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Bhatnagar A, Chopra U, Raja S, Das KD, Mahalingam S, Chakravortty D, Srinivasula SM. TLR-mediated aggresome-like induced structures comprise antimicrobial peptides and attenuate intracellular bacterial survival. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar34. [PMID: 38170582 PMCID: PMC10916861 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-09-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cells employ diverse mechanisms for host defense. Macrophages, in response to TLR activation, assemble aggresome-like induced structures (ALIS). Our group has shown TLR4-signaling transcriptionally upregulates p62/sequestome1, which assembles ALIS. We have demonstrated that TLR4-mediated autophagy is, in fact, selective-autophagy of ALIS. We hypothesize that TLR-mediated autophagy and ALIS contribute to host-defense. Here we show that ALIS are assembled in macrophages upon exposure to different bacteria. These structures are associated with pathogen-containing phagosomes. Importantly, we present evidence of increased bacterial burden, where ALIS assembly is prevented with p62-specific siRNA. We have employed 3D-super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (3D-SR-SIM) and mass-spectrometric (MS) analyses to gain insight into the assembly of ALIS. Ultra-structural analyses of known constituents of ALIS (p62, ubiquitin, LC3) reveal that ALIS are organized structures with distinct patterns of alignment. Furthermore, MS-analyses of ALIS identified, among others, several proteins of known antimicrobial properties. We have validated MS data by testing the association of some of these molecules (Bst2, IFITM2, IFITM3) with ALIS and the phagocytosed-bacteria. We surmise that AMPs enrichment in ALIS leads to their delivery to bacteria-containing phagosomes and restricts the bacteria. Our findings in this paper support hitherto unknown functions of ALIS in host-defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Bhatnagar
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Umesh Chopra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sebastian Raja
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Krishanu Dey Das
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - S. Mahalingam
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Srinivasa Murty Srinivasula
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
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2
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Hagelauer E, Lotke R, Kmiec D, Hu D, Hohner M, Stopper S, Nchioua R, Kirchhoff F, Sauter D, Schindler M. Tetherin Restricts SARS-CoV-2 despite the Presence of Multiple Viral Antagonists. Viruses 2023; 15:2364. [PMID: 38140605 PMCID: PMC10747847 DOI: 10.3390/v15122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infection induces interferon-stimulated genes, one of which encodes Tetherin, a transmembrane protein inhibiting the release of various enveloped viruses from infected cells. Previous studies revealed that SARS-CoV encodes two Tetherin antagonists: the Spike protein (S), inducing lysosomal degradation of Tetherin, and ORF7a, altering its glycosylation. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 has also been shown to use ORF7a and Spike to enhance virion release in the presence of Tetherin. Here, we directly compare the abilities and mechanisms of these two viral proteins to counteract Tetherin. Therefore, cell surface and total Tetherin levels upon ORF7a or S expression were investigated using flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S only marginally reduced Tetherin cell surface levels in a cell type-dependent manner. In HEK293T cells, under conditions of high exogenous Tetherin expression, SARS-CoV-2 S and ORF7a reduced total cellular Tetherin levels much more efficiently than the respective counterparts derived from SARS-CoV. Nevertheless, ORF7a from both species was able to alter Tetherin glycosylation. The ability to decrease total protein levels of Tetherin was conserved among S proteins from different SARS-CoV-2 variants (α, γ, δ, ο). While SARS-CoV-2 S and ORF7a both colocalized with Tetherin, only ORF7a directly interacted with the restriction factor in a two-hybrid assay. Despite the presence of multiple Tetherin antagonists, SARS-CoV-2 replication in Caco-2 cells was further enhanced upon Tetherin knockout. Altogether, our data show that endogenous Tetherin restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication and that the antiviral activity of Tetherin is only partially counteracted by viral antagonists with differential and complementary modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hagelauer
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Rishikesh Lotke
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Dorota Kmiec
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.K.); (R.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Mirjam Hohner
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Sophie Stopper
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.K.); (R.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.K.); (R.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
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3
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Rajput M, Thakur N. Editorial: Advances in host-pathogen interactions for diseases in animals and birds. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1282110. [PMID: 37766859 PMCID: PMC10520279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1282110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mrigendra Rajput
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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4
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Ung T, Rutledge NS, Weiss AM, Esser-Kahn AP, Deak P. Cell-targeted vaccines: implications for adaptive immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221008. [PMID: 37662903 PMCID: PMC10468591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in immunology and chemistry have facilitated advancements in targeted vaccine technology. Targeting specific cell types, tissue locations, or receptors can allow for modulation of the adaptive immune response to vaccines. This review provides an overview of cellular targets of vaccines, suggests methods of targeting and downstream effects on immune responses, and summarizes general trends in the literature. Understanding the relationships between vaccine targets and subsequent adaptive immune responses is critical for effective vaccine design. This knowledge could facilitate design of more effective, disease-specialized vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ung
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nakisha S. Rutledge
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adam M. Weiss
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peter Deak
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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5
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Thapa R, Elfassy E, Olender L, Sharabi O, Gazit R. Rapid activation of hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:152. [PMID: 37280691 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow (BM) are quiescent. Following perturbations, such as blood loss or infection, HSCs may undergo activation. Surprisingly, little is known about the earliest stages of HSCs activation. We utilize surface markers of HSCs activation, CD69 and CD317, revealing a response as early as 2 h after stimulation. The dynamic expression of HSCs activation markers varies between viral-like (poly-Inosinic-poly-Cytidylic) or bacterial-like (Lipopolysaccharide) immune stimuli. We further quantify dose response, revealing a low threshold, and similar sensitivity of HSCs and progenitors in the BM. Finally, we find a positive correlation between the expression of surface activation markers and early exit from quiescence. Our data show that the response of adult stem cells to immune stimulation is rapid and sensitive, rapidly leading HSCs out of quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshina Thapa
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Erez Elfassy
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Leonid Olender
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Omri Sharabi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Roi Gazit
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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6
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Judith D, Versapuech M, Bejjani F, Palaric M, Verlhac P, Kuster A, Lepont L, Gallois-Montbrun S, Janvier K, Berlioz-Torrent C. ATG5 selectively engages virus-tethered BST2/tetherin in an LC3C-associated pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217451120. [PMID: 37155854 PMCID: PMC10193943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217451120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2)/tetherin is a restriction factor that reduces HIV-1 dissemination by tethering virus at the cell surface. BST2 also acts as a sensor of HIV-1 budding, establishing a cellular antiviral state. The HIV-1 Vpu protein antagonizes BST2 antiviral functions via multiple mechanisms, including the subversion of an LC3C-associated pathway, a key cell intrinsic antimicrobial mechanism. Here, we describe the first step of this viral-induced LC3C-associated process. This process is initiated at the plasma membrane through the recognition and internalization of virus-tethered BST2 by ATG5, an autophagy protein. ATG5 and BST2 assemble as a complex, independently of the viral protein Vpu and ahead of the recruitment of the ATG protein LC3C. The conjugation of ATG5 with ATG12 is dispensable for this interaction. ATG5 recognizes cysteine-linked homodimerized BST2 and specifically engages phosphorylated BST2 tethering viruses at the plasma membrane, in an LC3C-associated pathway. We also found that this LC3C-associated pathway is used by Vpu to attenuate the inflammatory responses mediated by virion retention. Overall, we highlight that by targeting BST2 tethering viruses, ATG5 acts as a signaling scaffold to trigger an LC3C-associated pathway induced by HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Judith
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Margaux Versapuech
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Bejjani
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Marjory Palaric
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Aurelia Kuster
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Leslie Lepont
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014Paris, France
| | | | - Katy Janvier
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014Paris, France
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7
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Masenga SK, Mweene BC, Luwaya E, Muchaili L, Chona M, Kirabo A. HIV-Host Cell Interactions. Cells 2023; 12:1351. [PMID: 37408185 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus. A thorough understanding of the molecular interaction of HIV with the host cell is essential in the development of both preventive and curative therapies for HIV infection. This review highlights several inherent mechanisms of HIV that promote its survival and propagation, such as the targeting of CD4+ lymphocytes, the downregulation of MHC class I and II, antigenic variation and an envelope complex that minimizes antibody access, and how they collaboratively render the immune system unable to mount an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Bislom C Mweene
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Emmanuel Luwaya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Lweendo Muchaili
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Makondo Chona
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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8
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Shuler G, Hagai T. Rapidly evolving viral motifs mostly target biophysically constrained binding pockets of host proteins. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111212. [PMID: 35977510 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary changes in host-virus interactions can alter the course of infection, but the biophysical and regulatory constraints that shape interface evolution remain largely unexplored. Here, we focus on viral mimicry of host-like motifs that allow binding to host domains and modulation of cellular pathways. We observe that motifs from unrelated viruses preferentially target conserved, widely expressed, and highly connected host proteins, enriched with regulatory and essential functions. The interface residues within these host domains are more conserved and bind a larger number of cellular proteins than similar motif-binding domains that are not known to interact with viruses. In contrast, rapidly evolving viral-binding human proteins form few interactions with other cellular proteins and display high tissue specificity, and their interfaces have few inter-residue contacts. Our results distinguish between conserved and rapidly evolving host-virus interfaces and show how various factors limit host capacity to evolve, allowing for efficient viral subversion of host machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Shuler
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tzachi Hagai
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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9
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Yang Q, Yao M, Xu F, Chen W. Screening of Gene Expression Markers for Corona Virus Disease 2019 Through Boruta_MCFS Feature Selection. Front Public Health 2022; 10:901602. [PMID: 35812497 PMCID: PMC9258782 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.901602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first report of SARS-CoV-2 virus in Wuhan, China in December 2019, a global outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been aroused. In the prevention of this disease, accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is the center of the problem. However, due to the limitation of detection technology, the test results are impossible to be totally free from pseudo-positive or -negative. Improving the precision of the test results asks for the identification of more biomarkers for COVID-19. On the basis of the expression data of COVID-19 positive and negative samples, we first screened the feature genes through ReliefF, minimal-redundancy-maximum-relevancy, and Boruta_MCFS methods. Thereafter, 36 optimal feature genes were selected through incremental feature selection method based on the random forest classifier, and the enriched biological functions and signaling pathways were revealed by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Also, protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed on these feature genes, and the enriched biological functions and signaling pathways of main submodules were analyzed. In addition, whether these 36 feature genes could effectively distinguish positive samples from the negative ones was verified by dimensionality reduction analysis. According to the results, we inferred that the 36 feature genes selected via Boruta_MCFS could be deemed as biomarkers in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Sun
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Respiration in Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University/The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Respiration in Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University/The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Center for Pain Medicine in Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University/The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Fang Xu
- The Xiuzhou Kang'an Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Wenyu Chen
- Department of Respiration in Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University/The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
- *Correspondence: Wenyu Chen
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10
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Lata S, Sood V, Banerjea AC. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Up-Regulates the Expression of Tat via AKT Signaling Pathway: Role of Ubiquitin Specific Protease 17. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828430. [PMID: 35387085 PMCID: PMC8978020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has RNA genome and depends on host cellular machinery for most of its activities. Host cellular proteins modulate the expression and activity of viral proteins to combat the virus. HIV-1 proteins are known to regulate each other for the benefit of virus by exploiting these modulations. Here, we report that HIV-1 Vif increases the levels of Tat via AKT signaling pathway. We show that HIV-1 Vif activates AKT signaling pathway by inducing phosphorylation of AKT. Mdm2, downstream target of AKT signaling, increases the levels of Tat protein in ubiquitin-dependent manner by inducing Ubiquitin Specific Protease 17 (USP17), which is a deubiquitinase and stabilizes Tat protein. Thus, HIV-1 proteins exploit AKT signaling pathway to promote viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Lata
- Virology II, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Sood
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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11
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Mendonça MM, da Cruz KR, Pinheiro DDS, Moraes GCA, Ferreira PM, Ferreira-Neto ML, da Silva ES, Gonçalves RV, Pedrino GR, Fajemiroye JO, Xavier CH. Dysregulation in erythrocyte dynamics caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection: possible role in shuffling the homeostatic puzzle during COVID-19. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2022; 44:235-245. [PMID: 35098037 PMCID: PMC8786672 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The evolving COVID-19 pandemic became a hallmark in human history, not only by changing lifestyles, but also by enriching scientific knowledge on viral infection and its consequences. Objective Although the management of cardiorespiratory changes is pivotal to a favorable prognosis during severe clinical findings, dysregulation of other systems caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection may imbalance erythrocyte dynamics, such as a bidirectional positive feedback loop pathophysiology. Method and Results Recent evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of affecting the genetics and dynamics of erythrocytes and this coexists with a non-homeostatic function of cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems during COVID-19. In hypothesis, SARS-CoV-2-induced systematical alterations of erythrocytes dynamics would constitute a setpoint for COVID-19-related multiple organ failure syndrome and death. Conclusion The present review covers the most frequent erythrocyte-related non-homeostatic findings during COVID-19 capable of providing mechanistic clues of SARS-CoV-2-induced infection and inspiring therapeutic-oriented scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kellen Rosa da Cruz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patricia Maria Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luiz Ferreira-Neto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (ICBIM UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - James O Fajemiroye
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Xavier
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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12
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Zhao X, Chen D, Li X, Griffith L, Chang J, An P, Guo JT. Interferon Control of Human Coronavirus Infection and Viral Evasion: Mechanistic Insights and Implications for Antiviral Drug and Vaccine Development. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167438. [PMID: 34990653 PMCID: PMC8721920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of viral infections by various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates an inflammatory cytokine response that inhibits viral replication and orchestrates the activation of adaptive immune responses to control the viral infection. The broadly active innate immune response puts a strong selective pressure on viruses and drives the selection of variants with increased capabilities to subvert the induction and function of antiviral cytokines. This revolutionary process dynamically shapes the host ranges, cell tropism and pathogenesis of viruses. Recent studies on the innate immune responses to the infection of human coronaviruses (HCoV), particularly SARS-CoV-2, revealed that HCoV infections can be sensed by endosomal toll-like receptors and/or cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors in various cell types. However, the profiles of inflammatory cytokines and transcriptome response induced by a specific HCoV are usually cell type specific and determined by the virus-specific mechanisms of subverting the induction and function of interferons and inflammatory cytokines as well as the genetic trait of the host genes of innate immune pathways. We review herein the recent literatures on the innate immune responses and their roles in the pathogenesis of HCoV infections with emphasis on the pathobiological roles and therapeutic effects of type I interferons in HCoV infections and their antiviral mechanisms. The knowledge on the mechanism of innate immune control of HCoV infections and viral evasions should facilitate the development of therapeutics for induction of immune resolution of HCoV infections and vaccines for efficient control of COVID-19 pandemics and other HCoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Danying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Lauren Griffith
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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13
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Catch me if you can - the crosstalk of ZIKV and the restriction factor Tetherin. J Virol 2021; 96:e0211721. [PMID: 34935441 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02117-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that is mainly transmitted by Aedes mosquitos and normally causes mild symptoms. During the outbreak in the Americas in 2015, it was associated with more severe implications, like microcephaly in new-borns and the Gullain-Barré syndrome. The lack of specific vaccines and cures strengthen the need for a deeper understanding of the virus life cycle and virus-host interactions. The restriction factor tetherin (THN) is an interferon-inducible cellular protein with broad antiviral properties. It is known to inhibit the release of various enveloped viruses by tethering them to each other and to the cell membrane, thereby preventing their further spread. On the other hand, different viruses have developed various escape strategies against THN. Analysis of the crosstalk between ZIKV and THN revealed that in spite of a strong induction of THN mRNA expression in ZIKV-infected cells, this is not reflected by an elevated protein level of THN. Contrariwise, the THN protein level is decreased due to a reduced half-life. The increased degradation of THN in ZIKV infected cells involves the endo-lysosomal system, but does not depend on the early steps of autophagy. Enrichment of THN by depletion of the ESCRT-0 protein HRS diminishes ZIKV release and spread, which points out the capacity of THN to restrict ZIKV and explains the enhanced THN degradation in infected cells as an effective viral escape strategy. Importance Although tetherin expression is strongly induced by ZIKV infection there is a reduction in the amount of tetherin protein. This is due to an enhanced lysosomal degradation. However, if tetherin level is rescued release of ZIKV is impaired. This shows that tetherin is a restriction factor for ZIKV and the induction of an efficient degradation represents a viral escape strategy. To our knowledge this is the first study that describes and characterizes tetherin as an restriction factor for ZIKV life cycle.
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14
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Petrosino M, Stellato F, Chiaraluce R, Consalvi V, La Penna G, Pasquo A, Proux O, Rossi G, Morante S. Zn-Induced Interactions Between SARS-CoV-2 orf7a and BST2/Tetherin. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1133-1141. [PMID: 34791819 PMCID: PMC8600262 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present in this work a first X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy study of the interactions of Zn with human BST2/tetherin and SARS-CoV-2 orf7a proteins as well as with some of their complexes. The analysis of the XANES region of the measured spectra shows that Zn binds to BST2, as well as to orf7a, thus resulting in the formation of BST2-orf7a complexes. This structural information confirms the the conjecture, recently put forward by some of the present Authors, according to which the accessory orf7a (and possibly also orf8) viral protein are capable of interfering with the BST2 antiviral activity. Our explanation for this behavior is that, when BST2 gets in contact with Zn bound to the orf7a Cys15 ligand, it has the ability of displacing the metal owing to the creation of a new disulfide bridge across the two proteins. The formation of this BST2-orf7a complex destabilizes BST2 dimerization, thus impairing the antiviral activity of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petrosino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza Università di RomaPiazzale Aldo Moro 500185RomaItaly
| | - Francesco Stellato
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di Roma Tor Vergata and INFNVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- INFN - Sezione di Roma Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
| | - Roberta Chiaraluce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza Università di RomaPiazzale Aldo Moro 500185RomaItaly
| | - Valerio Consalvi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”Sapienza Università di RomaPiazzale Aldo Moro 500185RomaItaly
| | - Giovanni La Penna
- INFN - Sezione di Roma Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- CNR - Istituto di chimica dei composti organometallici50019 –Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Alessandra Pasquo
- ENEA CR FrascatiDiagnostics and Metrology Laboratory FSN-TECFIS-DIMVia Enrico Fermi, 4500044FrascatiRM
| | - Olivier Proux
- Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de GrenobleUAR 832 CNRSUniversitè Grenoble Alpes38041GrenobleFrance
| | - Giancarlo Rossi
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di Roma Tor Vergata and INFNVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- INFN - Sezione di Roma Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- Centro Fermi – Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”00184RomaItaly
| | - Silvia Morante
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di Roma Tor Vergata and INFNVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
- INFN - Sezione di Roma Tor VergataVia della Ricerca Scientifica, 100133RomaItaly
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15
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Gupta SK, Ponte-Sucre A, Bencurova E, Dandekar T. An Ebola, Neisseria and Trypanosoma human protein interaction census reveals a conserved human protein cluster targeted by various human pathogens. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5292-5308. [PMID: 34745452 PMCID: PMC8531761 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Filovirus ebolavirus (ZE; Zaire ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus), Neisseria meningitidis (NM), and Trypanosoma brucei (Tb) are serious infectious pathogens, spanning viruses, bacteria and protists and all may target the blood and central nervous system during their life cycle. NM and Tb are extracellular pathogens while ZE is obligatory intracellular, targetting immune privileged sites. By using interactomics and comparative evolutionary analysis we studied whether conserved human proteins are targeted by these pathogens. We examined 2797 unique pathogen-targeted human proteins. The information derived from orthology searches of experimentally validated protein-protein interactions (PPIs) resulted both in unique and shared PPIs for each pathogen. Comparing and analyzing conserved and pathogen-specific infection pathways for NM, TB and ZE, we identified human proteins predicted to be targeted in at least two of the compared host-pathogen networks. However, four proteins were common to all three host-pathogen interactomes: the elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (EEF1A1), the SWI/SNF complex subunit SMARCC2 (matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C), the dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase subunit 1 (RPN1), and the tubulin beta-5 chain (TUBB). These four human proteins all are also involved in cytoskeleton and its regulation and are often addressed by various human pathogens. Specifically, we found (i) 56 human pathogenic bacteria and viruses that target these four proteins, (ii) the well researched new pandemic pathogen SARS-CoV-2 targets two of these four human proteins and (iii) nine human pathogenic fungi (yet another evolutionary distant organism group) target three of the conserved proteins by 130 high confidence interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir K Gupta
- Functional Genomics & Systems Biology Group, Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Escuela Luis Razetti, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Medical Mission Institute, Hermann-Schell-Str. 7, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Bencurova
- Functional Genomics & Systems Biology Group, Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Functional Genomics & Systems Biology Group, Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- EMBL Heidelberg, BioComputing Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Khan N, Geiger JD. Role of Viral Protein U (Vpu) in HIV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081466. [PMID: 34452331 PMCID: PMC8402909 DOI: 10.3390/v13081466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 originated from cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Most of these transfers resulted in limited spread of these viruses to humans. However, one transmission event involving SIVcpz from chimpanzees gave rise to group M HIV-1, with M being the principal strain of HIV-1 responsible for the AIDS pandemic. Vpu is an HIV-1 accessory protein generated from Env/Vpu encoded bicistronic mRNA and localized in cytosolic and membrane regions of cells capable of being infected by HIV-1 and that regulate HIV-1 infection and transmission by downregulating BST-2, CD4 proteins levels, and immune evasion. This review will focus of critical aspects of Vpu including its zoonosis, the adaptive hurdles to cross-species transmission, and future perspectives and broad implications of Vpu in HIV-1 infection and dissemination.
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17
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Gender specific airway gene expression in COPD sub-phenotypes supports a role of mitochondria and of different types of leukocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12848. [PMID: 34145303 PMCID: PMC8213687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a destructive inflammatory disease and the genes expressed within the lung are crucial to its pathophysiology. We have determined the RNAseq transcriptome of bronchial brush cells from 312 stringently defined ex-smoker patients. Compared to healthy controls there were for males 40 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 73 DEGs for females with only 26 genes shared. The gene ontology (GO) term “response to bacterium” was shared, with several different DEGs contributing in males and females. Strongly upregulated genes TCN1 and CYP1B1 were unique to males and females, respectively. For male emphysema (E)-dominant and airway disease (A)-dominant COPD (defined by computed tomography) the term “response to stress” was found for both sub-phenotypes, but this included distinct up-regulated genes for the E-sub-phenotype (neutrophil-related CSF3R, CXCL1, MNDA) and for the A-sub-phenotype (macrophage-related KLF4, F3, CD36). In E-dominant disease, a cluster of mitochondria-encoded (MT) genes forms a signature, able to identify patients with emphysema features in a confirmation cohort. The MT-CO2 gene is upregulated transcriptionally in bronchial epithelial cells with the copy number essentially unchanged. Both MT-CO2 and the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1 are induced by reactive oxygen in bronchial epithelial cells. Of the female DEGs unique for E- and A-dominant COPD, 88% were detected in females only. In E-dominant disease we found a pronounced expression of mast cell-associated DEGs TPSB2, TPSAB1 and CPA3. The differential genes discovered in this study point towards involvement of different types of leukocytes in the E- and A-dominant COPD sub-phenotypes in males and females.
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18
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Bakadia BM, He F, Souho T, Lamboni L, Ullah MW, Boni BO, Ahmed AAQ, Mukole BM, Yang G. Prevention and treatment of COVID-19: Focus on interferons, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and vaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111008. [PMID: 33227708 PMCID: PMC7831445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has drawn the attention of researchers and clinicians from several disciplines and sectors who are trying to find durable solutions both at preventive and treatment levels. To date, there is no approved effective treatment or vaccine available to control the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The preliminary in vitro studies on viral infection models showed potential antiviral activities of type I and III interferons (IFNs), chloroquine (CQ)/hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and azithromycin (AZM); however, the clinical studies on COVID-19 patients treated with CQ/HCQ and AZM led to controversies in different regions due to their adverse side effects, as well as their combined treatment could prolong the QT interval. Interestingly, the treatment with type I IFNs showed encouraging results. Moreover, the different preliminary reports of COVID-19 candidate vaccines showcase promising results by inducing the production of a high level of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and specific T cell-mediated immune response in almost all participants. The present review aims to summarize and analyze the recent progress evidence concerning the use of IFNs, CQ/HCQ, and AZM for the treatment of COVID-19. The available data on immunization options to prevent the COVID-19 are also analyzed with the aim to present the promising options which could be investigated in future for sustainable control of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianza Moise Bakadia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Feng He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 43800, PR China.
| | - Tiatou Souho
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Aliments et Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Kara, Kara, Togo
| | - Lallepak Lamboni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Virologie, Institut National d'Hygiène-Togo, 26 Rue Nangbéto, Quartier Administratif- PO. Box 1396, Lomé, Togo
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Biaou Ode Boni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Biampata Mutu Mukole
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministère de la Santé, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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19
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Morante S, La Penna G, Rossi G, Stellato F. SARS-CoV-2 Virion Stabilization by Zn Binding. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:222. [PMID: 33195401 PMCID: PMC7533540 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc plays a crucial role in the process of virion maturation inside the host cell. The accessory Cys-rich proteins expressed in SARS-CoV-2 by genes ORF7a and ORF8 are likely involved in zinc binding and in interactions with cellular antigens activated by extensive disulfide bonds. In this report we provide a proof of concept for the feasibility of a structural study of orf7a and orf8 proteins. A conceivable hypothesis is that lack of cellular zinc, or substitution thereof, might lead to a significant slowing down of viral maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morante
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni La Penna
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,CNR, Insitute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Stellato
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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20
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Distinct Molecular Mechanisms of Host Immune Response Modulation by Arenavirus NP and Z Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070784. [PMID: 32708250 PMCID: PMC7412275 DOI: 10.3390/v12070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic to West Africa and South America, mammalian arenaviruses can cross the species barrier from their natural rodent hosts to humans, resulting in illnesses ranging from mild flu-like syndromes to severe and fatal haemorrhagic zoonoses. The increased frequency of outbreaks and associated high fatality rates of the most prevalent arenavirus, Lassa, in West African countries, highlights the significant risk to public health and to the socio-economic development of affected countries. The devastating impact of these viruses is further exacerbated by the lack of approved vaccines and effective treatments. Differential immune responses to arenavirus infections that can lead to either clearance or rapid, widespread and uncontrolled viral dissemination are modulated by the arenavirus multifunctional proteins, NP and Z. These two proteins control the antiviral response to infection by targeting multiple cellular pathways; and thus, represent attractive targets for antiviral development to counteract infection. The interplay between the host immune responses and viral replication is a key determinant of virus pathogenicity and disease outcome. In this review, we examine the current understanding of host immune defenses against arenavirus infections and summarise the host protein interactions of NP and Z and the mechanisms that govern immune evasion strategies.
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21
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Bai B, Wang XF, Zhang M, Na L, Zhang X, Zhang H, Yang Z, Wang X. The N-glycosylation of Equine Tetherin Affects Antiviral Activity by Regulating Its Subcellular Localization. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020220. [PMID: 32079099 PMCID: PMC7077275 DOI: 10.3390/v12020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetherin is an interferon-inducible type II transmembrane glycoprotein which inhibits the release of viruses, including retroviruses, through a “physical tethering” model. However, the role that the glycosylation of tetherin plays in its antiviral activity remains controversial. In this study, we found that mutation of N-glycosylation sites resulted in an attenuation of the antiviral activity of equine tetherin (eqTHN), as well as a reduction in the expression of eqTHN at the plasma membrane (PM). In addition, eqTHN N-glycosylation mutants colocalize obviously with ER, CD63, LAMP1 and endosomes, while WT eqTHN do not. Furthermore, we also found that N-glycosylation impacts the transport of eqTHN in the cell not by affecting the endocytosis, but rather by influencing the anterograde trafficking of the protein. These results suggest that the N-glycosylation of eqTHN is important for the antiviral activity of the protein through regulating its normal subcellular localization. This finding will enhance our understanding of the function of this important restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (B.B.); (X.-F.W.); (M.Z.); (L.N.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (B.B.); (X.-F.W.); (M.Z.); (L.N.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (B.B.); (X.-F.W.); (M.Z.); (L.N.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lei Na
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (B.B.); (X.-F.W.); (M.Z.); (L.N.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (B.B.); (X.-F.W.); (M.Z.); (L.N.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (B.B.); (X.-F.W.); (M.Z.); (L.N.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhibiao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (B.B.); (X.-F.W.); (M.Z.); (L.N.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-5105-1749
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22
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Brice DC, Figgins E, Yu F, Diamond G. Type I interferon and interferon-stimulated gene expression in oral epithelial cells. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:245-253. [PMID: 31520463 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral epithelial cells (OEC) represent the first site of host interaction with viruses that infect the body through the oral route; however, their innate antiviral defense mechanisms yet to be defined. Previous studies have determined that OEC express pathogen-, damage-, or danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs), but their expression of key antiviral innate immune mediators, including type I interferons (type I IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) has not been studied extensively. We used the oral keratinocyte cell line, OKF6/TERT1, in the presence and absence of the viral mimics poly(I:C) and unmethylated CpG DNA, to define the expression of type I IFN and ISGs. We identified the basal expression of novel type I IFN genes IFNE and IFNK, while IFNB1 was induced by viral mimics, through the nuclear translocation of IRF3. Numerous ISGs were expressed at basal levels in OEC, with an apparent correlation between high expression and antiviral activity at the earlier stages of viral infection. Stimulation of OECs with poly(I:C) led to selective induction of ISGs, including MX1, BST2, PML, RSAD2, ISG15, and ZC3HAV1. Together, our results demonstrate that OECs exhibit a robust innate antiviral immune defense profile, which is primed to address a wide variety of pathogenic viruses that are transmitted orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Brice
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - E Figgins
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - F Yu
- The Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - G Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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23
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Yang L, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhao X, Huang J, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Chen X. Innate Immune Evasion of Alphaherpesvirus Tegument Proteins. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2196. [PMID: 31572398 PMCID: PMC6753173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses are a large family of highly successful human and animal DNA viruses that can establish lifelong latent infection in neurons. All alphaherpesviruses have a protein-rich layer called the tegument that, connects the DNA-containing capsid to the envelope. Tegument proteins have a variety of functions, playing roles in viral entry, secondary envelopment, viral capsid nuclear transportation during infection, and immune evasion. Recently, many studies have made substantial breakthroughs in characterizing the innate immune evasion of tegument proteins. A wide range of antiviral tegument protein factors that control incoming infectious pathogens are induced by the type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway and other innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the immune evasion of tegument proteins with a focus on herpes simplex virus type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjiang Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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24
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To J, Torres J. Viroporins in the Influenza Virus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070654. [PMID: 31261944 PMCID: PMC6679168 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious virus that causes seasonal epidemics and unpredictable pandemics. Four influenza virus types have been identified to date: A, B, C and D, with only A–C known to infect humans. Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for seasonal influenza epidemics in humans and are responsible for up to a billion flu infections annually. The M2 protein is present in all influenza types and belongs to the class of viroporins, i.e., small proteins that form ion channels that increase membrane permeability in virus-infected cells. In influenza A and B, AM2 and BM2 are predominantly proton channels, although they also show some permeability to monovalent cations. By contrast, M2 proteins in influenza C and D, CM2 and DM2, appear to be especially selective for chloride ions, with possibly some permeability to protons. These differences point to different biological roles for M2 in types A and B versus C and D, which is also reflected in their sequences. AM2 is by far the best characterized viroporin, where mechanistic details and rationale of its acid activation, proton selectivity, unidirectionality, and relative low conductance are beginning to be understood. The present review summarizes the biochemical and structural aspects of influenza viroporins and discusses the most relevant aspects of function, inhibition, and interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jaume Torres
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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25
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In Silico Insights into HIV-1 Vpu-Tetherin Interactions and Its Mutational Counterparts. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7060074. [PMID: 31234536 PMCID: PMC6631454 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7060074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetherin, an interferon-induced host protein encoded by the bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2/CD317/HM1.24) gene, is involved in obstructing the release of many retroviruses and other enveloped viruses by cross-linking the budding virus particles to the cell surface. This activity is antagonized in the case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 wherein its accessory protein Viral Protein U (Vpu) interacts with tetherin, causing its downregulation from the cell surface. Vpu and tetherin connect through their transmembrane (TM) domains, culminating into events leading to tetherin degradation by recruitment of β-TrCP2. However, mutations in the TM domains of both proteins are reported to act as a resistance mechanism to Vpu countermeasure impacting tetherin's sensitivity towards Vpu but retaining its antiviral activity. Our study illustrates the binding aspects of blood-derived, brain-derived, and consensus HIV-1 Vpu with tetherin through protein-protein docking. The analysis of the bound complexes confirms the blood-derived Vpu-tetherin complex to have the best binding affinity as compared to other two. The mutations in tetherin and Vpu are devised computationally and are subjected to protein-protein interactions. The complexes are tested for their binding affinities, residue connections, hydrophobic forces, and, finally, the effect of mutation on their interactions. The single point mutations in tetherin at positions L23Y, L24T, and P40T, and triple mutations at {L22S, F44Y, L37I} and {L23T, L37T, T45I}, while single point mutations in Vpu at positions A19H and W23Y and triplet of mutations at {V10K, A11L, A19T}, {V14T, I18T, I26S}, and {A11T, V14L, A15T} have revealed no polar contacts with minimal hydrophobic interactions between Vpu and tetherin, resulting in reduced binding affinity. Additionally, we have explored the aggregation potential of tetherin and its association with the brain-derived Vpu protein. This work is a possible step toward an understanding of Vpu-tetherin interactions.
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26
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Sharma A, Lal SK. Is tetherin a true antiviral: The influenza a virus controversy. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2036. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Sharma
- School of ScienceMonash University, Sunway Campus Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Sunil K. Lal
- School of ScienceMonash University, Sunway Campus Bandar Sunway Malaysia
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27
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Gordon TB, Hayward JA, Marsh GA, Baker ML, Tachedjian G. Host and Viral Proteins Modulating Ebola and Marburg Virus Egress. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010025. [PMID: 30609802 PMCID: PMC6357148 DOI: 10.3390/v11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus are among the deadliest viral pathogens known to infect humans, causing emerging diseases with fatality rates of up to 90% during some outbreaks. The replication cycles of these viruses are comprised of numerous complex molecular processes and interactions with their human host, with one key feature being the means by which nascent virions exit host cells to spread to new cells and ultimately to a new host. This review focuses on our current knowledge of filovirus egress and the viral and host factors and processes that are involved. Within the virus, these factors consist of the major matrix protein, viral protein 40 (VP40), which is necessary and sufficient for viral particle release, and nucleocapsid and glycoprotein that interact with VP40 to promote egress. In the host cell, some proteins are hijacked by filoviruses in order to enhance virion budding capacity that include members of the family of E3 ubiquitin ligase and the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway, while others such as tetherin inhibit viral egress. An understanding of these molecular interactions that modulate viral particle egress provides an important opportunity to identify new targets for the development of antivirals to prevent and treat filovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin B Gordon
- Health Security Program, Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Joshua A Hayward
- Health Security Program, Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Michelle L Baker
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Health Security Program, Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia.
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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28
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Chen C, Shi H, Wang B, Cao N, Yu C, Zheng L. Aberrant expression of the innate restriction factor bone marrow stromal antigen-2 in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:1899-1904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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29
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Urata S, Kenyon E, Nayak D, Cubitt B, Kurosaki Y, Yasuda J, de la Torre JC, McGavern DB. BST-2 controls T cell proliferation and exhaustion by shaping the early distribution of a persistent viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007172. [PMID: 30028868 PMCID: PMC6080785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon inducible protein, BST-2 (or, tetherin), plays an important role in the innate antiviral defense system by inhibiting the release of many enveloped viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved strategies to counteract the anti-viral activity of this protein. While the mechanisms by which BST-2 prevents viral dissemination have been defined, less is known about how this protein shapes the early viral distribution and immunological defense against pathogens during the establishment of persistence. Using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model of infection, we sought insights into how the in vitro antiviral activity of this protein compared to the immunological defense mounted in vivo. We observed that BST-2 modestly reduced production of virion particles from cultured cells, which was associated with the ability of BST-2 to interfere with the virus budding process mediated by the LCMV Z protein. Moreover, LCMV does not encode a BST-2 antagonist, and viral propagation was not significantly restricted in cells that constitutively expressed BST-2. In contrast to this very modest effect in cultured cells, BST-2 played a crucial role in controlling LCMV in vivo. In BST-2 deficient mice, a persistent strain of LCMV was no longer confined to the splenic marginal zone at early times post-infection, which resulted in an altered distribution of LCMV-specific T cells, reduced T cell proliferation / function, delayed viral control in the serum, and persistence in the brain. These data demonstrate that BST-2 is important in shaping the anatomical distribution and adaptive immune response against a persistent viral infection in vivo. BST-2 (or, tetherin) is an antiviral protein that inhibits the release and spread of many enveloped viruses and is upregulated as part of the innate immune defense against infections. By studying the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model of infection, we sought insights into how BST-2 shapes the early viral distribution and immunological defense against a virus during the establishment of persistence. We also studied how the antiviral activity of BST-2 in cell culture compared to the immunological defense mounted by this protein in LCMV-infected mice (in vivo). We observed that BST-2 only modestly affected the production of LCMV in cultured cells by interfering with the viral budding process, but played a crucial role in controlling LCMV in vivo. In the absence of BST-2, a persistent strain of LCMV was ineffectively contained in the spleen at early time points post-infection, resulting in impaired antiviral T cell responses and viral control systemically. These data demonstrate that BST-2 is important in shaping the anatomical distribution and adaptive immune response against a persistent viral infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Urata
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kenyon
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yohei Kurosaki
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Juan C. de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCdlT); (DBM)
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCdlT); (DBM)
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30
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Abstract
Viroporins are short polypeptides encoded by viruses. These small membrane proteins assemble into oligomers that can permeabilize cellular lipid bilayers, disrupting the physiology of the host to the advantage of the virus. Consequently, efforts during the last few decades have been focused towards the discovery of viroporin channel inhibitors, but in general these have not been successful to produce licensed drugs. Viroporins are also involved in viral pathogenesis by engaging in critical interactions with viral proteins, or disrupting normal host cellular pathways through coordinated interactions with host proteins. These protein-protein interactions (PPIs) may become alternative attractive drug targets for the development of antivirals. In this sense, while thus far most antiviral molecules have targeted viral proteins, focus is moving towards targeting host proteins that are essential for virus replication. In principle, this largely would overcome the problem of resistance, with the possibility of using repositioned existing drugs. The precise role of these PPIs, their strain- and host- specificities, and the structural determination of the complexes involved, are areas that will keep the fields of virology and structural biology occupied for years to come. In the present review, we provide an update of the efforts in the characterization of the main PPIs for most viroporins, as well as the role of viroporins in these PPIs interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Bhella
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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31
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Guan Q, Li Y, Shpiruk T, Bhagwat S, Wall DA. Inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and programmed death ligand 1 expression as the potency marker for mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:639-649. [PMID: 29548707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Establishment of a potency assay in the manufacturing of clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been a challenge due to issues of relevance to function, timeline and variability of responder cells. In this study, we attempted to develop a potency assay for MSCs. METHODS Clinical-grade bone marrow-derived MSCs were manufactured. The phenotype and immunosuppressive functions of the MSCs were evaluated based on the International Society for Cellular Therapy guidelines. Resting MSCs licensed by interferon (IFN)-γ exposure overnight were evaluated for changes in immune suppression and immune-relevant proteins. The relationship of immune-relevant protein expression with immunosuppression of MSCs was analyzed. RESULTS MSC supressed third-party T-lymphocyte proliferation with high inter-donor and inter-test variability. The suppression of T-lymphocyte proliferation by IFN-γ-licensed MSCs correlated with that by resting MSCs. Many cellular proteins were up-regulated after IFN-γ exposure, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2). The expression levels of IDO-1 and PD-L1 on licensed MSCs, not VCAM-1, ICAM-1 or BST-2 on licensed MSCs, correlated with MSC suppression of third-party T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSION A flow cytometry-based assay of MSCs post-IFN-γ exposure measuring expression of intracellular protein IDO-1 and cell surface protein PD-L1 captures two mechanisms of suppression and offers the potential of a relevant, rapid assay for MSC-mediated immune suppression that would fit with the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Guan
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tanner Shpiruk
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Swaroop Bhagwat
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Donna A Wall
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Blood and Marrow Transplant/Cellular Therapy, Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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32
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Dufrasne FE, Lucchetti M, Martin A, André E, Dessilly G, Kabamba B, Goubau P, Ruelle J. Modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by the HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein and its incomplete BST-2 antagonism. Virology 2017; 513:11-16. [PMID: 29028477 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIVs have evolved by selecting means to hijack numerous host cellular factors. HIVs exploit the transcription factor NF-κB to ensure efficient LTR-driven gene transcription. However, NF-κB is primarily known to act as a key regulator of the proinflammatory and antiviral responses. Interestingly, retroviruses activate NF-κB during early stages of infection to initiate proviral genome expression while suppressing it at later stages to restrain expression of antiviral genes. During HIV-1 infection, diverse viral proteins such as Env, Nef and Vpr have been proposed to activate NF-κB activity, whereas Vpu has been shown to inhibit NF-κB activation. It is still unclear how HIV-2 regulates NF-κB signaling pathway during its replication cycle. Here we confirm that human BST-2 and HIV-1 Env proteins can trigger potent activation of NF-κB. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that the HIV-2 Env induces NF-κB activation in HEΚ293T cells. Furthermore, the anti-BST-2 activity of the HIV-2 Env is not sufficient to completely inhibit NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- François E Dufrasne
- Université catholique de Louvain, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute (IREC), Medical Microbiology Unit (MBLG), AIDS Reference Laboratory, Avenue Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mara Lucchetti
- Université catholique de Louvain, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute (IREC), Medical Microbiology Unit (MBLG), AIDS Reference Laboratory, Avenue Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anandi Martin
- Université catholique de Louvain, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute (IREC), Medical Microbiology Unit (MBLG), AIDS Reference Laboratory, Avenue Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Emmanuel André
- Université catholique de Louvain, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute (IREC), Medical Microbiology Unit (MBLG), AIDS Reference Laboratory, Avenue Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Clinical Biology Department, Microbiology Unit, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Géraldine Dessilly
- Université catholique de Louvain, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute (IREC), Medical Microbiology Unit (MBLG), AIDS Reference Laboratory, Avenue Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Benoit Kabamba
- Université catholique de Louvain, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute (IREC), Medical Microbiology Unit (MBLG), AIDS Reference Laboratory, Avenue Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Clinical Biology Department, Microbiology Unit, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Goubau
- Université catholique de Louvain, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute (IREC), Medical Microbiology Unit (MBLG), AIDS Reference Laboratory, Avenue Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jean Ruelle
- Université catholique de Louvain, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute (IREC), Medical Microbiology Unit (MBLG), AIDS Reference Laboratory, Avenue Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Ohta K, Matsumoto Y, Ito M, Nishio M. Tetherin antagonism by V proteins is a common trait among the genus Rubulavirus. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:319-326. [PMID: 28466381 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tetherin (BST-2/CD317/HM1.24) is an anti-viral factor that restricts the budding of several enveloped viruses. Most of these viruses have evolved to encode tetherin antagonists. Our previous study demonstrated that the growth of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2), a member of the genus Rubulavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, was inhibited by tetherin, and its V protein decreases the amount of cell surface tetherin by the interaction. In the present study, we investigated whether tetherin inhibits the growth of other rubulaviruses including PIV-5, mumps virus (MuV), simian virus 41, and hPIV-4, and whether their V proteins act as tetherin antagonists. Plaque assay demonstrated that the growth of PIV-5 and MuV was inhibited by tetherin. Flow cytometry and immunoblot analyses revealed that the infection of PIV-5 and MuV caused reduction of cell surface tetherin without affecting total amount of tetherin. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that all V proteins of rubulaviruses tested bound to tetherin. These results suggest that tetherin antagonism by V proteins is common among the genus Rubulavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Morihiro Ito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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34
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Ning YJ, Deng F, Hu Z, Wang H. The roles of ebolavirus glycoproteins in viral pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2016; 32:3-15. [PMID: 27853993 PMCID: PMC6791933 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses are highly dangerous pathogens exhibiting extreme virulence in humans and nonhuman primates. The majority of ebolavirus species, most notably Zaire ebolavirus, can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, in humans. EVD is associated with case-fatality rates as high as 90%, and there is currently no specific treatment or licensed vaccine available against EVD. Understanding the molecular biology and pathogenesis of ebolaviruses is important for the development of antiviral therapeutics. Ebolavirus encodes several forms of glycoproteins (GPs), which have some interesting characteristics, including the transcriptional editing coding strategy and extensive O-glycosylation modification, clustered in the mucin-like domain of GP1, full-length GP (GP1,2), and shed GP. In addition to the canonical role of the spike protein, GP1,2, in viral entry, ebolavirus GPs appear to have multiple additional functions, likely contributing to the complex pathogenesis of the virus. Here, we review the roles of ebolavirus GPs in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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A pilot study on interaction between donkey tetherin and EIAV stains with different virulent and replication characteristics. Microb Pathog 2016; 106:65-68. [PMID: 27816678 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tetherin (BST-2) is an important host restriction factor that can inhibit the release of a diverse array of enveloped viruses from infected cells. Conversely, to facilitate their release and spread, many viruses have evolved various strategies to overcome the antiviral effect of tetherin in a species-specific manner. During the development of an attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine in our laboratory, we found that serial passage of a field-isolated virulent EIAV strains in horse and donkey as well as the cultivated donkey cells, produces several typical EIAV strains, including EIAVDV, EIAVDLV, and EIAVFDDV, which exhibit distinct virulence and replication features in vivo and in vitro. However, the role of host restriction factors in EIAV evolution during the serial passage is not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate whether these newly generated strains adapt differently to donkey tetherin (do-tetherin) based on their virulence. We found that do-tetherin exerts an inhibition on the release of the viral particles produced by all three strains, albeit with varying intensity: EIAVDV < EIAVDLV < EIAVFDDV. Additionally, all three EIAV strains could counteract the restriction mediated by do-tetherin via their envelope proteins (Env) with varying strength: EIAVDV > EIAVDLV > EIAVFDDV. These results indicate that donkey tetherin is involved in shaping of EIAV evolution during serial passage.
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Single Amino Acid Substitution N659D in HIV-2 Envelope Glycoprotein (Env) Impairs Viral Release and Hampers BST-2 Antagonism. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100285. [PMID: 27754450 PMCID: PMC5086617 DOI: 10.3390/v8100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BST-2 or tetherin is a host cell restriction factor that prevents the budding of enveloped viruses at the cell surface, thus impairing the viral spread. Several countermeasures to evade this antiviral factor have been positively selected in retroviruses: the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) relies on the envelope glycoprotein (Env) to overcome BST-2 restriction. The Env gp36 ectodomain seems involved in this anti-tetherin activity, however residues and regions interacting with BST-2 are not clearly defined. Among 32 HIV-2 ROD Env mutants tested, we demonstrated that the asparagine residue at position 659 located in the gp36 ectodomain is mandatory to exert the anti-tetherin function. Viral release assays in cell lines expressing BST-2 showed a loss of viral release ability for the HIV-2 N659D mutant virus compared to the HIV-2 wild type virus. In bst-2 inactivated H9 cells, those differences were lost. Subtilisin treatment of infected cells demonstrated that the N659D mutant was more tethered at the cell surface. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments confirmed a direct molecular link between Env and BST-2 and highlighted an inability of the mutant to bind BST-2. We also tested a virus presenting a truncation of 109 amino acids at the C-terminal part of Env, a cytoplasmic tail partial deletion that is spontaneously selected in vitro. Interestingly, viral release assays and FRET experiments indicated that a full Env cytoplasmic tail was essential in BST-2 antagonism. In HIV-2 infected cells, an efficient Env-mediated antagonism of BST-2 is operated through an intermolecular link involving the asparagine 659 residue as well as the C-terminal part of the cytoplasmic tail.
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Escalera-Zamudio M, Greenwood AD. On the classification and evolution of endogenous retrovirus: human endogenous retroviruses may not be 'human' after all. APMIS 2016; 124:44-51. [PMID: 26818261 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses, as part of their replication cycle, become integrated into the genome of their host. When this occurs in the germline the integrated proviruses can become an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) which may eventually become fixed in the population. ERVs are present in the genomes of all vertebrates including humans, where more than 50 groups of human endogenous retrovirus (HERVs) have been described within the last 30 years. Despite state-of-the-art genomic tools available for retroviral discovery and the large number of retroviral sequences described to date, there are still gaps in understanding retroviral macroevolutionary patterns and host-retrovirus interactions and a lack of a coherent systematic classification particularly for HERVs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on ERV (and HERV) classification, distribution and origins focusing on the role of cross-species transmission in retroviral diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Escalera-Zamudio
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Rapiteanu R, Davis LJ, Williamson JC, Timms RT, Paul Luzio J, Lehner PJ. A Genetic Screen Identifies a Critical Role for the WDR81-WDR91 Complex in the Trafficking and Degradation of Tetherin. Traffic 2016; 17:940-58. [PMID: 27126989 PMCID: PMC5025723 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetherin (BST2/CD317) is a viral restriction factor that anchors enveloped viruses to host cells and limits viral spread. The HIV‐1 Vpu accessory protein counteracts tetherin by decreasing its cell surface expression and targeting it for ubiquitin‐dependent endolysosomal degradation. Although the Vpu‐mediated downregulation of tetherin has been extensively studied, the molecular details are not completely elucidated. We therefore used a forward genetic screen in human haploid KBM7 cells to identify novel genes required for tetherin trafficking. Our screen identified WDR81 as a novel gene required for tetherin trafficking and degradation in both the presence and absence of Vpu. WDR81 is a BEACH‐domain containing protein that is also required for the degradation of EGF‐stimulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and functions in a complex with the WDR91 protein. In the absence of WDR81 the endolysosomal compartment appears swollen, with enlarged early and late endosomes and reduced delivery of endocytosed dextran to cathepsin‐active lysosomes. Our data suggest a role for the WDR81‐WDR91 complex in the fusion of endolysosomal compartments and the absence of WDR81 leads to impaired receptor trafficking and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Rapiteanu
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Luther J Davis
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard T Timms
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - J Paul Luzio
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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Mussil B, Javed A, Töpfer K, Sauermann U, Sopper S. Increased BST2 expression during simian immunodeficiency virus infection is not a determinant of disease progression in rhesus monkeys. Retrovirology 2015; 12:92. [PMID: 26554913 PMCID: PMC4641394 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), also known as tetherin, HM1.24 or CD317 represents a type 2 integral membrane protein, which has been described to restrict the production of some enveloped viruses by inhibiting the virus release from the cell surface. This innate antiviral mechanism is counteracted by the HIV-1 viral factor Vpu, targeting BST2 for cellular degradation. Since antiviral BST2 activity has been mainly confirmed by in vitro data, we investigated its role in vivo on the disease progression using the SIV/macaque model for AIDS. We determined BST2 expression in PBMC and leukocyte subsets of uninfected and SIV-infected rhesus macaques by real-time PCR and flow cytometry and correlated it with disease progression and viral load. Results Compared to pre-infection levels, we found increased BST2 expression in PBMC, purified CD4+ lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes of SIV-infected animals, which correlated with viral load. Highest BST2 levels were found in progressors and lowest levels comparable to uninfected macaques were observed in long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). During acute viremia, BST2 mRNA increased in parallel with MX1, a prototype interferon-stimulated gene. This association was maintained during the whole disease course. Conclusion The detected relationship between BST2 expression and viral load as well as with MX1 indicate a common regulation by the interferon response and suggest rather limited influence of BST2 in vivo on the disease outcome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0219-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Mussil
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Aneela Javed
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany. .,Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), H12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Katharina Töpfer
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, ZVG 7G5 009A, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Ooi YS, Dubé M, Kielian M. BST2/tetherin inhibition of alphavirus exit. Viruses 2015; 7:2147-67. [PMID: 25912717 PMCID: PMC4411694 DOI: 10.3390/v7042147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) are small enveloped RNA viruses that bud from the plasma membrane. Tetherin/BST2 is an interferon-induced host membrane protein that inhibits the release of many enveloped viruses via direct tethering of budded particles to the cell surface. Alphaviruses have highly organized structures and exclude host membrane proteins from the site of budding, suggesting that their release might be insensitive to tetherin inhibition. Here, we demonstrated that exogenously-expressed tetherin efficiently inhibited the release of SFV and CHIKV particles from host cells without affecting virus entry and infection. Alphavirus release was also inhibited by the endogenous levels of tetherin in HeLa cells. While rubella virus (RuV) and dengue virus (DENV) have structural similarities to alphaviruses, tetherin inhibited the release of RuV but not DENV. We found that two recently identified tetherin isoforms differing in length at the N-terminus exhibited distinct capabilities in restricting alphavirus release. SFV exit was efficiently inhibited by the long isoform but not the short isoform of tetherin, while both isoforms inhibited vesicular stomatitis virus exit. Thus, in spite of the organized structure of the virus particle, tetherin specifically blocks alphavirus release and shows an interesting isoform requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Shin Ooi
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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41
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Tedbury PR, Freed EO. HIV-1 gag: an emerging target for antiretroviral therapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:171-201. [PMID: 25731773 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The advances made in the treatment of HIV-1 infection represent a major success of modern biomedical research, prolonging healthy life and reducing virus transmission. There remain, however, many challenges relating primarily to side effects of long-term therapy and the ever-present danger of the emergence of drug-resistant strains. To counter these threats, there is a continuing need for new and better drugs, ideally targeting multiple independent steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle. The most successful current drugs target the viral enzymes: protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN). In this review, we outline the advances made in targeting the Gag protein and its mature products, particularly capsid and nucleocapsid, and highlight possible targets for future pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Tedbury
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
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42
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Liu Y, Luo S, He S, Zhang M, Wang P, Li C, Huang W, Hu B, Griffin GE, Shattock RJ, Hu Q. Tetherin restricts HSV-2 release and is counteracted by multiple viral glycoproteins. Virology 2014; 475:96-109. [PMID: 25462350 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetherin has been defined as a restriction factor of HIV-1 and several other enveloped viruses. However, the significance of tetherin in viral infection remains to be further addressed. Here, we investigated whether tetherin plays a role in HSV-2 infection. Our study revealed that overexpression of tetherin restricted the release of HSV-2 into the extracellular medium, while knockdown of tetherin by siRNA enhanced its release. We further demonstrated that HSV-2 infection and viral glycoproteins gB, gD, gH and gL but not gM significantly downregulated the endogenous expression of tetherin. Additional study indicated that tetherin likely physically interacted with gB, gD, gH and gL. This is the first time that tetherin has been shown to be counteracted by multiple viral components of a virus. Our findings inform the complexity of HSV-2-host interactions, providing basis for understanding the role of tetherin as a viral restriction factor and the mechanisms underlying viral countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Sukun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bodan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - George E Griffin
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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The sheep tetherin paralog oBST2B blocks envelope glycoprotein incorporation into nascent retroviral virions. J Virol 2014; 89:535-44. [PMID: 25339764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02751-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) is a cellular restriction factor with a broad antiviral activity. In sheep, the BST2 gene is duplicated into two paralogs termed oBST2A and oBST2B. oBST2A impedes viral exit of the Jaagsiekte sheep retroviruses (JSRV), most probably by retaining virions at the cell membrane, similar to the "tethering" mechanism exerted by human BST2. In this study, we provide evidence that unlike oBST2A, oBST2B is limited to the Golgi apparatus and disrupts JSRV envelope (Env) trafficking by sequestering it. In turn, oBST2B leads to a reduction in Env incorporation into viral particles, which ultimately results in the release of virions that are less infectious. Furthermore, the activity of oBST2B does not seem to be restricted to retroviruses, as it also acts on vesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteins. Therefore, we suggest that oBST2B exerts antiviral activity using a mechanism distinct from the classical tethering restriction observed for oBST2A. IMPORTANCE BST2 is a powerful cellular restriction factor against a wide range of enveloped viruses. Sheep possess two paralogs of the BST2 gene called oBST2A and oBST2B. JSRV, the causative agent of a transmissible lung cancer of sheep, is known to be restricted by oBST2A. In this study, we show that unlike oBST2A, oBST2B impairs the normal cellular trafficking of JSRV envelope glycoproteins by sequestering them within the Golgi apparatus. We also show that oBST2B decreases the incorporation of envelope glycoprotein into JSRV viral particles, which in turn reduces virion infectivity. In conclusion, oBST2B exerts a novel antiviral activity that is distinct from those of BST2 proteins of other species.
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Barjesteh N, Behboudi S, Brisbin JT, Villanueva AI, Nagy É, Sharif S. TLR ligands induce antiviral responses in chicken macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105713. [PMID: 25165812 PMCID: PMC4148336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken macrophages express several receptors for recognition of pathogens, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from bacterial or viral pathogens leading to the activation of macrophages. Macrophages play a critical role in immunity against viruses, including influenza viruses. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that treatment of chicken macrophages with TLR ligands reduces avian influenza replication. Furthermore, we sought to study the expression of some of the key mediators involved in the TLR-mediated antiviral responses of macrophages. Chicken macrophages were treated with the TLR2, 3, 4, 7 and 21 ligands, Pam3CSK4, poly(I:C), LPS, R848 and CpG ODN, respectively, at different doses and time points pre- and post-H4N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. The results revealed that pre-treatment of macrophages with Pam3CSK4, LPS and CpG ODN reduced the replication of AIV in chicken macrophages. In addition, the relative expression of genes involved in inflammatory and antiviral responses were quantified at 3, 8 and 18 hours post-treatment with the TLR2, 4 and 21 ligands. Pam3CSK4, LPS and CpG ODN increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-β and interferon regulatory factor (IFR) 7. The expression of these genes correlated with the reduction of viral replication in macrophages. These results shed light on the process of immunity to AIV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Barjesteh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Nehls J, Koppensteiner H, Brack-Werner R, Floss T, Schindler M. HIV-1 replication in human immune cells is independent of TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105478. [PMID: 25127017 PMCID: PMC4134290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAR DNA binding protein (TDP-43) was originally identified as a host cell factor binding to the HIV-1 LTR and thereby suppressing HIV-1 transcription and gene expression (Ou et al., J.Virol. 1995, 69(6):3584). TDP-43 is a global regulator of transcription, can influence RNA metabolism in many different ways and is ubiquitously expressed. Thus, TDP-43 could be a major factor restricting HIV-1 replication at the level of LTR transcription and gene expression. These facts prompted us to revisit the role of TDP-43 for HIV-1 replication. We utilized established HIV-1 cell culture systems as well as primary cell models and performed a comprehensive analysis of TDP-43 function and investigated its putative impact on HIV-1 gene expression. In HIV-1 infected cells TDP-43 was neither degraded nor sequestered from the nucleus. Furthermore, TDP-43 overexpression as well as siRNA mediated knockdown did not affect HIV-1 gene expression and virus production in T cells and macrophages. In summary, our experiments argue against a restricting role of TDP-43 during HIV-1 replication in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nehls
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herwig Koppensteiner
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ruth Brack-Werner
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Floss
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Clinic Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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46
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Collins SE, Mossman KL. Danger, diversity and priming in innate antiviral immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:525-31. [PMID: 25081316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prototypic response to viral infection involves the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of transcription factors such as IRF3 and NFkB and production of type 1 IFN. While this response can lead to the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and recruitment and activation of immune cells, such a comprehensive response is likely inappropriate for routine low level virus exposure. Moreover, viruses have evolved a plethora of immune evasion strategies to subvert antiviral signalling. There is emerging evidence that cells have developed very sensitive methods of detecting not only specific viral PAMPS, but also more general danger or stress signals associated with viral entry and replication. Such stress-induced cellular responses likely serve to prime cells to respond to further PAMP stimulation or allow for a rapid and localized intracellular response independent of IFN production and its potential immune sequelae. This review discusses diversity in innate antiviral players and pathways, the role of "danger" sensing, and how alternative pathways, such as the IFN-independent pathway, may serve to prime cells for further pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Collins
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada L8S 4K1.
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47
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HIV-1 Vpu antagonism of tetherin inhibits antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic responses by natural killer cells. J Virol 2014; 88:6031-46. [PMID: 24623433 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00449-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The type I interferon-inducible factor tetherin retains virus particles on the surfaces of cells infected with vpu-deficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). While this mechanism inhibits cell-free viral spread, the immunological implications of tethered virus have not been investigated. We found that surface tetherin expression increased the antibody opsonization of vpu-deficient HIV-infected cells. The absence of Vpu also stimulated NK cell-activating FcγRIIIa signaling and enhanced NK cell degranulation and NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The deletion of vpu in HIV-1-infected primary CD4(+) T cells enhanced the levels of antibody binding and Fc receptor signaling mediated by HIV-positive-patient-derived antibodies. The magnitudes of antibody binding and Fc signaling were both highly correlated to the levels of tetherin on the surfaces of infected primary CD4 T cells. The affinity of antibody binding to FcγRIIIa was also found to be critical in mediating efficient Fc activation. These studies implicate Vpu antagonism of tetherin as an ADCC evasion mechanism that prevents antibody-mediated clearance of virally infected cells. IMPORTANCE The ability of the HIV-1 accessory factor to antagonize tetherin has been considered to primarily function by limiting the spread of virus by preventing the release of cell-free virus. This study supports the hypothesis that a major function of Vpu is to decrease the recognition of infected cells by anti-HIV antibodies at the cell surface, thereby reducing recognition by antibody-dependent clearance by natural killer cells.
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Pickering S, Hué S, Kim EY, Reddy S, Wolinsky SM, Neil SJD. Preservation of tetherin and CD4 counter-activities in circulating Vpu alleles despite extensive sequence variation within HIV-1 infected individuals. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003895. [PMID: 24465210 PMCID: PMC3900648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Vpu protein is expressed from a bi-cistronic message late in the viral life cycle. It functions during viral assembly to maximise infectious virus release by targeting CD4 for proteosomal degradation and counteracting the antiviral protein tetherin (BST2/CD317). Single genome analysis of vpu repertoires throughout infection in 14 individuals infected with HIV-1 clade B revealed extensive amino acid diversity of the Vpu protein. For the most part, this variation in Vpu increases over the course of infection and is associated with predicted epitopes of the individual's MHC class I haplotype, suggesting CD8+ T cell pressure is the major driver of Vpu sequence diversity within the host. Despite this variability, the Vpu functions of targeting CD4 and counteracting both physical virus restriction and NF-κB activation by tetherin are rigorously maintained throughout HIV-1 infection. Only a minority of circulating alleles bear lesions in either of these activities at any given time, suggesting functional Vpu mutants are heavily selected against even at later stages of infection. Comparison of Vpu proteins defective for one or several functions reveals novel determinants of CD4 downregulation, counteraction of tetherin restriction, and inhibition of NF-κB signalling. These data affirm the importance of Vpu functions for in vivo persistence of HIV-1 within infected individuals, not simply for transmission, and highlight its potential as a target for antiviral therapy. The accessory protein Vpu, encoded by HIV-1, performs at least two major roles in the virus life cycle, namely the degradation of newly synthesized CD4 molecules and the counteraction of a host antiviral protein, tetherin. These activities promote the release of infectious viruses from host cells, and recent evidence suggests that Vpu function has been crucial for the cross-species transmission of HIV-1 from chimpanzees, and its subsequent pandemic spread in humans. Here we studied the functional variation in Vpu in infected individuals. We found that the Vpu amino acid sequence can be highly variable within an individual, and that this variation is likely to result from host immune responses targeting antigens derived from Vpu. However, despite this variation, Vpu's major functions are preserved, with only a minority of circulating alleles showing defects throughout the course of infection. These data suggest that defective Vpu proteins are selected against within the infected individual, implying that Vpu functions are critical for HIV-1 replication throughout natural infection, not simply at transmission. Therefore Vpu may represent a novel target for antiviral therapy to augment current treatment strategies for HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Disease, King's College School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephane Hué
- MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Susheel Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Wolinsky
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stuart J. D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Disease, King's College School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Chan E, Towers GJ, Qasim W. Gene therapy strategies to exploit TRIM derived restriction factors against HIV-1. Viruses 2014; 6:243-63. [PMID: 24424502 PMCID: PMC3917441 DOI: 10.3390/v6010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction factors are a collection of antiviral proteins that form an important aspect of the innate immune system. Their constitutive expression allows immediate response to viral infection, ahead of other innate or adaptive immune responses. We review the molecular mechanism of restriction for four categories of restriction factors; TRIM5, tetherin, APOBEC3G and SAMHD1 and go on to consider how the TRIM5 and TRIMCyp proteins in particular, show promise for exploitation using gene therapy strategies. Such approaches could form an important alternative to current anti-HIV-1 drug regimens, especially if combined with strategies to eradicate HIV reservoirs. Autologous CD4+ T cells or their haematopoietic stem cell precursors engineered to express TRIMCyp restriction factors, and provided in a single therapeutic intervention could then be used to restore functional immunity with a pool of cells protected against HIV. We consider the challenges ahead and consider how early clinical phase testing may best be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Chan
- Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Greg J Towers
- Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Abstract
In the fields of virology and innate immunity, BST-2/tetherin is well known for its ability to block the egress of enveloped viruses from infected cells. This appears to be accomplished by 'tethering' virions to the cell surface, thereby limiting virion release. In the past year, several groups have discovered that BST-2/tetherin can activate NF-κB, a transcriptional activator that leads to the rapid expression of both proinflammatory cytokines and proteins involved in cell survival. While this new BST-2 function has been interpreted as a possible viral-sensing mechanism, there may also be broader implications for HIV gene regulation. This article reviews the evidence for BST-2-dependent NF-κB activation, and explores the significance of these exciting new results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Gustin
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Janet L Douglas
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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