1
|
Cargnin Faccin F, Perez DR. Pandemic preparedness through vaccine development for avian influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2347019. [PMID: 38807261 PMCID: PMC11141480 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2347019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses pose a significant threat to global health, impacting both humans and animals. Zoonotic transmission, particularly from swine and avian species, is the primary source of human influenza outbreaks. Notably, avian influenza viruses of the H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes are of pandemic concern through their global spread and sporadic human infections. Preventing and controlling these viruses is critical due to their high threat level. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for influenza prevention and control in humans, despite varying vaccine efficacy across strains. This review focuses specifically on pandemic preparedness for avian influenza viruses. We delve into vaccines tested in animal models and summarize clinical trials conducted on H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 vaccines in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao T, Liu J, Huang N, Zhou Y, Li C, Chen Y, Hong Z, Deng X, Liang X. Sangju Cold Granule exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activities against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118521. [PMID: 38969152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sangju Cold Granule (SJCG) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription described in "Item Differentiation of Warm Febrile Diseases". Historically, SJCG was employed to treat respiratory illnesses. Despite its popular usage, the alleviating effect of SJCG on influenza A virus infection and its mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY Influenza is a severe respiratory disease that threatens human health. This study aims to assess the therapeutic potential of SJCG and the possible molecular mechanism underlying its activity against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-Q-Exactive was used to identify the components of SJCG. The 50% cytotoxic concentration of SJCG in MDCK and A549 cells were determined using the CCK-8 assay. The activity of SJCG against influenza A virus H1N1 was evaluated in vitro using plaque reduction and progeny virus titer reduction assays. RT-qPCR was performed to obtain the expression levels of inflammatory mediators and the transcriptional regulation of RIG-I and MDA5 in H1N1-infected A549 cells. Then, the mechanism of SJCG effect on viral replication and inflammation was further explored by measuring the expressions of proteins of the RIG-I/NF-kB/IFN(I/III) signaling pathway by Western blot. The impact of SJCG was explored in vivo in an intranasally H1N1-infected BALB/c mouse pneumonia model treated with varying doses of SJCG. The protective role of SJCG in this model was evaluated by survival, body weight monitoring, lung viral titers, lung index, lung histological changes, lung inflammatory mediators, and peripheral blood leukocyte count. RESULTS The main SJCG chemical constituents were flavonoids, carbohydrates and glycosides, amino acids, peptides, and derivatives, organic acids and derivatives, alkaloids, fatty acyls, and terpenes. The CC50 of SJCG were 24.43 mg/mL on MDCK cells and 20.54 mg/mL on A549 cells, respectively. In vitro, SJCG significantly inhibited H1N1 replication and reduced the production of TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IP-10, RANTES, TRAIL, and SOCS1 in infected A549 cells. Intracellularly, SJCG reduced the expression of RIG-I, MDA5, P-NF-κB P65 (P-P65), P-IκBα, P-STAT1, P-STAT2, and IRF9. In vivo, SJCG enhanced the survival rate and decreased body weight loss in H1N1-infected mice. Mice with H1N1-induced pneumonia treated with SJCG showed a lower lung viral load and lung index than untreated mice. SJCG effectively alleviated lung damage and reduced the levels of TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IP-10, RANTES, and SOCS1 in lung tissue. Moreover, SJCG significantly ameliorated H1N1-induced leukocyte changes in peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS SJCG significantly reduced influenza A virus and virus-mediated inflammation through inhibiting the RIG-I/NF-kB/IFN(I/III) signaling pathway. Thus, SJCG could provide an effective TCM for influenza treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Gao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jinbing Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China; Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Liwan Central Hospital of Guangzhou, 35 Liwan Road, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yingxuan Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Conglin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yintong Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zifan Hong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Xiaoli Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Panwar P, Jhala D, Tamrakar A, Joshi C, Patel A. Bacterially expressed full length Hemagglutinin of Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 forms oligomers and exhibits hemagglutination. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 223:106541. [PMID: 38971212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza poses a significant global health threat, with the potential for widespread pandemics and devastating consequences. Hemagglutinin (HA), a critical surface glycoprotein of influenza viruses, plays a pivotal role in viral entry and serves as a primary target for subunit vaccine development. In this study, we successfully cloned, expressed, and purified hemagglutinin from the circulating strain of H5N1 influenza virus using a robust molecular biology approach. The cloning process involved insertion of the synthetic HA gene into the pET21b vector, confirmed through double digestion and sequencing. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the presence of the expected 60 kDa protein band post-induction. Following expression, the protein was subjected to purification via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, yielding pure protein fractions. Native PAGE analysis confirmed the protein's oligomeric forms, essential for optimal antigenicity. Western blot analysis further validated protein identity using anti-His and anti-HA antibodies. MALDI-TOF analysis confirmed the protein's sequence integrity, while hemagglutination assay demonstrated its biological activity in binding to N-acetyl neuraminic acid. These findings underscore the potential of recombinant hemagglutinin as a valuable antigen for diagnosis and biochemical assays as well as for vaccine development against avian influenza. In conclusion, this study represents a critical guide for bacterial production of H5N1 HA, which can be a cost-effective and simpler strategy compared to mammalian protein expression. Further research into optimizing vaccine candidates and production methods will be essential in combating the ongoing threat of avian influenza pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Panwar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
| | - Dhwani Jhala
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
| | - Anubhav Tamrakar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India.
| | - Amrutlal Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Lei Z. The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023. Glob Med Genet 2024; 11:200-213. [PMID: 38947761 PMCID: PMC11213626 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have the potential to cause severe illness in wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans. The ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has presented significant challenges to global poultry industry and public health in recent years. This study aimed to elucidate the circulation of HPAIVs during 2019 to 2023. Specifically, we assess the alarming global spread and continuous evolution of HPAIVs. Moreover, we discuss their transmission and prevention strategies to provide valuable references for future prevention and control measures against AIVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moirangthem R, Cordela S, Khateeb D, Shor B, Kosik I, Schneidman-Duhovny D, Mandelboim M, Jönsson F, Yewdell JW, Bruel T, Bar-On Y. Dual neutralization of influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase by a bispecific antibody leads to improved antiviral activity. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00478-7. [PMID: 39086132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting multiple viral proteins is pivotal for sustained suppression of highly mutable viruses. In recent years, broadly neutralizing antibodies that target the influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins have been developed, and antibody monotherapy has been tested in preclinical and clinical studies to treat or prevent influenza virus infection. However, the impact of dual neutralization of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on the course of infection, as well as its therapeutic potential, has not been thoroughly tested. For this purpose, we generated a bispecific antibody that neutralizes both the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase of influenza viruses. We demonstrated that this bispecific antibody has a dual-antiviral activity as it blocks infection and prevents the release of progeny viruses from the infected cells. We show that dual neutralization of the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase by a bispecific antibody is advantageous over monoclonal antibody combination as it resulted an improved neutralization capacity and augmented the antibody effector functions. Notably, the bispecific antibody showed enhanced antiviral activity in influenza virus-infected mice, reduced mice mortality, and limited the virus mutation profile upon antibody administration. Thus, dual neutralization of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase could be effective in controlling influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romila Moirangthem
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Sapir Cordela
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Dina Khateeb
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Ben Shor
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Ivan Kosik
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dina Schneidman-Duhovny
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology; Inserm UMR1222, Paris 75015, France; CNRS, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité; CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Erdelyan CNG, Kandeil A, Signore AV, Jones MEB, Vogel P, Andreev K, Bøe CA, Gjerset B, Alkie TN, Yason C, Hisanaga T, Sullivan D, Lung O, Bourque L, Ayilara I, Pama L, Jeevan T, Franks J, Jones JC, Seiler JP, Miller L, Mubareka S, Webby RJ, Berhane Y. Multiple transatlantic incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N5) virus into North America and spillover to mammals. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114479. [PMID: 39003741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have spread at an unprecedented scale, leading to mass mortalities in birds and mammals. In 2023, a transatlantic incursion of HPAI A(H5N5) viruses into North America was detected, followed shortly thereafter by a mammalian detection. As these A(H5N5) viruses were similar to contemporary viruses described in Eurasia, the transatlantic spread of A(H5N5) viruses was most likely facilitated by pelagic seabirds. Some of the Canadian A(H5N5) viruses from birds and mammals possessed the PB2-E627K substitution known to facilitate adaptation to mammals. Ferrets inoculated with A(H5N5) viruses showed rapid, severe disease onset, with some evidence of direct contact transmission. However, these viruses have maintained receptor binding traits of avian influenza viruses and were susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Understanding the factors influencing the virulence and transmission of A(H5N5) in migratory birds and mammals is critical to minimize impacts on wildlife and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Anthony V Signore
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Megan E B Jones
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Peter Vogel
- Comparative Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Konstantin Andreev
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | - Tamiru N Alkie
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Carmencita Yason
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Tamiko Hisanaga
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Daniel Sullivan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M5, Canada
| | - Laura Bourque
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Ifeoluwa Ayilara
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Lemarie Pama
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jon P Seiler
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lance Miller
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Pathology and Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pei Y, Chen Z, Zhao R, An Y, Yisihaer H, Wang C, Bai Y, Liang L, Jin L, Hu Y. A Cyclic Peptide Based on Pheasant Cathelicidin Inhibits Influenza A H1N1 Virus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:606. [PMID: 39061288 PMCID: PMC11273436 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are the leading cause of upper respiratory tract infections, leading to several global pandemics and threats to public health. Due to the continuous mutation of influenza A viruses, there is a constant need for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. Recently, natural antimicrobial peptides have provided an opportunity for the discovery of anti-influenza molecules. Here, we designed several peptides based on pheasant cathelicidin and tested their antiviral activities and mechanisms against the H1N1 virus. Of note, the designed peptides Pc-4 and Pc-5 were found to inhibit replication of the H1N1 virus with an IC50 = 8.14 ± 3.94 µM and 2.47 ± 1.95 µM, respectively. In addition, the cyclic peptide Pc-5 was found to induce type I interferons and the expression of interferon-induced genes. An animal study showed that the cyclic peptide Pc-5 effectively inhibited H1N1 virus infection in a mouse model. Taken together, our work reveals a strategy for designing cyclic peptides and provides novel molecules with therapeutic potential against influenza A virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lin Jin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Y.P.); (Z.C.); (R.Z.); (Y.A.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Yongting Hu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Y.P.); (Z.C.); (R.Z.); (Y.A.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.B.); (L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu T, Reiser WK, Tan TJC, Lv H, Rivera-Cardona J, Heimburger K, Wu NC, Brooke CB. Natural variation in neuraminidase activity influences the evolutionary potential of the seasonal H1N1 lineage hemagglutinin. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae046. [PMID: 38915760 PMCID: PMC11196192 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The antigenic evolution of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene poses a major challenge for the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-term protection. Prior efforts to understand the mechanisms that govern viral antigenic evolution mainly focus on HA in isolation, ignoring the fact that HA must act in concert with the viral neuraminidase (NA) during replication and spread. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the degree to which the receptor-binding avidity of HA and receptor-cleaving activity of NA are balanced with each other influences overall viral fitness. We recently showed that changes in NA activity can significantly alter the mutational fitness landscape of HA in the context of a lab-adapted virus strain. Here, we test whether natural variation in relative NA activity can influence the evolutionary potential of HA in the context of the seasonal H1N1 lineage (pdmH1N1) that has circulated in humans since the 2009 pandemic. We observed substantial variation in the relative activities of NA proteins encoded by a panel of H1N1 vaccine strains isolated between 2009 and 2019. We comprehensively assessed the effect of NA background on the HA mutational fitness landscape in the circulating pdmH1N1 lineage using deep mutational scanning and observed pronounced epistasis between NA and residues in or near the receptor-binding site of HA. To determine whether NA variation could influence the antigenic evolution of HA, we performed neutralizing antibody selection experiments using a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting different HA epitopes. We found that the specific antibody escape profiles of HA were highly contingent upon NA background. Overall, our results indicate that natural variation in NA activity plays a significant role in governing the evolutionary potential of HA in the currently circulating pdmH1N1 lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - William K Reiser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Timothy J C Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huibin Lv
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joel Rivera-Cardona
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kyle Heimburger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Christopher B Brooke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5909. [PMID: 38892096 PMCID: PMC11172706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a significant global threat to human health. A tightly controlled host immune response is critical to avoid any detrimental effects of IAV infection. It is critical to investigate the association between the response of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and influenza virus. Because TLRs may act as a double-edged sword, a balanced TLR response is critical for the overall benefit of the host. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the TLR response is essential for targeting TLRs as a novel therapeutic and prophylactic intervention. To date, a limited number of studies have assessed TLR and IAV interactions. Therefore, further research on TLR interactions in IAV infection should be conducted to determine their role in host-virus interactions in disease causation or clearance of the virus. Although influenza virus vaccines are available, they have limited efficacy, which should be enhanced to improve their efficacy. In this study, we discuss the current status of our understanding of the TLR response in IAV infection and the strategies adopted by IAVs to avoid TLR-mediated immune surveillance, which may help in devising new therapeutic or preventive strategies. Furthermore, recent advances in the use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants to enhance influenza vaccine efficacy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Serafin B, Kamen A, de Crescenzo G, Henry O. Antibody-independent surface plasmon resonance assays for influenza vaccine quality control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:307. [PMID: 38656587 PMCID: PMC11043112 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors have emerged as a powerful platform for bioprocess monitoring due to their ability to detect biointeractions in real time, without the need for labeling. Paramount for the development of a robust detection platform is the immobilization of a ligand with high specificity and affinity for the in-solution species of interest. Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, much effort has been made toward the development of quality control platforms for influenza A vaccine productions, many of which have employed SPR for detection. Due to the rapid antigenic drift of influenza's principal surface protein, hemagglutinin, antibodies used for immunoassays need to be produced seasonally. The production of these antibodies represents a 6-8-week delay in immunoassay and, thus, vaccine availability. This review focuses on SPR-based assays that do not rely on anti-HA antibodies for the detection, characterization, and quantification of influenza A in bioproductions and biological samples. KEY POINTS: • The single radial immunodiffusion assay (SRID) has been the gold standard for the quantification of influenza vaccines since 1979. Due to antigenic drift of influenza's hemagglutinin protein, new antibody reagents for the SRID assay must be produced each year, requiring 6-8 weeks. The resulting delay in immunoassay availability is a major bottleneck in the influenza vaccine pipeline. This review highlights ligand options for the detection and quantification of influenza viruses using surface plasmon resonance biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Serafin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory de Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Scarpa F, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Ciccozzi A, Sanna D, Casu M, Vitale M, Cicenia A, Giovanetti M, Romano C, Branda F, Ciccozzi M, Borsetti A. Phylodynamic and Evolution of the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) Genes of Influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 Viruses Circulating in the 2009 and 2023 Seasons in Italy. Pathogens 2024; 13:334. [PMID: 38668289 PMCID: PMC11054071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus, which emerged in 2009, has been circulating seasonally since then. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genome-based investigation to gain a detailed understanding of the genetic and evolutionary characteristics of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins of A/H1N1pdm09 strains circulating in Italy over a fourteen-year period from 2009 to 2023 in relation to global strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed rapid transmission and diversification of viral variants during the early pandemic that clustered in clade 6B.1. In contrast, limited genetic diversity was observed during the 2023 season, probably due to the genetic drift, which provides the virus with a constant adaptability to the host; furthermore, all isolates were split into two main groups representing two clades, i.e., 6B.1A.5a.2a and its descendant 6B.1A.5a.2a.1. The HA gene showed a faster rate of evolution compared to the NA gene. Using FUBAR, we identified positively selected sites 41 and 177 for HA and 248, 286, and 455 for NA in 2009, as well as sites 22, 123, and 513 for HA and 339 for NA in 2023, all of which may be important sites related to the host immune response. Changes in glycosylation acquisition/loss at prominent sites, i.e., 177 in HA and 248 in NA, should be considered as a predictive tool for early warning signs of emerging pandemics, and for vaccine and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Leonardo Sernicola
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center (CNAIDS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefania Farcomeni
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center (CNAIDS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Marco Casu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Marco Vitale
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare—Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessia Cicenia
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare—Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil
- Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE), Brasilia 70070-130, DF, Brazil
| | - Chiara Romano
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Branda
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.R.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center (CNAIDS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maurer DP, Vu M, Schmidt AG. Antigenic drift expands viral escape pathways from imprinted host humoral immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.585891. [PMID: 38562862 PMCID: PMC10983950 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.585891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
An initial virus exposure can imprint antibodies such that future responses to antigenically drifted strains are dependent on the identity of the imprinting strain. Subsequent exposure to antigenically distinct strains followed by affinity maturation can guide immune responses toward generation of cross-reactive antibodies. How viruses evolve in turn to escape these imprinted broad antibody responses is unclear. Here, we used clonal antibody lineages from two human donors recognizing conserved influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) epitopes to assess viral escape potential using deep mutational scanning. We show that even though antibody affinity maturation does restrict the number of potential escape routes in the imprinting strain through repositioning the antibody variable domains, escape is still readily observed in drifted strains and attributed to epistatic networks within HA. These data explain how influenza virus continues to evolve in the human population by escaping even broad antibody responses.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sia ZR, Roy J, Huang WC, Song Y, Zhou S, Luo Y, Li Q, Arpin D, Kutscher HL, Ortega J, Davidson BA, Lovell JF. Adjuvanted nanoliposomes displaying six hemagglutinins and neuraminidases as an influenza virus vaccine. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101433. [PMID: 38401547 PMCID: PMC10982964 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Inclusion of defined quantities of the two major surface proteins of influenza virus, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), could benefit seasonal influenza vaccines. Recombinant HA and NA multimeric proteins derived from three influenza serotypes, H1N1, H3N2, and type B, are surface displayed on nanoliposomes co-loaded with immunostimulatory adjuvants, generating "hexaplex" particles that are used to immunize mice. Protective immune responses to hexaplex liposomes involve functional antibody elicitation against each included antigen, comparable to vaccination with monovalent antigen particles. When compared to contemporary recombinant or adjuvanted influenza virus vaccines, hexaplex liposomes perform favorably in many areas, including antibody production, T cell activation, protection from lethal virus challenge, and protection following passive sera transfer. Based on these results, hexaplex liposomes warrant further investigation as an adjuvanted recombinant influenza vaccine formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jayishnu Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; POP Biotechnologies, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA
| | - Yiting Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shiqi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Qinzhe Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Dominic Arpin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Hilliard L Kutscher
- POP Biotechnologies, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Bruce A Davidson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu T, Reiser WK, Tan TJC, Lv H, Rivera-Cardona J, Heimburger K, Wu NC, Brooke CB. Natural variation in neuraminidase activity influences the evolutionary potential of the seasonal H1N1 lineage hemagglutinin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585603. [PMID: 38562808 PMCID: PMC10983940 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The antigenic evolution of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene poses a major challenge for the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-term protection. Prior efforts to understand the mechanisms that govern viral antigenic evolution mainly focus on HA in isolation, ignoring the fact that HA must act in concert with the viral neuraminidase (NA) during replication and spread. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the degree to which the receptor binding avidity of HA and receptor cleaving activity of NA are balanced with each other influences overall viral fitness. We recently showed that changes in NA activity can significantly alter the mutational fitness landscape of HA in the context of a lab-adapted virus strain. Here, we test whether natural variation in relative NA activity can influence the evolutionary potential of HA in the context of the seasonal H1N1 lineage (pdmH1N1) that has circulated in humans since the 2009 pandemic. We observed substantial variation in the relative activities of NA proteins encoded by a panel of H1N1 vaccine strains isolated between 2009 and 2019. We comprehensively assessed the effect of NA background on the HA mutational fitness landscape in the circulating pdmH1N1 lineage using deep mutational scanning and observed pronounced epistasis between NA and residues in or near the receptor binding site of HA. To determine whether NA variation could influence the antigenic evolution of HA, we performed neutralizing antibody selection experiments using a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting different HA epitopes. We found that the specific antibody escape profiles of HA were highly contingent upon NA background. Overall, our results indicate that natural variation in NA activity plays a significant role in governing the evolutionary potential of HA in the currently circulating pdmH1N1 lineage.
Collapse
|
15
|
Katz M, Diskin R. The underlying mechanisms of arenaviral entry through matriglycan. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1371551. [PMID: 38516183 PMCID: PMC10955480 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1371551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Matriglycan, a recently characterized linear polysaccharide, is composed of alternating xylose and glucuronic acid subunits bound to the ubiquitously expressed protein α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Pathogenic arenaviruses, like the Lassa virus (LASV), hijack this long linear polysaccharide to gain cellular entry. Until recently, it was unclear through what mechanisms LASV engages its matriglycan receptor to initiate infection. Additionally, how matriglycan is synthesized onto α-DG by the Golgi-resident glycosyltransferase LARGE1 remained enigmatic. Recent structural data for LARGE1 and for the LASV spike complex informs us about the synthesis of matriglycan as well as its usage as an entry receptor by arenaviruses. In this review, we discuss structural insights into the system of matriglycan generation and eventual recognition by pathogenic viruses. We also highlight the unique usage of matriglycan as a high-affinity host receptor compared with other polysaccharides that decorate cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leong SL, Gras S, Grant EJ. Fighting flu: novel CD8 + T-cell targets are required for future influenza vaccines. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1491. [PMID: 38362528 PMCID: PMC10867544 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause severe medical and financial complications annually. Although there are many licenced influenza vaccines, there are billions of cases of influenza infection every year, resulting in the death of over half a million individuals. Furthermore, these figures can rise in the event of a pandemic, as seen throughout history, like the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic (50 million deaths) and the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic (~4 million deaths). In this review, we have summarised many of the currently licenced influenza vaccines available across the world and current vaccines in clinical trials. We then briefly discuss the important role of CD8+ T cells during influenza infection and why future influenza vaccines should consider targeting CD8+ T cells. Finally, we assess the current landscape of known immunogenic CD8+ T-cell epitopes and highlight the knowledge gaps required to be filled for the design of rational future influenza vaccines that incorporate CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Liwei Leong
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Emma J Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Flores RA, Cammayo-Fletcher PLT, Nguyen BT, Villavicencio AGM, Lee SY, Son Y, Kim JH, Park KI, Yoo WG, Jin YB, Min W, Kim WH. Genetic Characterization and Phylogeographic Analysis of the First H13N6 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Vega Gull in South Korea. Viruses 2024; 16:285. [PMID: 38400060 PMCID: PMC10891532 DOI: 10.3390/v16020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pathogen with zoonotic and pandemic potential. Migratory birds are natural reservoirs of all known subtypes of AIVs, except for H17N10 and H18N11, and they have been implicated in previous highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks worldwide. This study identified and characterized the first isolate of the H13N6 subtype from a Vega gull (Larus vegae mongolicus) in South Korea. The amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin gene showed a low pathogenic AIV subtype and various amino acid substitutions were found in the sequence compared to the reference sequence and known H13 isolates. High sequence homology with other H13N6 isolates was found in HA, NA, PB1, and PA genes, but not for PB2, NP, M, and NS genes. Interestingly, various point amino acid mutations were found on all gene segments, and some are linked to an increased binding to human-type receptors, resistance to antivirals, and virulence. Evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses showed that all gene segments are gull-adapted, with a phylogeographic origin of mostly Eurasian, except for PB2, PA, and M. Findings from this study support the evidence that reassortment of AIVs continuously occurs in nature, and migratory birds are vital in the intercontinental spread of avian influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle A. Flores
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Paula Leona T. Cammayo-Fletcher
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Andrea Gail M. Villavicencio
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Seung Yun Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Yongwoo Son
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- National Park Research Institute, Korean National Park Service, Wonju 26441, Gangwon, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Wongi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| | - Woo H. Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (R.A.F.); (P.L.T.C.-F.); (B.T.N.); (A.G.M.V.); (S.Y.L.); (Y.S.); (K.I.P.); (Y.B.J.); (W.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mukerjee N, Maitra S, Sharma R. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras in antiviral therapy: Leveraging influenza virus and exosome-mediated delivery for targeted protein degradation and therapeutic advancements. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22145. [PMID: 38349265 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobendu Mukerjee
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Swastika Maitra
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Ayurveda, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Latosińska M, Latosińska JN. Favipiravir Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Combined Quantum Chemical Modeling, Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship, and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2024; 29:441. [PMID: 38257352 PMCID: PMC10818557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study was motivated by the urgent need to develop or improve antivirals for effective therapy targeting RNA viruses. We hypothesized that analogues of favipiravir (FVP), an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), could provide more effective nucleic acid recognition and binding processes while reducing side effects such as cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity. We proposed a set of FVP analogues together with their forms of triphosphate as new SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors. The main aim of our study was to investigate changes in the mechanism and binding capacity resulting from these modifications. Using three different approaches, QTAIM, QSPR, and MD, the differences in the reactivity, toxicity, binding efficiency, and ability to be incorporated by RdRp were assessed. Two new quantum chemical reactivity descriptors, the relative electro-donating and electro-accepting power, were defined and successfully applied. Moreover, a new quantitative method for comparing binding modes was developed based on mathematical metrics and an atypical radar plot. These methods provide deep insight into the set of desirable properties responsible for inhibiting RdRp, allowing ligands to be conveniently screened. The proposed modification of the FVP structure seems to improve its binding ability and enhance the productive mode of binding. In particular, two of the FVP analogues (the trifluoro- and cyano-) bind very strongly to the RNA template, RNA primer, cofactors, and RdRp, and thus may constitute a very good alternative to FVP.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu NC, Ellebedy AH. Targeting neuraminidase: the next frontier for broadly protective influenza vaccines. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:11-19. [PMID: 38103991 PMCID: PMC10841738 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Current seasonal influenza vaccines, which mainly target hemagglutinin (HA), require annual updates due to the continuous antigenic drift of the influenza virus. Developing an influenza vaccine with increased breadth of protection will have significant public health benefits. The recent discovery of broadly protective antibodies to neuraminidase (NA) has provided important insights into developing a universal influenza vaccine, either by improving seasonal influenza vaccines or designing novel immunogens. However, further in-depth molecular characterizations of NA antibody responses are warranted to fully leverage broadly protective NA antibodies for influenza vaccine designs. Overall, we posit that focusing on NA for influenza vaccine development is synergistic with existing efforts targeting HA, and may represent a cost-effective approach to generating a broadly protective influenza vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Braz Gomes K, Zhang YN, Lee YZ, Eldad M, Lim A, Ward G, Auclair S, He L, Zhu J. Single-Component Multilayered Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles Displaying Extracellular Domains of Matrix Protein 2 as a Pan-influenza A Vaccine. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23545-23567. [PMID: 37988765 PMCID: PMC10722606 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of a cross-protective pan-influenza A vaccine remains a significant challenge. In this study, we designed and evaluated single-component self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SApNPs) presenting the conserved extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) as vaccine candidates against influenza A viruses. The SApNP-based vaccine strategy was first validated for human M2e (hM2e) and then applied to tandem repeats of M2e from human, avian, and swine hosts (M2ex3). Vaccination with M2ex3 displayed on SApNPs demonstrated higher survival rates and less weight loss compared to the soluble M2ex3 antigen against the lethal challenges of H1N1 and H3N2 in mice. M2ex3 I3-01v9a SApNPs formulated with a squalene-based adjuvant were retained in the lymph node follicles over 8 weeks and induced long-lived germinal center reactions. Notably, a single low dose of M2ex3 I3-01v9a SApNP formulated with a potent adjuvant, either a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist or a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, conferred 90% protection against a lethal H1N1 challenge in mice. With the ability to induce robust and durable M2e-specific functional antibody and T cell responses, the M2ex3-presenting I3-01v9a SApNP provides a promising pan-influenza A vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Braz Gomes
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yi-Nan Zhang
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mor Eldad
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander Lim
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Garrett Ward
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sarah Auclair
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Linling He
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lőrincz EB, Herczeg M, Houser J, Rievajová M, Kuki Á, Malinovská L, Naesens L, Wimmerová M, Borbás A, Herczegh P, Bereczki I. Amphiphilic Sialic Acid Derivatives as Potential Dual-Specific Inhibitors of Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17268. [PMID: 38139095 PMCID: PMC10743929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the shadow of SARS-CoV-2, influenza seems to be an innocent virus, although new zoonotic influenza viruses evolved by mutations may lead to severe pandemics. According to WHO, there is an urgent need for better antiviral drugs. Blocking viral hemagglutinin with multivalent N-acetylneuraminic acid derivatives is a promising approach to prevent influenza infection. Moreover, dual inhibition of both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase may result in a more powerful effect. Since both viral glycoproteins can bind to neuraminic acid, we have prepared three series of amphiphilic self-assembling 2-thio-neuraminic acid derivatives constituting aggregates in aqueous medium to take advantage of their multivalent effect. One of the series was prepared by the azide-alkyne click reaction, and the other two by the thio-click reaction to yield neuraminic acid derivatives containing lipophilic tails of different sizes and an enzymatically stable thioglycosidic bond. Two of the three bis-octyl derivatives produced proved to be active against influenza viruses, while all three octyl derivatives bound to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from H1N1 and H3N2 influenza types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boglárka Lőrincz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.H.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mihály Herczeg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.H.)
| | - Josef Houser
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (L.M.); (M.W.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rievajová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Lenka Malinovská
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (L.M.); (M.W.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Michaela Wimmerová
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (L.M.); (M.W.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.H.)
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- HUN-REN–UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Herczegh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.H.)
| | - Ilona Bereczki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.L.); (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.H.)
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Han AX, de Jong SPJ, Russell CA. Co-evolution of immunity and seasonal influenza viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:805-817. [PMID: 37532870 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses cause recurring global epidemics by continually evolving to escape host immunity. The viral constraints and host immune responses that limit and drive the evolution of these viruses are increasingly well understood. However, it remains unclear how most of these advances improve the capacity to reduce the impact of seasonal influenza viruses on human health. In this Review, we synthesize recent progress made in understanding the interplay between the evolution of immunity induced by previous infections or vaccination and the evolution of seasonal influenza viruses driven by the heterogeneous accumulation of antibody-mediated immunity in humans. We discuss the functional constraints that limit the evolution of the viruses, the within-host evolutionary processes that drive the emergence of new virus variants, as well as current and prospective options for influenza virus control, including the viral and immunological barriers that must be overcome to improve the effectiveness of vaccines and antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin X Han
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P J de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Elalouf A, Kedarya T, Elalouf H, Rosenfeld A. Computational design and evaluation of mRNA- and protein-based conjugate vaccines for influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:120. [PMID: 37966525 PMCID: PMC10651613 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Israel confirmed the first case of "flurona"-a co-infection of seasonal flu (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 in an unvaccinated pregnant woman. This twindemic has been confirmed in multiple countries and underscores the importance of managing respiratory viral illnesses. RESULTS The novel conjugate vaccine was designed by joining four hemagglutinin, three neuraminidase, and four S protein of B-cell epitopes, two hemagglutinin, three neuraminidase, and four S proteins of MHC-I epitopes, and three hemagglutinin, nine neuraminidase, and five S proteins of MHC-II epitopes with linkers and adjuvants. The constructed conjugate vaccine was found stable, non-toxic, non-allergic, and antigenic with 0.6466 scores. The vaccine contained 14.87% alpha helix, 29.85% extended strand, 9.64% beta-turn, and 45.64% random coil, which was modeled to a 3D structure with 94.7% residues in the most favored region of the Ramachandran plot and Z-score of -3.33. The molecular docking of the vaccine with TLR3 represented -1513.9 kcal/mol of binding energy with 39 hydrogen bonds and 514 non-bonded contacts, and 1.582925e-07 of eigenvalue complex. Immune stimulation prediction showed the conjugate vaccine could activate T and B lymphocytes to produce high levels of Th1 cytokines and antibodies. CONCLUSION The in silico-designed vaccine against IAV and SARS-CoV-2 showed good population coverage and immune response with predicted T- and B-cell epitopes, favorable molecular docking, Ramachandran plot results, and good protein expression. It fulfilled safety criteria, indicating potential for preclinical studies and experimental clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Elalouf
- Department of Management, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Tomer Kedarya
- Department of Management, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Hadas Elalouf
- Information Science Department, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ariel Rosenfeld
- Information Science Department, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ippolito GC. Illuminating the dark side of neuraminidase in influenza immunity. Immunity 2023; 56:2463-2465. [PMID: 37967527 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The influenza neuraminidase has historically been understudied compared to its surface protein counterpart, hemagglutinin. In two recent Immunity papers, Hansen et al. and Lei et al. bolster resurging interest in neuraminidase-targeting antibodies and their implications for therapy and "universal" vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Macauslane KL, Pegg CL, Short KR, Schulz BL. Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathways by respiratory viruses. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37934111 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2274840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are amongst the leading causes of death and disability, and the greatest burden of disease impacts children, pregnant women, and the elderly. Respiratory viruses account for the majority of ARIs. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a host homeostatic defence mechanism primarily activated in response to aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein accumulation in cell stresses including viral infection. The UPR has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several respiratory diseases, as the respiratory system is particularly vulnerable to chronic and acute activation of the ER stress response pathway. Many respiratory viruses therefore employ strategies to modulate the UPR during infection, with varying effects on the host and the pathogens. Here, we review the specific means by which respiratory viruses affect the host UPR, particularly in association with the high production of viral glycoproteins, and the impact of UPR activation and subversion on viral replication and disease pathogenesis. We further review the activation of UPR in common co-morbidities of ARIs and discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating the UPR in virally induced respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Macauslane
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cassandra L Pegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hayati M, Sobkowiak B, Stockdale JE, Colijn C. Phylogenetic identification of influenza virus candidates for seasonal vaccines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabp9185. [PMID: 37922357 PMCID: PMC10624341 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal influenza (flu) vaccine is designed to protect against those influenza viruses predicted to circulate during the upcoming flu season, but identifying which viruses are likely to circulate is challenging. We use features from phylogenetic trees reconstructed from hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences, together with a support vector machine, to predict future circulation. We obtain accuracies of 0.75 to 0.89 (AUC 0.83 to 0.91) over 2016-2020. We explore ways to select potential candidates for a seasonal vaccine and find that the machine learning model has a moderate ability to select strains that are close to future populations. However, consensus sequences among the most recent 3 years also do well at this task. We identify similar candidate strains to those proposed by the World Health Organization, suggesting that this approach can help inform vaccine strain selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hayati
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Benjamin Sobkowiak
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Caroline Colijn
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bruno F, Abondio P, Bruno R, Ceraudo L, Paparazzo E, Citrigno L, Luiselli D, Bruni AC, Passarino G, Colao R, Maletta R, Montesanto A. Alzheimer's disease as a viral disease: Revisiting the infectious hypothesis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102068. [PMID: 37704050 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. Two major forms of the disease exist: sporadic - the causes of which have not yet been fully understood - and familial - inherited within families from generation to generation, with a clear autosomal dominant transmission of mutations in Presenilin 1 (PSEN1), 2 (PSEN2) or Amyloid Precursors Protein (APP) genes. The main hallmark of AD consists of extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and intracellular deposits of the hyperphosphorylated form of the tau protein. An ever-growing body of research supports the viral infectious hypothesis of sporadic forms of AD. In particular, it has been shown that several herpes viruses (i.e., HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 or varicella zoster virus, HHV-4 or Epstein Barr virus, HHV-5 or cytomegalovirus, HHV-6A and B, HHV-7), flaviviruses (i.e., Zika virus, Dengue fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus) as well as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV), SARS-CoV2, Ljungan virus (LV), Influenza A virus and Borna disease virus, could increase the risk of AD. Here, we summarized and discussed these results. Based on these findings, significant issues for future studies are also put forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bruno
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Paolo Abondio
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Rossella Bruno
- Sudent at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88050 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Leognano Ceraudo
- Sudent at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Ersilia Paparazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Luigi Citrigno
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation - (IRIB), 87050 Mangone, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Rosanna Colao
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maletta
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rizal FA, Ho KL, Omar AR, Tan WS, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Iqbal M. Sequence Analysis of the Malaysian Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strain H5N2 from Duck. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1973. [PMID: 37895321 PMCID: PMC10606931 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H5 subtype have the ability to mutate from low pathogenic (LPAI) to highly pathogenic (HPAI), which can cause high mortality in poultry. Little is known about the pathogenic switching apart from the mutations at the haemagglutinin cleavage site, which significantly contributes to the virus virulence switching phenomenon. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the molecular markers in the haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M) genes of a locally isolated LPAI AIV strain H5N2 from Malaysia with the reference HPAI strains using bioinformatics approaches, emphasising the pathogenic properties of the viral genes. First, the H5N2 strain A/Duck/Malaysia/8443/2004 was propagated in SPF eggs. The viral presence was verified by haemagglutination assay, RT-PCR, and sequencing. Results showed successful amplifications of HA (1695 bp), NA (1410 bp), and M (1019 bp) genes. The genes were sequenced and the deduced amino acid sequences were analysed computationally using MEGA 11 and NetNGlyc software. Analysis of the HA protein showed the absence of the polybasic cleavage motif, but presence of two amino acid residues that are known to affect pathogenicity. There were also two glycosylation sites (glycosites) compared to the reference HPAI viruses, which had three or more at the HA globular head domain. No NA stalk deletion was detected but the haemadsorbing and active centres of the studied NA protein were relatively similar to the reference HPAI H5N2 isolates of duck but not chicken origins. Six NA glycosites were also identified. Finally, we observed a consistent M1 and M2 amino acid sequences between our LPAI isolate with the other HPAI H5N1 or H5N2 reference proteins. These data demonstrate distinct characteristics of the Malaysian LPAI H5N2, compared to HPAI H5N2 or H5N1 from ducks or chickens, potentially aiding the epidemiological research on genetic dynamics of circulating AIV in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Ahmad Rizal
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hope T, Becker M, Martin-Sancho L, Simons L, McRaven M, Chanda S, Hultquist J. Live imaging of the airway epithelium reveals that mucociliary clearance modulates SARS-CoV-2 spread. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3246773. [PMID: 37720034 PMCID: PMC10503848 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3246773/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 initiates infection in the conducting airways, which rely on mucocilliary clearance (MCC) to minimize pathogen penetration. However, it is unclear how MCC impacts SARS-CoV-2 spread after infection is established. To understand viral spread at this site, we performed live imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected differentiated primary human bronchial epithelium cultures for up to 9 days. Fluorescent markers for cilia and mucus allowed longitudinal monitoring of MCC, ciliary motion, and infection. The number of infected cells peaked at 4 days post-infection in characteristic foci that followed mucus movement. Inhibition of MCC using physical and genetic perturbations limited foci. Later in infection, MCC was diminished despite relatively subtle ciliary function defects. Resumption of MCC and infection spread after mucus removal suggests that mucus secretion mediates this effect. We show that MCC facilitates SARS-CoV-2 spread early in infection while later decreases in MCC inhibit spread, suggesting a complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and MCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sumit Chanda
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Low ZY, Wong KH, Wen Yip AJ, Choo WS. The convergent evolution of influenza A virus: Implications, therapeutic strategies and what we need to know. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100202. [PMID: 37700857 PMCID: PMC10493511 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection, more commonly known as the 'cold flu', is an etiological agent that gives rise to recurrent annual flu and many pandemics. Dated back to the 1918- Spanish Flu, the influenza infection has caused the loss of many human lives and significantly impacted the economy and daily lives. Influenza virus can be classified into four different genera: influenza A-D, with the former two, influenza A and B, relevant to humans. The capacity of antigenic drift and shift in Influenza A has given rise to many novel variants, rendering vaccines and antiviral therapies useless. In light of the emergence of a novel betacoronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2, unravelling the underpinning mechanisms that support the recurrent influenza epidemics and pandemics is essential. Given the symptom similarities between influenza and covid infection, it is crucial to reiterate what we know about the influenza infection. This review aims to describe the origin and evolution of influenza infection. Apart from that, the risk factors entail the implication of co-infections, especially regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is further discussed. In addition, antiviral strategies, including the potential of drug repositioning, are discussed in this context. The diagnostic approach is also critically discussed in an effort to understand better and prepare for upcoming variants and potential influenza pandemics in the future. Lastly, this review encapsulates the challenges in curbing the influenza spread and provides insights for future directions in influenza management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ka Heng Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Charostad J, Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd M, Mahmoudvand S, Bashash D, Hashemi SMA, Nakhaie M, Zandi K. A comprehensive review of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1: An imminent threat at doorstep. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 55:102638. [PMID: 37652253 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are globally challenging due to widespread circulation and high mortality rates. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains like H5N1 have caused significant outbreaks in birds. Since 2003 to 14 July 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) has documented 878 cases of HPAI H5N1 infection in humans and 458 (52.16%) fatalities in 23 countries. Recent outbreaks in wild birds, domestic birds, sea lions, minks, and etc., and the occurrence of genetic variations among HPAI H5N1 strains raise concerns about potential transmission and public health risks. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and new insights into HPAI H5N1. It begins with an introduction to the significance of studying this virus and highlighting the need for updated knowledge. The origin and evaluation of HPAI H5N1 are examined, shedding light on its emergence, and spread across different geographic regions. The genome organization and structural biology of the H5N1 virus are explored, providing insights into its molecular composition and key structural features. This manuscript also delves into the phylogeny, evolution, mutational trends, reservoirs, and transmission routes of HPAI H5N1. The immune response against HPAI H5N1 and its implications for vaccine development are analyzed, along with an exploration of the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HPAI H5N1 in human cases. Furthermore, diagnostic tools and preventive and therapeutic strategies are discussed, highlighting the current approaches and potential future directions for better management of the potential pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Charostad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nakhaie
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tortellini E, Fosso Ngangue YC, Dominelli F, Guardiani M, Falvino C, Mengoni F, Carraro A, Marocco R, Pasculli P, Mastroianni CM, Ciardi MR, Lichtner M, Zingaropoli MA. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccination in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1844. [PMID: 37766251 PMCID: PMC10534440 DOI: 10.3390/v15091844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) remain at high risk of mortality and morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases, even though antiretroviral therapy (ART) has restored life expectancy and general well-being. When, which, and how many doses of vaccine should be administered over the lifetime of PLWH are questions that have become clinically relevant. Immune responses to most vaccines are known to be impaired in PLWH. Effective control of viremia with ART and restored CD4+ T-cell count are correlated with an improvement in responsiveness to routine vaccines. However, the presence of immune alterations, comorbidities and co-infections may alter it. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on immune responses to different vaccines in the setting of HIV infection, emphasizing the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of comorbidities in modulating such responses. A better understanding of these issues will help guide vaccination and prevention strategies for PLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Tortellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Yann Collins Fosso Ngangue
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Federica Dominelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Mariasilvia Guardiani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Carmen Falvino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Fabio Mengoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Anna Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Raffaella Marocco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, SM Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy; (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Patrizia Pasculli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, SM Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy; (R.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Zingaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jiang H, Zhang Z. Immune response in influenza virus infection and modulation of immune injury by viral neuraminidase. Virol J 2023; 20:193. [PMID: 37641134 PMCID: PMC10463456 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause severe respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. Overreaction of the innate immune response to influenza virus infection results in hypercytokinemia, which is responsible for mortality and morbidity. The influenza A virus surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) plays a vital role in viral attachment, entry, and virion release from infected cells. NA acts as a sialidase, which cleaves sialic acids from cell surface proteins and carbohydrate side chains on nascent virions. Here, we review progress in understanding the role of NA in modulating host immune response to influenza virus infection. We also discuss recent exciting findings targeting NA protein to interrupt influenza-induced immune injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Jiang
- The People's Hospital of Dayi Country, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zongde Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Dayi Country, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Batty CJ, Pena ES, Amouzougan EA, Moore KM, Ainslie KM, Bachelder EM. Humoral Response to the Acetalated Dextran M2e Vaccine is Enhanced by Antigen Surface Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1447-1458. [PMID: 37458383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The influenza A virus causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide every year and poses a constant threat of an emergent pandemic. Seasonal influenza vaccination strategies fail to provide complete protection against infection due to antigenic drift and shift. A universal vaccine targeting a conserved influenza epitope could substantially improve current vaccination strategies. The ectodomain of the matrix 2 protein (M2e) of influenza is a highly conserved epitope between virus strains but is also poorly immunogenic. Administration of M2e and the immunostimulatory stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist 3'3'-cyclic guanosine-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) encapsulated in microparticles made of acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) has previously been shown to be effective for increasing the immunogenicity of M2e, primarily through T-cell-mediated responses. Here, the immunogenicity of Ace-DEX MPs delivering M2e was further improved by conjugating the M2e peptide to the particle surface in an effort to affect B-cell responses more directly. Conjugated or encapsulated M2e co-administered with Ace-DEX MPs containing cGAMP were used to vaccinate mice, and it was shown that two or three vaccinations could fully protect against a lethal influenza challenge, while only the surface-conjugated antigen constructs could provide some protection against lethal challenge with only one vaccination. Additionally, the use of a reducible linker augmented the T-cell response to the antigen. These results show the utility of conjugating M2e to the surface of a particle carrier to increase its immunogenicity for use as the antigen in a universal influenza vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cole J Batty
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Erik S Pena
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Eva A Amouzougan
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kathryn M Moore
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu DJ, Liu CC, Zhong XQ, Wu X, Zhang HH, Lu SW, Shen ZL, Song WW, Zhao SL, Peng YS, Zheng HP, Wan MY, Chen YQ, Deng L. Boost immunizations with NA-derived peptide conjugates achieve induction of NA inhibition antibodies and heterologous influenza protections. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112766. [PMID: 37421618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase is suggested as an important component for developing a universal influenza vaccine. Targeted induction of neuraminidase-specific broadly protective antibodies by vaccinations is challenging. To overcome this, we rationally select the highly conserved peptides from the consensus amino acid sequence of the globular head domains of neuraminidase. Inspired by the B cell receptor evolution process, a reliable sequential immunization regimen is designed to result in immuno-focusing by steering bulk immune responses to a selected region where broadly protective B lymphocyte epitopes reside. After priming neuraminidase protein-specific antibody responses in C57BL/6 or BALB/c inbred mice strains by immunization or pre-infection, boost immunizations with certain neuraminidase-derived peptide-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugates significantly strengthened serum neuraminidase inhibition activities and cross-protections. Overall, this study provides proof of concept for a peptide-based sequential immunization strategy for achieving targeted induction of cross-protective antibody response, which provides references for designing universal vaccines against other highly variable pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Jian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hui-Hui Zhang
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shang-Wen Lu
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhuo-Ling Shen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wen-Wen Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shi-Long Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - You-Song Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - He-Ping Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mu-Yang Wan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518107, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Beijing Weimiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Haidian District, Beijing 100000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Werninghaus IC, Hinke DM, Fossum E, Bogen B, Braathen R. Neuraminidase delivered as an APC-targeted DNA vaccine induces protective antibodies against influenza. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2188-2205. [PMID: 36926694 PMCID: PMC10362400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional influenza vaccines focus on hemagglutinin (HA). However, antibody responses to neuraminidase (NA) have been established as an independent correlate of protection. Here, we introduced the ectodomain of NA into DNA vaccines that, as translated dimeric vaccine proteins, target antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The targeting was mediated by an single-chain variable fragment specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, which is genetically linked to NA via a dimerization motif. A single immunization of BALB/c mice elicited strong and long-lasting NA-specific antibodies that inhibited NA enzymatic activity and reduced viral replication. Vaccine-induced NA immunity completely protected against a homologous influenza virus and out-competed NA immunity induced by a conventional inactivated virus vaccine. The protection was mainly mediated by antibodies, although NA-specific T cells also contributed. APC-targeting and antigen bivalency were crucial for vaccine efficacy. The APC-targeted vaccine was potent at low doses of DNA, indicating a dose-sparing effect. Similar results were obtained with NA vaccines that targeted different surface molecules on dendritic cells. Interestingly, the protective efficacy of NA as antigen compared favorably with HA and therefore ought to receive more attention in influenza vaccine research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Charlotta Werninghaus
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Daniëla Maria Hinke
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Fossum
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ranveig Braathen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lista F, Peragallo MS, Biselli R, De Santis R, Mariotti S, Nisini R, D'Amelio R. Have Diagnostics, Therapies, and Vaccines Made the Difference in the Pandemic Evolution of COVID-19 in Comparison with "Spanish Flu"? Pathogens 2023; 12:868. [PMID: 37513715 PMCID: PMC10384375 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1918 many countries, but not Spain, were fighting World War I. Spanish press could report about the diffusion and severity of a new infection without censorship for the first-time, so that this pandemic is commonly defined as "Spanish flu", even though Spain was not its place of origin. "Spanish flu" was one of the deadliest pandemics in history and has been frequently compared with the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic. These pandemics share similarities, being both caused by highly variable and transmissible respiratory RNA viruses, and diversity, represented by diagnostics, therapies, and especially vaccines, which were made rapidly available for COVID-19, but not for "Spanish flu". Most comparison studies have been carried out in the first period of COVID-19, when these resources were either not yet available or their use had not long started. Conversely, we wanted to analyze the role that the advanced diagnostics, anti-viral agents, including monoclonal antibodies, and innovative COVID-19 vaccines, may have had in the pandemic containment. Early diagnosis, therapies, and anti-COVID-19 vaccines have markedly reduced the pandemic severity and mortality, thus preventing the collapse of the public health services. However, their influence on the reduction of infections and re-infections, thus on the transition from pandemic to endemic condition, appears to be of minor relevance. The high viral variability of influenza and coronavirus may probably be contained by the development of universal vaccines, which are not easy to be obtained. The only effective weapon still remains the disease prevention, to be achieved with the reduction of promiscuity between the animal reservoirs of these zoonotic diseases and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florigio Lista
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Stefano Peragallo
- Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanità e Veterinaria, Comando Logistico dell'Esercito, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Biselli
- Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Santis
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaele D'Amelio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00198 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Alotaibi BS, Tantry BA, Bandy A, Ahmad R, Khursheed SQ, Ahmad A, Hakami MA, Shah NN. Simultaneous Detection of Influenza A/B, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharyngeal Swabs by One-Tube Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:326. [PMID: 37368744 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment and outcome of respiratory virus infections differ. SARS-CoV-2, as well as other respiratory viruses such as influenza virus (A and B) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), require simultaneous, cost-effective, and rapid differential detection. We used a gold standard five-target single-step RT-PCR to detect influenza viruses, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, and this method can be extended to detect influenza virus subtypes. As a result, this five-target single-step RT-PCR method is ideal for differentiating respiratory viruses. The 5' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase is used in the real-time reverse transcription PCR assay. The Taq man fast viral 1-step enzyme is a 4× Master mix and five-target primer probe mix that detects influenza A, influenza B, SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab, respiratory syncytial viruses A/B and actin. When compared with TaqMan TM and Invitrogen superscript TM III Platinum and the Meril Kit for SARS-CoV-2, the assay demonstrated 100% sensitivity, specificity, and amplification efficiency of 90.1% for target genes. In conclusion, our one-tube multiplex RT-PCR assay offers a rapid and reliable method for the simultaneous detection of influenza A/B, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swabs. This assay has the potential to enhance diagnostic capabilities and improve public health responses during respiratory outbreaks, enabling timely interventions and informed decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bader S Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Ahmad Tantry
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, India
| | - Altaf Bandy
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15273, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reyaz Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, India
| | | | - Arshid Ahmad
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190001, India
| | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Nazir Shah
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190001, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Stojanovic BS, Stojanovic B, Milovanovic J, Arsenijević A, Dimitrijevic Stojanovic M, Arsenijevic N, Milovanovic M. The Pivotal Role of Galectin-3 in Viral Infection: A Multifaceted Player in Host-Pathogen Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119617. [PMID: 37298569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes, including immune responses, inflammation, and cancer progression. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the multifaceted functions of Gal-3, starting with its crucial involvement in viral entry through facilitating viral attachment and catalyzing internalization. Furthermore, Gal-3 assumes significant roles in modulating immune responses, encompassing the activation and recruitment of immune cells, regulation of immune signaling pathways, and orchestration of cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy. The impact of Gal-3 extends to the viral life cycle, encompassing critical phases such as replication, assembly, and release. Notably, Gal-3 also contributes to viral pathogenesis, demonstrating involvement in tissue damage, inflammation, and viral persistence and latency elements. A detailed examination of specific viral diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and influenza A, underscores the intricate role of Gal-3 in modulating immune responses and facilitating viral adherence and entry. Moreover, the potential of Gal-3 as a biomarker for disease severity, particularly in COVID-19, is considered. Gaining further insight into the mechanisms and roles of Gal-3 in these infections could pave the way for the development of innovative treatment and prevention options for a wide range of viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana S Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijević
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milica Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Garcia NK, Kephart SM, Benhaim MA, Matsui T, Mileant A, Guttman M, Lee KK. Structural dynamics reveal subtype-specific activation and inhibition of influenza virus hemagglutinin. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104765. [PMID: 37121546 PMCID: PMC10220487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is a prototypical class 1 viral entry glycoprotein, responsible for mediating receptor binding and membrane fusion. Structures of its prefusion and postfusion forms, embodying the beginning and endpoints of the fusion pathway, have been extensively characterized. Studies probing HA dynamics during fusion have begun to identify intermediate states along the pathway, enhancing our understanding of how HA becomes activated and traverses its conformational pathway to complete fusion. HA is also the most variable, rapidly evolving part of influenza virus, and it is not known whether mechanisms of its activation and fusion are conserved across divergent viral subtypes. Here, we apply hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to compare fusion activation in two subtypes of HA, H1 and H3. Our data reveal subtype-specific behavior in the regions of HA that undergo structural rearrangement during fusion, including the fusion peptide and HA1/HA2 interface. In the presence of an antibody that inhibits the conformational change (FI6v3), we observe that acid-induced dynamic changes near the epitope are dampened, but the degree of protection at the fusion peptide is different for the two subtypes investigated. These results thus provide new insights into variation in the mechanisms of influenza HA's dynamic activation and its inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sally M Kephart
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark A Benhaim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tsutomu Matsui
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Alexander Mileant
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Habibi MA, Nezhad Shamohammadi F, Rajaei T, Namdari H, Pashaei MR, Farajifard H, Ahmadpour S. Immunopathogenesis of viral infections in neurological autoimmune disease. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:201. [PMID: 37221459 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases develop due to self-tolerance failure in recognizing self and non-self-antigens. Several factors play a role in inducing autoimmunity, including genetic and environmental elements. Several studies demonstrated the causative role of viruses; however, some studies showed the preventive effect of viruses in the development of autoimmunity. Neurological autoimmune diseases are classified based on the targets of autoantibodies, which target intracellular or extracellular antigens rather than neurons. Several theories have been hypothesized to explain the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and autoimmune diseases. This study reviewed the current data on the immunopathogenesis of viruses in autoimmunity of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Habibi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institut, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Taraneh Rajaei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pashaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamid Farajifard
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Ahmadpour
- Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Scior T, Cuanalo-Contreras K, Islas AA, Martinez-Laguna Y. Targeting the Human Influenza a Virus: The Methods, Limitations, and Pitfalls of Virtual Screening for Drug-like Candidates Including Scaffold Hopping and Compound Profiling. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051056. [PMID: 37243142 DOI: 10.3390/v15051056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the input data and processing steps to find antiviral lead compounds by a virtual screen. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional filters were designed based on the X-ray crystallographic structures of viral neuraminidase co-crystallized with substrate sialic acid, substrate-like DANA, and four inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivir). As a result, ligand-receptor interactions were modeled, and those necessary for binding were utilized as screen filters. Prospective virtual screening (VS) was carried out in a virtual chemical library of over half a million small organic substances. Orderly filtered moieties were investigated based on 2D- and 3D-predicted binding fingerprints disregarding the "rule-of-five" for drug likeness, and followed by docking and ADMET profiling. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional screening were supervised after enriching the dataset with known reference drugs and decoys. All 2D, 3D, and 4D procedures were calibrated before execution, and were then validated. Presently, two top-ranked substances underwent successful patent filing. In addition, the study demonstrates how to work around reported VS pitfalls in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scior
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia San Manuel, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Karina Cuanalo-Contreras
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia San Manuel, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Angel A Islas
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia San Manuel, Puebla 72570, Mexico
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico
| | - Ygnacio Martinez-Laguna
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72592, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Raj S, Vishwakarma P, Saxena S, Kumar V, Khatri R, Kumar A, Singh M, Mishra S, Asthana S, Ahmed S, Samal S. Intradermal Immunization of Soluble Influenza HA Derived from a Lethal Virus Induces High Magnitude and Breadth of Antibody Responses and Provides Complete Protection In Vivo. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040780. [PMID: 37112692 PMCID: PMC10141624 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogens mimicking the native-like structure of surface-exposed viral antigens are considered promising vaccine candidates. Influenza viruses are important zoonotic respiratory viruses with high pandemic potential. Recombinant soluble hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein-based protein subunit vaccines against Influenza have been shown to induce protective efficacy when administered intramuscularly. Here, we have expressed a recombinant soluble trimeric HA protein in Expi 293F cells and purified the protein derived from the Inf A/Guangdong-Maonan/ SWL1536/2019 virus which was found to be highly virulent in the mouse. The trimeric HA protein was found to be in the oligomeric state, highly stable, and the efficacy study in the BALB/c mouse challenge model through intradermal immunization with the prime-boost regimen conferred complete protection against a high lethal dose of homologous and mouse-adapted InfA/PR8 virus challenge. Furthermore, the immunogen induced high hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) titers and showed cross-protection against other Inf A and Inf B subtypes. The results are promising and warrant trimeric HA as a suitable vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Raj
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Mrityunjay Singh
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Surbhi Mishra
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kumari R, Sharma SD, Kumar A, Ende Z, Mishina M, Wang Y, Falls Z, Samudrala R, Pohl J, Knight PR, Sambhara S. Antiviral Approaches against Influenza Virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0004022. [PMID: 36645300 PMCID: PMC10035319 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00040-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing and controlling influenza virus infection remains a global public health challenge, as it causes seasonal epidemics to unexpected pandemics. These infections are responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and substantial economic impact. Vaccines are the prophylaxis mainstay in the fight against influenza. However, vaccination fails to confer complete protection due to inadequate vaccination coverages, vaccine shortages, and mismatches with circulating strains. Antivirals represent an important prophylactic and therapeutic measure to reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations. Here, we review current FDA-approved influenza antivirals with their mechanisms of action, and different viral- and host-directed influenza antiviral approaches, including immunomodulatory interventions in clinical development. Furthermore, we also illustrate the potential utility of machine learning in developing next-generation antivirals against influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumari
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suresh D. Sharma
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary Ende
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), CDC Fellowship Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Margarita Mishina
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zackary Falls
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ram Samudrala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul R. Knight
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Van Poelvoorde LAE, Dufrasne FE, Van Gucht S, Saelens X, Roosens NHC. Development of Digital Droplet PCR Targeting the Influenza H3N2 Oseltamivir-Resistant E119V Mutation and Its Performance through the Use of Reverse Genetics Mutants. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2521-2532. [PMID: 36975535 PMCID: PMC10047791 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of antiviral-resistant influenza virus strains is important for public health given the availability and use of neuraminidase inhibitors and other antivirals to treat infected patients. Naturally occurring oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H3N2 influenza virus strains often carry a glutamate-to-valine substitution at position 119 in the neuraminidase (E119V-NA). Early detection of resistant influenza viruses is important for patient management and for the rapid containment of antiviral resistance. The neuraminidase inhibition assay allows the phenotypical identification of resistant strains; however, this test often has limited sensitivity with high variability depending on the virus strain, drugs and assays. Once a mutation such as E119V-NA is known, highly sensitive PCR-based genotypic assays can be used to identify the prevalence of such mutant influenza viruses in clinical samples. In this study, based on an existing reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, we developed a reverse transcriptase droplet digital PCR assay (RT-ddPCR) to detect and quantify the frequency of the E119V-NA mutation. Furthermore, reverse genetics viruses carrying this mutation were created to test the performance of the RT-ddPCR assay and compare it to the standard phenotypic NA assay. We also discuss the advantage of using an RT-ddPCR instead of qPCR method in the context of viral diagnostics and surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A E Van Poelvoorde
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- National Influenza Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases in Humans, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Sciensano, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - François E Dufrasne
- National Influenza Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases in Humans, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Sciensano, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Gucht
- National Influenza Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases in Humans, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Sciensano, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy H C Roosens
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Al-Jabri M, Rosero C, Saade EA. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Older Adults. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2023; 37:103-121. [PMID: 36805008 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Older adults are at an increased risk of vaccine-preventable diseases partly because of physiologic changes in the immune and other body systems related to age and/or accumulating comorbidities that increase the vulnerability to infections and decrease the response to vaccines. Strategies to improve the response to vaccines include using a higher antigenic dose (such as in the high-dose inactivated influenza vaccines) as well as adding adjuvants (such as MF59 in the adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Jabri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue - Mailstop Fol. 5083, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christian Rosero
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue - Mailstop Fol. 5083, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Elie A Saade
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue - Mailstop Fol. 5083, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lei R, Hernandez Garcia A, Tan TJC, Teo QW, Wang Y, Zhang X, Luo S, Nair SK, Peng J, Wu NC. Mutational fitness landscape of human influenza H3N2 neuraminidase. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111951. [PMID: 36640354 PMCID: PMC9931530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza neuraminidase (NA) has received increasing attention as an effective vaccine target. However, its mutational tolerance is not well characterized. Here, the fitness effects of >6,000 mutations in human H3N2 NA are probed using deep mutational scanning. Our result shows that while its antigenic regions have high mutational tolerance, there are solvent-exposed regions with low mutational tolerance. We also find that protein stability is a major determinant of NA mutational fitness. The deep mutational scanning result correlates well with mutational fitness inferred from natural sequences using a protein language model, substantiating the relevance of our findings to the natural evolution of circulating strains. Additional analysis further suggests that human H3N2 NA is far from running out of mutations despite already evolving for >50 years. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the evolutionary potential of NA and the underlying biophysical constraints, which in turn provide insights into NA-based vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrea Hernandez Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Timothy J C Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qi Wen Teo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yiquan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jian Peng
- HeliXon Limited, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abbadi N, Mousa JJ. Broadly Protective Neuraminidase-Based Influenza Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies: Target Epitopes and Mechanisms of Action. Viruses 2023; 15:200. [PMID: 36680239 PMCID: PMC9861061 DOI: 10.3390/v15010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an important surface protein on influenza virions, playing an essential role in the viral life cycle and being a key target of the immune system. Despite the importance of NA-based immunity, current vaccines are focused on the hemagglutinin (HA) protein as the target for protective antibodies, and the amount of NA is not standardized in virion-based vaccines. Antibodies targeting NA are predominantly protective, reducing infection severity and viral shedding. Recently, NA-specific monoclonal antibodies have been characterized, and their target epitopes have been identified. This review summarizes the characteristics of NA, NA-specific antibodies, the mechanism of NA inhibition, and the recent efforts towards developing NA-based and NA-incorporating influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Abbadi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xie R, Zhang H, Zhang H, Li C, Cui D, Li S, Li Z, Liu H, Huang J. Hemagglutinin expressed by yeast reshapes immune microenvironment and gut microbiota to trigger diverse anti-infection response in infected birds. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125190. [PMID: 37143654 PMCID: PMC10151582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The H5N8 influenza virus is a highly pathogenic pathogen for poultry and human. Vaccination is the most effective method to control the spread of the virus right now. The traditional inactivated vaccine, though well developed and used widely, is laborious during application and more interests are stimulated in developing alternative approaches. Methods In this study, we developed three hemagglutinin (HA) gene-based yeast vaccine. In order to explore the protective efficacy of the vaccines, the gene expression level in the bursa of Fabricius and the structure of intestinal microflora in immunized animals were analyzed by RNA seq and 16SrRNA sequencing, and the regulatory mechanism of yeast vaccine was evaluated. Results All of these vaccines elicited the humoral immunity, inhibited viral load in the chicken tissues, and provided partial protective efficacy due to the high dose of the H5N8 virus. Molecular mechanism studies suggested that, compared to the traditional inactivated vaccine, our engineered yeast vaccine reshaped the immune cell microenvironment in bursa of Fabricius to promote the defense and immune responses. Analysis of gut microbiota further suggested that oral administration of engineered ST1814G/H5HA yeast vaccine increased the diversity of gut microbiota and the increasement of Reuteri and Muciniphila might benefit the recovery from influenza virus infection. These results provide strong evidence for further clinical use of these engineered yeast vaccine in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Xie
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huixia Zhang
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changyan Li
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Daqing Cui
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujun Li
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zexing Li
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hualei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Hualei Liu, ; Jinhai Huang,
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hualei Liu, ; Jinhai Huang,
| |
Collapse
|