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Bortolin V, Mansuroglu Z, Conquet L, Calcagno G, Lambert F, Marin-Obando JP, Segrt H, Savino M, Menidjel R, Souès S, Buée L, Niedergang F, Galas MC, Montagutelli X, Bonnefoy E. Protein kinase R induced by type I interferons is a main regulator of reactive microglia in Zika virus infection. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39359232 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the phagocytic cells of the brain that under physiological conditions participate in brain homeostasis and surveillance. Under pathogenic states, microglia undergoes strong morphological and transcriptional changes potentially leading to sustained neuroinflammation, brain damage, and cognitive disorders. Postnatal and adult Zika virus (ZIKV) brain infection is characterized by the induction of reactive microglia associated with brain inflammation, synapse loss and neuropathogenesis. Contrary to neurons, microglial cells are not infected by ZIKV thus raising the question of the mechanism governing ZIKV-induced microglia's reactivity. In this work, we have questioned the role of exogenous, neuronal type I interferons (IFNs-I) in regulating ZIKV-induced microglia's reactivity. Primary cultured microglial cells were either treated with conditioned media from ZIKV-infected mature neurons or co-cultured with ZIKV-infected neurons. Using either an antibody directed against the IFNAR receptor that neutralizes the IFNs-I response or Ifnar-/-microglial cells, we demonstrate that IFNs-I produced by ZIKV-infected neurons are the main regulators of the phagocytic capacity and the pro-inflammatory gene expression profile of reactive, non-infected microglial cells. We identify protein kinase R (PKR), whose expression is activated by IFNs-I, as a major regulator of the phagocytic capacity, pro-inflammatory response, and morphological changes of microglia induced by IFNs-I while up-regulating STAT1 phosphorylation and IRF1 expression. Results obtained herein in vitro with primary cultured cells and in vivo in ZIKV-infected adult immunocompetent mice, unravel a role for IFNs-I and PKR in directly regulating microglia's reactivity that could be at work in other infectious and non-infectious brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeyni Mansuroglu
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurine Conquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Gaetano Calcagno
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Lambert
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Helena Segrt
- Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mary Savino
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Reyene Menidjel
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Souès
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie-Christine Galas
- Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Eliette Bonnefoy
- CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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2
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Burton JC, Royer F, Grimsey NJ. Spatiotemporal control of kinases and the biomolecular tools to trace activity. J Biol Chem 2024:107846. [PMID: 39362469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The delicate balance of cell physiology is implicitly tied to the expression and activation of proteins. Post-translational modifications offer a tool to dynamically switch protein activity on and off to orchestrate a wide range of protein-protein interactions to tune signal transduction during cellular homeostasis and pathological responses. There is a growing acknowledgment that subcellular locations of kinases define the spatial network of potential scaffolds, adaptors, and substrates. These highly ordered and localized biomolecular microdomains confer a spatially distinct bias in the outcomes of kinase activity. Furthermore, they may hold essential clues to the underlying mechanisms that promote disease. Developing tools to dissect the spatiotemporal activation of kinases is critical to reveal these mechanisms and promote the development of spatially targeted kinase inhibitors. Here, we discuss the spatial regulation of kinases, the tools used to detect their activity, and their potential impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Burton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, 30602
| | - Fredejah Royer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, 30602
| | - Neil J Grimsey
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, 30602
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3
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Chakravarty N, Hemani D, Paravastu R, Ahmad Z, Palani SN, Arumugaswami V, Kumar A. Mpox Virus and its ocular surface manifestations. Ocul Surf 2024; 34:108-121. [PMID: 38972544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The Mpox virus (MPXV) is the causative agent of human Mpox disease - a debilitating rash illness similar to smallpox. Although Clade I MPXV has remained endemic to West and Central Africa, Clade II MPXV has been responsible for many outbreaks worldwide. The most recent outbreak in 2022 resulted from the rapid spread of a new clade of MPXV, classified into Clade IIb - a distinct lineage from the previously circulating viral strains. The rapid spread and increased severity of Mpox disease by the Clade IIb strain have raised the serious public health imperative of better understanding the host and viral determinants during MPXV infection. In addition to typical skin rashes, including in the periorbital area, MPXV causes moderate to severe ophthalmic manifestations - most commonly, ocular surface complications (e.g., keratitis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis). While ocular manifestations of Clade I Mpox within the Congo basin have been well-reported, global incidence trends of ocular Mpox cases by Clade IIb are still emerging. Given the demonstrated ability of all MPXV strains to auto-inoculate ocular tissue, alongside the enhanced transmissibility of the Clade IIb virus, there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanisms by which MPXV causes ocular anomalies. In this review, we discuss the viral and genomic structures of MPXV, the epidemiology, and pathology of systemic and ocular Mpox, as well as potential prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Chakravarty
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Darshi Hemani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramya Paravastu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sankara Naynar Palani
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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4
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Su Z, Liu Y, Xia Z, Rustgi AK, Gu W. An unexpected role for the ketogenic diet in triggering tumor metastasis by modulating BACH1-mediated transcription. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9481. [PMID: 38838145 PMCID: PMC11152127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
We have found that the ketogenic (Keto) diet is able to, unexpectedly, promote the metastatic potential of cancer cells in complementary mouse models. Notably, the Keto diet-induced tumor metastasis is dependent on BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 (BACH1) and its up-regulation of pro-metastatic targets, including cell migration-inducing hyaluronidase 1, in response to the Keto diet. By contrast, upon genetic knockout or pharmacological inhibition of endogenous BACH1, the Keto diet-mediated activation of those targets is largely diminished, and the effects on tumor metastasis are completely abolished. Mechanistically, upon administration of the Keto diet, the levels of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) are markedly induced. Through direct interaction with BACH1, ATF4 is recruited to those pro-metastatic target promoters and enhances BACH1-mediated transcriptional activation. Together, these data implicate a distinct transcription regulatory program of BACH1 for tumor metastasis induced by the Keto diet. Our study also raises a potential health risk of the Keto diet in human patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Su
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhangchuan Xia
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA
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5
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Kozłowski P, Leszczyńska A, Ciepiela O. Long COVID Definition, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Epidemiology and Autoimmunity: A Narrative Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE OPEN 2024; 11:100068. [PMID: 39034937 PMCID: PMC11256271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajmo.2024.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The virus called SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 and quickly spread worldwide, causing COVID-19. It has greatly impacted on everyday life, healthcare systems, and the global economy. In order to save as many lives as possible, precautions such as social distancing, quarantine, and testing policies were implemented, and effective vaccines were developed. A growing amount of data collected worldwide allowed the characterization of this new disease, which turned out to be more complex than other common respiratory tract infections. An increasing number of convalescents presented with a variety of nonspecific symptoms emerging after the acute infection. This possible new global health problem was identified and labelled as long COVID. Since then, a great effort has been made by clinicians and the scientific community to understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop preventive measures and effective treatment. The role of autoimmunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of long COVID is discussed in this review. We aim to deliver a description of several conditions with an autoimmune background observed in COVID-19 convalescents, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome and related thrombosis, and Kawasaki disease highlighting a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of autoimmunity. However, further studies are required to determine its true clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kozłowski
- Central Laboratory, University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Leszczyńska
- Central Laboratory, University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Ciepiela
- Central Laboratory, University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Smith ME, Wahl D, Cavalier AN, McWilliams GT, Rossman MJ, Giordano GR, Bryan AD, Seals DR, LaRocca TJ. Repetitive element transcript accumulation is associated with inflammaging in humans. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01126-y. [PMID: 38641753 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic, low-grade inflammation increases with aging, contributing to functional declines and diseases that reduce healthspan. Growing evidence suggests that transcripts from repetitive elements (RE) in the genome contribute to this "inflammaging" by stimulating innate immune activation, but evidence of RE-associated inflammation with aging in humans is limited. Here, we present transcriptomic and clinical data showing that RE transcript levels are positively related to gene expression of innate immune sensors, and to serum interleukin 6 (a marker of systemic inflammation), in a large group of middle-aged and older adults. We also: (1) use transcriptomics and whole-genome bisulfite (methylation) sequencing to show that many RE may be hypomethylated with aging, and that aerobic exercise, a healthspan-extending intervention, reduces RE transcript levels and increases RE methylation in older adults; and (2) extend our findings in a secondary dataset demonstrating age-related changes in RE chromatin accessibility. Collectively, our data support the idea that age-related RE transcript accumulation may play a role in inflammaging in humans, and that RE dysregulation with aging may be due in part to upstream epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Smith
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Devin Wahl
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alyssa N Cavalier
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gabriella T McWilliams
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gregory R Giordano
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas J LaRocca
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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7
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Pallavi R, Gatti E, Durfort T, Stendardo M, Ravasio R, Leonardi T, Falvo P, Duso BA, Punzi S, Xieraili A, Polazzi A, Verrelli D, Trastulli D, Ronzoni S, Frascolla S, Perticari G, Elgendy M, Varasi M, Colombo E, Giorgio M, Lanfrancone L, Minucci S, Mazzarella L, Pelicci PG. Caloric restriction leads to druggable LSD1-dependent cancer stem cells expansion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:828. [PMID: 38280853 PMCID: PMC10821871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Caloric Restriction (CR) has established anti-cancer effects, but its clinical relevance and molecular mechanism remain largely undefined. Here, we investigate CR's impact on several mouse models of Acute Myeloid Leukemias, including Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, a subtype strongly affected by obesity. After an initial marked anti-tumor effect, lethal disease invariably re-emerges. Initially, CR leads to cell-cycle restriction, apoptosis, and inhibition of TOR and insulin/IGF1 signaling. The relapse, instead, is associated with the non-genetic selection of Leukemia Initiating Cells and the downregulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensing and Interferon (IFN) signaling genes. The CR-induced adaptive phenotype is highly sensitive to pharmacological or genetic ablation of LSD1, a lysine demethylase regulating both stem cells and dsRNA/ IFN signaling. CR + LSD1 inhibition leads to the re-activation of dsRNA/IFN signaling, massive RNASEL-dependent apoptosis, and complete leukemia eradication in ~90% of mice. Importantly, CR-LSD1 interaction can be modeled in vivo and in vitro by combining LSD1 ablation with pharmacological inhibitors of insulin/IGF1 or dual PI3K/MEK blockade. Mechanistically, insulin/IGF1 inhibition sensitizes blasts to LSD1-induced death by inhibiting the anti-apoptotic factor CFLAR. CR and LSD1 inhibition also synergize in patient-derived AML and triple-negative breast cancer xenografts. Our data provide a rationale for epi-metabolic pharmacologic combinations across multiple tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Pallavi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Gatti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiphanie Durfort
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Stendardo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ravasio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Falvo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Achutti Duso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Punzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Aobuli Xieraili
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Polazzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Doriana Verrelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Deborah Trastulli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Ronzoni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Frascolla
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Perticari
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mohamed Elgendy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel Early Career Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC) University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CZ-14220, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Varasi
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Universita' Statale di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfrancone
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Universita' Statale di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mazzarella
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Universita' Statale di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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8
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Mendes EA, Tang Y, Jiang G. The integrated stress response signaling during the persistent HIV infection. iScience 2023; 26:108418. [PMID: 38058309 PMCID: PMC10696111 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection is a chronic disease under antiretroviral therapy (ART), during which active HIV replication is effectively suppressed. Stable viral reservoirs are established early in infection and cannot be eradicated in people with HIV (PWH) by ART alone, which features residual immune inflammation with disease-associated secondary comorbidities. Mammalian cells are equipped with integrated stress response (ISR) machinery to detect intrinsic and extrinsic stresses such as heme deficiency, nutrient fluctuation, the accumulation of unfolded proteins, and viral infection. ISR is the part of the innate immunity that defends against pathogen infection or environmental alteration, thereby maintaining homeostasis to avoid diseases. Here, we describe how this machinery responds to the off-target effects of ART and persistent HIV infection in both the peripheral compartments and the brain. The latter may be important for us to better understand the mechanisms of stable HIV reservoirs and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A. Mendes
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Yuyang Tang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7042, USA
| | - Guochun Jiang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599- 7042, USA
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9
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Yoon J, Kim S, Lee M, Kim Y. Mitochondrial nucleic acids in innate immunity and beyond. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2508-2518. [PMID: 38036728 PMCID: PMC10766607 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in a wide range of cellular processes. One essential function of mitochondria is to be a platform for antiviral signaling proteins during the innate immune response to viral infection. Recently, studies have revealed that mitochondrion-derived DNAs and RNAs are recognized as non-self molecules and act as immunogenic ligands. More importantly, the cytosolic release of these mitochondrial nucleic acids (mt-NAs) is closely associated with the pathogenesis of human diseases accompanying aberrant immune activation. The release of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) via BAX/BAK activation and/or VDAC1 oligomerization activates the innate immune response and inflammasome assembly. In addition, mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs (mt-dsRNAs) are sensed by pattern recognition receptors in the cytosol to induce type I interferon expression and initiate apoptotic programs. Notably, these cytosolic mt-NAs also mediate adipocyte differentiation and contribute to mitogenesis and mitochondrial thermogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent studies of innate immune signaling pathways regulated by mt-NAs, human diseases associated with mt-NAs, and the emerging physiological roles of mt-NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihye Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoosik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Engineering Biology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury (KIB), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Barik S. Suppression of Innate Immunity by the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Revisiting the Specificity of Host-Virus Interactive Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16100. [PMID: 38003289 PMCID: PMC10671098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of hepatitis that may also lead to liver cancer and lymphomas. Chronic hepatitis C affects an estimated 2.4 million people in the USA alone. As the sole member of the genus Hepacivirus within the Flaviviridae family, HCV encodes a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is translated into a single large polypeptide, which is then proteolytically processed to yield the individual viral proteins, all of which are necessary for optimal viral infection. However, cellular innate immunity, such as type-I interferon (IFN), promptly thwarts the replication of viruses and other pathogens, which forms the basis of the use of conjugated IFN-alpha in chronic hepatitis C management. As a countermeasure, HCV suppresses this form of immunity by enlisting diverse gene products, such as HCV protease(s), whose primary role is to process the large viral polyprotein into individual proteins of specific function. The exact number of HCV immune suppressors and the specificity and molecular mechanism of their action have remained unclear. Nonetheless, the evasion of host immunity promotes HCV pathogenesis, chronic infection, and carcinogenesis. Here, the known and putative HCV-encoded suppressors of innate immunity have been reviewed and analyzed, with a predominant emphasis on the molecular mechanisms. Clinically, the knowledge should aid in rational interventions and the management of HCV infection, particularly in chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailen Barik
- EonBio, 3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL 36619, USA
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Ito T, Wuerth JD, Weber F. Protection of eIF2B from inhibitory phosphorylated eIF2: A viral strategy to maintain mRNA translation during the PKR-triggered integrated stress response. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105287. [PMID: 37742919 PMCID: PMC10616414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) protects cells from a variety of insults. Once elicited (e.g., by virus infections), it eventually leads to the block of mRNA translation. Central to the ISR are the interactions between translation initiation factors eIF2 and eIF2B. Under normal conditions, eIF2 drives the initiation of protein synthesis through hydrolysis of GTP, which becomes replenished by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B. The antiviral branch of the ISR is activated by the RNA-activated kinase PKR which phosphorylates eIF2, thereby converting it into an eIF2B inhibitor. Here, we describe the recently solved structures of eIF2B in complex with eIF2 and a novel escape strategy used by viruses. While unphosphorylated eIF2 interacts with eIF2B in its "productive" conformation, phosphorylated eIF2 [eIF2(αP)] engages a different binding cavity on eIF2B and forces it into the "nonproductive" conformation that prohibits guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity. It is well established that viruses express so-called PKR antagonists that interfere with double-strand RNA, PKR itself, or eIF2. However recently, three taxonomically unrelated viruses were reported to encode antagonists targeting eIF2B instead. For one antagonist, the S segment nonstructural protein of Sandfly fever Sicilian virus, atomic structures showed that it occupies the eIF2(αP)-binding cavity on eIF2B without imposing a switch to the nonproductive conformation. S segment nonstructural protein thus antagonizes the activity of PKR by protecting eIF2B from inhibition by eIF2(αP). As the ISR and specifically eIF2B are central to neuroprotection and a wide range of genetic and age-related diseases, these developments may open new possibilities for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Ito
- Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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Muslimov A, Tereshchenko V, Shevyrev D, Rogova A, Lepik K, Reshetnikov V, Ivanov R. The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14820. [PMID: 37834268 PMCID: PMC10573212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology have revolutionized the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as a therapeutic. The concept of nucleic acid therapy with mRNA originated in 1990 when Wolff et al. reported successful expression of proteins in target organs by direct injection of either plasmid DNA or mRNA. It took decades to bring the transfection efficiency of mRNA closer to that of DNA. The next few decades were dedicated to turning in vitro-transcribed (IVT) mRNA from a promising delivery tool for gene therapy into a full-blown therapeutic modality, which changed the biotech market rapidly. Hundreds of clinical trials are currently underway using mRNA for prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases and cancers, in regenerative medicine, and genome editing. The potential of IVT mRNA to induce an innate immune response favors its use for vaccination and immunotherapy. Nonetheless, in non-immunotherapy applications, the intrinsic immunostimulatory activity of mRNA directly hinders the desired therapeutic effect since it can seriously impair the target protein expression. Targeting the same innate immune factors can increase the effectiveness of mRNA therapeutics for some indications and decrease it for others, and vice versa. The review aims to present the innate immunity-related 'barriers' or 'springboards' that may affect the development of immunotherapies and non-immunotherapy applications of mRNA medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Muslimov
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
- Laboratory of Nano- and Microencapsulation of Biologically Active Substances, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, L’va Tolstogo 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
| | - Daniil Shevyrev
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
| | - Anna Rogova
- Laboratory of Nano- and Microencapsulation of Biologically Active Substances, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Saint-Petersburg Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, Professora Popova 14, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 191002 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill Lepik
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, L’va Tolstogo 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Vasiliy Reshetnikov
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman Ivanov
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
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Fan Y, Si Z, Wang L, Zhang L. DYT- TOR1A dystonia: an update on pathogenesis and treatment. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1216929. [PMID: 37638318 PMCID: PMC10448058 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1216929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DYT-TOR1A dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal movements. It is a severe genetic form of dystonia caused by mutations in the TOR1A gene. TorsinA is a member of the AAA + family of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) involved in a variety of cellular functions, including protein folding, lipid metabolism, cytoskeletal organization, and nucleocytoskeletal coupling. Almost all patients with TOR1A-related dystonia harbor the same mutation, an in-frame GAG deletion (ΔGAG) in the last of its 5 exons. This recurrent variant results in the deletion of one of two tandem glutamic acid residues (i.e., E302/303) in a protein named torsinA [torsinA(△E)]. Although the mutation is hereditary, not all carriers will develop DYT-TOR1A dystonia, indicating the involvement of other factors in the disease process. The current understanding of the pathophysiology of DYT-TOR1A dystonia involves multiple factors, including abnormal protein folding, signaling between neurons and glial cells, and dysfunction of the protein quality control system. As there are currently no curative treatments for DYT-TOR1A dystonia, progress in research provides insight into its pathogenesis, leading to potential therapeutic and preventative strategies. This review summarizes the latest research advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of DYT-TOR1A dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Fan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhibo Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Guo J, Huang W, Zhao X, Ji N, Chen K, Shi Y, Feng J, Zou J, Wang J. The expanded ISG12 family in zebrafish: ISG12.1 suppresses virus replication via targeting viral phosphoprotein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104672. [PMID: 36822549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) play important roles in restricting the replication of viruses. However, the functions of many ISGs have not been investigated in fish. In this study, eight isg12 homologs (termed isg12.1-8) were identified in zebrafish and all contain a typical ISG12 family domain rich of hydrophobic amino acid residues. Isg12.1-7 were significantly induced in the ZF4 cells by poly(I:C) and IFNφ1, and in the kidney and spleen after infection with spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). In the EPC cells, overexpression of isg12.1 inhibited SVCV replication. Further, it was found that zebrafish ISG12.1 interacted with SVCV phosphoprotein (SVCV-P) and promoted SVCV-P degradation which could be attenuated by 3-MA and CQ (autophagy inhibitors). Our results indicate that zebrafish ISG12.1 restricts viral replication by targeting viral phosphoprotein for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wenji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ning Ji
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Interacts with Protein Kinase R-Activating Protein and Induces Stress Granules To Promote Viral Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0171222. [PMID: 36651745 PMCID: PMC9972914 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01712-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection remain poorly understood, leaving peste des petits ruminants (PPR) control and eradication especially difficult. Here, we determined that PPRV nucleocapsid (N) protein triggers formation of stress granules (SGs) to benefit viral replication. A mass spectrometry-based profiling of the interactome of PPRV N protein revealed that PPRV N protein interacted with protein kinase R (PKR)-activating protein (PACT), and this interaction was confirmed in the context of PPRV infection. PACT was essential for PPRV replication. Besides, the ectopic expression of N activated the PKR/eIF2α (α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2) pathway through induction of PKR phosphorylation, but it did not induce PKR phosphorylation in PACT-deficient (PACT-/-) cells. PPRV N interacted with PACT, impairing the interaction between PACT and a PKR inhibitor, transactivation response RNA-binding protein (TRBP), which subsequently enhanced the interaction between PACT and PKR and thus promoted the activation of PKR and eIF2α phosphorylation, resulting in formation of stress granules (SGs). Consistently, PPRV infection induced SG formation through activation of the PKR/eIF2α pathway, and knockdown of N impaired PPRV-induced SG formation. PPRV-induced SG formation significantly decreased in PACT-/- cells as well. The role of SG formation in PPRV replication was subsequently investigated, which showed that SG formation plays a positive role in PPRV replication. By using an RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, we found that PPRV-induced SGs hid cellular mRNA rather than viral mRNA. Altogether, our data provide the first evidence that PPRV N protein plays a role in modulating the PKR/eIF2α/SG axis and promotes virus replication through targeting PACT. IMPORTANCE Stress granule (SG) formation is a conserved cellular strategy to reduce stress-related damage regulating cell survival. A mass spectrometry-based profiling of the interactome of PPRV N protein revealed that PPRV N interacted with PACT to regulate the assembly of SGs. N protein inhibited the interaction between PACT and a PKR inhibitor, TRBP, through binding to the M1 domain of PACT, which enhanced the interaction between PACT and PKR and thus promoted PKR activation and subsequent eIF2α phosphorylation as well as SG formation. The regulatory function of N protein was strikingly abrogated in PACT-/- cells. SGs induced by PPRV infection through the PKR/eIF2α pathway are PACT dependent. The loss-of-function assay indicated that PPRV-induced SGs were critical for PPRV replication. We concluded that the PPRV N protein manipulates the host PKR/eIF2α/SG axis to favor virus replication.
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Takeshita D. Protein expression and purification, molecular interaction, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of baculovirus protein PK2. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 202:106188. [PMID: 36229000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) by eIF2α kinases is a common mechanism to regulate the initiation of translation under stress conditions. The PK2 protein from baculovirus Autographica californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) binds and inhibits eIF2α kinases to ensure efficient virus propagation. The C-terminal region of PK2 shares a homology with the C-lobe of eIF2α kinases, but the N-terminal region of PK2 is unique to the orthologous proteins. In order to understand the detailed structure and function of PK2, both the full-length PK2 and its N-terminal truncated protein (PK2Δ22) were expressed as a His-tag fusion protein in Escherichia coli and purified by three steps of chromatography. Notably, the cysteine mutant, PK2 C181S/C211S, promotes the solubility and stability of the PK2 protein. The results of the size-exclusion chromatography showed that the full-length PK2 exists in both multimeric and monomeric forms, and the molecular interaction of PK2 and the eIF2α kinase domain. The purified proteins were used further to screen various conditions to obtain these crystals. Crystals of the full-length PK2 and PK2Δ22 were obtained by a sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using lithium sulfate and PEG3350 as the precipitant, respectively. The crystal of PK2 belonged to space group P41212, and diffracted X-rays to 2.7 Å resolution. The asymmetric unit contained four molecules of the protein, and the solvent content was 67.4%. Whereas, the crystal of the PK2Δ22 belonged to space group P212121, diffracted X-rays to 2.8 Å resolution. The asymmetric unit contained three molecules of the protein, and the solvent content was 48.1%. The crystallographic study of the PK2 protein will provide mechanistic insights into the inhibition of eIF2α kinase by the PK2 protein, and also pave the way for the improvement of the baculovirus-based protein expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Takeshita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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17
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Carvajal P, Bahamondes V, Jara D, Castro I, Matus S, Aguilera S, Molina C, González S, Hermoso M, Barrera MJ, González MJ. The integrated stress response is activated in the salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1118703. [PMID: 37035319 PMCID: PMC10079080 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1118703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy that affects the structure and function of salivary and lachrymal glands. Labial salivary gland (LSG) acinar cells from SS patients lose cellular homeostasis and experience endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. The integrated cellular stress response (ISR) is an adaptive pathway essential for restoring homeostasis against various stress-inducing factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, and endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. ISR activation leads eIF2α phosphorylation, which transiently blocks protein synthesis while allowing the ATF4 expression, which induces a gene expression program that seeks to optimize cellular recovery. PKR, HRI, GCN2, and PERK are the four sentinel stress kinases that control eIF2α phosphorylation. Dysregulation and chronic activation of ISR signaling have pathologic consequences associated with inflammation. Methods Here, we analyzed the activation of the ISR in LSGs of SS-patients and non-SS sicca controls, determining the mRNA, protein, and phosphorylated-protein levels of key ISR components, as well as the expression of some of ATF4 targets. Moreover, we performed a qualitative characterization of the distribution of ISR components in LSGs from both groups and evaluated if their levels correlate with clinical parameters. Results We observed that the four ISR sensors are expressed in LSGs of both groups. However, only PKR and PERK showed increased expression and/or activation in LSGs from SS-patients. eIF2α and p-eIF2α protein levels significantly increased in SS-patients; meanwhile components of the PP1c complex responsible for eIF2α dephosphorylation decreased. ATF4 mRNA levels were decreased in LSGs from SS-patients along with hypermethylation of the ATF4 promoter. Despite low mRNA levels, SS-patients showed increased levels of ATF4 protein and ATF4-target genes involved in the antioxidant response. The acinar cells of SS-patients showed increased staining intensity for PKR, p-PKR, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, xCT, CHOP, and NRF2. Autoantibodies, focus score, and ESSDAI were correlated with p-PERK/PERK ratio and ATF4 protein levels. Discussion In summary, the results showed an increased ISR activation in LSGs of SS-patients. The increased protein levels of ATF4 and ATF4-target genes involved in the redox homeostasis could be part of a rescue response against the various stressful conditions to which the LSGs of SS-patients are subjected and promote cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carvajal
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Bahamondes
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Daniela Jara
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Castro
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Matus
- Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Aguilera
- Departamento de Reumatología, Clínica INDISA, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Molina
- Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio González
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hermoso
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-José Barrera
- Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista, Santiago, Chile
- María-José Barrera,
| | - María-Julieta González
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: María-Julieta González,
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Kamble VS, Pachpor TA, Khandagale SB, Wagh VV, Khare SP. Translation initiation and dysregulation of initiation factors in rare diseases. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhuang C, Chen R, Zheng Z, Lu J, Hong C. Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Heart Lung Circ 2022; 31:e93-e109. [PMID: 35367134 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an important member of the innate immune response receptor toll-like receptors (TLRs) family, which plays a vital role in regulating immune response, promoting the maturation and differentiation of immune cells, and participating in the response of pro-inflammatory factors. TLR3 is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns, which support the pathophysiology of many diseases related to inflammation. An increasing number of studies have confirmed that TLR3, as a crucial medium of innate immunity, participates in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by regulating the transcription and translation of various cytokines, thus affecting the structure and physiological function of resident cells in the cardiovascular system, including vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages. The dysfunction and structural damage of vascular endothelial cells and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells are the key factors in the occurrence of vascular diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, ischaemia/reperfusion injury, and heart failure. Meanwhile, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages are involved in the development of CVDs. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to explore the latest research published on TLR3 in CVDs and discuss current understanding of potential mechanisms by which TLR3 contributes to CVDs. Even though TLR3 is a developing area, it has strong treatment potential as an immunomodulator and deserves further study for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Zhuang
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; First Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Riken Chen
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zheng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Lu
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Hong
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yang X, Aloise C, van Vliet ALW, Zwaagstra M, Lyoo H, Cheng A, van Kuppeveld FJM. Proteolytic Activities of Enterovirus 2A Do Not Depend on Its Interaction with SETD3. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071360. [PMID: 35891342 PMCID: PMC9318592 DOI: 10.3390/v14071360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 2Apro is a protease that proteolytically processes the viral polyprotein and cleaves several host proteins to antagonize host responses during enteroviral infection. Recently, the host protein actin histidine methyltransferase SET domain containing 3 (SETD3) was identified to interact with 2Apro and to be essential for virus replication. The role of SETD3 and its interaction with 2Apro remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the potential involvement of SETD3 in several functions of 2Apro. For this, we introduced the 2Apro from coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) in a mutant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) containing an inactivated Leader protein (EMCV-Lzn) that is unable to shut down host mRNA translation, to trigger nucleocytoplasmic transport disorder (NCTD), and to suppress stress granule (SG) formation and type I interferon (IFN) induction. Both in wt HeLa cells and in HeLa SETD3 knockout (SETD3KO) cells, the virus containing active 2Apro (EMCV-2Apro) efficiently cleaved eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma (eIF4G) to shut off host mRNA translation, cleaved nucleoporins to trigger NCTD, and actively suppressed SG formation and IFN gene transcription, arguing against a role of SETD3 in these 2Apro-mediated functions. Surprisingly, we observed that the catalytic activity of enteroviral 2A is not crucial for triggering NCTD, as a virus containing an inactive 2Apro (EMCV-2Am) induced NCTD in both wt and SETD3KO cells, albeit delayed, challenging the idea that the NCTD critically depends on nucleoporin cleavage by this protease. Taken together, our results do not support a role of SETD3 in the proteolytic activities of enterovirus 2Apro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Yang
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.Y.); (C.A.); (A.L.W.v.V.); (M.Z.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chiara Aloise
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.Y.); (C.A.); (A.L.W.v.V.); (M.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Arno L. W. van Vliet
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.Y.); (C.A.); (A.L.W.v.V.); (M.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.Y.); (C.A.); (A.L.W.v.V.); (M.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Heyrhyoung Lyoo
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.Y.); (C.A.); (A.L.W.v.V.); (M.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.J.M.v.K.)
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (X.Y.); (C.A.); (A.L.W.v.V.); (M.Z.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.J.M.v.K.)
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21
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Zhang D, Zhu L, Wang Y, Li P, Gao Y. Translational Control of COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implication. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857490. [PMID: 35422818 PMCID: PMC9002053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19, which has broken out worldwide for more than two years. However, due to limited treatment, new cases of infection are still rising. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the basic molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 to control this virus. SARS-CoV-2 replication and spread depend on the recruitment of host ribosomes to translate viral messenger RNA (mRNA). To ensure the translation of their own mRNAs, the SARS-CoV-2 has developed multiple strategies to globally inhibit the translation of host mRNAs and block the cellular innate immune response. This review provides a comprehensive picture of recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular basis and complexity of SARS-CoV-2 protein translation. Specifically, we summarize how this viral infection inhibits host mRNA translation to better utilize translation elements for translation of its own mRNA. Finally, we discuss the potential of translational components as targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejiu Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Basic Medical, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanyan Gao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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22
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Miller HE, Ilieva M, Bishop AJR, Uchida S. Current Status of Epitranscriptomic Marks Affecting lncRNA Structures and Functions. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8020023. [PMID: 35447886 PMCID: PMC9025719 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) belong to a class of non-protein-coding RNAs with their lengths longer than 200 nucleotides. Most of the mammalian genome is transcribed as RNA, yet only a small percent of the transcribed RNA corresponds to exons of protein-coding genes. Thus, the number of lncRNAs is predicted to be several times higher than that of protein-coding genes. Because of sheer number of lncRNAs, it is often difficult to elucidate the functions of all lncRNAs, especially those arising from their relationship to their binding partners, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Due to their binding to other macromolecules, it has become evident that the structures of lncRNAs influence their functions. In this regard, the recent development of epitranscriptomics (the field of study to investigate RNA modifications) has become important to further elucidate the structures and functions of lncRNAs. In this review, the current status of lncRNA structures and functions influenced by epitranscriptomic marks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry E. Miller
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (H.E.M.); (A.J.R.B.)
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Network, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark;
| | - Alexander J. R. Bishop
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (H.E.M.); (A.J.R.B.)
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- May’s Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark;
- Correspondence: or
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23
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The IRENA lncRNA converts chemotherapy-polarized tumor-suppressing macrophages to tumor-promoting phenotypes in breast cancer. NATURE CANCER 2022; 2:457-473. [PMID: 35122000 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy can stimulate antitumor immunity by inducing interferon (IFN) response, the functional role of tumor-associated macrophages in this scenario remains unclear. Here, we found that IFN-activated proinflammatory macrophages after neoadjuvant chemotherapy enhanced antitumor immunity but promoted cancer chemoresistance. Mechanistically, IFN induced expression of cytoplasmic long noncoding RNA IFN-responsive nuclear factor-κB activator (IRENA) in macrophages, which triggered nuclear factor-κB signaling via dimerizing protein kinase R and subsequently increased production of protumor inflammatory cytokines. By constructing macrophage-conditional IRENA-knockout mice, we found that targeting IRENA in IFN-activated macrophages abrogated their protumor effects, while retaining their capacity to enhance antitumor immunity. Clinically, IRENA expression in post-chemotherapy macrophages was associated with poor patient survival. These findings indicate that lncRNA can determine the dichotomy of inflammatory cells on cancer progression and antitumor immunity and suggest that targeting IRENA is an effective therapeutic strategy to reversing tumor-promoting inflammation.
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24
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Miyake S, Masuda S. Inhibition of mitochondrial complex III or dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) triggers formation of poly(A) + RNA foci adjacent to nuclear speckles following activation of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated). RNA Biol 2022; 19:1244-1255. [PMID: 36412986 PMCID: PMC9683070 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2146919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular and intercellular signalling networks play an essential role in optimizing cellular homoeostasis and are thought to be partly reflected in nuclear mRNA dynamics. However, the regulation of nuclear mRNA dynamics by intracellular and intercellular signals remains largely unexplored, and research tools are lacking. Through an original screening based on the mRNA metabolic mechanism, we discovered that eight well-known inhibitors cause significant nuclear poly(A)+ RNA accumulation. Among these inhibitors, we discovered a new mRNA metabolic response in which the addition of antimycin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex III (complex III), resulted in a marked accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA near the nuclear speckles. Furthermore, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors, a rate-limiting enzyme in the intracellular de novo pyrimidine synthesis reaction that specifically exchanges electrons with complex III, also caused a remarkable accumulation of nuclear poly(A)+ RNA adjacent to the nuclear speckles, which was abolished by extracellular uridine supply, indicating that the depletion of intracellular pyrimidine affects poly(A)+ RNA metabolism. Further analysis revealed that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a serine and threonine kinase and a master regulator of DNA double-strand break (DSB) and nucleolar stress, is required for this poly(A)+ RNA nuclear accumulation phenomenon. This study reports new insights into novel aspects of nuclear poly(A)+ RNA metabolism, especially the relationship between mitochondrial respiratory-chain functions, pyrimidine metabolism, and nuclear RNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Miyake
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Masuda
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan,Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan,Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan,CONTACT Seiji Masuda Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara631-8505, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Cells respond to viral infections through sensors that detect non-self-molecules, and through effectors, which can have direct antiviral activities or adapt cell physiology to limit viral infection and propagation. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2, better known as PKR, acts as both a sensor and an effector in the response to viral infections. After sensing double-stranded RNA molecules in infected cells, PKR self-activates and majorly exerts its antiviral function by blocking the translation machinery and inducing apoptosis. The antiviral potency of PKR is emphasized by the number of strategies developed by viruses to antagonize the PKR pathway. In this review, we present an update on the diversity of such strategies, which range from preventing double-stranded RNA recognition upstream from PKR activation, to activating eIF2B downstream from PKR targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cesaro
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Michiels
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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26
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Olsen I. Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:691016. [PMID: 34720846 PMCID: PMC8551391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.691016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
"Chronic" periodontitis and its keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis have repeatedly been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological hallmarks in AD are brain accumulations of amyloid-beta and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of aggregated and hyperphosphorylated tau. In addition, neuroinflammation induced by P. gingivalis has increasingly been recognized as a factor in the pathogenesis of AD. The present mini-review discusses possible mechanisms for the induction of neuroinflammation by P. gingivalis in AD, involving factors such as pro-inflammatory mediators, amyloid-beta, tau, microglia, cathepsin B, and protein kinase R. Inflammagens of P. gingivalis such as lipopolysaccharide and gingipains are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Zhu Z, Liu P, Yuan L, Lian Z, Hu D, Yao X, Li X. Induction of UPR Promotes Interferon Response to Inhibit PRRSV Replication via PKR and NF-κB Pathway. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:757690. [PMID: 34712218 PMCID: PMC8547762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.757690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was previously shown to induce a certain level of cellular stress during viral replication. Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response responsible for coping with stress and cellular survival. However, the pathway leading to the induction of UPR that may influence PRRSV replication is still unknown. Here, we found that PRRSV infection induced UPR prior to interferon response. Induction of UPR significantly enhanced the expression of interferon and interferon-related genes, thus leading to the suppression of PRRSV infection. Next, we explored the underlying mechanisms of UPR-induced antiviral response. We found that induction of UPR promoted the expression of protein kinase R (PKR), and PKR was highly correlated with the reduction of PRRSV replication. Furthermore, tunicamycin stimulation and PKR overexpression activated NF-κB and interferon response at the early stage of PRRSV infection, thus reinforcing the expression of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines and leading to inhibition of PRRSV. In addition, PRRSV nsp4 was shown to reduce the expression of PKR. These findings might have implications for our understandings of the host's immune mechanism against PRRSV and a new strategy of PRRSV to evade the host antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Panrao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lili Yuan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengmin Lian
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Danhe Hu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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28
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Lee HC, Fu CY, Lin CY, Hu JR, Huang TY, Lo KY, Tsai HY, Sheu JC, Tsai HJ. Poly(U)-specific endoribonuclease ENDOU promotes translation of human CHOP mRNA by releasing uORF element-mediated inhibition. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104123. [PMID: 33511665 PMCID: PMC8167367 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are known to negatively affect translation of the downstream ORF. The regulatory proteins involved in relieving this inhibition are however poorly characterized. In response to cellular stress, eIF2α phosphorylation leads to an inhibition of global protein synthesis, while translation of specific factors such as CHOP is induced. We analyzed a 105‐nt inhibitory uORF in the transcript of human CHOP (huORFchop) and found that overexpression of the zebrafish or human ENDOU poly(U)‐endoribonuclease (Endouc or ENDOU‐1, respectively) increases CHOP mRNA translation also in the absence of stress. We also found that Endouc/ENDOU‐1 binds and cleaves the huORFchop transcript at position 80G‐81U, which induces CHOP translation independently of phosphorylated eIF2α. However, both ENDOU and phospho‐eIF2α are nonetheless required for maximal translation of CHOP mRNA. Increased levels of ENDOU shift a huORFchop reporter as well as endogenous CHOP transcripts from the monosome to polysome fraction, indicating an increase in translation. Furthermore, we found that the uncapped truncated huORFchop‐69‐105‐nt transcript contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), facilitating translation of the cleaved transcript. Therefore, we propose a model where ENDOU‐mediated transcript cleavage positively regulates CHOP translation resulting in increased CHOP protein levels upon stress. Specifically, CHOP transcript cleavage changes the configuration of huORFchop thereby releasing its inhibition and allowing the stalled ribosomes to resume translation of the downstream ORF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chieh Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yang Fu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Rung Hu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ying Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yin Lo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yue Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Chuan Sheu
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Barriocanal M, Prior C, Suarez B, Unfried JP, Razquin N, Hervás-Stubbs S, Sangro B, Segura V, Fortes P. Long Noncoding RNA EGOT Responds to Stress Signals to Regulate Cell Inflammation and Growth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1932-1942. [PMID: 33789981 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cell has several mechanisms to sense and neutralize stress. Stress-related stimuli activate pathways that counteract danger, support cell survival, and activate the inflammatory response. We use human cells to show that these processes are modulated by EGOT, a long noncoding RNA highly induced by viral infection, whose inhibition results in increased levels of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and decreased viral replication. We now show that EGOT is induced in response to cell stress, viral replication, or the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns via the PI3K/AKT, MAPKs, and NF-κB pathways, which lead to cell survival and inflammation. Transcriptome analysis and validation experiments show that EGOT modulates PI3K/AKT and NF-κB responses. On the one hand, EGOT inhibition decreases expression of PI3K/AKT-induced cellular receptors and cell proliferation. In fact, EGOT levels are increased in several tumors. On the other hand, EGOT inhibition results in decreased levels of key NF-κB target genes, including those required for inflammation and ISGs in those cells that build an antiviral response. Mechanistically, EGOT depletion decreases the levels of the key coactivator TBLR1, essential for transcription by NF-κB. In summary, EGOT is induced in response to stress and may function as a switch that represses ISG transcription until a proper antiviral or stress response is initiated. EGOT then helps PI3K/AKT, MAPKs, and NF-κB pathways to activate the antiviral response, cell inflammation, and growth. We believe that modulation of EGOT levels could be used as a therapy for the treatment of certain viral infections, immune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Barriocanal
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatolovgy, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN) 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celia Prior
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatolovgy, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN) 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suarez
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatolovgy, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Unfried
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatolovgy, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Razquin
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatolovgy, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Pamplona, Spain; and
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN) 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Pamplona, Spain; and
| | - Victor Segura
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Puri Fortes
- Program of Gene Therapy and Hepatolovgy, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain; .,Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Pamplona, Spain; and
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30
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Ghareeb DA, Saleh SR, Nofal MS, Kaddah MMY, Hassan SF, Seif IK, El-Zahaby SA, Khedr SM, Kenawy MY, Masoud AA, Soudi SA, Sobhy AA, Sery JG, El-Wahab MGA, Elmoneam AAA, Al-mahallawi AM, El-Demellawy MA. Potential therapeutic and pharmacological strategies for SARS-CoV2. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-021-00520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Ghareeb DA, Saleh SR, Nofal MS, Kaddah MMY, Hassan SF, Seif IK, El-Zahaby SA, Khedr SM, Kenawy MY, Masoud AA, Soudi SA, Sobhy AA, Sery JG, El-Wahab MGA, Elmoneam AAA, Al-mahallawi AM, El-Demellawy MA. Potential therapeutic and pharmacological strategies for SARS-CoV2. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021; 51:281-296. [PMID: 33688448 PMCID: PMC7933375 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the end of 2019, the new Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) strain causing severe acute respiratory syndrome swept the world. From November 2019 till February 2021, this virus infected nearly 104 million, with more than two million deaths and about 25 million active cases. This has prompted scientists to discover effective drugs to combat this pandemic. AREA COVERED Drug repurposing is the magic bullet for treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). Therefore, several drugs have been investigated in silico, in vitro, as well as through human trials such as anti-SARS-CoV2 agents, or to prevent the complications resulting from the virus. In this review, the mechanisms of action of different therapeutic strategies are summarized. According to the WHO, different classes of drugs can be used, including anti-malarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant drugs, as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antibiotics, vitamins, zinc, neutralizing antibodies, and convalescent plasma therapy. Recently, there are some vaccines which are approved against SARS-CoV2. EXPERT OPINION A complete understanding of the structure and function of all viral proteins that play a fundamental role in viral infection, which contribute to the therapeutic intervention and the development of vaccine in order to reduce the mortality rate. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40005-021-00520-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A. Ghareeb
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Samar R. Saleh
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. Nofal
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Y. Kaddah
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Salma. F. Hassan
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Inas K. Seif
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sally A. El-Zahaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa M. Khedr
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Marwa Y. Kenawy
- Fabrication Technology Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Aliaa A. Masoud
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salma A. Soudi
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Sobhy
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jaillan G. Sery
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Miral G. Abd El-Wahab
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
| | - Alshimaa A. Abd Elmoneam
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz Mohsen Al-mahallawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha A. El-Demellawy
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria Egypt
- Medical Biotechnology Department, GEBRI, SRTA-City, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria Egypt
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32
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Wang H, Song Y, Wu Y, Kumar V, Mahato RI, Su Q. Activation of dsRNA-Dependent Protein Kinase R by miR-378 Sustains Metabolic Inflammation in Hepatic Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2021; 70:710-719. [PMID: 33419758 PMCID: PMC7897349 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that regulate various pathophysiological cellular processes. Here, we report that expression of the miR-378 family was significantly induced by metabolic inflammatory inducers, a high-fructose diet, and inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Hepatic miRNA profiling revealed that expression of miR-378a was highly upregulated, which, in turn, targeted the 3'-untranslated region of PPARα mRNA, impaired mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and induced mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress. More importantly, the upregulated miR-378a can directly bind to and activate the double-strand RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) to sustain the metabolic stress. In vivo, genetic depletion of miR-378a prevented PKR activation and ameliorated inflammatory stress and insulin resistance. Counterbalancing the upregulated miR-378a using nanoparticles encapsulated with an anti-miR-378a oligonucleotide restored PPARα activity, inhibited PKR activation and ER stress, and improved insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed mice. Our study delineated a novel mechanism of miR-378a in the pathogenesis of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance through targeting metabolic signaling at both mRNA (e.g., PPARα) and protein (e.g., PKR) molecules. This novel finding of functional interaction between miRNAs (e.g., miR-378a) and cellular RNA binding proteins (e.g., PKR) is biologically significant because it greatly broadens the potential targets of miRNAs in cellular pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | - Yongyan Song
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Yuxin Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Qiaozhu Su
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K.
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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33
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Sokolova TM. [Hepatitis C virus (Flaviviridae: Hepacivirus: Hepacivirus C): regulation of signaling reactions of innate immunity]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 65:307-316. [PMID: 33533227 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studying the regulation of signaling reactions of innate immunity by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) will help to reveal the causes of the transition of the acute form of the disease to a chronic course. The molecular mechanisms of activation by HCV RNA of innate immunity receptors TLR and RLR and signal transduction processes leading to the synthesis of IFN and inflammatory cytokines are considered. The inhibitory effects of non-structural and structural HCV proteins on immune signaling reactions are analyzed in detail. The information presented is the result of an analysis of literature data published in international databases mainly over the past 5 years. In conclusion, signaling receptors are proposed as targets for the development of new antiviral drugs with immunotherapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sokolova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
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34
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Gonzalez-Latapi P, Marotta N, Mencacci NE. Emerging and converging molecular mechanisms in dystonia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:483-498. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Kuipers DJS, Mandemakers W, Lu CS, Olgiati S, Breedveld GJ, Fevga C, Tadic V, Carecchio M, Osterman B, Sagi-Dain L, Wu-Chou YH, Chen CC, Chang HC, Wu SL, Yeh TH, Weng YH, Elia AE, Panteghini C, Marotta N, Pauly MG, Kühn AA, Volkmann J, Lace B, Meijer IA, Kandaswamy K, Quadri M, Garavaglia B, Lohmann K, Bauer P, Mencacci NE, Lubbe SJ, Klein C, Bertoli-Avella AM, Bonifati V. EIF2AK2 Missense Variants Associated with Early Onset Generalized Dystonia. Ann Neurol 2020; 89:485-497. [PMID: 33236446 PMCID: PMC7986743 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective The study was undertaken to identify a monogenic cause of early onset, generalized dystonia. Methods Methods consisted of genome‐wide linkage analysis, exome and Sanger sequencing, clinical neurological examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and protein expression studies in skin fibroblasts from patients. Results We identified a heterozygous variant, c.388G>A, p.Gly130Arg, in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) gene, segregating with early onset isolated generalized dystonia in 5 patients of a Taiwanese family. EIF2AK2 sequencing in 191 unrelated patients with unexplained dystonia yielded 2 unrelated Caucasian patients with an identical heterozygous c.388G>A, p.Gly130Arg variant, occurring de novo in one case, another patient carrying a different heterozygous variant, c.413G>C, p.Gly138Ala, and one last patient, born from consanguineous parents, carrying a third, homozygous variant c.95A>C, p.Asn32Thr. These 3 missense variants are absent from gnomAD, and are located in functional domains of the encoded protein. In 3 patients, additional neurological manifestations were present, including intellectual disability and spasticity. EIF2AK2 encodes a kinase (protein kinase R [PKR]) that phosphorylates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), which orchestrates the cellular stress response. Our expression studies showed abnormally enhanced activation of the cellular stress response, monitored by PKR‐mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α, in fibroblasts from patients with EIF2AK2 variants. Intriguingly, PKR can also be regulated by PRKRA (protein interferon‐inducible double‐stranded RNA‐dependent protein kinase activator A), the product of another gene causing monogenic dystonia. Interpretation We identified EIF2AK2 variants implicated in early onset generalized dystonia, which can be dominantly or recessively inherited, or occur de novo. Our findings provide direct evidence for a key role of a dysfunctional eIF2α pathway in the pathogenesis of dystonia. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:485–497
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Affiliation(s)
- Demy J S Kuipers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Mandemakers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Professor Lu Neurological Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Simone Olgiati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido J Breedveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Fevga
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Tadic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Bradley Osterman
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lena Sagi-Dain
- Genetics Institute, Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yah-Huei Wu-Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung C Chen
- Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Chang
- Professor Lu Neurological Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shey-Lin Wu
- Department Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Chunghua, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Weng
- Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Antonio E Elia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Celeste Panteghini
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Marotta
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querry Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martje G Pauly
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität of Berlin and Humboldt, Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Baiba Lace
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Inge A Meijer
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Niccolò E Mencacci
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querry Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven J Lubbe
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querry Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Ishaq M, Natarajan V. RNA-activated protein kinase differentially modulates innate immune response mediated by supraphysiological concentrations of thyroid hormone. Innate Immun 2020; 26:746-758. [PMID: 32924709 PMCID: PMC7787557 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920955214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptor ligands are known to modulate innate immunity by dampening the immune response induced by pathogens. Here, we report that unlike other ligands, 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) induced the type 1 IFN response and expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). T3 action was found to be significantly amplified at supraphysiological concentrations (SPC) and in combination with double-stranded RNA mimic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Induction by T3 was due to non-genomic mechanisms involving integrin binding, calcium mobilization, and phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase-AKT pathways, but was independent of TLR3, RIG-I, and IFN-β1 pathways. Whereas siRNA-induced knockdown of RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) was found to abrogate the T3-induced expression of select ISGs, expression of other T3-induced ISGs was strongly induced by PKR knockdown, indicating the differential role of PKR in modulating T3 action. Together, we describe a novel role of T3 in modulating the innate immune response and identify the importance of PKR in regulating T3-induced immune activation. These findings have important implications in the basic understanding of the mechanisms of T3 function at SPCs and crosstalk involved in the thyroid hormone function and the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ishaq
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, USA
| | - Ven Natarajan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, USA
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37
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Beauclair G, Streicher F, Chazal M, Bruni D, Lesage S, Gracias S, Bourgeau S, Sinigaglia L, Fujita T, Meurs EF, Tangy F, Jouvenet N. Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene I and Protein Kinase R, but Not Stress Granules, Mediate the Proinflammatory Response to Yellow Fever Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:e00403-20. [PMID: 32878892 PMCID: PMC7592215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00403-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an RNA virus primarily targeting the liver. Severe YF cases are responsible for hemorrhagic fever, plausibly precipitated by excessive proinflammatory cytokine response. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), such as the cytoplasmic retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and the viral RNA sensor protein kinase R (PKR), are known to initiate a proinflammatory response upon recognition of viral genomes. Here, we sought to reveal the main determinants responsible for the acute cytokine expression occurring in human hepatocytes following YFV infection. Using a RIG-I-defective human hepatoma cell line, we found that RIG-I largely contributes to cytokine secretion upon YFV infection. In infected RIG-I-proficient hepatoma cells, RIG-I was localized in stress granules. These granules are large aggregates of stalled translation preinitiation complexes known to concentrate RLRs and PKR and are so far recognized as hubs orchestrating RNA virus sensing. Stable knockdown of PKR in hepatoma cells revealed that PKR contributes to both stress granule formation and cytokine induction upon YFV infection. However, stress granule disruption did not affect the cytokine response to YFV infection, as assessed by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-knockdown-mediated inhibition of stress granule assembly. Finally, no viral RNA was detected in stress granules using a fluorescence in situ hybridization approach coupled with immunofluorescence. Our findings suggest that both RIG-I and PKR mediate proinflammatory cytokine induction in YFV-infected hepatocytes, in a stress granule-independent manner. Therefore, by showing the uncoupling of the cytokine response from the stress granule formation, our model challenges the current view in which stress granules are required for the mounting of the acute antiviral response.IMPORTANCE Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne acute hemorrhagic disease caused by yellow fever virus (YFV). The mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis remain largely unknown, although increased inflammation has been linked to worsened outcome. YFV targets the liver, where it primarily infects hepatocytes. We found that two RNA-sensing proteins, RIG-I and PKR, participate in the induction of proinflammatory mediators in human hepatocytes infected with YFV. We show that YFV infection promotes the formation of cytoplasmic structures, termed stress granules, in a PKR- but not RIG-I-dependent manner. While stress granules were previously postulated to be essential platforms for immune activation, we found that they are not required for the production of proinflammatory mediators upon YFV infection. Collectively, our work uncovered molecular events triggered by the replication of YFV, which could prove instrumental in clarifying the pathogenesis of the disease, with possible repercussions for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Streicher
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Bruni
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lesage
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ségolène Gracias
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Salomé Bourgeau
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Laura Sinigaglia
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eliane F Meurs
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
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El-Asmi F, McManus FP, Thibault P, Chelbi-Alix MK. Interferon, restriction factors and SUMO pathways. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Reimer L, Betzer C, Kofoed RH, Volbracht C, Fog K, Kurhade C, Nilsson E, Överby AK, Jensen PH. PKR kinase directly regulates tau expression and Alzheimer's disease-related tau phosphorylation. Brain Pathol 2020; 31:103-119. [PMID: 32716602 PMCID: PMC8018097 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of extensively hyperphosphorylated tau in specific brain cells is a clear pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease and a number of other neurodegenerative disorders, collectively termed the tauopathies. Furthermore, hyperphosphorylation of tau prevents it from fulfilling its physiological role as a microtubule‐stabilizing protein and leaves it increasingly vulnerable to self‐assembly, suggestive of a central underlying role of hyperphosphorylation as a contributing factor in the etiology of these diseases. Via in vitro phosphorylation and regulation of kinase activity within cells and acute brain tissue, we reveal that the inflammation associated kinase, protein kinase R (PKR), directly phosphorylates numerous abnormal and disease‐modifying residues within tau including Thr181, Ser199/202, Thr231, Ser262, Ser396, Ser404 and Ser409. Similar to disease processes, these PKR‐mediated phosphorylations actively displace tau from microtubules in cells. In addition, PKR overexpression and knockdown, respectively, increase and decrease tau protein and mRNA levels in cells. This regulation occurs independent of noncoding transcriptional elements, suggesting an underlying mechanism involving intra‐exonic regulation of the tau‐encoding microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT) gene. Finally, acute encephalopathy in wild type mice, induced by intracranial Langat virus infection, results in robust inflammation and PKR upregulation accompanied by abnormally phosphorylated full‐length‐ and truncated tau. These findings indicate that PKR, independent of other kinases and upon acute brain inflammation, is capable of triggering pathological modulation of tau, which, in turn, might form the initial pathologic seed in several tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease and Chronic traumatic encephalopathy where inflammation is severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Reimer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cristine Betzer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hahn Kofoed
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Chaitanya Kurhade
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Emma Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. An unbalanced immune response, characterized by a weak production of type I interferons (IFN-Is) and an exacerbated release of proinflammatory cytokines, contributes to the severe forms of the disease. SARS-CoV-2 is genetically related to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which caused outbreaks in 2003 and 2013, respectively. Although IFN treatment gave some encouraging results against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in animal models, its potential as a therapeutic against COVID-19 awaits validation. Here, we describe our current knowledge of the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the IFN system, highlighting some of the gaps that need to be filled for a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition to the conserved IFN evasion strategies that are likely shared with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, novel counteraction mechanisms are being discovered in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Since the last coronavirus epidemic, we have made considerable progress in understanding the IFN-I response, including its spatiotemporal regulation and the prominent role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which are the main IFN-I-producing cells. While awaiting the results of the many clinical trials that are evaluating the efficacy of IFN-I alone or in combination with antiviral molecules, we discuss the potential benefits of a well-timed IFN-I treatment and propose strategies to boost pDC-mediated IFN responses during the early stages of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Sa Ribero
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- IRIM, CNRS UMR9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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41
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Gao Y, Vasic R, Song Y, Teng R, Liu C, Gbyli R, Biancon G, Nelakanti R, Lobben K, Kudo E, Liu W, Ardasheva A, Fu X, Wang X, Joshi P, Lee V, Dura B, Viero G, Iwasaki A, Fan R, Xiao A, Flavell RA, Li HB, Tebaldi T, Halene S. m 6A Modification Prevents Formation of Endogenous Double-Stranded RNAs and Deleterious Innate Immune Responses during Hematopoietic Development. Immunity 2020; 52:1007-1021.e8. [PMID: 32497523 PMCID: PMC7408742 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification, but little is known about its role in mammalian hematopoietic development. Here, we show that conditional deletion of the m6A writer METTL3 in murine fetal liver resulted in hematopoietic failure and perinatal lethality. Loss of METTL3 and m6A activated an aberrant innate immune response, mediated by the formation of endogenous double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). The aberrantly formed dsRNAs were long, highly m6A modified in their native state, characterized by low folding energies, and predominantly protein coding. We identified coinciding activation of pattern recognition receptor pathways normally tasked with the detection of foreign dsRNAs. Disruption of the aberrant immune response via abrogation of downstream Mavs or Rnasel signaling partially rescued the observed hematopoietic defects in METTL3-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that m6A modification protects against endogenous dsRNA formation and a deleterious innate immune response during mammalian hematopoietic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Gao
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Radovan Vasic
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yuanbin Song
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rhea Teng
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rana Gbyli
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Giulia Biancon
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Raman Nelakanti
- Department of Genetics and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kirsten Lobben
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eriko Kudo
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anastasia Ardasheva
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaman Wang
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Poorval Joshi
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Veronica Lee
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Burak Dura
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gabriella Viero
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR Unit at Trento, Povo Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew Xiao
- Department of Genetics and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Toma Tebaldi
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale RNA Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Schmidt S, Denk S, Wiegering A. Targeting Protein Synthesis in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051298. [PMID: 32455578 PMCID: PMC7281195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, protein synthesis controls cell growth and survival and is strictly regulated. Deregulation of protein synthesis is a frequent event in cancer. The majority of mutations found in colorectal cancer (CRC), including alterations in the WNT pathway as well as activation of RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT and, subsequently, mTOR signaling, lead to deregulation of the translational machinery. Besides mutations in upstream signaling pathways, deregulation of global protein synthesis occurs through additional mechanisms including altered expression or activity of initiation and elongation factors (e.g., eIF4F, eIF2α/eIF2B, eEF2) as well as upregulation of components involved in ribosome biogenesis and factors that control the adaptation of translation in response to stress (e.g., GCN2). Therefore, influencing mechanisms that control mRNA translation may open a therapeutic window for CRC. Over the last decade, several potential therapeutic strategies targeting these alterations have been investigated and have shown promising results in cell lines, intestinal organoids, and mouse models. Despite these encouraging in vitro results, patients have not clinically benefited from those advances so far. In this review, we outline the mechanisms that lead to deregulated mRNA translation in CRC and highlight recent progress that has been made in developing therapeutic strategies that target these mechanisms for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Denk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-20138714
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Zhou S, Yang C, Zhao F, Huang Y, Lin Y, Huang C, Ma X, Du J, Wang Y, Long G, He J, Liu C, Zhang P. Double-stranded RNA deaminase ADAR1 promotes the Zika virus replication by inhibiting the activation of protein kinase PKR. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18168-18180. [PMID: 31636123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has emerged as a threat to global health. The family of adenosine deaminases acting on dsRNA (ADARs) are human host factors important for the genetic diversity and evolution of ZIKV. Here, we further investigated the role of ADAR1 in ZIKV replication by utilizing CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing and RNAi-based gene knockdown techniques. Both ADAR1 knockout and knockdown significantly reduced ZIKV RNA synthesis, protein levels, and viral titers in several human cell lines. Trans-complementation with the full-length ADAR1 form p150 or the shorter form p110 lacking the Zα domain restored viral replication levels suppressed by the ADAR1 knockout. Moreover, we observed that the nuclear p110 form was redistributed to the cytoplasm in response to ZIKV infection. ADAR1 was not involved in viral entry but promoted viral protein translation by impairing ZIKV-induced activation of protein kinase regulated by dsRNA (PKR). Of note, the RNA-editing activity of ADAR1 was not required to promote ZIKV replication. We also found that the proviral role of ADAR1 was partially mediated through its ability to suppress IFN production and PKR activation. Our work identifies ADAR1 as a proviral factor involved in ZIKV replication, suggesting that ADAR1 could be a potential antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fanfan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yanxia Huang
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuxia Lin
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Changbai Huang
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaocao Ma
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingjie Du
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Gang Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junfang He
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress differentially modulates the IL-6 family of cytokines in murine astrocytes and macrophages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14931. [PMID: 31624329 PMCID: PMC6797742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many diseases, misfolded proteins accumulate within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to ER stress. In response, the cell initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to reestablish homeostasis. Additionally, in response to ER stress, various cell types mount an inflammatory response involving interleukin (IL)-6. While IL-6 has been widely studied, the impact of ER stress on other members of the IL-6 cytokine family, including oncostatin (OSM), IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) remains to be elucidated. Here, we have examined the expression of the IL-6 family cytokines in response to pharmacologically-induced ER stress in astrocytes and macrophages, which express IL-6 in response to ER stress through different mechanisms. Our findings indicate that, in astrocytes, ER stress regulates mRNA expression of the IL-6 family of cytokines that is, in part, mediated by PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and Janus kinase (JAK) 1. Additionally, in astrocytes, CNTF expression was suppressed through a PERK-dependent mechanism. Macrophages display a different profile of expression of the IL-6 family that is largely independent of PERK. However, IL-6 expression in macrophages was dependent on JAK signaling. Overall, this study demonstrates the cell-specific and differential mechanisms controlling expression of the IL-6 family of cytokines in response to ER stress.
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Ren Y, Huo Y, Li W, Wang F, Yu J. Multifaced regulator: RNA binding proteins and their roles in hematopoiesis. BLOOD SCIENCE 2019; 1:69-72. [PMID: 35402803 PMCID: PMC8974962 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the conventional definition of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) as controlling the metabolism of their bound RNAs, more and more RBPs are found to function via distinct ways in complex biological processes. With the recent discovery of transcriptional regulation activity of some RBPs, a hypothesis that RBPs could be multilayered regulators orchestrating gene expression has emerged. Hematopoiesis is a stepwise process that needs to be fine-tuned to keep the subtle balance between hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) stemness maintenance and downstream lineage commitment. Although the classic RBPs account for the posttranscriptional regulation in hematopoiesis, the importance and multiple regulatory capacities of RBPs have not been well-characterized. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of large-scale screening of novel RBPs and their novel transcriptional regulation potentials. In hematopoietic system, this kind of multifaced regulators account for nearly a half of functional RBPs. Therefore, further studies on identifying this new kind of multifaced RBPs and clarifying their regulatory mechanisms would help us better understand the precise and complex regulatory networks of gene expression in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ren
- Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yue Huo
- Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weiqian Li
- Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jia Yu
- Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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Singh M, Benencia F. Inflammatory processes in obesity: focus on endothelial dysfunction and the role of adipokines as inflammatory mediators. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:157-171. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1638921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manindra Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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47
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Burnett SB, Vaughn LS, Strom JM, Francois A, Patel RC. A truncated PACT protein resulting from a frameshift mutation reported in movement disorder DYT16 triggers caspase activation and apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19004-19018. [PMID: 31246344 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein Activator (PACT) activates the interferon (IFN)-induced double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) in response to stress signals. Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes PACT-mediated PKR activation, which leads to phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α, inhibition of protein synthesis, and apoptosis. A dominantly inherited form of early-onset dystonia 16 (DYT16) has been identified to arise due to a frameshift (FS) mutation in PACT. To examine the effect of the resulting truncated mutant PACT protein on the PKR pathway, we examined the biochemical properties of the mutant protein and its effect on mammalian cells. Our results indicate that the FS mutant protein loses its ability to bind dsRNA as well as its ability to interact with PKR while surprisingly retaining the ability to interact with PACT and PKR-inhibitory protein TRBP. The truncated FS mutant protein, when expressed as a fusion protein with a N-terminal fluorescent mCherry tag aggregates in mammalian cells to induce apoptosis via activation of caspases both in a PKR- and PACT-dependent as well as independent manner. Our results indicate that interaction of FS mutant protein with PKR inhibitor TRBP can dissociate PACT from the TRBP-PACT complex resulting in PKR activation and consequent apoptosis. These findings are relevant to diseases resulting from protein aggregation especially since the PKR activation is a characteristic of several neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B Burnett
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Lauren S Vaughn
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Joelle M Strom
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ashley Francois
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Rekha C Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Raja R, Baral S, Dixit NM. Interferon at the cellular, individual, and population level in hepatitis C virus infection: Its role in the interferon-free treatment era. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:55-71. [PMID: 30129199 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The advent of powerful direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has revolutionized the treatment of hepatitis C. DAAs cure nearly all patients with short duration, oral treatments. Significant efforts are now underway to optimize DAA-based treatments. We discuss the potential role of interferon in this optimization. Clinical studies present compelling evidence that DAAs perform better in treatment-naive individuals than in individuals who previously failed treatment with interferon, a surprising correlation because interferon and DAAs are thought to act independently. Recent mathematical models explore a mechanistic hypothesis underlying this correlation. The hypothesis invokes the action of interferon at the cellular, individual, and population levels. Strong interferon responses prevent the productive infection of cells, reduce viral replication, and impede the development of resistance to DAAs in infected individuals and improve cure rates elicited by DAAs in treated populations. The models develop descriptions of these processes, integrate them into a comprehensive framework, and capture clinical data quantitatively, providing a successful test of the hypothesis. Individuals with strong endogenous interferon responses thus present a promising subpopulation for reducing DAA treatment durations. This review discusses the conceptual advances made by the models, highlights the new insights they unravel, and examines their applicability to optimize DAA-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubesh Raja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Subhasish Baral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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49
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Tible M, Mouton Liger F, Schmitt J, Giralt A, Farid K, Thomasseau S, Gourmaud S, Paquet C, Rondi Reig L, Meurs E, Girault J, Hugon J. PKR knockout in the 5xFAD model of Alzheimer's disease reveals beneficial effects on spatial memory and brain lesions. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12887. [PMID: 30821420 PMCID: PMC6516179 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain lesions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) include amyloid plaques made of Aβ peptides and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein with synaptic and neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. Aβ oligomers can trigger tau phosphorylation and neuronal alterations through activation of neuronal kinases leading to progressive cognitive decline. PKR is a ubiquitous pro-apoptotic serine/threonine kinase, and levels of activated PKR are increased in AD brains and AD CSF. In addition, PKR regulates negatively memory formation in mice. To assess the role of PKR in an AD in vivo model, we crossed 5xFAD transgenic mice with PKR knockout (PKRKO) mice and we explored the contribution of PKR on cognition and brain lesions in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD as well as in neuron-microglia co-cultures exposed to the innate immunity activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nine-month-old double-mutant mice revealed significantly improved memory consolidation with the new object location test, starmaze test, and elevated plus maze test as compared to 5xFAD mice. Brain amyloid accumulation and BACE1 levels were statistically decreased in double-mutant mice. Apoptosis, neurodegeneration markers, and synaptic alterations were significantly reduced in double-mutant mice as well as neuroinflammation markers such as microglial load and brain cytokine levels. Using cocultures, we found that PKR in neurons was essential for LPS microglia-induced neuronal death. Our results demonstrate the clear involvement of PKR in abnormal spatial memory and brain lesions in the 5xFAD model and underline its interest as a target for neuroprotection in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julien Schmitt
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine CNRS, UMR 8246 Paris France
- Inserm U1130 Paris France
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Albert Giralt
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
- Inserm U839 Paris France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris France
| | - Karim Farid
- Department of Nuclear Medicine CHU Fort de France Martinique France
- Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand Widal Hospital APHP Paris France
| | | | - Sarah Gourmaud
- Inserm U1144 Paris France
- Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Claire Paquet
- Inserm U1144 Paris France
- Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand Widal Hospital APHP Paris France
- Paris Diderot University Paris France
| | - Laure Rondi Reig
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine CNRS, UMR 8246 Paris France
- Inserm U1130 Paris France
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Eliane Meurs
- Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity Unit Institut Pasteur Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 3569 Paris France
| | - Jean‐Antoine Girault
- Sorbonne Université Paris France
- Inserm U839 Paris France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- Inserm U1144 Paris France
- Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière Fernand Widal Hospital APHP Paris France
- Paris Diderot University Paris France
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50
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Enhanced Replication of Mouse Adenovirus Type 1 following Virus-Induced Degradation of Protein Kinase R (PKR). mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00668-19. [PMID: 31015330 PMCID: PMC6479006 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00668-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first line of defense in cells during viral infection is the innate immune system, which is activated by different viral products. PKR is a part of this innate immune system and is induced by interferon and activated by dsRNA produced by DNA and RNA viruses. PKR is such an important part of the antiviral response that many viral families have gene products to counteract its activation or the resulting effects of its activity. Although a few RNA viruses degrade PKR, this method of counteracting PKR has not been reported for any DNA viruses. MAV-1 does not encode virus-associated RNAs, a human adenoviral defense against PKR activation. Instead, MAV-1 degrades PKR, and it is the first DNA virus reported to do so. The innate immune evasion by PKR degradation is a previously unidentified way for a DNA virus to circumvent the host antiviral response. Protein kinase R (PKR) plays a major role in activating host immunity during infection by sensing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced by viruses. Once activated by dsRNA, PKR phosphorylates the translation factor eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), halting cellular translation. Many viruses have methods of inhibiting PKR activation or its downstream effects, circumventing protein synthesis shutdown. These include sequestering dsRNA or producing proteins that bind to and inhibit PKR activation. Here we describe our finding that in multiple cell types, PKR was depleted during mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) infection. MAV-1 did not appear to be targeting PKR at the transcriptional or translational level, because total PKR mRNA levels and levels of PKR mRNA bound to polysomes were unchanged or increased during MAV-1 infection. However, inhibiting the proteasome reduced the PKR depletion seen in MAV-1-infected cells, whereas inhibiting the lysosome had no effect. This suggests that proteasomal degradation alone is responsible for PKR degradation during MAV-1 infection. Time course experiments indicated that the degradation occurs early after infection. Infecting cells with UV-inactivated virus prevented PKR degradation, whereas inhibiting viral DNA replication did not. Together, these results suggest that an early viral gene is responsible. Degradation of PKR is a rare mechanism to oppose PKR activity, and it has been described in only six RNA viruses. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a DNA virus counteracting PKR by degrading it.
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