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Hou YN, Zhang LJ, Du L, Fu DD, Li J, Liu L, Xu PF, Zheng YW, Pang DW, Tang HW. Analyzing the factors affecting virus invasion by quantitative single-particle analysis. Virulence 2024; 15:2367671. [PMID: 38910312 PMCID: PMC11197921 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2367671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases are among the main threats to public health. Understanding the factors affecting viral invasion is important for antiviral research. Until now, it was known that most viruses have very low plaque-forming unit (PFU)-to-particle ratios. However, further investigation is required to determine the underlying factors. Here, using quantitative single-particle analysis methods, the invasion of Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and influenza A virus (IAV) containing attachment to the cell surface, entry into the cell, transport towards the cell interior, and fusion with endosomes to release nucleocapsids were quantitatively analysed in parallel. It was found that for SFV with an PFU-to-particle ratio of approximately 1:2, an entry efficiency of approximately 31% limited infection. For JEV, whose PFU-to-particle ratio was approximately 1:310, an attachment efficiency of approximately 27% and an entry efficiency of 10% were the main factors limiting its infection. Meanwhile, for IAV with PFU-to-particle ratios of 1:8100, 5% attachment efficiency, 9% entry efficiency, and 53% fusion efficiency significantly limited its infection. These results suggest that viruses with different infectivities have different limited steps in the invasion process. Moreover, there are significant differences in attachment efficiencies among viruses, emphasizing the pivotal role of attachment in viral invasion. The influence of the virus purification method on virus invasion was also investigated. This study, for the first time, reports the efficiencies of different stages of virus invasion, leading to a better understanding of virus invasion and providing a protocol to quantitatively analyse the virus invasion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Hou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Wu Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Lau MJ, Nie S, Ross PA, Endersby-Harshman NM, Hoffmann AA. Long-term impacts of egg quiescence and Wolbachia infection on lipid profiles in Aedes aegypti: Ovarian roles in lipid synthesis during reproduction. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 157:104674. [PMID: 38997103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium, relies on nutrients from its host to complete its life cycle. The presence of Wolbachia strain wAlbB in the mosquito Aedes aegypti during egg or larval stages affects the host's development, leading to the absence of developed and visible ovaries in adult mosquito females. In this study, we investigated the impacts of egg quiescence and Wolbachia infection on lipid profiles of adult Ae. aegypti females, and discerned the role of ovaries in lipid synthesis in the reproductive process. The lipidomes of Wolbachia infected and uninfected female individuals at various developmental stages were quantitatively analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Lipidomic change patterns were systematically further investigated in wAlbB-infected fertile females and infertile females following blood feeding. Prolonged egg quiescence induced a shortage of acyl-carnitine (CAR) and potentially impacted some molecules of diacyl-phospholipid (diacyl-PL) and sphingolipid (SL) in young adult mosquitoes. After the first gonotrophic cycle, infertile females accumulated more CAR and lyso-phospholipid (lyso-PL) than fertile females. Then in the second gonotrophic cycle, the patterns of different lipid groups remained similar between fertile and infertile females. Only a small proportion of molecules of triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (lyso-PL and diacyl-PL) and ceramide (Cer) increased exclusively in fertile females from 0 h to 16 h post blood meal, suggesting that the generation or prescence of these lipids rely on ovaries. In addition, we found cardiolipins (CL) might be impacted by Wolbachia infection at the egg stage, and infected mosquitoes also showed distinct patterns between fertile and infertile females at their second gonotrophic cycle. Our study provides new insights into the long-term influence of Wolbachia on lipid profiles throughout various life stages of mosquitoes. Additionally, it suggests a role played by ovaries in lipid synthesis during mosquito reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jia Lau
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute and the School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Shuai Nie
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Perran A Ross
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute and the School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nancy M Endersby-Harshman
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute and the School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute and the School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Wei LLL, Tom R, Kim YC. Mayaro Virus: An Emerging Alphavirus in the Americas. Viruses 2024; 16:1297. [PMID: 39205271 PMCID: PMC11359717 DOI: 10.3390/v16081297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus first isolated in Trinidad and Tobago in 1954. MAYV is the causative agent of Mayaro fever, which is characterised by high fever, maculopapular rash, myalgia and arthralgia. The potential for chronic arthralgia is of particular clinical concern. Currently, MAYV outbreaks are restricted to South and Central America, with some cases reported in Africa as well as several imported cases in Europe. However, in recent years, MAYV has become a growing global concern due to its potential to emerge into urban transmission cycles. Challenges faced with diagnostics, as well as a lack of specific antivirals or licensed vaccines further exacerbate the potential global health threat posed by MAYV. In this review, we discuss this emerging arboviral threat with a particular focus on the current treatment and vaccine development efforts. Overall, MAYV remains a neglected arbovirus due to its limited area of transmission. However, with the potential of its urbanisation and expanding circulation, the threat MAYV poses to global health cannot be overlooked. Further research into the improvement of current diagnostics, as well as the development of efficacious antivirals and vaccines will be crucial to help prevent and manage potential MAYV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Li Lin Wei
- Somerville College, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HD, UK; (L.L.L.W.); (R.T.)
| | - Rufaro Tom
- Somerville College, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HD, UK; (L.L.L.W.); (R.T.)
| | - Young Chan Kim
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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4
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Thannickal SA, Battini L, Spector SN, Noval MG, Álvarez DE, Stapleford KA. Changes in the chikungunya virus E1 glycoprotein domain II and hinge influence E2 conformation, infectivity, and virus-receptor interactions. J Virol 2024; 98:e0067924. [PMID: 38842335 PMCID: PMC11265345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00679-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In a previous study to understand how the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) E1 glycoprotein β-strand c functions, we identified several attenuating variants at E1 residue V80 and the emergence of second-site mutations in the fusion loop (E1-M88L) and hinge region (E1-N20Y) with the V80 variants in vivo. The emergence of these mutations led us to question how changes in E1 may contribute to CHIKV infection at the molecular level. Here, we use molecular dynamics to understand how changes in the E1 glycoprotein may influence the CHIKV glycoprotein E1-E2 complex. We found that E1 domain II variants lead to E2 conformational changes, allowing us to hypothesize that emerging variants E1-M88L and E1-N20Y could also change E2 conformation and function. We characterized CHIKV E1-M88L and E1-N20Y in vitro and in vivo to understand how these regions of the E1 glycoprotein contribute to host-specific infection. We found that CHIKV E1-N20Y enhanced infectivity in mosquito cells, while the CHIKV E1-M88L variant enhanced infectivity in both BHK-21 and C6/36 cells and led to changes in viral cholesterol-dependence. Moreover, we found that E1-M88L and E1-N20Y changed E2 conformation, heparin binding, and interactions with the receptor Mxra8. Interestingly, the CHIKV E1-M88L variant increased replication in Mxra8-deficient mice compared to WT CHIKV, yet was attenuated in mouse fibroblasts, suggesting that residue E1-M88 may function in a cell-type-dependent entry. Taken together, these studies show that key residues in the CHIKV E1 domain II and hinge region function through changes in E1-E2 dynamics to facilitate cell- and host-dependent entry.IMPORTANCEArboviruses are significant global public health threats, and their continued emergence around the world highlights the need to understand how these viruses replicate at the molecular level. The alphavirus glycoproteins are critical for virus entry in mosquitoes and mammals, yet how these proteins function is not completely understood. Therefore, it is critical to dissect how distinct glycoprotein domains function in vitro and in vivo to address these gaps in our knowledge. Here, we show that changes in the CHIKV E1 domain II and hinge alter E2 conformations leading to changes in virus-receptor and -glycosaminoglycan interactions and cell-specific infection. These results highlight that adaptive changes in E1 can have a major effect on virus attachment and entry, furthering our knowledge of how alphaviruses infect mammals and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Thannickal
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leandro Battini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBON), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Sophie N. Spector
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria G. Noval
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diego E. Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Kenneth A. Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Loterio RK, Monson EA, Templin R, de Bruyne JT, Flores HA, Mackenzie JM, Ramm G, Helbig KJ, Simmons CP, Fraser JE. Antiviral Wolbachia strains associate with Aedes aegypti endoplasmic reticulum membranes and induce lipid droplet formation to restrict dengue virus replication. mBio 2024; 15:e0249523. [PMID: 38132636 PMCID: PMC10865983 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02495-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are a genus of insect endosymbiotic bacteria which includes strains wMel and wAlbB that are being utilized as a biocontrol tool to reduce the incidence of Aedes aegypti-transmitted viral diseases like dengue. However, the precise mechanisms underpinning the antiviral activity of these Wolbachia strains are not well defined. Here, we generated a panel of Ae. aegypti-derived cell lines infected with antiviral strains wMel and wAlbB or the non-antiviral Wolbachia strain wPip to understand host cell morphological changes specifically induced by antiviral strains. Antiviral strains were frequently found to be entirely wrapped by the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, while wPip bacteria clustered separately in the host cell cytoplasm. ER-derived lipid droplets (LDs) increased in volume in wMel- and wAlbB-infected cell lines and mosquito tissues compared to cells infected with wPip or Wolbachia-free controls. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (required for triacylglycerol biosynthesis) reduced LD formation and significantly restored ER-associated dengue virus replication in cells occupied by wMel. Together, this suggests that antiviral Wolbachia strains may specifically alter the lipid composition of the ER to preclude the establishment of dengue virus (DENV) replication complexes. Defining Wolbachia's antiviral mechanisms will support the application and longevity of this effective biocontrol tool that is already being used at scale.IMPORTANCEAedes aegypti transmits a range of important human pathogenic viruses like dengue. However, infection of Ae. aegypti with the insect endosymbiotic bacterium, Wolbachia, reduces the risk of mosquito to human viral transmission. Wolbachia is being utilized at field sites across more than 13 countries to reduce the incidence of viruses like dengue, but it is not well understood how Wolbachia induces its antiviral effects. To examine this at the subcellular level, we compared how different strains of Wolbachia with varying antiviral strengths associate with and modify host cell structures. Strongly antiviral strains were found to specifically associate with the host endoplasmic reticulum and induce striking impacts on host cell lipid droplets. Inhibiting Wolbachia-induced lipid redistribution partially restored dengue virus replication demonstrating this is a contributing role for Wolbachia's antiviral activity. These findings provide new insights into how antiviral Wolbachia strains associate with and modify Ae. aegypti host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson K. Loterio
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ebony A. Monson
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel Templin
- Ramaciotti Centre For Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Heather A. Flores
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jason M. Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Ramaciotti Centre For Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Karla J. Helbig
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cameron P. Simmons
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Johanna E. Fraser
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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6
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Alvarez-García L, Sánchez-García FJ, Vázquez-Pichardo M, Moreno-Altamirano MM. Chikungunya Virus, Metabolism, and Circadian Rhythmicity Interplay in Phagocytic Cells. Metabolites 2023; 13:1143. [PMID: 37999239 PMCID: PMC10672914 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, causing the chikungunya fever disease, associated with inflammation and severe articular incapacitating pain. There has been a worldwide reemergence of chikungunya and the number of cases increased to 271,006 in 2022 in the Americas alone. The replication of CHIKV takes place in several cell types, including phagocytic cells. Monocytes and macrophages are susceptible to infection by CHIKV; at the same time, they provide protection as components of the innate immune system. However, in host-pathogen interactions, CHIKV might have the ability to alter the function of immune cells, partly by rewiring the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Some viral evasion mechanisms depend on the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, and the cell metabolism is intertwined with circadian rhythmicity; thus, a circadian immunovirometabolism axis may influence viral pathogenicity. Therefore, analyzing the interplay between viral infection, circadian rhythmicity, and cellular metabolic reprogramming in human macrophages could shed some light on the new field of immunovirometabolism and eventually contribute to the development of novel drugs and therapeutic approaches based on circadian rhythmicity and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linamary Alvarez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.A.-G.); (F.J.S.-G.); (M.V.-P.)
| | - F. Javier Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.A.-G.); (F.J.S.-G.); (M.V.-P.)
| | - Mauricio Vázquez-Pichardo
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.A.-G.); (F.J.S.-G.); (M.V.-P.)
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Col. Lomas de Plateros, Mexico City 01480, Mexico
| | - M. Maximina Moreno-Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.A.-G.); (F.J.S.-G.); (M.V.-P.)
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7
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Thannickal SA, Battini L, Spector SN, Noval MG, Álvarez DE, Stapleford KA. The chikungunya virus E1 glycoprotein fusion loop and hinge alter glycoprotein dynamics leading to cell and host specific changes in infectivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565585. [PMID: 37961096 PMCID: PMC10635133 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses infect both mammals and insects, yet the distinct mechanisms that alphaviruses use to infect different hosts are not well defined. In this study, we characterize CHIKV E1 variants in the fusion loop (E1-M88L) and hinge region (E1-N20Y) in vitro and in vivo to understand how these regions of the E1 glycoprotein contribute to host-specific infection. Through cell culture assays, we found that CHIKV E1-N20Y enhanced infectivity in mosquito cells while the CHIKV E1-M88L variant enhanced virus binding and infectivity in both BHK-21 and C6/36 cells, and led to changes in the virus cholesterol-dependence in BHK-21 cells. Given these in vitro results and that residue E1-M88L is in a defined Mxra8 interacting domain, we hypothesized that this residue may be important for receptor usage. However, while the CHIKV E1-M88L variant increased replication in Mxra8-deficient mice compared to WT CHIKV, it was attenuated in vitro in mouse fibroblasts, suggesting that residue E1-M88 may function in a cell-type dependent manner to alter entry. Finally, using molecular dynamics to understand how potential changes in the E1 glycoprotein may impact the CHIKV glycoprotein E1-E2 complex, we found that E1-M88L and other E1 domain II variants lead to changes in both E1 and E2 dynamics. Taken together, these studies show that key residues in the CHIKV E1 fusion loop and hinge region function through changes in E1-E2 dynamics to facilitate cell- and host-dependent entry. Importance Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are significant global public health threats, and their continued emergence around the world highlights the need to understand how these viruses replicate at the molecular level. The alphavirus class II glycoproteins are critical for virus entry in mosquitoes and mammals, yet how these proteins function is not completely understood. Therefore, to address these gaps in our knowledge, it is critical to dissect how distinct glycoprotein domains function in vitro and in vivo . Here, we show that changes in the CHIKV E1 fusion loop and hinge contribute to host-specific entry and E1-E2 dynamics, furthering our knowledge of how alphaviruses infect mammals and insects.
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8
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Yin P, Davenport BJ, Wan JJ, Kim AS, Diamond MS, Ware BC, Tong K, Couderc T, Lecuit M, Lai JR, Morrison TE, Kielian M. Chikungunya virus cell-to-cell transmission is mediated by intercellular extensions in vitro and in vivo. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1653-1667. [PMID: 37591996 PMCID: PMC10956380 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has recently emerged to cause millions of human infections worldwide. Infection can induce the formation of long intercellular extensions that project from infected cells and form stable non-continuous membrane bridges with neighbouring cells. The mechanistic role of these intercellular extensions in CHIKV infection was unclear. Here we developed a co-culture system and flow cytometry methods to quantitatively evaluate transmission of CHIKV from infected to uninfected cells in the presence of neutralizing antibody. Endocytosis and endosomal acidification were critical for virus cell-to-cell transmission, while the CHIKV receptor MXRA8 was not. By using distinct antibodies to block formation of extensions and by evaluation of transmission in HeLa cells that did not form extensions, we showed that intercellular extensions mediate CHIKV cell-to-cell transmission. In vivo, pre-treatment of mice with a neutralizing antibody blocked infection by direct virus inoculation, while adoptive transfer of infected cells produced antibody-resistant host infection. Together our data suggest a model in which the contact sites of intercellular extensions on target cells shield CHIKV from neutralizing antibodies and promote efficient intercellular virus transmission both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Judy J Wan
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian C Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karen Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Yin P, Jian X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Lv L, Cui H, Zhang L. Elucidating cellular interactome of chikungunya virus identifies host dependency factors. Virol Sin 2023; 38:497-507. [PMID: 37182691 PMCID: PMC10436055 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-transmitted RNA virus causing joint and muscle pain. To better understand how CHIKV rewires the host cell and usurps host cell functions, we generated a systematic CHIKV-human protein-protein interaction map and revealed several novel connections that will inform further mechanistic studies. One of these novel interactions, between the viral protein E1 and STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 (STUB1), was found to mediate ubiquitination of E1 and degrade E1 through the proteasome. Capsid associated with G3BP1, G3BP2 and AAA+ ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP). Furthermore, VCP inhibitors blocked CHIKV infection, suggesting VCP could serve as a therapeutic target. Further work is required to fully understand the functional consequences of these interactions. Given that CHIKV proteins are conserved across alphaviruses, many virus-host protein-protein interactions identified in this study might also exist in other alphaviruses. Construction of interactome of CHIKV provides the basis for further studying the function of alphavirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250013, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xia Jian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Haoran Cui
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250013, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
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10
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Sutton MS, Pletnev S, Callahan V, Ko S, Tsybovsky Y, Bylund T, Casner RG, Cerutti G, Gardner CL, Guirguis V, Verardi R, Zhang B, Ambrozak D, Beddall M, Lei H, Yang ES, Liu T, Henry AR, Rawi R, Schön A, Schramm CA, Shen CH, Shi W, Stephens T, Yang Y, Florez MB, Ledgerwood JE, Burke CW, Shapiro L, Fox JM, Kwong PD, Roederer M. Vaccine elicitation and structural basis for antibody protection against alphaviruses. Cell 2023; 186:2672-2689.e25. [PMID: 37295404 PMCID: PMC10411218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are RNA viruses that represent emerging public health threats. To identify protective antibodies, we immunized macaques with a mixture of western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-like particles (VLPs), a regimen that protects against aerosol challenge with all three viruses. Single- and triple-virus-specific antibodies were isolated, and we identified 21 unique binding groups. Cryo-EM structures revealed that broad VLP binding inversely correlated with sequence and conformational variability. One triple-specific antibody, SKT05, bound proximal to the fusion peptide and neutralized all three Env-pseudotyped encephalitic alphaviruses by using different symmetry elements for recognition across VLPs. Neutralization in other assays (e.g., chimeric Sindbis virus) yielded variable results. SKT05 bound backbone atoms of sequence-diverse residues, enabling broad recognition despite sequence variability; accordingly, SKT05 protected mice against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chikungunya virus, and Ross River virus challenges. Thus, a single vaccine-elicited antibody can protect in vivo against a broad range of alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Sutton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei Pletnev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victoria Callahan
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sungyoul Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan G Casner
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christina L Gardner
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Veronica Guirguis
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret Beddall
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong Lei
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracy Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy R Henry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Shen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Burgos Florez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Crystal W Burke
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ant TH, Mancini MV, McNamara CJ, Rainey SM, Sinkins SP. Wolbachia-Virus interactions and arbovirus control through population replacement in mosquitoes. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:245-258. [PMID: 36205550 PMCID: PMC10081064 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2117939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Following transfer into the primary arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti, several strains of the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia have been shown to inhibit the transmission of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses, important human pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to pathogen inhibition, many Wolbachia strains manipulate host reproduction, resulting in an invasive capacity of the bacterium in insect populations. This has led to the deployment of Wolbachia as a dengue control tool, and trials have reported significant reductions in transmission in release areas. Here, we discuss the possible mechanisms of Wolbachia-virus inhibition and the implications for long-term success of dengue control. We also consider the evidence presented in several reports that Wolbachia may cause an enhancement of replication of certain viruses under particular conditions, and conclude that these should not cause any concerns with respect to the application of Wolbachia to arbovirus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Ant
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Vittoria Mancini
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Polo d’Innovazione di Genomica, Genetica e Biologia, Terni, Italy
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12
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Bartholomeeusen K, Daniel M, LaBeaud DA, Gasque P, Peeling RW, Stephenson KE, Ng LFP, Ariën KK. Chikungunya fever. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:17. [PMID: 37024497 PMCID: PMC11126297 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is widespread throughout the tropics, where it causes recurrent outbreaks of chikungunya fever. In recent years, outbreaks have afflicted populations in East and Central Africa, South America and Southeast Asia. The virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Chikungunya fever is characterized by severe arthralgia and myalgia that can persist for years and have considerable detrimental effects on health, quality of life and economic productivity. The effects of climate change as well as increased globalization of commerce and travel have led to growth of the habitat of Aedes mosquitoes. As a result, increasing numbers of people will be at risk of chikungunya fever in the coming years. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments and with vaccines still in development, surveillance and vector control are essential to suppress re-emergence and epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Daniel
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
- Service de Médecine d'Urgences-SAMU-SMUR, CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Desiree A LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale Océan Indien LICE-OI, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Rosanna W Peeling
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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13
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Williamson LE, Bandyopadhyay A, Bailey K, Sirohi D, Klose T, Julander JG, Kuhn RJ, Crowe JE. Structural constraints link differences in neutralization potency of human anti-Eastern equine encephalitis virus monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213690120. [PMID: 36961925 PMCID: PMC10068833 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213690120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection and development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics against pathogenic viruses depends on certain functional characteristics. Neutralization potency, or the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, is an important characteristic of candidate therapeutic antibodies. Structural insights into the bases of neutralization potency differences between antiviral neutralizing mAbs are lacking. In this report, we present cryo-electron microscopy (EM) reconstructions of three anti-Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) neutralizing human mAbs targeting overlapping epitopes on the E2 protein, with greater than 20-fold differences in their respective IC50 values. From our structural and biophysical analyses, we identify several constraints that contribute to the observed differences in the neutralization potencies. Cryo-EM reconstructions of EEEV in complex with these Fab fragments reveal structural constraints that dictate intravirion or intervirion cross-linking of glycoprotein spikes by their IgG counterparts as a mechanism of neutralization. Additionally, we describe critical features for the recognition of EEEV by these mAbs including the epitope-paratope interaction surface, occupancy, and kinetic differences in on-rate for binding to the E2 protein. Each constraint contributes to the extent of EEEV inhibition for blockade of virus entry, fusion, and/or egress. These findings provide structural and biophysical insights into the differences in mechanism and neutralization potencies of these antibodies, which help inform rational design principles for candidate vaccines and therapeutic antibodies for all icosahedral viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Williamson
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Abhishek Bandyopadhyay
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Kevin Bailey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT84335
| | - Devika Sirohi
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | | | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - James E. Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
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14
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Paschoalino M, Marinho MDS, Santos IA, Grosche VR, Martins DOS, Rosa RB, Jardim ACG. An update on the development of antiviral against Mayaro virus: from molecules to potential viral targets. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:106. [PMID: 36881172 PMCID: PMC9990066 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV), first isolated in 1954 in Trinidad and Tobago islands, is the causative agent of Mayaro fever, a disease characterized by fever, rashes, headaches, myalgia, and arthralgia. The infection can progress to a chronic condition in over 50% of cases, with persistent arthralgia, which can lead to the disability of the infected individuals. MAYV is mainly transmitted through the bite of the female Haemagogus spp. mosquito genus. However, studies demonstrate that Aedes aegypti is also a vector, contributing to the spread of MAYV beyond endemic areas, given the vast geographical distribution of the mosquito. Besides, the similarity of antigenic sites with other Alphavirus complicates the diagnoses of MAYV, contributing to underreporting of the disease. Nowadays, there are no antiviral drugs available to treat infected patients, being the clinical management based on analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In this context, this review aims to summarize compounds that have demonstrated antiviral activity against MAYV in vitro, as well as discuss the potentiality of viral proteins as targets for the development of antiviral drugs against MAYV. Finally, through rationalization of the data presented herein, we wish to encourage further research encompassing these compounds as potential anti-MAYV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paschoalino
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Borges Rosa
- Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Panny L, Akrhymuk I, Bracci N, Woodson C, Flor R, Elliott I, Zhou W, Narayanan A, Campbell C, Kehn-Hall K. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus E1 protein interacts with PDIA6 and PDI inhibition reduces alphavirus production. Antiviral Res 2023; 212:105560. [PMID: 36822370 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus transmitted by mosquitos that can cause a febrile illness and induce severe neurological complications in humans and equine populations. Currently there are no FDA approved vaccines or antiviral treatments to combat VEEV. Proteomic techniques were utilized to create an interactome of the E1 fusion glycoprotein of VEEV. VEEV E1 interacted with a number of cellular chaperone proteins including protein disulfide isomerase family A member 6 (PDIA6). PDI inhibition through LOC14 and/or nitazoxanide treatment effectively decreased production of VEEV and other alphaviruses in vitro, including eastern equine encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, and chikungunya virus. Decreased oxidoreductive capabilities of PDIs through LOC14 or nitazoxanide treatment impacted both early and late events in viral replication, including the production of non-infectious virions and decreased VEEV E1 disulfide bond formation. Results from this study identified PDIs as critical regulators of alphavirus replication and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Panny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Ivan Akrhymuk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Nicole Bracci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Caitlin Woodson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Rafaela Flor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Isaac Elliott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | | | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
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16
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Chikungunya Virus and Its Envelope Protein E2 Induce Hyperalgesia in Mice: Inhibition by Anti-E2 Monoclonal Antibodies and by Targeting TRPV1. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040556. [PMID: 36831223 PMCID: PMC9954636 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is an arthropod-borne infectious agent that causes Chikungunya fever disease. About 90% of the infected patients experience intense polyarthralgia, affecting mainly the extremities but also the large joints such as the knees. Chronic disease symptoms persist for months, even after clearance of the virus from the blood. Envelope proteins stimulate the immune response against the Chikungunya virus, becoming an important therapeutic target. We inactivated the Chikungunya virus (iCHIKV) and produced recombinant E2 (rE2) protein and three different types of anti-rE2 monoclonal antibodies. Using these tools, we observed that iCHIKV and rE2 protein induced mechanical hyperalgesia (electronic aesthesiometer test) and thermal hyperalgesia (Hargreaves test) in mice. These behavioral results were accompanied by the activation of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in mice, as observed by calcium influx. Treatment with three different types of anti-rE2 monoclonal antibodies and absence or blockade (AMG-9810 treatment) of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel diminished mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in mice. iCHIKV and rE2 activated TRPV1+ mouse DRG neurons in vitro, demonstrating their ability to activate nociceptor sensory neurons directly. Therefore, our mouse data demonstrate that targeting E2 CHIKV protein with monoclonal antibodies and inhibiting TRPV1 channels are reasonable strategies to control CHIKV pain.
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17
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Suzuki Y. Interferon-induced restriction of Chikungunya virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105487. [PMID: 36657882 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped RNA virus that causes Chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitos. Although CHIKVF had been regarded as an endemic disease in limited regions of Africa and Asia, the recent global reemergence of CHIKV heightened awareness of this infectious disease, and CHIKV infection is currently considered an increasing threat to public health. However, no specific drug or licensed vaccine is available for CHIKV infection. As seen in other RNA virus infections, CHIKV triggers the interferon (IFN) response that plays a central role in host defense against pathogens. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that control of CHIVK replication by the IFN response is achieved by antiviral effector molecules called interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose expressions are upregulated by IFN stimulation. This review details the molecular basis of the IFN-mediated suppression of CHIKV, particularly the ISGs restricting CHIKV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.
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18
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Mahish C, De S, Chatterjee S, Ghosh S, Keshry SS, Mukherjee T, Khamaru S, Tung KS, Subudhi BB, Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay S. TLR4 is one of the receptors for Chikungunya virus envelope protein E2 and regulates virus induced pro-inflammatory responses in host macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139808. [PMID: 37153546 PMCID: PMC10157217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor, is known to exert inflammation in various cases of microbial infection, cancer and autoimmune disorders. However, any such involvement of TLR4 in Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is yet to be explored. Accordingly, the role of TLR4 was investigated towards CHIKV infection and modulation of host immune responses in the current study using mice macrophage cell line RAW264.7, primary macrophage cells of different origins and in vivo mice model. The findings suggest that TLR4 inhibition using TAK-242 (a specific pharmacological inhibitor) reduces viral copy number as well as reduces the CHIKV-E2 protein level significantly using p38 and JNK-MAPK pathways. Moreover, this led to reduced expression of macrophage activation markers like CD14, CD86, MHC-II and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, MCP-1) significantly in both the mouse primary macrophages and RAW264.7 cell line, in vitro. Additionally, TAK-242-directed TLR4 inhibition demonstrated a significant reduction of percent E2-positive cells, viral titre and TNF expression in hPBMC-derived macrophages, in vitro. These observations were further validated in TLR4-knockout (KO) RAW cells. Furthermore, the interaction between CHIKV-E2 and TLR4 was demonstrated by immuno-precipitation studies, in vitro and supported by molecular docking analysis, in silico. TLR4-dependent viral entry was further validated by an anti-TLR4 antibody-mediated blocking experiment. It was noticed that TLR4 is necessary for the early events of viral infection, especially during the attachment and entry stages. Interestingly, it was also observed that TLR4 is not involved in the post-entry stages of CHIKV infection in host macrophages. The administration of TAK-242 decreased CHIKV infection significantly by reducing disease manifestations, improving survivability (around 75%) and reducing inflammation in mice model. Collectively, for the first time, this study reports TLR4 as one of the novel receptors to facilitate the attachment and entry of CHIKV in host macrophages, the TLR4-CHIKV-E2 interactions are essential for efficient viral entry and modulation of infection-induced pro-inflammatory responses in host macrophages, which might have translational implication for designing future therapeutics to regulate the CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Mahish
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saikat De
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Sanchari Chatterjee
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Soumyajit Ghosh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Supriya Suman Keshry
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tathagata Mukherjee
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Somlata Khamaru
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kshyama Subhadarsini Tung
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Subhasis Chattopadhyay, ; Soma Chattopadhyay,
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- *Correspondence: Subhasis Chattopadhyay, ; Soma Chattopadhyay,
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19
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Valente MC, Prakoso D, Vittor AY, Blosser EM, Abid N, Pu R, Beachboard SE, Long MT, Burkett-Cadena ND, Mavian CN. Everglades virus evolution: Genome sequence analysis of the envelope 1 protein reveals recent mutation and divergence in South Florida wetlands. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac111. [PMID: 36582503 PMCID: PMC9795574 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Everglades virus (EVEV) is a subtype (II) of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), endemic in southern Florida, USA. EVEV has caused clinical encephalitis in humans, and antibodies have been found in a variety of wild and domesticated mammals. Over 29,000 Culex cedecei females, the main vector of EVEV, were collected in 2017 from Big Cypress and Fakahatchee Strand Preserves in Florida and pool-screened for the presence of EVEV using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. The entire 1 E1 protein gene was successfully sequenced from fifteen positive pools. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates clustered, based on the location of sampling, into two monophyletic clades that diverged in 2009. Structural analyses revealed two mutations of interest, A116V and H441R, which were shared among all isolates obtained after its first isolation of EVEV in 1963, possibly reflecting adaptation to a new host. Alterations of the Everglades ecosystem may have contributed to the evolution of EVEV and its geographic compartmentalization. This is the first report that shows in detail the evolution of EVEV in South Florida. This zoonotic pathogen warrants inclusion into routine surveillance given the high natural infection rate in the vectors. Invasive species, increasing urbanization, the Everglades restoration, and modifications to the ecosystem due to climate change and habitat fragmentation in South Florida may increase rates of EVEV spillover to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Y Vittor
- Department of Pathology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | | | | | - Ruiyu Pu
- Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Sarah E Beachboard
- Department of Pathology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
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20
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Andreolla AP, Borges AA, Bordignon J, Duarte dos Santos CN. Mayaro Virus: The State-of-the-Art for Antiviral Drug Development. Viruses 2022; 14:1787. [PMID: 36016409 PMCID: PMC9415492 DOI: 10.3390/v14081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus is an emerging arbovirus that causes nonspecific febrile illness or arthralgia syndromes similar to the Chikungunya virus, a virus closely related from the Togaviridae family. MAYV outbreaks occur more frequently in the northern and central-western states of Brazil; however, in recent years, virus circulation has been spreading to other regions. Due to the undifferentiated initial clinical symptoms between MAYV and other endemic pathogenic arboviruses with geographic overlapping, identification of patients infected by MAYV might be underreported. Additionally, the lack of specific prophylactic approaches or antiviral drugs limits the pharmacological management of patients to treat symptoms like pain and inflammation, as is the case with most pathogenic alphaviruses. In this context, this review aims to present the state-of-the-art regarding the screening and development of compounds/molecules which may present anti-MAYV activity and infection inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Andreolla
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, ICC/Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Abel Borges
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, AL, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, ICC/Fiocruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil
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21
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Lucas CJ, Davenport BJ, Carpentier KS, Tinega AN, Morrison TE. Two Conserved Phenylalanine Residues in the E1 Fusion Loop of Alphaviruses Are Essential for Viral Infectivity. J Virol 2022; 96:e0006422. [PMID: 35416719 PMCID: PMC9093095 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00064-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses infect cells by a low pH-dependent fusion reaction between viral and host cell membranes that is mediated by the viral E1 glycoprotein. Most reported alphavirus E1 sequences include two phenylalanines (F87 and F95) in the fusion loop, yet the role of these residues in viral infectivity remains to be defined. Following introduction of wild type (WT), E1-F87A, and E1-F95A chikungunya virus (CHIKV) RNA genomes into cells, viral particle production was similar in magnitude. However, CHIKV E1-F87A and E1-F95A virions displayed impaired infectivity compared with WT CHIKV particles. Although WT, E1-F87A, and E1-F95A particles bound cells with similar efficiencies, E1-F87A and E1-F95A particles were unable to undergo fusion and entry into cells. Introduction of an F95A mutation in the E1 fusion loop of Mayaro virus or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus also resulted in poorly infectious virions. We further tested whether an E1-F87A or E1-F95A mutation could be incorporated into a live-attenuated vaccine strain, CHIKV 181/25, to enhance vaccine safety. Infection of immunocompromised Ifnar1-/- and Irf3-/-Irf5-/-Irf7-/- mice with 181/25E1-F87A or 181/25E1-F95A resulted in 0% mortality, compared with 100% mortality following 181/25 infection. Despite this enhanced attenuation, surviving Ifnar1-/- and Irf3-/-Irf5-/-Irf7-/- mice were protected against virulent virus re-challenge. Moreover, single-dose immunization of WT mice with either 181/25, 181/25E1-F87A, or 181/25E1-F95A elicited CHIKV-specific antibody responses and protected against pathogenic CHIKV challenge. These studies define a critical function for residues E1-F87 and E1-F95 in alphavirus fusion and entry into target cells and suggest that incorporation of these mutations could enhance the safety of live-attenuated alphavirus vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses are human pathogens that cause both debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease and potentially fatal encephalitis. In this study, we determined that two highly conserved phenylalanine residues in the alphavirus E1 glycoprotein are required for fusion of viral and host cell membranes and viral entry into target cells. We further demonstrated that mutation of these phenylalanines results in a substantial loss of viral virulence but not immunogenicity. These data enhance an understanding of the viral determinants of alphavirus entry into host cells and could contribute to the development of new antivirals targeting these conserved phenylalanines or new live-attenuated alphavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac J. Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bennett J. Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kathryn S. Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex N. Tinega
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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22
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A Review on Chikungunya Virus Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Current Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050969. [PMID: 35632709 PMCID: PMC9147731 DOI: 10.3390/v14050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that recently re-emerged in many parts of the world causing large-scale outbreaks. CHIKV infection presents as a febrile illness known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF). Infection is self-limited and characterized mainly by severe joint pain and myalgia that can last for weeks or months; however, severe disease presentation can also occur in a minor proportion of infections. Among the atypical CHIKV manifestations that have been described, severe arthralgia and neurological complications, such as encephalitis, meningitis, and Guillain–Barré Syndrome, are now reported in many outbreaks. Moreover, death cases were also reported, placing CHIKV as a relevant public health disease. Virus evolution, globalization, and climate change may have contributed to CHIKV spread. In addition to this, the lack of preventive vaccines and approved antiviral treatments is turning CHIKV into a major global health threat. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about CHIKV pathogenesis, with a focus on atypical disease manifestations, such as persistent arthralgia and neurologic disease presentation. We also bring an up-to-date review of the current CHIKV vaccine development. Altogether, these topics highlight some of the most recent advances in our understanding of CHIKV pathogenesis and also provide important insights into the current development and clinical trials of CHIKV potential vaccine candidates.
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23
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Tanaka A, Suzuki Y. Genome-Wide Approaches to Unravel the Host Factors Involved in Chikungunya Virus Replication. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:866271. [PMID: 35401487 PMCID: PMC8988064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.866271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the causative agent of Chikungunya fever (CHIKVF) that is often characterized by fever, headache, rash, and arthralgia, is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquito bites. Although the mortality rate associated with CHIKV infection is not very high, CHIKVF has been confirmed in more than 40 countries, not only in tropical but also in temperate areas. Therefore, CHIKV is a growing major threat to the public health of the world. However, a specific drug is not available for CHIKV infection. As demonstrated by many studies, the processes completing the replication of CHIKV are assisted by many host factors, whereas it has become clear that the host cell possesses some factors limiting the virus replication. This evidence will provide us with an important clue for the development of pharmacological treatment against CHIKVF. In this review, we briefly summarize cellular molecules participating in the CHIKV infection, particularly focusing on introducing recent genome-wide screen studies that enabled illuminating the virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Division of Research Animal Laboratory and Translational Medicine, Research and Development Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsushi Tanaka,
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
- Youichi Suzuki,
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24
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Verma J, Subbarao N. In silico identification of small molecule protein-protein interaction inhibitors: targeting hotspot regions at the interface of MXRA8 and CHIKV envelope protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3349-3367. [PMID: 35272566 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2048080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic arbovirus responsible for re-emerging epidemics of Chikungunya fever around the world for centuries. Chikungunya has become endemic in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and subtropical regions of the Americas. The unavailability of antiviral therapy or vaccine against the CHIKV and its continuous re-emergence demands an urgent need to develop potential candidate therapeutics. CHIKV entry into the host cell is mediated by its envelope proteins engaging the cellular receptor MXRA8 to invade the susceptible cells. We report here two essential target binding sites at the CHIKV E1-E2 proteins by identifying hotspot regions at the E1-E2-MXRA8 binding interface. Further, we employed high throughput computational screening to identify potential small molecule protein-protein interaction (PPI) modulators which could effectively bind at the identified target sites. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations confirmed the stability of three compounds, viz., ZINC299817498, ZINC584908978, and LAS52155651, at both the predicted interface binding sites. The polar and charged residues at the interface were responsible for energetically holding the ligands at the binding sites. Altogether, our findings suggest that the predicted target binding sites at the E1-E2 dimer could be essential to block the receptor interaction as well as the fusion process of the CHIKV particles. Thus, we identified a few small molecule PPI inhibitors with great potential to block the E1-E2-MXRA8 interaction and act as promising templates to design anti-CHIKV drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Verma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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25
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Noguera P, Klinger M, Örün H, Grunow B, Del-Pozo J. Ultrastructural insights into the replication cycle of salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) using salmon cardiac primary cultures (SCPCs). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:2031-2041. [PMID: 34424537 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) has been affecting the salmon farming industry for over 30 years, but despite the substantial amount of studies, there are still a number of recognized knowledge gaps, for example in the transmission of the virus. In this work, an ultrastructural morphological approach was used to describe observations after infection by SPDV of an ex vivo cardiac model generated from Atlantic salmon embryos. The observations in this study and those available on previous ultrastructural work on SPDV are compared and contrasted with the current knowledge on terrestrial mammalian and insect alphaviral replication cycles, which is deeper than that of SPDV both morphologically and mechanistically. Despite their limitations, morphological descriptions remain an excellent way to generate novel hypotheses, and this has been the aim of this work. This study has used a target host, ex vivo model and resulted in some previously undescribed features, including filopodial membrane projections, cytoplasmic stress granules or putative intracytoplasmic budding. The latter suggests a new hypothesis that warrants further mechanistic research: SPDV in salmon may have retained the capacity for non-cytolytic (persistent) infections by intracellular budding, similar to that noted in arthropod vectors of other alphaviruses. In the notable absence of a known intermediate host for SPDV, the presence of this pattern suggests that both cytopathic and persistent infections may coexist in the same host. It is our hope that the ultrastructural comparison presented here stimulates new research that brings the knowledge on SPDV replication cycle up to a similar level to that of terrestrial alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Histro Örün
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bianka Grunow
- Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jorge Del-Pozo
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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26
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Varghese FS, Meutiawati F, Teppor M, Jacobs S, de Keyzer C, Taşköprü E, van Woudenbergh E, Overheul GJ, Bouma E, Smit JM, Delang L, Merits A, van Rij RP. Posaconazole inhibits multiple steps of the alphavirus replication cycle. Antiviral Res 2021; 197:105223. [PMID: 34856248 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Repurposing drugs is a promising strategy to identify therapeutic interventions against novel and re-emerging viruses. Posaconazole is an antifungal drug used to treat invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis. Recently, posaconazole and its structural analog, itraconazole were shown to inhibit replication of multiple viruses by modifying intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we show that posaconazole inhibits replication of the alphaviruses Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Sindbis virus and chikungunya virus with EC50 values ranging from 1.4 μM to 9.5 μM. Posaconazole treatment led to a significant reduction of virus entry in an assay using a temperature-sensitive SFV mutant, but time-of-addition and RNA transfection assays indicated that posaconazole also inhibits post-entry stages of the viral replication cycle. Virus replication in the presence of posaconazole was partially rescued by the addition of exogenous cholesterol. A transferrin uptake assay revealed that posaconazole considerably slowed down cellular endocytosis. A single point mutation in the SFV E2 glycoprotein, H255R, provided partial resistance to posaconazole as well as to methyl-β-cyclodextrin, corroborating the effect of posaconazole on cholesterol and viral entry. Our results indicate that posaconazole inhibits multiple steps of the alphavirus replication cycle and broaden the spectrum of viruses that can be targeted in vitro by posaconazole, which could be further explored as a therapeutic agent against emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finny S Varghese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Febrina Meutiawati
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mona Teppor
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carolien de Keyzer
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ezgi Taşköprü
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther van Woudenbergh
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs J Overheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Bouma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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27
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Structure of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in complex with the LDLRAD3 receptor. Nature 2021; 598:672-676. [PMID: 34646020 PMCID: PMC8550936 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
LDLRAD3 is a recently defined attachment and entry receptor for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)1, a New World alphavirus that causes severe neurological disease in humans. Here we present near-atomic-resolution cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of VEEV virus-like particles alone and in a complex with the ectodomains of LDLRAD3. Domain 1 of LDLRAD3 is a low-density lipoprotein receptor type-A module that binds to VEEV by wedging into a cleft created by two adjacent E2–E1 heterodimers in one trimeric spike, and engages domains A and B of E2 and the fusion loop in E1. Atomic modelling of this interface is supported by mutagenesis and anti-VEEV antibody binding competition assays. Notably, VEEV engages LDLRAD3 in a manner that is similar to the way that arthritogenic alphaviruses bind to the structurally unrelated MXRA8 receptor, but with a much smaller interface. These studies further elucidate the structural basis of alphavirus–receptor interactions, which could inform the development of therapies to mitigate infection and disease against multiple members of this family. The structure of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in complex with LDLRAD3 provides insights into the structural basis of alphavirus–receptor interactions.
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28
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Constant LEC, Rajsfus BF, Carneiro PH, Sisnande T, Mohana-Borges R, Allonso D. Overview on Chikungunya Virus Infection: From Epidemiology to State-of-the-Art Experimental Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:744164. [PMID: 34675908 PMCID: PMC8524093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is currently one of the most relevant arboviruses to public health. It is a member of the Togaviridae family and alphavirus genus and causes an arthritogenic disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF). It is characterized by a multifaceted disease, which is distinguished from other arbovirus infections by the intense and debilitating arthralgia that can last for months or years in some individuals. Despite the great social and economic burden caused by CHIKV infection, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral drugs currently available. Recent outbreaks have shown a change in the severity profile of the disease in which atypical and severe manifestation lead to hundreds of deaths, reinforcing the necessity to understand the replication and pathogenesis processes. CHIKF is a complex disease resultant from the infection of a plethora of cell types. Although there are several in vivo models for studying CHIKV infection, none of them reproduces integrally the disease signature observed in humans, which is a challenge for vaccine and drug development. Therefore, understanding the potentials and limitations of the state-of-the-art experimental models is imperative to advance in the field. In this context, the present review outlines the present knowledge on CHIKV epidemiology, replication, pathogenesis, and immunity and also brings a critical perspective on the current in vitro and in vivo state-of-the-art experimental models of CHIKF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa E. C. Constant
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bia F. Rajsfus
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Carneiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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Williamson LE, Reeder KM, Bailey K, Tran MH, Roy V, Fouch ME, Kose N, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Winkler ES, Kim AS, Gainza C, Rodriguez J, Armstrong E, Sutton RE, Reidy J, Carnahan RH, McDonald WH, Schoeder CT, Klimstra WB, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Alter G, Meiler J, Schey KL, Julander JG, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Therapeutic alphavirus cross-reactive E1 human antibodies inhibit viral egress. Cell 2021; 184:4430-4446.e22. [PMID: 34416147 PMCID: PMC8418820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses cause severe arthritogenic or encephalitic disease. The E1 structural glycoprotein is highly conserved in these viruses and mediates viral fusion with host cells. However, the role of antibody responses to the E1 protein in immunity is poorly understood. We isolated E1-specific human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diverse patterns of recognition for alphaviruses (ranging from Eastern equine encephalitis virus [EEEV]-specific to alphavirus cross-reactive) from survivors of natural EEEV infection. Antibody binding patterns and epitope mapping experiments identified differences in E1 reactivity based on exposure of epitopes on the glycoprotein through pH-dependent mechanisms or presentation on the cell surface prior to virus egress. Therapeutic efficacy in vivo of these mAbs corresponded with potency of virus egress inhibition in vitro and did not require Fc-mediated effector functions for treatment against subcutaneous EEEV challenge. These studies reveal the molecular basis for broad and protective antibody responses to alphavirus E1 proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Alphavirus/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chikungunya virus/immunology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/virology
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Horses
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Joints/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Temperature
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Release/physiology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristen M Reeder
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin Bailey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84335, USA
| | - Minh H Tran
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher Gainza
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joseph Reidy
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - W Hayes McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84335, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Elmasri Z, Nasal BL, Jose J. Alphavirus-Induced Membrane Rearrangements during Replication, Assembly, and Budding. Pathogens 2021; 10:984. [PMID: 34451448 PMCID: PMC8399458 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses mainly transmitted by hematophagous insects that cause moderate to fatal disease in humans and other animals. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or antivirals to mitigate alphavirus infections. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of alphavirus-induced structures and their functions in infected cells. Throughout their lifecycle, alphaviruses induce several structural modifications, including replication spherules, type I and type II cytopathic vacuoles, and filopodial extensions. Type I cytopathic vacuoles are replication-induced structures containing replication spherules that are sites of RNA replication on the endosomal and lysosomal limiting membrane. Type II cytopathic vacuoles are assembly induced structures that originate from the Golgi apparatus. Filopodial extensions are induced at the plasma membrane and are involved in budding and cell-to-cell transport of virions. This review provides an overview of the viral and host factors involved in the biogenesis and function of these virus-induced structures. Understanding virus-host interactions in infected cells will lead to the identification of new targets for antiviral discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Elmasri
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Benjamin L. Nasal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Joyce Jose
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
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Alphavirus Virulence Determinants. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080981. [PMID: 34451445 PMCID: PMC8401390 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are important pathogens that continue to cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals worldwide. Diseases caused by alphavirus infections include acute symptoms of fever, rash, and nausea as well as chronic arthritis and severe-to-fatal conditions including myocarditis and encephalitis. Despite their prevalence and the significant public health threat they pose, there are currently no effective antiviral treatments or vaccines against alphaviruses. Various genetic determinants of alphavirus virulence, including genomic RNA elements and specific protein residues and domains, have been described by researchers to play key roles in the development of disease, the immune response to infection, and virus transmissibility. Here, we focus on the determinants that are currently described in the literature. Understanding how these molecular determinants shape viral infections can lead to new strategies for the development of therapies and vaccines to combat these viruses.
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Kirui J, Abidine Y, Lenman A, Islam K, Gwon YD, Lasswitz L, Evander M, Bally M, Gerold G. The Phosphatidylserine Receptor TIM-1 Enhances Authentic Chikungunya Virus Cell Entry. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071828. [PMID: 34359995 PMCID: PMC8303237 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging, mosquito-transmitted, enveloped positive stranded RNA virus. Chikungunya fever is characterized by acute and chronic debilitating arthritis. Although multiple host factors have been shown to enhance CHIKV infection, the molecular mechanisms of cell entry and entry factors remain poorly understood. The phosphatidylserine-dependent receptors, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) and Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (Axl), are transmembrane proteins that can serve as entry factors for enveloped viruses. Previous studies used pseudoviruses to delineate the role of TIM-1 and Axl in CHIKV entry. Conversely, here, we use the authentic CHIKV and cells ectopically expressing TIM-1 or Axl and demonstrate a role for TIM-1 in CHIKV infection. To further characterize TIM-1-dependent CHIKV infection, we generated cells expressing domain mutants of TIM-1. We show that point mutations in the phosphatidylserine binding site of TIM-1 lead to reduced cell binding, entry, and infection of CHIKV. Ectopic expression of TIM-1 renders immortalized keratinocytes permissive to CHIKV, whereas silencing of endogenously expressed TIM-1 in human hepatoma cells reduces CHIKV infection. Altogether, our findings indicate that, unlike Axl, TIM-1 readily promotes the productive entry of authentic CHIKV into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Kirui
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, TWINCORE, Institute for Experimental Virology, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.K.); (A.L.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yara Abidine
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.A.); (K.I.); (Y.-D.G.); (M.E.); (M.B.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annasara Lenman
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, TWINCORE, Institute for Experimental Virology, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.K.); (A.L.); (L.L.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.A.); (K.I.); (Y.-D.G.); (M.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Koushikul Islam
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.A.); (K.I.); (Y.-D.G.); (M.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Yong-Dae Gwon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.A.); (K.I.); (Y.-D.G.); (M.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Lisa Lasswitz
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, TWINCORE, Institute for Experimental Virology, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.K.); (A.L.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.A.); (K.I.); (Y.-D.G.); (M.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.A.); (K.I.); (Y.-D.G.); (M.E.); (M.B.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, TWINCORE, Institute for Experimental Virology, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.K.); (A.L.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (Y.A.); (K.I.); (Y.-D.G.); (M.E.); (M.B.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Battisti V, Urban E, Langer T. Antivirals against the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:1307. [PMID: 34372513 PMCID: PMC8310245 DOI: 10.3390/v13071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has re-emerged in recent decades, causing large-scale epidemics in many parts of the world. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterised by severe joint pain and myalgia. As many patients develop a painful chronic stage and neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available, the development of a potent CHIKV inhibiting drug is crucial for CHIKF treatment. A comprehensive summary of current antiviral research and development of small-molecule inhibitor against CHIKV is presented in this review. We highlight different approaches used for the identification of such compounds and further discuss the identification and application of promising viral and host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.B.); (E.U.)
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Abstract
Recent field trials have demonstrated that dengue incidence can be substantially reduced by introgressing strains of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia into Aedes aegypti mosquito populations. This strategy relies on Wolbachia reducing the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to disseminated infection by positive-sense RNA viruses like dengue. However, RNA viruses are well known to adapt to antiviral pressures. Here, we review the viral infection stages where selection for Wolbachia-resistant virus variants could occur. We also consider the genetic constraints imposed on viruses that alternate between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, and the likely selection pressures to which dengue virus might adapt in order to be effectively transmitted by Ae. aegypti that carry Wolbachia. While there are hurdles to dengue viruses developing resistance to Wolbachia, we suggest that long-term surveillance for resistant viruses should be an integral component of Wolbachia-introgression biocontrol programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather A. Flores
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron P. Simmons
- World Mosquito Program, Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna E. Fraser
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Yin P, Kielian M. BHK-21 Cell Clones Differ in Chikungunya Virus Infection and MXRA8 Receptor Expression. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060949. [PMID: 34063936 PMCID: PMC8224076 DOI: 10.3390/v13060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells are widely used to propagate and study many animal viruses using infection and transfection techniques. Among various BHK-21 cell clones, the fibroblast-like BHK-21/C-13 line and the epithelial-like BHK-21/WI-2 line are commonly used cell clones for alphavirus research. Here we report that BHK-21/WI-2 cells were significantly less susceptible to primary infection by the alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) than were BHK-21/C-13 cells. The electroporation efficiency of alphavirus RNA into BHK-21/WI-2 was also lower than that of BHK-21/C-13. The growth of CHIKV was decreased in BHK-21/WI-2 compared to BHK-21/C-13, while primary infection and growth of the alphavirus Sindbis virus (SINV) were equivalent in the two cell lines. Our results suggested that CHIKV entry could be compromised in BHK-21/WI-2. Indeed, we found that the mRNA level of the CHIKV receptor MXRA8 in BHK-21/WI-2 cells was much lower than that in BHK-21/C-13 cells, and exogenous expression of either human MXRA8 or hamster MXRA8 rescued CHIKV infection. Our results affirm the importance of the MXRA8 receptor for CHIKV infection, and document differences in its expression in two clonal cell lines derived from the original BHK-21 cell cultures. Our results also indicate that CHIKV propagation and entry studies in BHK-21 cells will be significantly more efficient in BHK-21/C-13 than in BHK-21/WI-2 cells.
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Abstract
Rubella virus (RUBV), a rubivirus, is an airborne human pathogen that generally causes mild measles-like symptoms in children or adults. However, RUBV infection of pregnant women can result in miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), a collection of long-term birth defects including incomplete organ development and mental retardation. Worldwide vaccination campaigns have significantly reduced the number of RUBV infections, but RUBV continues to be a problem in countries with low vaccination coverage. Further, the recent discovery of pathogenic rubiviruses in other mammals emphasizes the spillover potential of rubella-related viruses to humans. In the last decade, our understanding of RUBV has been significantly increased by virological, biochemical, and structural studies, providing a platform to begin understanding the life cycle of RUBV at the molecular level. This review concentrates on recent work on RUBV, focusing on the virion, its structural components, and its entry, fusion, and assembly mechanisms. Important features of RUBV are compared with those of viruses from other families. We also use comparative genomics, manual curation, and protein homology modeling to highlight distinct features of RUBV that are evolutionarily conserved in the non-human rubiviruses. Since rubella-like viruses may potentially have higher pathogenicity and transmissibility to humans, we also propose a framework for utilizing RUBV as a model to study its more pathogenic cousins.
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Santos IA, Shimizu JF, de Oliveira DM, Martins DOS, Cardoso-Sousa L, Cintra ACO, Aquino VH, Sampaio SV, Nicolau-Junior N, Sabino-Silva R, Merits A, Harris M, Jardim ACG. Chikungunya virus entry is strongly inhibited by phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8717. [PMID: 33888774 PMCID: PMC8062466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the etiologic agent of Chikungunya fever, a globally spreading mosquito-borne disease. There is no approved antiviral or vaccine against CHIKV, highlighting an urgent need for novel therapies. In this context, snake venom proteins have demonstrated antiviral activity against several viruses, including arboviruses which are relevant to public health. In particular, the phospholipase A2CB (PLA2CB), a protein isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus was previously shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antibacterial and antiviral activities. In this study, we investigated the multiple effects of PLA2CB on the CHIKV replicative cycle in BHK-21 cells using CHIKV-nanoluc, a marker virus carrying nanoluciferase reporter. The results demonstrated that PLA2CB possess a strong anti-CHIKV activity with a selectivity index of 128. We identified that PLA2CB treatment protected cells against CHIKV infection, strongly impairing virus entry by reducing adsorption and post-attachment stages. Moreover, PLA2CB presented a modest yet significant activity towards post-entry stages of CHIKV replicative cycle. Molecular docking calculations indicated that PLA2CB may interact with CHIKV glycoproteins, mainly with E1 through hydrophobic interactions. In addition, infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated interactions of PLA2CB and CHIKV glycoproteins, corroborating with data from in silico analyses. Collectively, this data demonstrated the multiple antiviral effects of PLA2CB on the CHIKV replicative cycle, and suggest that PLA2CB interacts with CHIKV glycoproteins and that this interaction blocks binding of CHIKV virions to the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Moraes de Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Léia Cardoso-Sousa
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Adélia Cristina Oliveira Cintra
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilson Nicolau-Junior
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mark Harris
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil.
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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The transcriptional landscape of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (TC-83) infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009306. [PMID: 33788849 PMCID: PMC8041203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is a major biothreat agent that naturally causes outbreaks in humans and horses particularly in tropical areas of the western hemisphere, for which no antiviral therapy is currently available. The host response to VEEV and the cellular factors this alphavirus hijacks to support its effective replication or evade cellular immune responses are largely uncharacterized. We have previously demonstrated tremendous cell-to-cell heterogeneity in viral RNA (vRNA) and cellular transcript levels during flaviviral infection using a novel virus-inclusive single-cell RNA-Seq approach. Here, we used this unbiased, genome-wide approach to simultaneously profile the host transcriptome and vRNA in thousands of single cells during infection of human astrocytes with the live-attenuated vaccine strain of VEEV (TC-83). Host transcription was profoundly suppressed, yet “superproducer cells” with extremely high vRNA abundance emerged during the first viral life cycle and demonstrated an altered transcriptome relative to both uninfected cells and cells with high vRNA abundance harvested at later time points. Additionally, cells with increased structural-to-nonstructural transcript ratio exhibited upregulation of intracellular membrane trafficking genes at later time points. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments confirmed pro- and antiviral activities in both vaccine and virulent VEEV infections among the products of transcripts that positively or negatively correlated with vRNA abundance, respectively. Lastly, comparison with single cell transcriptomic data from other viruses highlighted common and unique pathways perturbed by infection across evolutionary scales. This study provides a high-resolution characterization of the VEEV (TC-83)-host interplay, identifies candidate targets for antivirals, and establishes a comparative single-cell approach to study the evolution of virus-host interactions. Little is known about the host response to Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) and the cellular factors this alphavirus hijacks to support effective replication or evade cellular immune responses. Monitoring dynamics of host and viral RNA (vRNA) during viral infection at a single-cell level can provide insight into the virus-host interplay at a high resolution. Here, a single-cell RNA sequencing technology that detects host and viral RNA was used to investigate the interactions between TC-83, the vaccine strain of VEEV, and the human host during the course of infection of U-87 MG cells (human astrocytoma). Virus abundance and host transcriptome were heterogeneous across cells from the same culture. Subsets of differentially expressed genes, positively or negatively correlating with vRNA abundance, were identified and subsequently in vitro validated as candidate proviral and antiviral factors, respectively, in TC-83 and/or virulent VEEV infections. In the first replication cycle, “superproducer” cells exhibited rapid increase in vRNA abundance and unique gene expression patterns. At later time points, cells with increased structural-to-nonstructural transcript ratio demonstrated upregulation of intracellular membrane trafficking genes. Lastly, comparing the VEEV dataset with published datasets on other RNA viruses revealed unique and overlapping responses across viral clades. Overall, this study improves the understanding of VEEV-host interactions, reveals candidate targets for antiviral approaches, and establishes a comparative single-cell approach to study the evolution of virus-host interactions.
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Current Understanding of the Role of Cholesterol in the Life Cycle of Alphaviruses. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010035. [PMID: 33383613 PMCID: PMC7823518 DOI: 10.3390/v13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses rely on different lipid classes present in cell membranes to accomplish several steps of their life cycle in the host. Particularly for alphaviruses, a medically important group of arboviruses, which are part of the Togaviridae family, cholesterol seems to be a critical lipid exploited during infection, although its relevance may vary depending on which stage of the virus life cycle is under consideration and whether infection takes place in vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. In this review, the role of cholesterol in both early and late events of alphavirus infection and how viral replication may affect cholesterol metabolism are summarized, taking into account studies on Old World and New World alphaviruses in different cell lines. Moreover, the importance of cholesterol for the structural stability of alphavirus particles is also discussed, shedding light on the role played by this lipid when they leave the host cell.
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40
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De Caluwé L, Ariën KK, Bartholomeeusen K. Host Factors and Pathways Involved in the Entry of Mosquito-Borne Alphaviruses. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:634-647. [PMID: 33208275 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that has re-emerged recently and has spread to previously unaffected regions, resulting in millions of infections worldwide. The genus Alphavirus, in the family Togaviridae, contains several members with a similar potential for epidemic emergence. In order for CHIKV to replicate in targeted cell types it is essential for the virus to enter these cells. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the versatile and promiscuous steps in CHIKV binding and entry into human and mosquito host cells. We describe the different entry pathways, receptors, and attachment factors so far described for CHIKV and other mosquito-borne alphaviruses and discuss them in the context of tissue tropism and potential therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien De Caluwé
- Virology Unit, Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Virology Unit, Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Zhu F, Song D, Chen H, Tang Q, Huo S, Liu X, Chen K. A Lipidome Map of the Silkworm Bombyx mori: Influences of Viral Infection. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:695-703. [PMID: 33175548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipids have been recently proposed as key molecules for virus entry and egress, and lipid biosynthesis and signaling were reported necessary for some viruses during replication and infection. The silkworm Bombyx mori is an important economic insect and a model organism, but its lipid profiles have not been systematically investigated. Most silkworm strains are susceptible to the B. mori nuclear polyhedrovirus (BmNPV), a baculovirus that causes serious loss to the sericulture industry. Previously, our lab has screened a natural mutant of B. mori that is highly resistant to BmNPV. In this study, a comprehensive lipidomic analysis by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was carried out on the BmNPV-susceptible strain 306 and resistant strain NB (data deposited in MetaboLight MTBLS2142). Comparisons of the lipid profiles between the two strains reveal that phosphosphingolipids, diacylglycerolipids, ceramides, and quinones were present at notably higher levels in the susceptible strain, while lysophosphocholines were found at a higher level in the resistant strain. BmNPV administration changed the lipid profiles in both strains, revealing key lipids involved in virus infection and immune response. Some key enzymes in the lipid biosynthesis pathway were analyzed for their activities in the two silkworm strains and their virus-administered counterparts, underlining the relation among lipid biosynthesis, viral resistance, and immune response in the host.
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Acidic pH-Induced Conformational Changes in Chikungunya Virus Fusion Protein E1: a Spring-Twisted Region in the Domain I-III Linker Acts as a Hinge Point for Swiveling Motion of Domains. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01561-20. [PMID: 32938768 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01561-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus, enters a cell through endocytosis, followed by viral and cell membrane fusion. The fusion protein, E1, undergoes an acid pH-induced pre- to postfusion conformation change during membrane fusion. As part of the conformation change, E1 dissociates from the receptor-binding protein, E2, and swivels its domains I and II over domain III to form an extended intermediate and then eventually to form a postfusion hairpin homotrimer. In this study, we tested if the domain I-III linker acts as a "hinge" for the swiveling motion of E1 domains. We found a conserved spring-twisted structure in the linker, stabilized by a salt bridge between a conserved arginine-aspartic acid pair, as a "hinge point" for domain swiveling. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the CHIKV E1 or E2-E1 structure predicted that the spring-twisted region untwists at pH 5.5. Corroborating the prediction, introduction of a "cystine staple" at the hinge point, replacing the conserved arginine-aspartic acid pair with cysteine residues, resulted in loss of fusion activity of E1. MD simulation also predicted domain I-III swiveling at acidic pH. We tested if breaking the His 331-Lys 16 H bond between domains I and III, seen only in the prefusion conformation, is important for domain swiveling. When domains I and III are "stapled" by introducing a disulfide bond in between, E1 showed loss of fusion activity, implying that domain I and III dissociation is a critical acid pH-induced step in membrane fusion. However, replacement of His 331 with an acidic residue did not affect the pH threshold for fusion, suggesting His 331 is not an acid-sensing residue.IMPORTANCE Aedes mosquito-transmitted viruses such as the Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses have spread globally. CHIKV, similar to many other enveloped viruses, enters cells in sequential steps: step 1 involves receptor binding followed by endocytosis, and step 2 involves viral-cell membrane fusion in the endocytic vesicle. The viral envelope surface protein, E1, performs membrane fusion. E1 is triggered to undergo conformational changes by acidic pH of the maturing endosome. Different domains of E1 rearrange during the pre- to postfusion conformation change. Using in silico analysis of the E1 structure and different biochemical experiments, we explained a structural mechanism of key conformational changes in E1 triggered by acidic pH. We noted two important structural changes in E1 at acidic pH. In the first, a spring-twisted region in a loop connecting two domains (I and III) untwists, bringing a swiveling motion of domains on each other. In the second, breaking of interactions between domains I and III and domain separation are required for membrane fusion. This knowledge will help devise new therapeutic strategies to block conformation changes in E1 and thus viral entry.
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Xing C, Jiang J, Lu Z, Mi S, He B, Tu C, Liu X, Gong W. Isolation and characterization of Getah virus from pigs in Guangdong province of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2249-2253. [PMID: 32277601 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is widely distributed in Asian countries including China, in which the first case of equine GETV infection was reported in Guangdong province in August 2018. In this study, GETVs were detected in two classical swine fever virus-positive samples collected from swine herds in Foshan city, Guangdong province, 2018. Infection of porcine PK-15 cells produced rapid cytopathic effects (CPEs), including shrinking, rounding and detaching, and peak titre of 109.3 TCID50 /ml occurred at 24 hr post-infection. Electron microscopy and ultra-thin sectioning revealed spherical GETV particles of 70 nm diameter with an isometric interior and are found to be lining the outer membrane of infected cells. Whole-genome analysis showed that the two GETV isolates are identical to each other and cluster with Group III strains of GETV, sharing 96.1%-99.7% nucleotide sequence identity with all available reference strains. The most closely relative of the obtained GETV isolates was porcine strain HNJZ-S2 from Henan province (99.7%), with 98.6% sequence identity shared with equine GETV strain GZ201808 first identified in Guangdong province, indicating different sources for porcine and equine GETV infections in this region. No evidence of GETV infection was found in 497 archived porcine samples collected between 1990 and 2018 in Guangdong province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Jiang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zongji Lu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Biao He
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Abstract
Alphaviruses are enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses that can cause serious human illnesses such as polyarthritis and encephalitis. Despite their widespread distribution and medical importance, there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals to combat alphavirus infections. Berberine chloride (BBC) is a pan-alphavirus inhibitor that was previously identified in a replicon-based small-molecule screen. This work showed that BBC inhibits alphavirus replication but also suggested that BBC might have additional effects later in the viral life cycle. Here, we show that BBC has late effects that target the virus nucleocapsid (NC) core. Infected cells treated with BBC late in infection were unable to form stable cytoplasmic NCs or assembly intermediates, as assayed by gradient sedimentation. In vitro studies with recombinant capsid protein (Cp) and purified genomic RNA (gRNA) showed that BBC perturbs core-like particle formation and potentially traps the assembly process in intermediate states. Particles produced from BBC-treated cells were less infectious, despite efficient particle production and only minor decreases in genome packaging. In addition, BBC treatment of free virus particles strongly decreased alphavirus infectivity. In contrast, the infectivity of the negative-sense RNA virus vesicular stomatitis virus was resistant to BBC treatment of infected cells or free virus. Together, our data indicate that BBC alters alphavirus Cp-gRNA interactions and oligomerization and suggest that this may cause defects in NC assembly and in disassembly during subsequent virus entry. Thus, BBC may be considered a novel alphavirus NC assembly inhibitor.IMPORTANCE The alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an example of an emerging human pathogen with increased and rapid global spread. Although an acute CHIKV infection is rarely fatal, many patients suffer from debilitating chronic arthralgia for years. Antivirals against chikungunya and other alphaviruses have been identified in vitro, but to date none have been shown to be efficacious and have been licensed for human use. Here, we investigated a small molecule, berberine chloride (BBC), and showed that it inhibited infectious virus production by several alphaviruses including CHIKV. BBC acted on a late step in the alphavirus exit pathway, namely the formation of the nucleocapsid containing the infectious viral RNA. Better understanding of nucleocapsid formation and its inhibition by BBC will provide important information on the mechanisms of infectious alphavirus production and may enable their future targeting in antiviral strategies.
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Cunha MS, Costa PAG, Correa IA, de Souza MRM, Calil PT, da Silva GPD, Costa SM, Fonseca VWP, da Costa LJ. Chikungunya Virus: An Emergent Arbovirus to the South American Continent and a Continuous Threat to the World. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 32670231 PMCID: PMC7332961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of epidemic concern, transmitted by Aedes ssp. mosquitoes, and is the etiologic agent of a febrile and incapacitating arthritogenic illness responsible for millions of human cases worldwide. After major outbreaks starting in 2004, CHIKV spread to subtropical areas and western hemisphere coming from sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Even though CHIKV disease is self-limiting and non-lethal, more than 30% of the infected individuals will develop chronic disease with persistent severe joint pain, tenosynovitis, and incapacitating polyarthralgia that can last for months to years, negatively impacting an individual's quality of life and socioeconomic productivity. The lack of specific drugs or licensed vaccines to treat or prevent CHIKV disease associated with the global presence of the mosquito vector in tropical and temperate areas, representing a possibility for CHIKV to continually spread to different territories, make this virus an agent of public health burden. In South America, where Dengue virus is endemic and Zika virus was recently introduced, the impact of the expansion of CHIKV infections, and co-infection with other arboviruses, still needs to be estimated. In Brazil, the recent spread of the East/Central/South Africa (ECSA) and Asian genotypes of CHIKV was accompanied by a high morbidity rate and acute cases of abnormal disease presentation and severe neuropathies, which is an atypical outcome for this infection. In this review, we will discuss what is currently known about CHIKV epidemics, clinical manifestations of the human disease, the basic concepts and recent findings in the mechanisms underlying virus-host interaction, and CHIKV-induced chronic disease for both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. We aim to stimulate scientific debate on how the characterization of replication, host-cell interactions, and the pathogenic potential of the new epidemic viral strains can contribute as potential developments in the virology field and shed light on strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luciana J. da Costa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Powell LA, Fox JM, Kose N, Kim AS, Majedi M, Bombardi R, Carnahan RH, Slaughter JC, Morrison TE, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Human monoclonal antibodies against Ross River virus target epitopes within the E2 protein and protect against disease. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008517. [PMID: 32365139 PMCID: PMC7252634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ross River fever is a mosquito-transmitted viral disease that is endemic to Australia and the surrounding Pacific Islands. Ross River virus (RRV) belongs to the arthritogenic group of alphaviruses, which largely cause disease characterized by debilitating polyarthritis, rash, and fever. There is no specific treatment or licensed vaccine available, and the mechanisms of protective humoral immunity in humans are poorly understood. Here, we describe naturally occurring human mAbs specific to RRV, isolated from subjects with a prior natural infection. These mAbs potently neutralize RRV infectivity in cell culture and block infection through multiple mechanisms, including prevention of viral attachment, entry, and fusion. Some of the most potently neutralizing mAbs inhibited binding of RRV to Mxra8, a recently discovered alpahvirus receptor. Epitope mapping studies identified the A and B domains of the RRV E2 protein as the major antigenic sites for the human neutralizing antibody response. In experiments in mice, these mAbs were protective against cinical disease and reduced viral burden in multiple tissues, suggesting a potential therapeutic use for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Powell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mahsa Majedi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robin Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James C. Slaughter
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James. E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Bukrinsky MI, Mukhamedova N, Sviridov D. Lipid rafts and pathogens: the art of deception and exploitation. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:601-610. [PMID: 31615838 PMCID: PMC7193957 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts, solid regions of the plasma membrane enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, are essential parts of a cell. Functionally, lipid rafts present a platform that facilitates interaction of cells with the outside world. However, the unique properties of lipid rafts required to fulfill this function at the same time make them susceptible to exploitation by pathogens. Many steps of pathogen interaction with host cells, and sometimes all steps within the entire lifecycle of various pathogens, rely on host lipid rafts. Such steps as binding of pathogens to the host cells, invasion of intracellular parasites into the cell, the intracellular dwelling of parasites, microbial assembly and exit from the host cell, and microbe transfer from one cell to another all involve lipid rafts. Interaction also includes modification of lipid rafts in host cells, inflicted by pathogens from both inside and outside the cell, through contact or remotely, to advance pathogen replication, to utilize cellular resources, and/or to mitigate immune response. Here, we provide a systematic overview of how and why pathogens interact with and exploit host lipid rafts, as well as the consequences of this interaction for the host, locally and systemically, and for the microbe. We also raise the possibility of modulation of lipid rafts as a therapeutic approach against a variety of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC 20037
| | | | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia. mailto:
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Nepal A, Wolfson DL, Ahluwalia BS, Jensen I, Jørgensen J, Iliev DB. Intracellular distribution and transcriptional regulation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Rab5c, 7a and 27a homologs by immune stimuli. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:119-129. [PMID: 32014587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rab GTPases control trafficking of intracellular vesicles and are key regulators of endocytic and secretory pathways. Due to their specific distribution, they may serve as markers for different endolysosomal compartments. Since Rab GTPases are involved in uptake and trafficking of endocytosed ligands and cell receptors, as well as secretion of immune mediators, they have been implicated in diverse immunological processes and their functions are often exploited by intracellular pathogens such as viruses. While Rab proteins have been studied extensively in mammals, their functions in vesicle trafficking in teleosts are not well known. In the present work, Atlantic salmon Rab5c, Rab7a and Rab27a homologs were studied in terms of intracellular distribution and gene expression. Structured illumination microscopy demonstrated that transgenic, GFP-tagged salmon Rab5c and Rab7a are, predominantly, located within early endosomes and late endosomes/lysosomes, respectively. In contrast, Rab27a showed a broader distribution, which indicates that it associates with diverse intracellular vesicles and organelles. Infection of salmon with Salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3) enhanced the mRNA levels of all of the studied Rab isoforms in heart and head kidney and most of them were upregulated in spleen. This may reflect the capacity of the virus to exploit the functions of these rab proteins. It is also possible that the transcriptional regulation of Rab proteins in SAV3-infected organs may play a role in the antiviral immune response. The latter was further supported by in vitro experiments with adherent head kidney leukocytes. The expression of Rab5c and Rab27a was upregulated in these cells following stimulation with TLR ligands including CpG oligonucleotides and polyI:C. The expression of most of the analyzed Rab isoforms in the primary leukocytes was also enhanced by stimulation with type I IFN. Interestingly, IFN-gamma had a negative effect on Rab7a expression which may be linked to the priming activity of this cytokine on monocytes and macrophages. Overall, these data demonstrate that the intracellular distribution of Rab5c, Rab7a and Rab27a is phylogenetically conserved within vertebrates and that these molecules might be implicated in viral infections and the regulation of the antiviral immune response in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Nepal
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Deanna L Wolfson
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Ingvill Jensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dimitar B Iliev
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology 'Roumen Tsanev', Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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50
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Montes-Grajales D, Puerta-Guardo H, Espinosa DA, Harris E, Caicedo-Torres W, Olivero-Verbel J, Martínez-Romero E. In silico drug repurposing for the identification of potential candidate molecules against arboviruses infection. Antiviral Res 2019; 173:104668. [PMID: 31786251 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Arboviral diseases caused by dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses represent a major public health problem worldwide, especially in tropical areas where millions of infections occur every year. The aim of this research was to identify candidate molecules for the treatment of these diseases among the drugs currently available in the market, through in silico screening and subsequent in vitro evaluation with cell culture models of DENV and ZIKV infections. Numerous pharmaceutical compounds from antibiotics to chemotherapeutic agents presented high in silico binding affinity for the viral proteins, including ergotamine, antrafenine, natamycin, pranlukast, nilotinib, itraconazole, conivaptan and novobiocin. These five last compounds were tested in vitro, being pranlukast the one that exhibited the best antiviral activity. Further in vitro assays for this compound showed a significant inhibitory effect on DENV and ZIKV infection of human monocytic cells and human hepatocytes (Huh-7 cells) with potential abrogation of virus entry. Finally, intrinsic fluorescence analyses suggest that pranlukast may have some level of interaction with three viral proteins of DENV: envelope, capsid, and NS1. Due to its promising results, suitable accessibility in the market and reduced restrictions compared to other pharmaceuticals; the anti-asthmatic pranlukast is proposed as a drug candidate against DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV, supporting further in vitro and in vivo assessment of the potential of this and other lead compounds that exhibited good affinity scores in silico as therapeutic agents or scaffolds for the development of new drugs against arboviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Montes-Grajales
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia.
| | - Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3370, USA
| | - Diego A Espinosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3370, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3370, USA
| | - William Caicedo-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación de Tecnologías Aplicadas y Sistemas de Información, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Cartagena, 130010, Colombia
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Esperanza Martínez-Romero
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca-Morelos 565-A, Mexico
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