intestinal models used for drug absorption and metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Fedi
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications (IEIIT) Institute, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications (IEIIT) Institute, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Ponschin
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Fato
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications (IEIIT) Institute, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Scaglione
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications (IEIIT) Institute, 16149 Genoa, Italy.
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Palombo G, Merone M, Altomare A, Gori M, Terradura C, Bacco L, Del Chierico F, Putignani L, Cicala M, Guarino MPL, Piemonte V. The impact of the intestinal microbiota and the mucosal permeability on three different antibiotic drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 164:105869. [PMID: 34020000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundThe totality of bacteria, protozoa, viruses and fungi that lives in the human body is called microbiota. Human microbiota specifically colonizes the skin, the respiratory and urinary tract, the urogenital tract and the gastrointestinal system. This study focuses on the intestinal microbiota to explore the drug-microbiota relationship and, therefore, how the drug bioavailability changes in relation to the microbiota biodiversity to identify more personalized therapies, with the minimum risk of side effects. MethodsTo achieve this goal, we developed a new mathematical model with two compartments, the intestine and the blood, which takes into account the colonic mucosal permeability variation - measured by Ussing chamber system on human colonic mucosal biopsies - and the fecal microbiota composition, determined through microbiota 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Both of the clinical parameters were evaluated in a group of Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients compared to a group of healthy controls. Key ResultsThe results show that plasma drug concentration increases as bacterial concentration decreases, while it decreases as intestinal length decreases too. ConclusionsThe study provides interesting data since in literature there are not yet mathematical models with these features, in which the importance of intestinal microbiota, the "forgotten organ", is considered both for the subject health state and in the nutrients and drugs metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Palombo
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "A. Ruberti", IASI-CNR (National Research Council of Italy), Rome, Italy; SYSBIO/ISBE.IT, Centre of System Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Merone
- Computer Systems and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Manuele Gori
- Unit of Gastroenterology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC) - National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Terradura
- Unit of Chemical-physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bacco
- Computer Systems and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy; Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale "Antonio Zampolli" (IL-CNR), ItaliaNLP Lab, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Del Chierico
- Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Cicala
- Unit of Gastroenterology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Piemonte
- Unit of Chemical-physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy
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Djokovic N, Ruzic D, Djikic T, Cvijic S, Ignjatovic J, Ibric S, Baralic K, Buha Djordjevic A, Curcic M, Djukic‐Cosic D, Nikolic K. An Integrative in silico Drug Repurposing Approach for Identification of Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Mol Inform 2021; 40:e2000187. [PMID: 33787066 PMCID: PMC8250230 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Considering the urgent need for novel therapeutics in ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, drug repurposing approach might offer rapid solutions comparing to de novo drug design. In this study, we designed an integrative in silico drug repurposing approach for rapid selection of potential candidates against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro ). To screen FDA-approved drugs, we implemented structure-based molecular modelling techniques, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling of drugs disposition and data mining analysis of drug-gene-COVID-19 association. Through presented approach, we selected the most promising FDA approved drugs for further COVID-19 drug development campaigns and analysed them in context of available experimental data. To the best of our knowledge, this is unique in silico study which integrates structure-based molecular modeling of Mpro inhibitors with predictions of their tissue disposition, drug-gene-COVID-19 associations and prediction of pleiotropic effects of selected candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Djokovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Dusan Ruzic
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Teodora Djikic
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Sandra Cvijic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and CosmetologyUniversity of BelgradeFaculty of PharmacyVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Jelisaveta Ignjatovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and CosmetologyUniversity of BelgradeFaculty of PharmacyVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Svetlana Ibric
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and CosmetologyUniversity of BelgradeFaculty of PharmacyVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Katarina Baralic
- Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovic”Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic
- Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovic”Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Marijana Curcic
- Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovic”Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Danijela Djukic‐Cosic
- Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovic”Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeVojvode Stepe 45011221BelgradeSerbia
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