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Vivacqua G, Mancinelli R, Leone S, Vaccaro R, Garro L, Carotti S, Ceci L, Onori P, Pannarale L, Franchitto A, Gaudio E, Casini A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A possible connection between intestinal inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14780. [PMID: 38462652 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different studies have shown the key role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. ER stress leads to the formation of misfolded proteins which affect the secretion of different cell types that are crucial for the intestinal homeostasis. PURPOSE In this review, we discuss the role of ER stress and its involvement in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic conditions that can cause severe damage of the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on the alteration of Paneth cells and goblet cells (the principal secretory phenotypes of the intestinal epithelial cells). ER stress is also discussed in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, in which protein misfolding represents the signature mechanism. ER stress in the bowel and consequent accumulation of misfolded proteins might represent a bridge between bowel inflammation and neurodegeneration along the gut-to-brain axis, affecting intestinal epithelial homeostasis and the equilibrium of the commensal microbiota. Targeting intestinal ER stress could foster future studies for designing new biomarkers and new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Vivacqua
- Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Vaccaro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Garro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carotti
- Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Pannarale
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Casini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Nascimento RR, Aquino CC, Sousa JK, Gadelha KL, Cajado AG, Schiebel CS, Dooley SA, Sousa PA, Rocha JA, Medeiros JR, Magalhães PC, Maria-Ferreira D, Gois MB, C P Lima-Junior R, V T Wong D, Lima AM, Engevik AC, Nicolau LD, Vale ML. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein triggers gut impairment since mucosal barrier to innermost layers: From basic science to clinical relevance. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00029-1. [PMID: 38555027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Studies have reported the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, primarily diarrhea, in COVID-19. However, the pathobiology regarding COVID-19 in the GI tract remains limited. This work aimed to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein interaction with gut lumen in different experimental approaches. Here, we present a novel experimental model with the inoculation of viral protein in the murine jejunal lumen, in vitro approach with human enterocytes, and molecular docking analysis. Spike protein led to increased intestinal fluid accompanied by Cl- secretion, followed by intestinal edema, leukocyte infiltration, reduced glutathione levels, and increased cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-10], indicating inflammation. Additionally, the viral epitope caused disruption in the mucosal histoarchitecture with impairment in Paneth and goblet cells, including decreased lysozyme and mucin, respectively. Upregulation of toll-like receptor 2 and toll-like receptor 4 gene expression suggested potential activation of local innate immunity. Moreover, this experimental model exhibited reduced contractile responses in jejunal smooth muscle. In barrier function, there was a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and alterations in the expression of tight junction proteins in the murine jejunal epithelium. Additionally, paracellular intestinal permeability increased in human enterocytes. Finally, in silico data revealed that the Spike protein interacts with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and calcium-activated chloride conductance (CaCC), inferring its role in the secretory effect. Taken together, all the events observed point to gut impairment, affecting the mucosal barrier to the innermost layers, establishing a successful experimental model for studying COVID-19 in the GI context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata R Nascimento
- Post Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Cristhyane C Aquino
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José K Sousa
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kalinne L Gadelha
- Post Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Aurilene G Cajado
- Post Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Carolina S Schiebel
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sarah A Dooley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Paulo A Sousa
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, Lab of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Jefferson A Rocha
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, Lab of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Jand R Medeiros
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, Lab of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Pedro C Magalhães
- Post Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maria-Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Gois
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brazil
| | - Roberto C P Lima-Junior
- Post Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Deysi V T Wong
- Post Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Aldo M Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amy C Engevik
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lucas D Nicolau
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid and Clinical Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, Lab of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.
| | - Mariana L Vale
- Post Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Windhaber C, Heckl A, Csukovich G, Pratscher B, Burgener IA, Biermann N, Dengler F. A matter of differentiation: equine enteroids as a model for the in vivo intestinal epithelium. Vet Res 2024; 55:30. [PMID: 38493107 PMCID: PMC10943904 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial damage due to gastrointestinal disorders frequently causes severe disease in horses. To study the underlying pathophysiological processes, we aimed to establish equine jejunum and colon enteroids (eqJE, eqCE) mimicking the in vivo epithelium. Therefore, enteroids were cultivated in four different media for differentiation and subsequently characterized histomorphologically, on mRNA and on protein level in comparison to the native epithelium of the same donor horses to identify ideal culture conditions for an in vitro model system. With increasing enterocyte differentiation, the enteroids showed a reduced growth rate as well as a predominantly spherical morphology and less budding compared to enteroids in proliferation medium. Combined or individual withdrawal of stem cell niche pathway components resulted in lower mRNA expression levels of stem cell markers and concomitant differentiation of enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. For eqCE, withdrawal of Wnt alone was sufficient for the generation of differentiated enterocytes with a close resemblance to the in vivo epithelium. Combined removal of Wnt, R-spondin and Noggin and the addition of DAPT stimulated differentiation of eqJE at a similar level as the in vivo epithelium, particularly with regard to enterocytes. In summary, we successfully defined a medium composition that promotes the formation of eqJE and eqCE consisting of multiple cell types and resembling the in vivo epithelium. Our findings emphasize the importance of adapting culture conditions to the respective species and the intestinal segment. This in vitro model will be used to investigate the pathological mechanisms underlying equine gastrointestinal disorders in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Windhaber
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Heckl
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Csukovich
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan Anton Burgener
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Biermann
- Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Macedo MH, Dias Neto M, Pastrana L, Gonçalves C, Xavier M. Recent Advances in Cell-Based In Vitro Models to Recreate Human Intestinal Inflammation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301391. [PMID: 37736674 PMCID: PMC10625086 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease causes a major burden to patients and healthcare systems, raising the need to develop effective therapies. Technological advances in cell culture, allied with ethical issues, have propelled in vitro models as essential tools to study disease aetiology, its progression, and possible therapies. Several cell-based in vitro models of intestinal inflammation have been used, varying in their complexity and methodology to induce inflammation. Immortalized cell lines are extensively used due to their long-term survival, in contrast to primary cultures that are short-lived but patient-specific. Recently, organoids and organ-chips have demonstrated great potential by being physiologically more relevant. This review aims to shed light on the intricate nature of intestinal inflammation and cover recent works that report cell-based in vitro models of human intestinal inflammation, encompassing diverse approaches and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Macedo
- INL – International Iberian Nanotechnology LaboratoryAvenida Mestre José VeigaBraga4715‐330Portugal
| | - Mafalda Dias Neto
- INL – International Iberian Nanotechnology LaboratoryAvenida Mestre José VeigaBraga4715‐330Portugal
| | - Lorenzo Pastrana
- INL – International Iberian Nanotechnology LaboratoryAvenida Mestre José VeigaBraga4715‐330Portugal
| | - Catarina Gonçalves
- INL – International Iberian Nanotechnology LaboratoryAvenida Mestre José VeigaBraga4715‐330Portugal
| | - Miguel Xavier
- INL – International Iberian Nanotechnology LaboratoryAvenida Mestre José VeigaBraga4715‐330Portugal
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5
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Briassoulis G, Briassoulis P, Ilia S, Miliaraki M, Briassouli E. The Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Necroptotic Role of Zinc in COVID-19 and Sepsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1942. [PMID: 38001795 PMCID: PMC10669546 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a structural component of proteins, functions as a catalytic co-factor in DNA synthesis and transcription of hundreds of enzymes, and has a regulatory role in protein-DNA interactions of zinc-finger proteins. For many years, zinc has been acknowledged for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. Furthermore, zinc is a potent inhibitor of caspases-3, -7, and -8, modulating the caspase-controlled apoptosis and necroptosis. In recent years, the immunomodulatory role of zinc in sepsis and COVID-19 has been investigated. Both sepsis and COVID-19 are related to various regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, including apoptosis and necroptosis. Lack of zinc may have a negative effect on many immune functions, such as oxidative burst, cytokine production, chemotaxis, degranulation, phagocytosis, and RCD. While plasma zinc concentrations decline swiftly during both sepsis and COVID-19, this reduction is primarily attributed to a redistribution process associated with the inflammatory response. In this response, hepatic metallothionein production increases in reaction to cytokine release, which is linked to inflammation, and this protein effectively captures and stores zinc in the liver. Multiple regulatory mechanisms come into play, influencing the uptake of zinc, the binding of zinc to blood albumin and red blood cells, as well as the buffering and modulation of cytosolic zinc levels. Decreased zinc levels are associated with increasing severity of organ dysfunction, prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality in septic and COVID-19 patients. Results of recent studies focusing on these topics are summarized and discussed in this narrative review. Existing evidence currently does not support pharmacological zinc supplementation in patients with sepsis or COVID-19. Complementation and repletion should follow current guidelines for micronutrients in critically ill patients. Further research investigating the pharmacological mechanism of zinc in programmed cell death caused by invasive infections and its therapeutic potential in sepsis and COVID-19 could be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Briassoulis
- Postgraduate Program “Emergency and Intensive Care in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults”, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Briassoulis
- Second Department of Anesthesiology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stavroula Ilia
- Postgraduate Program “Emergency and Intensive Care in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults”, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Marianna Miliaraki
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Efrossini Briassouli
- Infectious Diseases Department “MAKKA”, First Department of Paediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Kolev HM, Kaestner KH. Mammalian Intestinal Development and Differentiation-The State of the Art. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:809-821. [PMID: 37507088 PMCID: PMC10520362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian intestine, from its earliest origins as a morphologically uniform sheet of endoderm cells during gastrulation into the complex organ system that is essential for the life of the organism, is a truly fascinating process. During midgestation development, reciprocal interactions between endoderm-derived epithelium and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme enable villification, or the conversion of a radially symmetric pseudostratified epithelium into the functional subdivision of crypts and villi. Once a mature crypt-villus axis is established, proliferation and differentiation of new epithelial cells continue throughout life. Spatially localized signals including the wingless and Int-1, fibroblast growth factor, and Hippo systems, among others, ensure that new cells are being born continuously in the crypt. As cells exit the crypt compartment, a gradient of bone morphogenetic protein signaling limits proliferation to allow for the specification of multiple mature cell types. The first major differentiation decision is dependent on Notch signaling, which specifies epithelial cells into absorptive and secretory lineages. The secretory lineage is subdivided further into Paneth, goblet, tuft, and enteroendocrine cells via a complex network of transcription factors. Although some of the signaling molecules are produced by epithelial cells, critical components are derived from specialized crypt-adjacent mesenchymal cells termed telocytes, which are marked by Forkhead box l1, GLI Family Zinc Finger 1, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α. The crucial nature of these processes is evidenced by the multitude of intestinal disorders such as colorectal cancer, short-bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease, which all reflect perturbations of the development and/or differentiation of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Kolev
- Department of Genetics and Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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7
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Tobi M, Bluth MH, Rossi NF, Demian E, Talwar H, Tobi YY, Sochacki P, Levi E, Lawson M, McVicker B. In the SARS-CoV-2 Pandora Pandemic: Can the Stance of Premorbid Intestinal Innate Immune System as Measured by Fecal Adnab-9 Binding of p87:Blood Ferritin, Yielding the FERAD Ratio, Predict COVID-19 Susceptibility and Survival in a Prospective Population Database? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7536. [PMID: 37108697 PMCID: PMC10145175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 severity predictions are feasible, though individual susceptibility is not. The latter prediction allows for planning vaccination strategies and the quarantine of vulnerable targets. Ironically, the innate immune response (InImS) is both an antiviral defense and the potential cause of adverse immune outcomes. The competition for iron has been recognized between both the immune system and invading pathogens and expressed in a ratio of ferritin divided by p87 (as defined by the Adnab-9 ELISA stool-binding optical density, minus the background), known as the FERAD ratio. Associations with the FERAD ratio may allow predictive modeling for the susceptibility and severity of disease. We evaluated other potential COVID-19 biomarkers prospectively. Patients with PCR+ COVID-19 tests (Group 1; n = 28) were compared to three other groups. In Group 2 (n = 36), and 13 patients displayed COVID-19-like symptoms but had negative PCR or negative antibody tests. Group 3 (n = 90) had no symptoms and were negative when routinely PCR-tested before medical procedures. Group 4 (n = 2129) comprised a pool of patients who had stool tests and symptoms, but their COVID-19 diagnoses were unknown; therefore, they were chosen to represent the general population. Twenty percent of the Group 4 patients (n = 432) had sufficient data to calculate their FERAD ratios, which were inversely correlated with the risk of COVID-19 in the future. In a case report of a neonate, we studied three biomarkers implicated in COVID-19, including p87, Src (cellular-p60-sarcoma antigen), and Abl (ABL-proto-oncogene 2). The InImS of the first two were positively correlated. An inverse correlation was found between ferritin and lysozyme in serum (p < 0.05), suggesting that iron could have impaired an important innate immune system anti-viral effector and could partially explain future COVID-19 susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tobi
- Research and Development Service, Detroit VAMC, 4747 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48602, USA
| | - Martin H. Bluth
- Blood Transfusion and Donor Services, Department of Pathology, Maimonides Medical Center, 4802 10th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield St, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Noreen F. Rossi
- Research and Development Service, Detroit VAMC, 4747 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48602, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ereny Demian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 700 HMC Cres Rd., Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Harvinder Talwar
- Research and Development Service, Detroit VAMC, 4747 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48602, USA
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield St, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yosef Y. Tobi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paula Sochacki
- Department of Pathology, Detroit VAMC, 4747 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48602, USA
| | - Edi Levi
- Research and Development Service, Detroit VAMC, 4747 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48602, USA
| | - Michael Lawson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Benita McVicker
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Lu S, Xu J, Xu Y, Liu Y, Shi D, Wang J, Qiu F. Glycyrol attenuates colon injury via promotion of SQSTM1/p62 ubiquitination and autophagy by inhibiting the ubiquitin-specific protease USP8. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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9
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Porter JM, Oswald MS, Sharma A, Emmanuel S, Kansol A, Bennett A, McKenna R, Smith JG. A Single Surface-Exposed Amino Acid Determines Differential Neutralization of AAV1 and AAV6 by Human Alpha-Defensins. J Virol 2023; 97:e0006023. [PMID: 36916912 PMCID: PMC10062168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00060-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are being developed as gene therapy vectors due to their low pathogenicity and tissue tropism properties. However, the efficacy of these vectors is impeded by interactions with the host immune system. One potential immune barrier to vector transduction is innate immune host defense peptides, such as alpha-defensins, which are potent antiviral agents against other nonenveloped viruses. To investigate the interaction between AAVs and alpha-defensins, we utilized two closely related AAV serotypes, AAV1 and AAV6. Although their capsids differ by only six residues, these two serotypes exhibit markedly different tissue tropisms and transduction efficiencies. Using two abundant human alpha-defensins, enteric human defensin 5 (HD5) and myeloid human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1), we found both serotype-specific and defensin-specific effects on AAV infection. AAV6 infection was uniformly neutralized by both defensins at low micromolar concentrations; however, inhibition of AAV1 infection was profoundly influenced by the timing of defensin exposure to the virus relative to viral attachment to the cell. Remarkably, these differences in the defensin-dependent infection phenotype between the viruses are completely dictated by the identity of a single, surface-exposed amino acid (position 531) that varies between the two serotypes. These findings reveal a determinant for defensin activity against a virus with unprecedented precision. Furthermore, they provide a rationale for the investigation of other AAV serotypes not only to understand the mechanism of neutralization of defensins against AAVs but also to design more efficient vectors. IMPORTANCE The ability of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to infect and deliver genetic material to a range of cell types makes them favorable gene therapy vectors. However, AAV vectors encounter a wide variety of host immune factors throughout the body, which can impede efficient gene delivery. One such group of factors is the alpha-defensins, which are a key component of the innate immune system that can directly block viral infection. By studying the impact that alpha-defensins have on AAV infection, we found that two similar AAV serotypes (AAV1 and AAV6) have different sensitivities to inhibition. We also identified a single amino acid (position 531) that differs between the two AAV serotypes and is responsible for mediating their defensin sensitivity. By investigating the effects that host immune factors have on AAV infection, more efficient vectors may be developed to evade intervention by the immune system prior to gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Porter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mackenzi S. Oswald
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shanan Emmanuel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Austin Kansol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jason G. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Wang T, Qiao W, Xie Y, Ma J, Hu W, Yang L, Li X, Duan C, Wu S, Wang Y, Cheng K, Zhang Y, Zhuang R. CD226 deficiency exacerbated intestinal immune dysregulation in mice with dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis. Immunology 2023. [PMID: 36938934 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal immunity plays a pivotal role in host defence. In this study, we found that cluster of differentiation 226 (CD226) gene knockout (KO) led to more severe atopic dermatitis (AD)-related skin pathologies and bowel abnormalities in a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD-like mouse model. Following DNCB administration, the expression of CD226 was elevated in intestinal mucosal tissues, including group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) and CD4+ T cells of Peyer's patches (PPs). CD226 deficiency led to an overactive intestinal immune response in the AD-like mice, as evidenced by increased inflammation and Th1/Th2-related cytokine levels as well as increased Paneth cell numbers and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression, which was likely due to the higher interleukin (IL)-22 production in the lamina propria. Additionally, CD226 deficiency increased the production of IL-4 and IL-17 in mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the number of PPs and expression of immunoglobulin (Ig) A in B cells. Moreover, insufficient expression of CD226 affected the characterization of intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa. Finally, the number of PPs was increased in CD4+ T cell-specific CD226 KO and regulatory T (Treg) cell-specific CD226 KO mice; thus, loss of CD226 in Treg cells resulted in impaired Treg cell-suppressive function. Therefore, our findings indicate that CD226 deficiency alters intestinal immune functionality in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Qiao
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Otolaryngological, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingchang Ma
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chujun Duan
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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11
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González Delgado S, Garza-Veloz I, Trejo-Vazquez F, Martinez-Fierro ML. Interplay between Serotonin, Immune Response, and Intestinal Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415632. [PMID: 36555276 PMCID: PMC9779345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by periods of activity and remission. IBD includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and even though IBD has not been considered as a heritable disease, there are genetic variants associated with increased risk for the disease. 5-Hydroxytriptamine (5-HT), or serotonin, exerts a wide range of gastrointestinal effects under both normal and pathological conditions. Furthermore, Serotonin Transporter (SERT) coded by Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4 (SLC6A4) gene (located in the 17q11.1-q12 chromosome), possesses genetic variants, such as Serotonin Transporter Gene Variable Number Tandem Repeat in Intron 2 (STin2-VNTR) and Serotonin-Transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR), which have an influence over the functionality of SERT in the re-uptake and bioavailability of serotonin. The intestinal microbiota is a crucial actor in normal human gut physiology, exerting effects on serotonin, SERT function, and inflammatory processes. As a consequence of abnormal serotonin signaling and SERT function under these inflammatory processes, the use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been seen to improve disease activity and extraintestinal manifestations, such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study is to integrate scientific data linking the intestinal microbiota as a regulator of gut serotonin signaling and re-uptake, as well as its role in the pathogenesis of IBD. We performed a narrative review, including a literature search in the PubMed database of both review and original articles (no date restriction), as well as information about the SLC6A4 gene and its genetic variants obtained from the Ensembl website. Scientific evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials regarding the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as an adjuvant therapy in patients with IBD is also discussed. A total of 194 articles were used between reviews, in vivo, in vitro studies, and clinical trials.
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12
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Qin D, Ma Y, Wang Y, Hou X, Yu L. Contribution of Lactobacilli on Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Diseases: Perspectives and Challenges of Lactobacillus casei. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111910. [PMID: 36431045 PMCID: PMC9696601 DOI: 10.3390/life12111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The intestine barrier, the front line of normal body defense, relies on its structural integrity, microbial composition and barrier immunity. The intestinal mucosal surface is continuously exposed to a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms. Although it occupies a relatively small proportion of the intestinal microbiota, Lactobacilli has been discovered to have a significant impact on the intestine tract in previous studies. It is undeniable that some Lactobacillus strains present probiotic properties through maintaining the micro-ecological balance via different mechanisms, such as mucosal barrier function and barrier immunity, to prevent infection and even to solve some neurology issues by microbiota-gut-brain/liver/lung axis communication. Notably, not only living cells but also Lactobacillus derivatives (postbiotics: soluble secreted products and para-probiotics: cell structural components) may exert antipathogenic effects and beneficial functions for the gut mucosal barrier. However, substantial research on specific effects, safety and action mechanisms in vivo should be done. In clinical application of humans and animals, there are still doubts about the precise evaluation of Lactobacilli's safety, therapeutic effect, dosage and other aspects. Therefore, we provide an overview of central issues on the impacts of Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) and their products on the intestinal mucosal barrier and some diseases and highlight the urgent need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Qin
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yixuan Ma
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- Colleges of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-4596-819-290 (X.H. & L.Y.); Fax: +86-4596-819-292 (X.H. & L.Y.)
| | - Liyun Yu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Colleges of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-4596-819-290 (X.H. & L.Y.); Fax: +86-4596-819-292 (X.H. & L.Y.)
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13
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Porcine Intestinal Organoids: Overview of the State of the Art. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051110. [PMID: 35632851 PMCID: PMC9147602 DOI: 10.3390/v14051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is a crucial part of the body for growth and development, and its dysregulation can cause several diseases. The lack of appropriate in vitro models hampers the development of effective preventions and treatments against these intestinal tract diseases. Intestinal organoids are three-dimensional (3D) polarized structures composed of different types of cells capable of self-organization and self-renewal, resembling their organ of origin in architecture and function. Porcine intestinal organoids (PIOs) have been cultured and are used widely in agricultural, veterinary, and biomedical research. Based on the similarity of the genomic sequence, anatomic morphology, and drug metabolism with humans and the difficulty in obtaining healthy human tissue, PIOs are also considered ideal models relative to rodents. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on PIOs, emphasizing their culturing, establishment and development, and applications in the study of host–microbe interactions, nutritional development, drug discovery, and gene editing potential.
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14
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Zheng H, Chen Y, Li J, Li H, Zhao X, Li J, Yang F, Li Y, Liu C, Qin L, Zuo Y, Zhang Q, He Z, Shi H, Li Q, Liu L. Longitudinal analyses reveal distinct immune response landscapes in lung and intestinal tissues from SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110864. [PMID: 35594870 PMCID: PMC9080054 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological and immune response of individuals with COVID-19 display different dynamics in lung and intestine. Here, we depict the single-cell transcriptional atlas of longitudinally collected lung and intestinal tissue samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected monkeys at 3 to 10 dpi. We find that intestinal enterocytes are degraded at 3 days post-infection but recovered rapidly, revealing that infection has mild effects on the intestine. Crucially, we observe suppression of the inflammatory response and tissue damage related to B-cell and Paneth cell accumulation in the intestines, although T cells are activated in the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Compared with that in the lung, the expression of interferon response-related genes is inhibited, and inflammatory factor secretion is reduced in the intestines. Our findings indicate an imbalance of immune dynamic in intestinal mucosa during SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may underlie ongoing rectal viral shedding and mild tissue damage.
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15
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Li W, Hao CJ, Hao ZH, Ma J, Wang QC, Yuan YF, Gong JJ, Chen YY, Yu JY, Wei AH. New insights into the pathogenesis of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:290-302. [PMID: 35129281 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is characterized by defects of multiple tissue-specific lysosome-related organelles (LROs), typically manifesting with oculocutaneous albinism or ocular albinism, bleeding tendency, and in some cases with pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease or immunodeficiency, neuropsychological disorders. Eleven HPS subtypes in humans and at least 15 subtypes in mice have been molecularly identified. Current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HPS is focusing on the defective biogenesis of LROs. Compelling evidences have shown that HPS protein-associated complexes (HPACs) function in cargo transport, cargo recycling, and cargo removal to maintain LRO homeostasis. Further investigation on the molecular and cellular mechanism of LRO biogenesis and secretion will be helpful for better understanding of its pathogenesis and for the precise intervention of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chan-Juan Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao-Chu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Feng Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan-Juan Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Hua Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Dai Z, Shang L, Wang F, Zeng X, Yu H, Liu L, Zhou J, Qiao S. Effects of Antimicrobial Peptide Microcin C7 on Growth Performance, Immune and Intestinal Barrier Functions, and Cecal Microbiota of Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:813629. [PMID: 35071396 PMCID: PMC8780134 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.813629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcin C7 is an antimicrobial peptide produced by Escherichia coli, composed of a heptapeptide with a modified adenosine monophosphate. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of Microcin C7 as a potential substrate to traditional antibiotics on growth performance, immune functions, intestinal barrier, and cecal microbiota of broilers. In the current study, 300 healthy Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of five treatments including a corn-soybean basal diet and basal diet supplemented with antibiotic or 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg Microcin C7. Results showed that Microcin C7 significantly decreased the F/G ratio of broilers; significantly increased the levels of serum cytokine IL-10, immunoglobulins IgG and IgM, and ileal sIgA secretion; significantly decreased the level of serum cytokine TNF-α. Microcin C7 significantly increased villus height and V/C ratio and significantly decreased crypt depth in small intestine of broilers. Microcin C7 significantly increased gene expression of tight junction protein Occludin and ZO-1 and significantly decreased gene expression of pro-inflammatory and chemokine TNF-α, IL-8, IFN-γ, Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4, and downstream molecular MyD88 in the jejunum of broilers. Microcin C7 significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus and decreased the number of total bacteria and Escherichia coli in the cecum of broilers. Microcin C7 also significantly increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and lactic acid levels in the ileum and cecum of broilers. In conclusion, diet supplemented with Microcin C7 significantly improved growth performance, strengthened immune functions, enhanced intestinal barrier, and regulated cecal microbiota of broilers. Therefore, the antimicrobial peptide Microcin C7 may have the potential to be an ideal alternative to antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Fengming Wang
- Fengguangde Laboratory of Sichuan Tieqilishi Group, Mianyang, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchuan Zhou
- Fengguangde Laboratory of Sichuan Tieqilishi Group, Mianyang, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
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17
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Barreto E Barreto L, Rattes IC, da Costa AV, Gama P. Paneth cells and their multiple functions. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:701-710. [PMID: 35032139 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine mucosa is lined by specialized cells that form the crypt-villus axis, which expands its surface. Among the six intestinal epithelial cell types, the Paneth cell is located at the base of the crypt, and it contains numerous granules in its cytoplasm, composed of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins and lysozyme, and growth factors, such as EGF, TGF-alpha, and Wnt ligands. Together, these elements act in the defense against microorganisms, regulation of intestinal microbiota, maintenance, and regulation of stem cell identity. Pathologies that target Paneth cells can disturb such defense activity, but they also affect the maintenance of stem cell niche. In that way, Crohn's disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and graft-versus-host disease promote a reduction of Paneth cell population, and consequently of secretion of their products into the lumen of the crypts, making the affected organism predisposed to infections and dysbiosis. Additionally, the emergence of new intestinal cells is also decreased. This review aims to address the main characteristics of Paneth cells, highlighting their multiple functions and the importance of their preservation to ensure bowel homeostasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laylla Barreto E Barreto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Campos Rattes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Vasques da Costa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Suzuki Y, Kubota K, Haga S, Hayashi H, Oishi M, Miura H, Roh S, Koike S, Kobayashi Y. Expression of chemerin in intestinal mucosa of calves with comparable expression level with other antimicrobial proteins. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13750. [PMID: 35774014 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calves are highly susceptible to infectious disorders including diarrhea. Therefore, epithelial innate immunity, including antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs), is important during the early stage of their lives. Chemerin, a multifunctional protein that was originally identified as a chemokine, possesses a potent antimicrobial activity. The present study investigated the expression levels of chemerin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of growing calves. Chemerin and its coding gene, retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2), were highly expressed in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared with other parts of the GI tract. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that chemerin-producing cells were localized in the crypt of the intestinal mucosa. Finally, the expression level of RARRES2 was higher compared with those of other major AMPs in duodenum, although it was lower compared with that of enteric β-defensin but mostly higher than those of other AMPs in jejunum and ileum at various ages in calves. The expression levels of RARRES2 were not influenced by the age of calves in duodenum and jejunum, whereas a higher expression level of RARRES2 in ileum was observed in younger calves. This study revealed that chemerin is produced in the small intestine of calves and has the potential to contribute to the gut epithelial barrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kanako Kubota
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Haga
- Grazing Animal Unit, Division of Grassland Farming, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Nasushiobara, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Oishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sanggun Roh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koike
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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19
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Sun J. Imbalance of the intestinal virome and altered viral-bacterial interactions caused by a conditional deletion of the vitamin D receptor. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1957408. [PMID: 34375154 PMCID: PMC8366551 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1957408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) deficiency is associated with cancer, infection, and chronic inflammation. Prior research has demonstrated VDR regulation of bacteria; however, little is known regarding VDR and viruses. We hypothesize that VDR deficiency impacts on the intestinal virome and viral-bacterial interactions. We specifically deleted VDR from intestinal epithelial cells (VDRΔIEC), Paneth cells (VDRΔPC), and myeloid cells (VDRΔLyz) in mice. Feces were collected for shotgun metagenomic sequencing and metabolite profiling. To test the functional changes, we evaluated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and analyzed microbial metabolites. Vibrio phages, Lactobacillus phages, and Escherichia coli typing phages were significantly enriched in all three conditional VDR-knockout mice. In the VDRΔLyz mice, the levels of eight more virus species (2 enriched, 6 depleted) were significantly changed. Altered virus species were primarily observed in female VDRΔLyz (2 enriched, 3 depleted) versus male VDRΔLyz (1 enriched, 1 depleted). Altered alpha and beta diversity (family to species) were found in VDRΔLyz. In VDRΔIEC mice, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 was significantly enriched. A significant correlation between viral and bacterial alterations was found in conditional VDR knockout mice. There was a positive correlation between Vibrio phage JSF5 and Cutibacterium acnes in VDRΔPC and VDRΔLyz mice. Also, there were more altered viral species in female conditional VDR knockout mice. Notably, there were significant changes in PRRs: upregulated TLR3, TLR7, and NOD2 in VDRΔLyz mice and increased CLEC4L expression in VDRΔIEC and VDRΔPC mice. Furthermore, we identified metabolites related to virus infection: decreased glucose in VDRΔIEC mice, increased ribulose/xylulose and xylose in VDRΔLyz mice, and increased long-chain fatty acids in VDRΔIEC and VDRΔLyz female mice. Tissue-specific deletion of VDR changes the virome and functionally changes viral receptors, which leads to dysbiosis, metabolic dysfunction, and infection risk. This study helps to elucidate VDR regulating the virome in a tissue-specific and sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,CONTACT Yinglin Xia Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 734 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA,Jun Sun Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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20
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Han YM, Gao H, Hua RX, Liang C, Guo YX, Shang HW, Lu X, Xu JD. Paneth cells and intestinal health. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29:1362-1372. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v29.i23.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PC) are a group of secretory cells derived from intestinal stem cells (ISC) and colonized in the bottom of the small intestinal crypt. As an important "guardian" of intestinal health, PC can not only secrete a variety of antibacterial peptides and cytokines to regulate intestinal homeostasis and participate in immune responses, but also release growth factors to support the stem cell niche and regulate their proliferation and differentiation. Of particular concern, as a static stem cell pool, PC can acquire a stem cell-like transcriptome after the injury of intestinal tissue so as to promote regeneration and repair the damaged intestinal tissue. Particularly, PC are closely related to a number of diseases that affect intestinal health, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). The research of biological functions of PC may provide ideas for the treatment of these diseases. In summary, the role of PC in maintaining intestinal health should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Han
- 2019 Oral Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong-Xuan Hua
- 2020 Clinical Medicine of "5+3" Program, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue-Xin Guo
- 2019 Oral Medicine of "5+3" Program, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shang
- Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical Morphology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical Morphology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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21
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García-Rodríguez I, van Eijk H, Koen G, Pajkrt D, Sridhar A, Wolthers KC. Parechovirus A Infection of the Intestinal Epithelium: Differences Between Genotypes A1 and A3. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:740662. [PMID: 34790587 PMCID: PMC8591172 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.740662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus (PeV-A), one of the species within the Picornaviridae family, is known to cause disease in humans. The most commonly detected genotypes are PeV-A1, associated with mild gastrointestinal disease in young children, and PeV-A3, linked to severe disease with neurological symptoms in neonates. As PeV-A are detectable in stool and nasopharyngeal samples, entry is speculated to occur via the respiratory and gastro-intestinal routes. In this study, we characterized PeV-A1 and PeV-A3 replication and tropism in the intestinal epithelium using a primary 2D model based on human fetal enteroids. This model was permissive to infection with lab-adapted strains and clinical isolates of PeV-A1, but for PeV-A3, infection could only be established with clinical isolates. Replication was highest with infection established from the basolateral side with apical shedding for both genotypes. Compared to PeV-A1, replication kinetics of PeV-A3 were slower. Interestingly, there was a difference in cell tropism with PeV-A1 infecting both Paneth cells and enterocytes, while PeV-A3 infected mainly goblet cells. This difference in cell tropism may explain the difference in replication kinetics and associated disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés García-Rodríguez
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hetty van Eijk
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koen
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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22
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23
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Secretory Sorcery: Paneth Cell Control of Intestinal Repair and Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1239-1250. [PMID: 34153524 PMCID: PMC8446800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells are professional secretory cells that classically play a role in the innate immune system by secreting antimicrobial factors into the lumen to control enteric bacteria. In this role, Paneth cells are able to sense cues from luminal bacteria and respond by changing production of these factors to protect the epithelial barrier. Paneth cells rely on autophagy to regulate their secretory capability and capacity. Disruption of this pathway through mutation of genes, such as Atg16L1, results in decreased Paneth cell function, dysregulated enteric microbiota, decreased barrier integrity, and increased risk of diseases such as Crohn's disease in humans. Upon differentiation Paneth cells migrate downward and intercalate among active intestinal stem cells at the base of small intestinal crypts. This localization puts them in a unique position to interact with active intestinal stem cells, and recent work shows that Paneth cells play a critical role in influencing the intestinal stem cell niche. This review discusses the numerous ways Paneth cells can influence intestinal stem cells and their niche. We also highlight the ways in which Paneth cells can alter cells and other organ systems.
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24
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Liu TC, Kern JT, Jain U, Sonnek NM, Xiong S, Simpson KF, VanDussen KL, Winkler ES, Haritunians T, Malique A, Lu Q, Sasaki Y, Storer C, Diamond MS, Head RD, McGovern DPB, Stappenbeck TS. Western diet induces Paneth cell defects through microbiome alterations and farnesoid X receptor and type I interferon activation. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:988-1001.e6. [PMID: 34010595 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal Paneth cells modulate innate immunity and infection. In Crohn's disease, genetic mutations together with environmental triggers can disable Paneth cell function. Here, we find that a western diet (WD) similarly leads to Paneth cell dysfunction through mechanisms dependent on the microbiome and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Analysis of multiple human cohorts suggests that obesity is associated with Paneth cell dysfunction. In mouse models, consumption of a WD for as little as 4 weeks led to Paneth cell dysfunction. WD consumption in conjunction with Clostridium spp. increased the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid levels in the ileum, which in turn inhibited Paneth cell function. The process required excess signaling of both FXR and IFN within intestinal epithelial cells. Our findings provide a mechanistic link between poor diet and inhibition of gut innate immunity and uncover an effect of FXR activation in gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Justin T Kern
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Umang Jain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Naomi M Sonnek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine F Simpson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Talin Haritunians
- The F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Atika Malique
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiuhe Lu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chad Storer
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard D Head
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- The F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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25
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Rana T, Korolkova OY, Rachakonda G, Williams AD, Hawkins AT, James SD, Sakwe AM, Hui N, Wang L, Yu C, Goodwin JS, Izban MG, Offodile RS, Washington MK, Ballard BR, Smoot DT, Shi XZ, Forbes DS, Shanker A, M’Koma AE. Linking bacterial enterotoxins and alpha defensin 5 expansion in the Crohn's colitis: A new insight into the etiopathogenetic and differentiation triggers driving colonic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246393. [PMID: 33690604 PMCID: PMC7942995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence link bacterial enterotoxins to apparent crypt-cell like cells (CCLCs), and Alpha Defensin 5 (DEFA5) expansion in the colonic mucosa of Crohn's colitis disease (CC) patients. These areas of ectopic ileal metaplasia, positive for Paneth cell (PC) markers are consistent with diagnosis of CC. Retrospectively, we: 1. Identified 21 patients with indeterminate colitis (IC) between 2000-2007 and were reevaluation their final clinical diagnosis in 2014 after a followed-up for mean 8.7±3.7 (range, 4-14) years. Their initial biopsies were analyzed by DEFA5 bioassay. 2. Differentiated ulcer-associated cell lineage (UACL) analysis by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the CC patients, stained for Mucin 6 (MUC6) and DEFA5. 3. Treated human immortalized colonic epithelial cells (NCM460) and colonoids with pure DEFA5 on the secretion of signatures after 24hr. The control colonoids were not treated. 4. Treated colonoids with/without enterotoxins for 14 days and the spent medium were collected and determined by quantitative expression of DEFA5, CCLCs and other biologic signatures. The experiments were repeated twice. Three statistical methods were used: (i) Univariate analysis; (ii) LASSO; and (iii) Elastic net. DEFA5 bioassay discriminated CC and ulcerative colitis (UC) in a cohort of IC patients with accuracy. A fit logistic model with group CC and UC as the outcome and the DEFA5 as independent variable differentiator with a positive predictive value of 96 percent. IHC staining of CC for MUC6 and DEFA5 stained in different locations indicating that DEFA5 is not co-expressed in UACL and is therefore NOT the genesis of CC, rather a secretagogue for specific signature(s) that underlie the distinct crypt pathobiology of CC. Notably, we observed expansion of signatures after DEFA5 treatment on NCM460 and colonoids cells expressed at different times, intervals, and intensity. These factors are key stem cell niche regulators leading to DEFA5 secreting CCLCs differentiation 'the colonic ectopy ileal metaplasia formation' conspicuously of pathogenic importance in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Olga Y. Korolkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Girish Rachakonda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amanda D. Williams
- Department of Biology, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alexander T. Hawkins
- Division of General Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Samuel D. James
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Tennessee Valley Health Systems VA Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amos M. Sakwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nian Hui
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Izban
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Regina S. Offodile
- Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Billy R. Ballard
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Duane T. Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xuan-Zheng Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Digna S. Forbes
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amosy E. M’Koma
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of General Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville General Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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26
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Yue D, Wang Z, Yang Y, Hu Z, Luo G, Wang F. EZH2 inhibitor GSK343 inhibits sepsis-induced intestinal disorders. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:437. [PMID: 33747174 PMCID: PMC7967880 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is positively associated with poor clinical outcomes in a number of aggressive tumors. Recent studies have demonstrated that inhibition of EZH2 also suppressed the inflammatory response during sepsis. The present study aimed to investigate whether an inhibitor of EZH2, GSK343, could protect the intestine against sepsis-induced injury in vivo. Mice underwent cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) to induce sepsis and were assigned into three groups: Sham, CLP and CLP + GSK343. For GSK343 treatment, the septic mice were intravenously injected with GSK343 at 6 h post-CLP. The results indicated that EZH2 was highly expressed while tight junction (TJ) proteins ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 expression was reduced in the intestinal tissue of mice subjected to CLP compared with the sham group. CLP operation also caused intestinal pathological injury and the production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in both serum and intestinal tissues. Meanwhile, CLP induced cell apoptosis of intestinal tissue based on the increased number of apoptotic cells, reduced expression of Bcl-2 and higher expression of caspase-3 and Bax. However, the presence of GSK343 partially rescued intestinal pathological injury, reduced the level of inflammatory cytokines, repressed cell apoptosis and promoted TJ protein expression. Finally, the decreased number of Paneth cells caused by CLP operation was reversed by GSK343 treatment. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that GSK343 could protect the intestine against sepsis-induced injury in vivo. Inhibition of EZH2 may provide a therapeutic approach for intestinal dysfunction during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyou Yue
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Yongan Yang
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjun Hu
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Ganping Luo
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Fu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhangye Second People's Hospital, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P.R. China
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27
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Cortez V, Schultz-Cherry S. The role of goblet cells in viral pathogenesis. FEBS J 2021; 288:7060-7072. [PMID: 33507606 PMCID: PMC8013445 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that are essential to the formation of the mucus barriers in the airways and intestines. Armed with an arsenal of defenses, goblet cells can rapidly respond to infection but must balance this response with maintaining homeostasis. Whereas goblet cell defenses against bacterial and parasitic infections have been characterized, we are just beginning to understand their responses to viral infections. Here, we outline what is known about the enteric and respiratory viruses that target goblet cells, the direct and bystander effects caused by viral infection and how viral interactions with the mucus barrier can alter the course of infection. Together, these factors can play a significant role in driving viral pathogenesis and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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28
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Chamniansawat S, Kampuang N, Suksridechacin N, Thongon N. Ultrastructural intestinal mucosa change after prolonged inhibition of gastric acid secretion by omeprazole in male rats. Anat Sci Int 2021; 96:142-156. [PMID: 32931001 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-020-00572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Omeprazole is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. It was reported that omeprazole induced dramatic gastric mucosa morphologic changes from the resting state to the stimulated state. However, the effect of omeprazole administration on the ultrastructure and absorptive function of small intestines was largely unknown. Here, male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily treated with a single dose of omeprazole for 12 or 24 weeks. Ultrastructure intestinal mucosal change in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was observed. We also determined small intestine inflammation, using intraepithelial lymphocytes activation. Finally, magnesium levels were measured in plasma, urine, feces, muscle, and bone to determine systemic magnesium balance. Omeprazole-treated rats had significantly decreased the width of tight junction, villous length, and absorptive area of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared to control rats. The small intestine of the omeprazole-treated group showed significantly higher intraepithelial lymphocytes activation levels compared with the control group. Lower secretory granules of Paneth cells at the base of the crypts were showed in omeprazole-treated rats. They also had significantly lower plasma, urinary, bone, and muscle Mg2+ contents indicating hypomagnesemia with systemic magnesium deficiency. In conclusion, prolonged omeprazole treatment-induced small intestinal inflammation and villous atrophy, which led to decrease small intestinal magnesium absorption in the condition of proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Chamniansawat
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, 169 Long-Hard Bangsaen Rd., Saensook, Muang, Chon Buri, 20131, Thailand
| | - Nattida Kampuang
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Nasisorn Suksridechacin
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Narongrit Thongon
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand.
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29
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Nikolenko VN, Oganesyan MV, Sankova MV, Bulygin KV, Vovkogon AD, Rizaeva NA, Sinelnikov MY. Paneth cells: Maintaining dynamic microbiome-host homeostasis, protecting against inflammation and cancer. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000180. [PMID: 33244814 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human intestines are constantly under the influence of numerous pathological factors: enteropathogenic microorganisms, food antigens, physico-chemical stress associated with digestion and bacterial metabolism, therefore it must be provided with a system of protection against adverse impact. Recent studies have shown that Paneth cells play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of the small intestines. Paneth cells perform many vital functions aimed at maintaining a homeostatic balance between normal microbiota, infectious pathogens and the human body, regulate the qualitative composition and number of intestinal microorganisms, prevent the introduction of potentially pathogenic species, and protect stem cells from damage. Paneth cells take part in adaptive and protective-inflammatory reactions. Paneth cells maintain dynamic balance between microbial populations, and the macroorganism, preventing the development of intestinal infections and cancer. They play a crucial role in gastrointestinal homeostasis and may be key factors in the etiopathological progression of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Nikolenko
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marine V Oganesyan
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Sankova
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Bulygin
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andzhela D Vovkogon
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Negoriya A Rizaeva
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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30
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Constantinovits M, Sipos F, L Kiss A, Műzes G. Preconditioning with cell-free DNA prevents DSS-colitis by promoting cell protective autophagy. J Investig Med 2020; 68:992-1001. [PMID: 32393477 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Presence of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in sera of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is a long-known fact. The biological effect of cfDNA administration on cellular autophagy within normal and inflammatory circumstances remains unclear. In this study, the effects of intravenous cfDNA pretreatment on autophagy response were studied in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute experimental colitis. Selected proinflammatory cytokine and autophagy-related gene and protein expressions were compared with clinical and histological activity parameters, and with transmission electron microscopic evaluations. A single intravenous dose of cfDNA pretreatment with cfDNA from colitis exhibited beneficial response concerning the clinical and histological severity of DSS-colitis as compared with effects of normal cfDNA. Pretreatment with colitis-derived cfDNA substantially altered the gene and protein expression of several autophagy and inflammatory cytokine genes in a clinically favorable manner. Autophagy in splenocytes is also altered after colitis-derived cfDNA pretreatment. During the process of acute colitis, the subsequent inflammatory environment presumably results in changes of cfDNA with the potential to facilitate cell protective autophagy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the impact of colitis-associated autophagy, and elucidating alterations of the interaction between autophagy and innate immunity caused by nucleic acids may provide further insight into the etiology of IBD. By targeting or modifying cfDNA, novel anti-inflammatory therapies may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Constantinovits
- Immunology Research Team, 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Sipos
- Immunology Research Team, 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna L Kiss
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Műzes
- Immunology Research Team, 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Wehkamp J, Stange EF. An Update Review on the Paneth Cell as Key to Ileal Crohn's Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:646. [PMID: 32351509 PMCID: PMC7174711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paneth cells reside in the small intestine at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn, intermingled with stem cells, and provide a niche for their neighbors by secreting growth and Wnt-factors as well as different antimicrobial peptides including defensins, lysozyme and others. The most abundant are the human Paneth cell α-defensin 5 and 6 that keep the crypt sterile and control the local microbiome. In ileal Crohn's disease various mechanisms including established genetic risk factors contribute to defects in the production and ordered secretion of these peptides. In addition, life-style risk factors for Crohn's disease like tobacco smoking also impact on Paneth cell function. Taken together, current evidence suggest that defective Paneth cells may play the key role in initiating inflammation in ileal, and maybe ileocecal, Crohn's disease by allowing bacterial attachment and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wehkamp
- University of Tübingen, Medizinische Klinik I, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eduard F Stange
- University of Tübingen, Medizinische Klinik I, Tübingen, Germany
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32
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Segrist E, Cherry S. Using Diverse Model Systems to Define Intestinal Epithelial Defenses to Enteric Viral Infections. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:329-344. [PMID: 32164844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is an essential physical and immunological barrier comprised of a monolayer of diverse and specialized epithelial cells that perform functions ranging from nutrient absorption to pathogen sensing and intestinal homeostasis. The intestinal barrier prevents translocation of intestinal microbes into internal compartments. The microbiota is comprised of a complex community largely populated by diverse bacterial species that provide metabolites, nutrients, and immune stimuli that promote intestinal and organismal health. Although commensal organisms promote health, enteric pathogens, including a diverse plethora of enteric viruses, cause acute and chronic diseases. The barrier epithelium plays fundamental roles in immune defenses against enteric viral infections by integrating diverse signals, including those from the microbiota, to prevent disease. Importantly, many model systems have contributed to our understanding of this complex interface. This review will focus on the antiviral mechanisms at play within the intestinal epithelium and how these responses are shaped by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Segrist
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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33
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An intestinal zinc sensor regulates food intake and developmental growth. Nature 2020; 580:263-268. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Isnard S, Ramendra R, Dupuy FP, Lin J, Fombuena B, Kokinov N, Kema I, Jenabian MA, Lebouché B, Costiniuk CT, Ancuta P, Bernard NF, Silverman MS, Lakatos PL, Durand M, Tremblay C, Routy JP. Plasma Levels of C-Type Lectin REG3α and Gut Damage in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:110-121. [PMID: 31504638 PMCID: PMC6910878 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regenerating islet-derived protein 3α (REG3α) is an antimicrobial peptide secreted by intestinal Paneth cells. Circulating REG3α has been identified as a gut damage marker in inflammatory bowel diseases. People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) present with an abnormal intestinal landscape leading to microbial translocation, persistent inflammation, and development of non-AIDS comorbidities. Herein, we assessed REG3α as a marker of gut damage in PWH. METHODS Plasma from 169 adult PWH, including 30 elite controllers (ECs), and 30 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected controls were assessed. REG3α plasma levels were compared with HIV disease progression, epithelial gut damage, microbial translocation, and immune activation markers. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, REG3α levels were elevated in untreated and ART-treated PWH compared with controls. ECs also had elevated REG3α levels compared to controls. Longitudinally, REG3α levels increased in PWH without ART and decreased in those who initiated ART. REG3α levels were inversely associated with CD4 T-cell count and CD4:CD8 ratio, while positively correlated with HIV viral load in untreated participants, and with fungal product translocation and inflammatory markers in all PWH. CONCLUSIONS Plasma REG3α levels were elevated in PWH, including ECs. The gut inflammatory marker REG3α may be used to evaluate therapeutic interventions and predict non-AIDS comorbidity risks in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rayoun Ramendra
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brandon Fombuena
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nikola Kokinov
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ido Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole F Bernard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael S Silverman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario
| | - Peter L Lakatos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Madeleine Durand
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Brice DC, Diamond G. Antiviral Activities of Human Host Defense Peptides. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1420-1443. [PMID: 31385762 PMCID: PMC9008596 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190805151654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are found widely expressed throughout nature. As they participate in a number of different aspects of innate immunity in mammals, they have been termed Host Defense Peptides (HDPs). Due to their common structural features, including an amphipathic structure and cationic charge, they have been widely shown to interact with and disrupt microbial membranes. Thus, it is not surprising that human HDPs have activity against enveloped viruses as well as bacteria and fungi. However, these peptides also exhibit activity against a wide range of non-enveloped viruses as well, acting at a number of different steps in viral infection. This review focuses on the activity of human host defense peptides, including alpha- and beta-defensins and the sole human cathelicidin, LL-37, against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The broad spectrum of antiviral activity of these peptides, both in vitro and in vivo suggest that they play an important role in the innate antiviral defense against viral infections. Furthermore, the literature suggests that they may be developed into antiviral therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Brice
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Box 100424, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Box 100424, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Larabi A, Barnich N, Nguyen HTT. New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in IBD. Autophagy 2020; 16:38-51. [PMID: 31286804 PMCID: PMC6984609 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1635384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant challenges of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research is to understand how alterations in the symbiotic relationship between the genetic composition of the host and the intestinal microbiota, under impact of specific environmental factors, lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. Genome-wide association studies, followed by functional studies, have identified a role for numerous autophagy genes in IBD, especially in Crohn disease. Studies using in vitro and in vivo models, in addition to human clinical studies have revealed that autophagy is pivotal for intestinal homeostasis maintenance, gut ecology regulation, appropriate intestinal immune responses and anti-microbial protection. This review describes the latest researches on the mechanisms by which dysfunctional autophagy leads to disrupted intestinal epithelial function, gut dysbiosis, defect in anti-microbial peptide secretion by Paneth cells, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and aberrant immune responses to pathogenic bacteria. A better understanding of the role of autophagy in IBD pathogenesis may provide better sub-classification of IBD phenotypes and novel approaches for disease management.Abbreviations: AIEC: adherent-invasive Escherichia coli; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy related; Atg16l1[ΔIEC] mice: mice with Atg16l1 depletion specifically in intestinal epithelial cells; Atg16l1[HM] mice: mice hypomorphic for Atg16l1 expression; BCL2: B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CASP: caspase; CD: Crohn disease; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CHUK/IKKA: conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase; CLDN2: claudin 2; DAPK1: death associated protein kinase 1; DCs: dendritic cells; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERBIN: Erbb2 interacting protein; ERN1/IRE1A: ER to nucleus signaling 1; FNBP1L: formin binding protein 1-like; FOXP3: forkhead box P3; GPR65: G-protein coupled receptor 65; GSK3B: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IECs: intestinal epithelial cells; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; IL10R: interleukin 10 receptor; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; ISC: intestinal stem cell; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LRRK2: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MIR/miRNA: microRNA; MTMR3: myotubularin related protein 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MYD88: myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; NOD2: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2; NPC: Niemann-Pick disease type C; NPC1: NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1; OMVs: outer membrane vesicles; OPTN: optineurin; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PRR: pattern-recognition receptor; PTPN2: protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2; PTPN22: protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (lymphoid); PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; RAB2A: RAB2A, member RAS oncogene family; RELA: v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian); RIPK2: receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphisms; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; Th: T helper 1; TIRAP/TRIF: toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein; TLR: toll-like receptor; TMEM173/STING: transmembrane protein 173; TMEM59: transmembrane protein 59; TNF/TNFA: tumor necrosis factor; Treg: regulatory T; TREM1: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1; UC: ulcerative colitis; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WT: wild-type; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Larabi
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, INRA USC 2018, CRNH, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, INRA USC 2018, CRNH, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, INRA USC 2018, CRNH, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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37
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Abstract
The recognition that intestinal microbiota exert profound effects on human health has led to major advances in our understanding of disease processes. Studies over the past 20 years have shown that host components, including components of the host immune system, shape the microbial community. Pathogenic alterations in commensal microorganisms contribute to disease manifestations that are generally considered to be noncommunicable, such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus and liver disease, through a variety of mechanisms, including effects on host immunity. More recent studies have shed new light on how the immune system and microbiota might also drive the pathogenesis of renal disorders. In this Review, we discuss the latest insights into the mechanisms regulating the microbiome composition, with a focus both on genetics and environmental factors, and describe how commensal microorganisms calibrate innate and adaptive immune responses to affect the activation threshold for pathogenic stimulations. We discuss the mechanisms that lead to intestinal epithelial barrier inflammation and the relevance of certain bacteria to the pathogenesis of two common kidney-based disorders: hypertension and renal stone disease. Limitations of current approaches to microbiota research are also highlighted, emphasizing the need to move beyond studies of correlation to causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Knauf
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Richard Brewer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Hassan E, Baldridge MT. Norovirus encounters in the gut: multifaceted interactions and disease outcomes. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1259-1267. [PMID: 31501514 PMCID: PMC7479810 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are major causes of gastroenteritis, with epidemic outbreaks occurring frequently. They are an important global health concern, especially for pediatric and immunocompromised populations, and are challenging pathogens to target immunologically due to their rapid rates of genetic and antigenic evolution and failure to stimulate durable protective immunity. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of norovirus pathogenesis, noting the prominent role of murine norovirus as a small animal model for norovirus research. We highlight intriguing data supporting the possible involvement of norovirus in sequelae including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases, and describe the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in control of both human and murine norovirus infection. Furthermore, we discuss the potential implications of recent discoveries regarding norovirus interactions with the gut microbiota, and briefly detail current understanding of noroviral evolution and its influence on viral pathogenesis. Our mechanistic understanding of norovirus pathogenesis continues to improve with increasing availability of powerful model systems, which will ultimately facilitate development of effective preventive and therapeutic approaches for this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Correspondence: Megan T. Baldridge, MD, PhD, Phone: 314-273-1212, Fax: 314-362-2156,
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Kosulin K. Intestinal HAdV Infection: Tissue Specificity, Persistence, and Implications for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090804. [PMID: 31480296 PMCID: PMC6783822 DOI: 10.3390/v11090804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) causes infections predominantly in early childhood and the tissue tropism of specific HAdV species determines the clinical manifestation, including infections of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and keratoconjunctivitis. Why HAdV shows such a tropism has not yet been fully elucidated, but in the intestine different mechanisms for virus entry or resistence to immune modulatory factors have been described. Recently identified antiviral strategies by interferons provide evidence about the repression of E1A and maybe even promote HAdV persistence. The presence of HAdV in a persistent status in the gut is of importance in the setting of pediatric stem cell transplant recipients where HAdV detection in stool usually preceds clinical signs and severe infections are related to mortality. The reactivation of persistent intestinal HAdV infections in these patients needs further investigation also with regard to successful therapy options. In addition, several newly identified recombinant HAdV types have been isolated from stool samples, thus raising the question of possible recombination events in the gut. In this review, intestinal HAdV infections are discussed in relation to the tissue tropism, persistence, recombination, and new in-vitro models to enhance the knowledge about virus–host interactions and support the development of new treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kosulin
- Molecular Microbiology, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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40
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Estes MK, Ettayebi K, Tenge VR, Murakami K, Karandikar U, Lin SC, Ayyar BV, Cortes-Penfield NW, Haga K, Neill FH, Opekun AR, Broughman JR, Zeng XL, Blutt SE, Crawford SE, Ramani S, Graham DY, Atmar RL. Human Norovirus Cultivation in Nontransformed Stem Cell-Derived Human Intestinal Enteroid Cultures: Success and Challenges. Viruses 2019; 11:E638. [PMID: 31336765 PMCID: PMC6669637 DOI: 10.3390/v11070638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses, in the genus Norovirus, are a significant cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans and animals. For almost 50 years, the lack of a cultivation system for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) was a major barrier to understanding virus biology and the development of effective antiviral strategies. This review presents a historical perspective of the development of a cultivation system for HuNoVs in human intestinal epithelial cell cultures. Successful cultivation was based on the discovery of genetically-encoded host factors required for infection, knowledge of the site of infection in humans, and advances in the cultivation of human intestinal epithelial cells achieved by developmental and stem cell biologists. The human stem cell-derived enteroid cultivation system recapitulates the multicellular, physiologically active human intestinal epithelium, and allows studies of virus-specific replication requirements, evaluation of human host-pathogen interactions, and supports the pre-clinical assessment of methods to prevent and treat HuNoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Umesh Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Kei Haga
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antone R Opekun
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James R Broughman
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Y Graham
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Cai Q, Liu W, Zhu M, Sheng J. Microbial Infections as a Trigger for Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: A Review. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:4773-4783. [PMID: 31282874 PMCID: PMC6611219 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection is an important cause of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which is a syndrome that results in multiple organ dysfunction or failure and is accompanied by an increased short-term risk of mortality. Early detection and treatment of microbial infection can effectively reduce the mortality of patients with ACLF. However, antimicrobial resistance has recently increased due to the increased use of antimicrobial agents. Therefore, it is important to choose appropriate antibiotics and antifungal agents for early prevention or treatment of patients with microbial infection and ACLF to reduce the occurrence of drug resistance and to reduce patient mortality. This review summarizes the current status in the understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, early diagnosis, treatment, and strategies for prevention of microbial infection in patients with ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Liu
- Hangzhou Mutai Nursing Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Mingyan Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Jifang Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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42
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Liu L, Guo Y, Zheng J, Lu Y, Shen Y, Huang C, Zeng Y, Wang X. Paneth cell ablation increases the small intestinal injury during acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:473-484. [PMID: 31180547 PMCID: PMC6579996 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to investigate the role of Paneth cells in small intestinal injury during acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) using rat models established by injection of dithizone, a metal chelator of zinc with the ability to selectively ablate Paneth cells. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham-operated group, ANP group (3.5% sodium taurocholate solution, 1 ml/kg body weight), dithizone group (100 mg/kg of body weight) and ANP + dithizone group (sodium taurocholate solution was administered 6 h after dithizone injection). Each group was further divided into five subgroups (6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h) based on the time period between induction of the model and sample collection. The present results suggested the number of Paneth cells was gradually decreased in the ANP group in a time-dependent manner. Most of the Paneth cells were ablated in the ANP + dithizone group at 6 h, but a subset of Paneth cells recovered after 24–48 h. Compared with the ANP group, combination of dithizone and ANP significantly induced more severe histopathological injuries in the pancreas and distal ileum, with higher Schmidt and Chiu's scores, respectively. Additionally, increased expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-17A were detected in the ileum, causing an increase in intestinal permeability, as assessed by a decrease in the expression level of the intestinal tight junction protein occludin and high plasma levels of diamine oxidase and D-lactate. The increase in intestinal permeability led to the translocation of bacteria to the bloodstream, triggering systemic inflammation, as assessed by the increased plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-17A, reducing the survival rates of rats, which was 66.7% and 83.3% in the ANP + dithizone and the ANP group, respectively. The increase in intestinal endoplasmic reticulum stress, as assessed by high expression levels of binding-immunoglobulin protein and activating transcription factor 6, may be one mechanism associated with Paneth cells loss and intestinal barrier impairment during ANP. Collectively, the present study suggested that the absence of Paneth cells may be an important factor involved in intestinal injury, promoting the progression of ANP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Liu
- International Medical Care Center, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yuecheng Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Junyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yucui Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Xingpeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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Yin YB, de Jonge HR, Wu X, Yin YL. Enteroids for Nutritional Studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801143. [PMID: 30883003 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional studies are greatly hampered by a paucity of proper models. Previous studies on nutrition have employed conventional cell lines and animal models to gain a better understanding of the field. These models lack certain correlations with human physiological responses, which impede their applications in this field. Enteroids are cultured from intestinal stem cells and include enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and stem cells, which mimic hallmarks of in vivo epithelium and support long-term culture without genetic or physiological changes. Enteroids have been used as models to study the effects of diet and nutrients on intestinal growth and development, ion and nutrient transport, secretory and absorption functions, the intestinal barrier, and location-specific functions of the intestine. In this review, the existing models for nutritional studies are discussed and the importance of enteroids as a new model for nutritional studies is highlighted. Taken together, it is suggested that enteroids can serve as a potential model system to be exploited in nutritional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Bang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015, CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015, CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
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Liu L, Dong W, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liu T, Xie R, Wang B, Cao H. Deoxycholic acid disrupts the intestinal mucosal barrier and promotes intestinal tumorigenesis. Food Funct 2019; 9:5588-5597. [PMID: 30339173 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet, which leads to an increased level of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in the intestine, is a major environmental factor in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, evidence relating to bile acids and intestinal tumorigenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of DCA on the intestinal mucosal barrier and its impact on the development of CRC. Here we showed that DCA disrupted cell monolayer integrity and increased proinflammatory cytokine production in intestinal cancer and precancerous cell lines (Caco-2 and IMCE). Apcmin/+ mice receiving DCA increased the number and size of intestinal adenomas and promoted the adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence. Importantly, DCA induced the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, increased the production of inflammatory cytokines, and led to intestinal low grade inflammation. A reduction of tight junction protein zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and the number of intestinal cells including goblet cells and Paneth cells was also observed after DCA treatment. Moreover, DCA significantly reduced the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and promoted the polarization of M2 macrophages in the intestine of Apcmin/+ mice. In conclusion, these data suggested that DCA induced intestinal low grade inflammation and disrupted the mucosal physical and functional barriers, aggravating intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 300052, Tianjin, China.
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Tolefree JA, Garcia AJ, Farrell J, Meadows V, Kennedy L, Hargrove L, Demieville J, Francis N, Mirabel J, Francis H. Alcoholic liver disease and mast cells: What's your gut got to do with it? LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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