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Rathore U, Haas P, Easwar Kumar V, Hiatt J, Haas KM, Bouhaddou M, Swaney DL, Stevenson E, Zuliani-Alvarez L, McGregor MJ, Turner-Groth A, Ochieng' Olwal C, Bediako Y, Braberg H, Soucheray M, Ott M, Eckhardt M, Hultquist JF, Marson A, Kaake RM, Krogan NJ. CRISPR-Cas9 screen of E3 ubiquitin ligases identifies TRAF2 and UHRF1 as regulators of HIV latency in primary human T cells. mBio 2024; 15:e0222223. [PMID: 38411080 PMCID: PMC11005436 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02222-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection of CD4+ T cells, ubiquitin pathways are essential to viral replication and host innate immune response; however, the role of specific E3 ubiquitin ligases is not well understood. Proteomics analyses identified 116 single-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligases expressed in activated primary human CD4+ T cells. Using a CRISPR-based arrayed spreading infectivity assay, we systematically knocked out 116 E3s from activated primary CD4+ T cells and infected them with NL4-3 GFP reporter HIV-1. We found 10 E3s significantly positively or negatively affected HIV infection in activated primary CD4+ T cells, including UHRF1 (pro-viral) and TRAF2 (anti-viral). Furthermore, deletion of either TRAF2 or UHRF1 in three JLat models of latency spontaneously increased HIV transcription. To verify this effect, we developed a CRISPR-compatible resting primary human CD4+ T cell model of latency. Using this system, we found that deletion of TRAF2 or UHRF1 initiated latency reactivation and increased virus production from primary human resting CD4+ T cells, suggesting these two E3s represent promising targets for future HIV latency reversal strategies. IMPORTANCE HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, heavily relies on the machinery of human cells to infect and replicate. Our study focuses on the host cell's ubiquitination system which is crucial for numerous cellular processes. Many pathogens, including HIV, exploit this system to enhance their own replication and survival. E3 proteins are part of the ubiquitination pathway that are useful drug targets for host-directed therapies. We interrogated the 116 E3s found in human immune cells known as CD4+ T cells, since these are the target cells infected by HIV. Using CRISPR, a gene-editing tool, we individually removed each of these enzymes and observed the impact on HIV infection in human CD4+ T cells isolated from healthy donors. We discovered that 10 of the E3 enzymes had a significant effect on HIV infection. Two of them, TRAF2 and UHRF1, modulated HIV activity within the cells and triggered an increased release of HIV from previously dormant or "latent" cells in a new primary T cell assay. This finding could guide strategies to perturb hidden HIV reservoirs, a major hurdle to curing HIV. Our study offers insights into HIV-host interactions, identifies new factors that influence HIV infection in immune cells, and introduces a novel methodology for studying HIV infection and latency in human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Rathore
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Paige Haas
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vigneshwari Easwar Kumar
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Haas
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erica Stevenson
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lorena Zuliani-Alvarez
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael J. McGregor
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Charles Ochieng' Olwal
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, College of Basic & Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Bediako
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, College of Basic & Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Hannes Braberg
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manon Eckhardt
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robyn M. Kaake
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Kevadiya BD, Islam F, Deol P, Zaman LA, Mosselhy DA, Ashaduzzaman M, Bajwa N, Routhu NK, Singh PA, Dawre S, Vora LK, Nahid S, Mathur D, Nayan MU, Baldi A, Kothari R, Patel TA, Madan J, Gounani Z, Bariwal J, Hettie KS, Gendelman HE. Delivery of gene editing therapeutics. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 54:102711. [PMID: 37813236 PMCID: PMC10843524 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
For the past decades, gene editing demonstrated the potential to attenuate each of the root causes of genetic, infectious, immune, cancerous, and degenerative disorders. More recently, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) editing proved effective for editing genomic, cancerous, or microbial DNA to limit disease onset or spread. However, the strategies to deliver CRISPR-Cas9 cargos and elicit protective immune responses requires safe delivery to disease targeted cells and tissues. While viral vector-based systems and viral particles demonstrate high efficiency and stable transgene expression, each are limited in their packaging capacities and secondary untoward immune responses. In contrast, the nonviral vector lipid nanoparticles were successfully used for as vaccine and therapeutic deliverables. Herein, we highlight each available gene delivery systems for treating and preventing a broad range of infectious, inflammatory, genetic, and degenerative diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing for disease treatment and prevention is an emerging field that can change the outcome of many chronic debilitating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Farhana Islam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Pallavi Deol
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Institute of Modeling Collaboration and Innovation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
| | - Lubaba A Zaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Dina A Mosselhy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Microbiological Unit, Fish Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - Md Ashaduzzaman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
| | - Neha Bajwa
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Nanda Kishore Routhu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Preet Amol Singh
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab.
| | - Shilpa Dawre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs, NMIMS, Babulde Banks of Tapi River, MPTP Park, Mumbai-Agra Road, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India.
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Sumaiya Nahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | | | - Mohammad Ullah Nayan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Ashish Baldi
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab.
| | - Ramesh Kothari
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India.
| | - Tapan A Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-NIPER, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India.
| | - Zahra Gounani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jitender Bariwal
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-6551, USA.
| | - Kenneth S Hettie
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Yuan X, Zhang X, Wang H, Mao X, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C, Liao Y. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Facilitates Membrane Fusion and Uncoating during Coronavirus Entry. Viruses 2023; 15:2001. [PMID: 37896778 PMCID: PMC10610886 DOI: 10.3390/v15102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in several coronavirus-productive infections has been reported, whether the UPS is required for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infections is unclear. In this study, the role of UPS in the IBV and PEDV life cycles was investigated. When the UPS was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition at the early infection stage, IBV and PEDV infectivity were severely impaired. Further study showed that inhibition of UPS did not change the internalization of virus particles; however, by using R18 and DiOC-labeled virus particles, we found that inhibition of UPS prevented the IBV and PEDV membrane fusion with late endosomes or lysosomes. In addition, proteasome inhibitors blocked the degradation of the incoming viral protein N, suggesting the uncoating process and genomic RNA release were suppressed. Subsequently, the initial translation of genomic RNA was blocked. Thus, UPS may target the virus-cellular membrane fusion to facilitate the release of incoming viruses from late endosomes or lysosomes, subsequently blocking the following virus uncoating, initial translation, and replication events. Similar to the observation of proteasome inhibitors, ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 inhibitor PYR-41 also impaired the entry of IBV, enhanced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, and depleted mono-ubiquitin. In all, this study reveals an important role of UPS in coronavirus entry by preventing membrane fusion and identifies UPS as a potential target for developing antiviral therapies for coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Xiang Mao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
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Oswald J, Constantine M, Adegbuyi A, Omorogbe E, Dellomo AJ, Ehrlich ES. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Gammaherpesviruses and HIV: A Review of Virus Adaptation and Exploitation. Viruses 2023; 15:1935. [PMID: 37766341 PMCID: PMC10535929 DOI: 10.3390/v15091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For productive infection and replication to occur, viruses must control cellular machinery and counteract restriction factors and antiviral proteins. Viruses can accomplish this, in part, via the regulation of cellular gene expression and post-transcriptional and post-translational control. Many viruses co-opt and counteract cellular processes via modulation of the host post-translational modification machinery and encoding or hijacking kinases, SUMO ligases, deubiquitinases, and ubiquitin ligases, in addition to other modifiers. In this review, we focus on three oncoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their interactions with the ubiquitin-proteasome system via viral-encoded or cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elana S. Ehrlich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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You H, Yuan D, Li Q, Zhang N, Kong D, Yu T, Liu X, Liu X, Zhou R, Kong F, Zheng K, Tang R. Hepatitis B virus X protein increases LASP1 SUMOylation to stabilize HER2 and facilitate hepatocarcinogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:996-1009. [PMID: 36473530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBX), a viral macromolecule, plays a vital role in the development of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Increased expression of HER2 is linked to HBV infection, and HBX is responsible for HER2 upregulation in HCC. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In the study, we discovered that HBX promoted HER2 expression to facilitate the sensitization of the insulin signaling pathway and enhance the growth and migration of HCC cells. Mechanistically, the viral protein enhanced the stability of HER2 by preventing its ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation through LASP1, which could bind to HER2. Furthermore, increased SUMOylation of LASP1 contributed to the upregulation of HER2 and the interaction of LASP1 with HER2. In addition, RANBP2 and RANGAP1 were found to interact with LASP1 and promote SUMOylation of LASP1 to upregulate HER2 expression in HBX-associated hepatoma cells. In summary, our work provides a novel insight into hepatocarcinogenesis mediated by HBX and estimates the detailed mechanisms related to the increase in HER2 regulated by the viral protein, which might help provide a theoretical basis for identifying novel targets for HBV-positive HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongchen Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Delong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Zhao S, Zheng B, Wang L, Cui W, Jiang C, Li Z, Gao W, Zhang W. Deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 3 (USP3) inhibits HIV-1 replication via promoting APOBEC3G (A3G) expression in both enzyme activity-dependent and -independent manners. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2706-2717. [PMID: 36574218 PMCID: PMC9945250 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitination plays an essential role in many biological processes, including viral infection, and can be reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Although some studies discovered that DUBs inhibit or enhance viral infection by various mechanisms, there is lack of information on the role of DUBs in virus regulation, which needs to be further investigated. METHODS Immunoblotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, in vivo / in vitro deubiquitination, protein immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and co-localization biological techniques were employed to examine the effect of ubiquitin-specific protease 3 (USP3) on APOBEC3G (A3G) stability and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. To analyse the relationship between USP3 and HIV disease progression, we recruited 20 HIV-infected patients to detect the levels of USP3 and A3G in peripheral blood and analysed their correlation with CD4 + T-cell counts. Correlation was estimated by Pearson correlation coefficients (for parametric data). RESULTS The results demonstrated that USP3 specifically inhibits HIV-1 replication in an A3G-dependent manner. Further investigation found that USP3 stabilized 90% to 95% of A3G expression by deubiquitinating Vif-mediated polyubiquitination and blocking its degradation in an enzyme-dependent manner. It also enhances the A3G messenger RNA (mRNA) level by binding to A3G mRNA and stabilizing it in an enzyme-independent manner. Moreover, USP3 expression was positively correlated with A3G expression ( r = 0.5110) and CD4 + T-cell counts ( r = 0.5083) in HIV-1-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS USP3 restricts HIV-1 viral infections by increasing the expression of the antiviral factor A3G. Therefore, USP3 may be an important target for drug development and serve as a novel therapeutic strategy against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zhao
- Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
- College of Life Science of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Baisong Zheng
- Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Liuli Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Wenzhe Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- College of Life Science of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Wenying Gao
- Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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7
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Mete B, Pekbilir E, Bilge BN, Georgiadou P, Çelik E, Sutlu T, Tabak F, Sahin U. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 impairs sumoylation. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/6/e202101103. [PMID: 35181598 PMCID: PMC8860096 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV type 1 dampens host cell sumoylation in vitro and reduces the expression of UBA2 protein, a subunit of the SUMO E1–activating enzyme. In vivo, infection in patients is associated with diminished global leukocyte sumoylation activity. During infection, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) manipulates host cell mechanisms to its advantage, thereby controlling its replication or latency, and evading immune responses. Sumoylation is an essential post-translational modification that controls vital cellular activities including proliferation, stemness, or anti-viral immunity. SUMO peptides oppose pathogen replication and mediate interferon-dependent anti-viral activities. In turn, several viruses and bacteria attack sumoylation to disarm host immune responses. Here, we show that HIV-1 impairs cellular sumoylation and targets the host SUMO E1–activating enzyme. HIV-1 expression in cultured HEK293 cells or in CD4+ Jurkat T lymphocytes diminishes sumoylation by both SUMO paralogs, SUMO1 and SUMO2/3. HIV-1 causes a sharp and specific decline in UBA2 protein levels, a subunit of the heterodimeric SUMO E1 enzyme, which likely serves to reduce the efficiency of global protein sumoylation. Furthermore, HIV-1–infected individuals display a significant reduction in total leukocyte sumoylation that is uncoupled from HIV-induced cytopenia. Because sumoylation is vital for immune function, T-cell expansion and activity, loss of sumoylation during HIV disease may contribute to immune system deterioration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilgül Mete
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Pekbilir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Nur Bilge
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Panagiota Georgiadou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Çelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Sutlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fehmi Tabak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Sura T, Surabhi S, Maaß S, Hammerschmidt S, Siemens N, Becher D. The global proteome and ubiquitinome of bacterial and viral co-infected bronchial epithelial cells. J Proteomics 2022; 250:104387. [PMID: 34600154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections facilitate bacterial trafficking to the lower respiratory tract resulting in bacterial-viral co-infections. Bacterial dissemination to the lower respiratory tract is enhanced by influenza A virus induced epithelial cell damage and dysregulation of immune responses. Epithelial cells act as a line of defense and detect pathogens by a high variety of pattern recognition receptors. The post-translational modification ubiquitin is involved in almost every cellular process. Moreover, ubiquitination contributes to the regulation of host immune responses, influenza A virus uncoating and transport within host cells. We applied proteomics with a special focus on ubiquitination to assess the impact of single bacterial and viral as well as bacterial-viral co-infections on bronchial epithelial cells. We used Tandem Ubiquitin Binding Entities to enrich polyubiquitinated proteins and assess changes in the ubiquitinome. Infecting 16HBE cells with Streptococcus pyogenes led to an increased abundance of proteins related to mitochondrial translation and energy metabolism in proteome and ubiquitinome. In contrast, influenza A virus infection mainly altered the ubiquitinome. Co-infections had no additional impact on protein abundances or affected pathways. Changes in protein abundance and enriched pathways were assigned to imprints of both infecting pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE: Viral and bacterial co-infections of the lower respiratory tract are a burden for health systems worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the complex interplay between the host and the infecting pathogens. Thus, we analyzed the proteome and the ubiquitinome of co-infected bronchial epithelial cells to elaborate a potential synergism of the two infecting organisms. The results presented in this work can be used as a starting point for further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sura
- University of Greifswald, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Surabhi Surabhi
- University of Greifswald, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Maaß
- University of Greifswald, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- University of Greifswald, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- University of Greifswald, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- University of Greifswald, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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9
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A Conserved uORF Regulates APOBEC3G Translation and Is Targeted by HIV-1 Vif Protein to Repress the Antiviral Factor. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010013. [PMID: 35052693 PMCID: PMC8773096 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Vif protein is essential for viral fitness and pathogenicity. Vif decreases expression of cellular restriction factors APOBEC3G (A3G), A3F, A3D and A3H, which inhibit HIV-1 replication by inducing hypermutation during reverse transcription. Vif counteracts A3G at several levels (transcription, translation, and protein degradation) that altogether reduce the levels of A3G in cells and prevent its incorporation into viral particles. How Vif affects A3G translation remains unclear. Here, we uncovered the importance of a short conserved uORF (upstream ORF) located within two critical stem-loop structures of the 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) of A3G mRNA for this process. A3G translation occurs through a combination of leaky scanning and translation re-initiation and the presence of an intact uORF decreases the extent of global A3G translation under normal conditions. Interestingly, the uORF is also absolutely required for Vif-mediated translation inhibition and redirection of A3G mRNA into stress granules. Overall, we discovered that A3G translation is regulated by a small uORF conserved in the human population and that Vif uses this specific feature to repress its translation.
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10
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Ezeonwumelu IJ, Garcia-Vidal E, Ballana E. JAK-STAT Pathway: A Novel Target to Tackle Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122379. [PMID: 34960648 PMCID: PMC8704679 DOI: 10.3390/v13122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the antiviral innate immune response has been proposed as a putative cellular target for the development of novel pan-viral therapeutic strategies. The Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is especially relevant due to its essential role in the regulation of local and systemic inflammation in response to viral infections, being, therefore, a putative therapeutic target. Here, we review the extraordinary diversity of strategies that viruses have evolved to interfere with JAK-STAT signaling, stressing the relevance of this pathway as a putative antiviral target. Moreover, due to the recent remarkable progress on the development of novel JAK inhibitors (JAKi), the current knowledge on its efficacy against distinct viral infections is also discussed. JAKi have a proven efficacy against a broad spectrum of disorders and exhibit safety profiles comparable to biologics, therefore representing good candidates for drug repurposing strategies, including viral infections.
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11
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Anyona SB, Raballah E, Cheng Q, Hurwitz I, Ndege C, Munde E, Otieno W, Seidenberg PD, Schneider KA, Lambert CG, McMahon BH, Ouma C, Perkins DJ. Differential Gene Expression in Host Ubiquitination Processes in Childhood Malarial Anemia. Front Genet 2021; 12:764759. [PMID: 34880904 PMCID: PMC8646022 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.764759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria remains one of the leading global causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. In holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission regions, such as western Kenya, severe malarial anemia [SMA, hemoglobin (Hb) < 6.0 g/dl] is the primary form of severe disease. Ubiquitination is essential for regulating intracellular processes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Although dysregulation in ubiquitin molecular processes is central to the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases, the expression patterns of ubiquitination genes in SMA remain unexplored. Methods: To examine the role of the ubiquitination processes in pathogenesis of SMA, differential gene expression profiles were determined in Kenyan children (n = 44, aged <48 mos) with either mild malarial anemia (MlMA; Hb ≥9.0 g/dl; n = 23) or SMA (Hb <6.0 g/dl; n = 21) using the Qiagen Human Ubiquitination Pathway RT2 Profiler PCR Array containing a set of 84 human ubiquitination genes. Results: In children with SMA, 10 genes were down-regulated (BRCC3, FBXO3, MARCH5, RFWD2, SMURF2, UBA6, UBE2A, UBE2D1, UBE2L3, UBR1), and five genes were up-regulated (MDM2, PARK2, STUB1, UBE2E3, UBE2M). Enrichment analyses revealed Ubiquitin-Proteasomal Proteolysis as the top disrupted process, along with altered sub-networks involved in proteasomal, protein, and ubiquitin-dependent catabolic processes. Conclusion: Collectively, these novel results show that protein coding genes of the ubiquitination processes are involved in the pathogenesis of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Anyona
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya,University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,*Correspondence: Samuel B. Anyona,
| | - Evans Raballah
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Qiuying Cheng
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ivy Hurwitz
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Caroline Ndege
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya
| | - Elly Munde
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health Science, Kirinyaga University, Kerugoya, Kenya
| | - Walter Otieno
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Philip D. Seidenberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kristan A. Schneider
- Department Applied Computer and Bio-Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin H. McMahon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Collins Ouma
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Douglas J. Perkins
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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12
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Rotaviral nonstructural protein 5 (NSP5) promotes proteasomal degradation of up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1), a principal mediator of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway, to facilitate infection. Cell Signal 2021; 89:110180. [PMID: 34718106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a cellular RNA quality system, has been shown to be an ancestral form of cellular antiviral response that can restrict viral infection by targeting viral RNA for degradation or other various mechanisms. In support to this hypothesis, emerging evidences unraveled that viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to circumvent or modulate the NMD pathway to ensure unhindered replication within the host cell. In this study, we investigated the potential interplay between the cellular NMD pathway and rotavirus (RV). Our data suggested that rotavirus infection resulted in global inhibition of NMD pathway by downregulating the expression of UPF1 in a strain independent manner. UPF1 expression was found to be regulated at the post-transcriptional level by ubiquitin-proteasome mediated degradation pathway. Subsequent studies revealed rotaviral non-structural protein 5 (NSP5) associates with UPF1 and promotes its cullin-dependent proteasome mediated degradation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of UPF1 during RV infection resulted in reduced expression of viral proteins and viral RNAs leading to diminished production of infective rotavirus particles, suggesting the anti-rotaviral role of UPF1. Finally, the delayed degradation kinetics of transfected rotaviral RNA in UPF1 and UPF2 depleted cells and the association of UPF1 and UPF2 with viral RNAs suggested that NMD targets rotaviral RNAs for degradation. Collectively, the present study demonstrates the antiviral role of NMD pathway during rotavirus infection and also reveals the underlying mechanism by which rotavirus overwhelms NMD pathway to establish successful replication.
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13
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Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112197. [PMID: 34835003 PMCID: PMC8618861 DOI: 10.3390/v13112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic immunity is orchestrated by a wide range of host cellular proteins called restriction factors. They have the capacity to interfere with viral replication, and most of them are tightly regulated by interferons (IFNs). In addition, their regulation through post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitutes a major mechanism to shape their action positively or negatively. Following viral infection, restriction factor modification can be decisive. Palmitoylation of IFITM3, SUMOylation of MxA, SAMHD1 and TRIM5α or glycosylation of BST2 are some of those PTMs required for their antiviral activity. Nonetheless, for their benefit and by manipulating the PTMs machinery, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to counteract restriction factors. Indeed, many viral proteins evade restriction activity by inducing their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Studies on PTMs and their substrates are essential for the understanding of the antiviral defense mechanisms and provide a global vision of all possible regulations of the immune response at a given time and under specific infection conditions. Our aim was to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs on restriction factors with an emphasis on their impact on viral replication.
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14
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Martin MM, Matkovic R, Larrous P, Morel M, Lasserre A, Vauthier V, Margottin-Goguet F. Binding to DCAF1 distinguishes TASOR and SAMHD1 degradation by HIV-2 Vpx. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009609. [PMID: 34699574 PMCID: PMC8570500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) succeed to evade host immune defenses by using their viral auxiliary proteins to antagonize host restriction factors. HIV-2/SIVsmm Vpx is known for degrading SAMHD1, a factor impeding the reverse transcription. More recently, Vpx was also shown to counteract HUSH, a complex constituted of TASOR, MPP8 and periphilin, which blocks viral expression from the integrated viral DNA. In a classical ubiquitin ligase hijacking model, Vpx bridges the DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase substrate adaptor to SAMHD1, for subsequent ubiquitination and degradation. Here, we investigated whether the same mechanism is at stake for Vpx-mediated HUSH degradation. While we confirm that Vpx bridges SAMHD1 to DCAF1, we show that TASOR can interact with DCAF1 in the absence of Vpx. Nonetheless, this association was stabilized in the presence of Vpx, suggesting the existence of a ternary complex. The N-terminal PARP-like domain of TASOR is involved in DCAF1 binding, but not in Vpx binding. We also characterized a series of HIV-2 Vpx point mutants impaired in TASOR degradation, while still degrading SAMHD1. Vpx mutants ability to degrade TASOR correlated with their capacity to enhance HIV-1 minigenome expression as expected. Strikingly, several Vpx mutants impaired for TASOR degradation, but not for SAMHD1 degradation, had a reduced binding affinity for DCAF1, but not for TASOR. In macrophages, Vpx R34A-R42A and Vpx R42A-Q47A-V48A, strongly impaired in DCAF1, but not in TASOR binding, could not degrade TASOR, while being efficient in degrading SAMHD1. Altogether, our results highlight the central role of a robust Vpx-DCAF1 association to trigger TASOR degradation. We then propose a model in which Vpx interacts with both TASOR and DCAF1 to stabilize a TASOR-DCAF1 complex. Furthermore, our work identifies Vpx mutants enabling the study of HUSH restriction independently from SAMHD1 restriction in primary myeloid cells. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still a major public health issue. The understanding of the molecular battle occurring during viral infection, between HIV components and cellular antiviral factors, the so-called restriction factors, is a key determinant for new treatment development. Namely, HIV auxiliary proteins are powerful to induce the downregulation of cellular restriction factors by hijacking the Ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, in order to facilitate the completion of a well-processed HIV replication cycle. For instance, HIV-2 Vpx eases reverse transcription in myeloid cells by counteracting the SAMDH1 restriction factor. More recently, we discovered the ability of Vpx to induce the degradation of the HUSH epigenetic repressor complex to favor in turn, the expression of the provirus. In this study, we uncovered the mechanisms by which Vpx antagonizes TASOR, the core subunit of the HUSH complex. We highlighted key differences between Vpx-induced TASOR and SAMHD1 degradation. These findings will help to propose strategies to study or to target either HUSH or SAMHD1, especially in myeloid cells where SAMHD1 restriction operates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Matkovic
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Larrous
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Marina Morel
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
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15
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Ali A, Kumar V, Banerjea AC. STUB1/CHIP promotes ubiquitination and degradation of HIV-1 Vif to restore the cellular level of APOBEC3G protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 574:27-32. [PMID: 34425283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 accessory protein Vif is required for neutralization of cellular restriction factor APOBEC3G through its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation which allows replication of HIV-1 in non-permissive cells. This function of Vif is required for maintaining the genomic integrity of HIV-1. We here report that the Vif interacts with the cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP and the level of Vif protein gets reduced by the expression of CHIP. Reduction of Vif by CHIP expression is due to its increased rate of degradation as shown by cycloheximide (CHX) chase assay. CHIP expression also resulted in the ubiquitination of Vif protein in a dose dependent manner. The role of CHIP in the ubiquitination and degradation was confirmed by the endogenous knockdown of CHIP using CRISPR Cas9 method. Loss of endogenous CHIP protein showed the stabilization of Vif with concomitant destabilization of APOBEC3G. As expected Vif mediated ubiquitination of APOBEC3G was also reduced in CHIP knockdown cells. These results established that CHIP functions as a negative regulator of Vif protein which in-turn stabilizes APOBEC3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Akhil C Banerjea
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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16
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New-Aaron M, Thomes PG, Ganesan M, Dagur RS, Donohue TM, Kusum KK, Poluektova LY, Osna NA. Alcohol-Induced Lysosomal Damage and Suppression of Lysosome Biogenesis Contribute to Hepatotoxicity in HIV-Exposed Liver Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101497. [PMID: 34680130 PMCID: PMC8533635 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the causes of hepatotoxicity among alcohol-abusing HIV patients are multifactorial, alcohol remains the least explored "second hit" for HIV-related hepatotoxicity. Here, we investigated whether metabolically derived acetaldehyde impairs lysosomes to enhance HIV-induced hepatotoxicity. We exposed Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-expressing Huh 7.5 (also known as RLW) cells to an acetaldehyde-generating system (AGS) for 24 h. We then infected (or not) the cells with HIV-1ADA then exposed them again to AGS for another 48 h. Lysosome damage was assessed by galectin 3/LAMP1 co-localization and cathepsin leakage. Expression of lysosome biogenesis-transcription factor, TFEB, was measured by its protein levels and by in situ immunofluorescence. Exposure of cells to both AGS + HIV caused the greatest amount of lysosome leakage and its impaired lysosomal biogenesis, leading to intrinsic apoptosis. Furthermore, the movement of TFEB from cytosol to the nucleus via microtubules was impaired by AGS exposure. The latter impairment appeared to occur by acetylation of α-tubulin. Moreover, ZKSCAN3, a repressor of lysosome gene activation by TFEB, was amplified by AGS. Both these changes contributed to AGS-elicited disruption of lysosome biogenesis. Our findings indicate that metabolically generated acetaldehyde damages lysosomes and likely prevents their repair and restoration, thereby exacerbating HIV-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses New-Aaron
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.N.-A.); (N.A.O.)
| | - Paul G. Thomes
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Terrence M. Donohue
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Kharbanda K. Kusum
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (P.G.T.); (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (T.M.D.J.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.N.-A.); (N.A.O.)
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17
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Mahajan S, Choudhary S, Kumar P, Tomar S. Antiviral strategies targeting host factors and mechanisms obliging +ssRNA viral pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116356. [PMID: 34416512 PMCID: PMC8349405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, periodic recurrence of viral infections, and the emergence of challenging variants has created an urgent need of alternative therapeutic approaches to combat the spread of viral infections, failing to which may pose a greater risk to mankind in future. Resilience against antiviral drugs or fast evolutionary rate of viruses is stressing the scientific community to identify new therapeutic approaches for timely control of disease. Host metabolic pathways are exquisite reservoir of energy to viruses and contribute a diverse array of functions for successful replication and pathogenesis of virus. Targeting the host factors rather than viral enzymes to cease viral infection, has emerged as an alternative antiviral strategy. This approach offers advantage in terms of increased threshold to viral resistance and can provide broad-spectrum antiviral action against different viruses. The article here provides substantial review of literature illuminating the host factors and molecular mechanisms involved in innate/adaptive responses to viral infection, hijacking of signalling pathways by viruses and the intracellular metabolic pathways required for viral replication. Host-targeted drugs acting on the pathways usurped by viruses are also addressed in this study. Host-directed antiviral therapeutics might prove to be a rewarding approach in controlling the unprecedented spread of viral infection, however the probability of cellular side effects or cytotoxicity on host cell should not be ignored at the time of clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeti Mahajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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18
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Banchenko S, Krupp F, Gotthold C, Bürger J, Graziadei A, O’Reilly FJ, Sinn L, Ruda O, Rappsilber J, Spahn CMT, Mielke T, Taylor IA, Schwefel D. Structural insights into Cullin4-RING ubiquitin ligase remodelling by Vpr from simian immunodeficiency viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009775. [PMID: 34339457 PMCID: PMC8360603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved means to manipulate the host's ubiquitin-proteasome system, in order to down-regulate antiviral host factors. The Vpx/Vpr family of lentiviral accessory proteins usurp the substrate receptor DCAF1 of host Cullin4-RING ligases (CRL4), a family of modular ubiquitin ligases involved in DNA replication, DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. CRL4DCAF1 specificity modulation by Vpx and Vpr from certain simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) leads to recruitment, poly-ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the host restriction factor SAMHD1, resulting in enhanced virus replication in differentiated cells. To unravel the mechanism of SIV Vpr-induced SAMHD1 ubiquitylation, we conducted integrative biochemical and structural analyses of the Vpr protein from SIVs infecting Cercopithecus cephus (SIVmus). X-ray crystallography reveals commonalities between SIVmus Vpr and other members of the Vpx/Vpr family with regard to DCAF1 interaction, while cryo-electron microscopy and cross-linking mass spectrometry highlight a divergent molecular mechanism of SAMHD1 recruitment. In addition, these studies demonstrate how SIVmus Vpr exploits the dynamic architecture of the multi-subunit CRL4DCAF1 assembly to optimise SAMHD1 ubiquitylation. Together, the present work provides detailed molecular insight into variability and species-specificity of the evolutionary arms race between host SAMHD1 restriction and lentiviral counteraction through Vpx/Vpr proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Banchenko
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Krupp
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Gotthold
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bürger
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
- Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Microscopy Service Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Graziadei
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francis J. O’Reilly
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludwig Sinn
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Ruda
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M. T. Spahn
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mielke
- Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Microscopy Service Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Schwefel
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Svanberg C, Ellegård R, Crisci E, Khalid M, Borendal Wodlin N, Svenvik M, Nyström S, Birse K, Burgener A, Shankar EM, Larsson M. Complement-Opsonized HIV Modulates Pathways Involved in Infection of Cervical Mucosal Tissues: A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625649. [PMID: 34093520 PMCID: PMC8173031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital mucosal transmission is the most common route of HIV spread. The initial responses triggered at the site of viral entry are reportedly affected by host factors, especially complement components present at the site, and this will have profound consequences on the outcome and pathogenesis of HIV infection. We studied the initial events associated with host-pathogen interactions by exposing cervical biopsies to free or complement-opsonized HIV. Opsonization resulted in higher rates of HIV acquisition/infection in mucosal tissues and emigrating dendritic cells. Transcriptomic and proteomic data showed a significantly more pathways and higher expression of genes and proteins associated with viral replication and pathways involved in different aspects of viral infection including interferon signaling, cytokine profile and dendritic cell maturation for the opsonized HIV. Moreover, the proteomics data indicate a general suppression by the HIV exposure. This clearly suggests that HIV opsonization alters the initial signaling pathways in the cervical mucosa in a manner that promotes viral establishment and infection. Our findings provide a foundation for further studies of the role these early HIV induced events play in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kenzie Birse
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Adam Burgener
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
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20
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Immunoproteasome Activity and Content Determine Hematopoietic Cell Sensitivity to ONX-0914 and to the Infection of Cells with Lentiviruses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051185. [PMID: 34066177 PMCID: PMC8150886 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes are intracellular structures responsible for protein degradation. The 20S proteasome is a core catalytic element of the proteasome assembly. Variations of catalytic subunits generate different forms of 20S proteasomes including immunoproteasomes (iPs), which are present mostly in the immune cells. Certain cells of the immune system are primary targets of retroviruses. It has been shown that several viral proteins directly affect proteasome functionality, while inhibition of proteasome activity with broad specificity proteasome inhibitors stimulates viral transduction. Here we specifically addressed the role of the immunoproteasomes during early stages of viral transduction and investigated the effects of specific immunoproteasome inhibition and activation prior to infection using a panel of cell lines. Inhibition of iPs in hematopoietic cells with immunoproteasome-specific inhibitor ONX-0914 resulted in increased infection by VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviruses. Moreover, a tendency for increased infection of cloned cells with endogenously decreased proteasome activity was revealed. Conversely, activation of iPs by IFN-γ markedly reduced the viral infectivity, which was rescued upon simultaneous immunoproteasome inhibition. Our results indicate that immunoproteasome activity might be determinative for the cellular antiretroviral resistance at least for the cells with high iP content. Finally, therapeutic application of immunoproteasome inhibitors might promote retroviral infection of cells in vivo.
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21
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Simpson S, Shi Y, Chen Y, Benjamin J, Serra-Moreno R. HIV Nef-mediated Ubiquitination of BCL2: Implications in Autophagy and Apoptosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682624. [PMID: 34025682 PMCID: PMC8134690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a process that acts upon every step of the HIV replication cycle. The activity, subcellular localization, and stability of HIV dependency factors as well as negative modulators can be affected by ubiquitination. These modifications consequently have an impact on the progression and outcome of infection. Additionally, recent findings suggest new roles for ubiquitination in the interplay between HIV and the cellular environment, specifically in the interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis. On one hand, autophagy is a defense mechanism against HIV that promotes the degradation of the viral protein Gag, likely through ubiquitination. Gag is an essential structural protein that drives virion assembly and release. Interestingly, the ubiquitination of Gag is vital for HIV replication. Hence, this post-translational modification in Gag represents a double-edged sword: necessary for virion biogenesis, but potentially detrimental under conditions of autophagy activation. On the other hand, HIV uses Nef to circumvent autophagy-mediated restriction by promoting the ubiquitination of the autophagy inhibitor BCL2 through Parkin/PRKN. Although the Nef-promoted ubiquitination of BCL2 occurs in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, only ER-associated ubiquitinated BCL2 arrests the progression of autophagy. Importantly, both mitochondrial BCL2 and PRKN are tightly connected to mitochondrial function and apoptosis. Hence, by enhancing the PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of BCL2 at the mitochondria, HIV might promote apoptosis. Moreover, this effect of Nef might account for HIV-associated disorders. In this article, we outline our current knowledge and provide perspectives of how ubiquitination impacts the molecular interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yuhang Shi
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yuexuan Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jared Benjamin
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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22
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Degradation-Independent Inhibition of APOBEC3G by the HIV-1 Vif Protein. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040617. [PMID: 33916704 PMCID: PMC8066197 DOI: 10.3390/v13040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system plays an important role in the cell under normal physiological conditions but also during viral infections. Indeed, many auxiliary proteins from the (HIV-1) divert this system to its own advantage, notably to induce the degradation of cellular restriction factors. For instance, the HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) has been shown to specifically counteract several cellular deaminases belonging to the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC3 or A3) family (A3A to A3H) by recruiting an E3-ubiquitin ligase complex and inducing their polyubiquitination and degradation through the proteasome. Although this pathway has been extensively characterized so far, Vif has also been shown to impede A3s through degradation-independent processes, but research on this matter remains limited. In this review, we describe our current knowledge regarding the degradation-independent inhibition of A3s, and A3G in particular, by the HIV-1 Vif protein, the molecular mechanisms involved, and highlight important properties of this small viral protein.
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23
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You H, Yuan D, Bi Y, Zhang N, Li Q, Tu T, Wei X, Lian Q, Yu T, Kong D, Yang X, Liu X, Liu X, Kong F, Zheng K, Tang R. Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes vimentin expression via LIM and SH3 domain protein 1 to facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and hepatocarcinogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:33. [PMID: 33722250 PMCID: PMC7958410 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBX) has been reported to be responsible for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Vimentin is an EMT-related molecular marker. However, the importance of vimentin in the pathogenesis of HCC mediated by HBX has not been well determined. METHODS The expression of vimentin induced by HBX, and the role of LIM and SH3 domain protein 1 (LASP1) in HBX-induced vimentin expression in hepatoma cells were examined by western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. Both the signal pathways involved in the expression of vimentin, the interaction of HBX with vimentin and LASP1, and the stability of vimentin mediated by LASP1 in HBX-positive cells were assessed by western blot, Co-immunoprecipitation, and GST-pull down assay. The role of vimentin in EMT, proliferation, and migration of HCC cells mediated by HBX and LASP1 were explored with western blot, CCK-8 assay, plate clone formation assay, transwell assay, and wound healing assay. RESULTS Vimentin expression was increased in both HBX-positive hepatoma cells and HBV-related HCC tissues, and the expression of vimentin was correlated with HBX in HBV-related HCC tissues. Functionally, vimentin was contributed to the EMT, proliferation, and migration of hepatoma cells mediated by HBX. The mechanistic analysis suggested that HBX was able to enhance the expression of vimentin through LASP1. On the one hand, PI3-K, ERK, and STAT3 signal pathways were involved in the upregulation of vimentin mediated by LASP1 in HBX-positive hepatoma cells. On the other hand, HBX could directly interact with vimentin and LASP1, and dependent on LASP1, HBX was capable of promoting the stability of vimentin via protecting it from ubiquitination mediated protein degradation. Besides these, vimentin was involved in the growth and migration of hepatoma cells mediated by LASP1 in HBX-positive hepatoma cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings demonstrate that, dependent on LASP1, vimentin is crucial for HBX-mediated EMT and hepatocarcinogenesis, and may serve as a potential target for HBV-related HCC treatment. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongchen Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Tu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Delong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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24
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Human TRIM5α: Autophagy Connects Cell-Intrinsic HIV-1 Restriction and Innate Immune Sensor Functioning. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020320. [PMID: 33669846 PMCID: PMC7923229 DOI: 10.3390/v13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) persists as a global health concern, with an incidence rate of approximately 2 million, and estimated global prevalence of over 35 million. Combination antiretroviral treatment is highly effective, but HIV-1 patients that have been treated still suffer from chronic inflammation and residual viral replication. It is therefore paramount to identify therapeutically efficacious strategies to eradicate viral reservoirs and ultimately develop a cure for HIV-1. It has been long accepted that the restriction factor tripartite motif protein 5 isoform alpha (TRIM5α) restricts HIV-1 infection in a species-specific manner, with rhesus macaque TRIM5α strongly restricting HIV-1, and human TRIM5α having a minimal restriction capacity. However, several recent studies underscore human TRIM5α as a cell-dependent HIV-1 restriction factor. Here, we present an overview of the latest research on human TRIM5α and propose a novel conceptualization of TRIM5α as a restriction factor with a varied portfolio of antiviral functions, including mediating HIV-1 degradation through autophagy- and proteasome-mediated mechanisms, and acting as a viral sensor and effector of antiviral signaling. We have also expanded on the protective antiviral roles of autophagy and outline the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulation to intervene in chronic HIV-1 infection.
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25
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Cingöz O, Arnow ND, Puig Torrents M, Bannert N. Vpx enhances innate immune responses independently of SAMHD1 during HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2021; 18:4. [PMID: 33563288 PMCID: PMC7871410 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genomes of HIV-2 and some SIV strains contain the accessory gene vpx, which carries out several functions during infection, including the downregulation of SAMHD1. Vpx is also commonly used in experiments to increase HIV-1 infection efficiency in myeloid cells, particularly in studies that investigate the activation of antiviral pathways. However, the potential effects of Vpx on cellular innate immune signaling is not completely understood. We investigated whether and how Vpx affects ISG responses in monocytic cell lines and MDMs during HIV-1 infection. Results HIV-1 infection at excessively high virus doses can induce ISG activation, although at the expense of high levels of cell death. At equal infection levels, the ISG response is potentiated by the presence of Vpx and requires the initiation of reverse transcription. The interaction of Vpx with the DCAF1 adaptor protein is important for the enhanced response, implicating Vpx-mediated degradation of a host factor. Cells lacking SAMHD1 show similarly augmented responses, suggesting an effect that is independent of SAMHD1 degradation. Overcoming SAMHD1 restriction in MDMs to reach equal infection levels with viruses containing and lacking Vpx reveals a novel function of Vpx in elevating innate immune responses. Conclusions Vpx likely has as yet undefined roles in infected cells. Our results demonstrate that Vpx enhances ISG responses in myeloid cell lines and primary cells independently of its ability to degrade SAMHD1. These findings have implications for innate immunity studies in myeloid cells that use Vpx delivery with HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Cingöz
- Department of Infectious Diseases HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicolas D Arnow
- Department of Infectious Diseases HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mireia Puig Torrents
- Department of Infectious Diseases HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Department of Infectious Diseases HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Bulcha JT, Wang Y, Ma H, Tai PWL, Gao G. Viral vector platforms within the gene therapy landscape. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:53. [PMID: 33558455 PMCID: PMC7868676 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout its 40-year history, the field of gene therapy has been marked by many transitions. It has seen great strides in combating human disease, has given hope to patients and families with limited treatment options, but has also been subject to many setbacks. Treatment of patients with this class of investigational drugs has resulted in severe adverse effects and, even in rare cases, death. At the heart of this dichotomous field are the viral-based vectors, the delivery vehicles that have allowed researchers and clinicians to develop powerful drug platforms, and have radically changed the face of medicine. Within the past 5 years, the gene therapy field has seen a wave of drugs based on viral vectors that have gained regulatory approval that come in a variety of designs and purposes. These modalities range from vector-based cancer therapies, to treating monogenic diseases with life-altering outcomes. At present, the three key vector strategies are based on adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and lentiviruses. They have led the way in preclinical and clinical successes in the past two decades. However, despite these successes, many challenges still limit these approaches from attaining their full potential. To review the viral vector-based gene therapy landscape, we focus on these three highly regarded vector platforms and describe mechanisms of action and their roles in treating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jote T Bulcha
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic medical sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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27
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Grabowska K, Harwood E, Ciborowski P. HIV and Proteomics: What We Have Learned from High Throughput Studies. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e2000040. [PMID: 32978881 PMCID: PMC7900993 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated development of technology over the last three decades has driven biological sciences to high-throughput profiling experiments, now broadly referred to as systems biology. The unprecedented improvement of analytical instrumentation has opened new avenues for more complex experimental designs and expands the knowledge in genomics, proteomics, and other omics fields. Despite the collective efforts of hundreds of researchers, gleaning all the expected information from omics experiments is still quite far. This paper summarizes what has been learned from high-throughput proteomics studies thus far, and what is believed should be done to reveal even more valuable information from such studies. It is drawn from the background in using proteomics to study human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection of macrophages and/or T cells, but it is believed that some conclusions will be more broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Grabowska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular BiologyIntercollegiate Faculty of BiotechnologyUniversity of GdanskGdansk80‐307Poland
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198‐5800USA
| | - Emma Harwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198‐5800USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198‐5800USA
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28
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Li F, Egea PF, Vecchio AJ, Asial I, Gupta M, Paulino J, Bajaj R, Dickinson MS, Ferguson-Miller S, Monk BC, Stroud RM. Highlighting membrane protein structure and function: A celebration of the Protein Data Bank. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100557. [PMID: 33744283 PMCID: PMC8102919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes define the boundaries of cells and compartmentalize the chemical and physical processes required for life. Many biological processes are carried out by proteins embedded in or associated with such membranes. Determination of membrane protein (MP) structures at atomic or near-atomic resolution plays a vital role in elucidating their structural and functional impact in biology. This endeavor has determined 1198 unique MP structures as of early 2021. The value of these structures is expanded greatly by deposition of their three-dimensional (3D) coordinates into the Protein Data Bank (PDB) after the first atomic MP structure was elucidated in 1985. Since then, free access to MP structures facilitates broader and deeper understanding of MPs, which provides crucial new insights into their biological functions. Here we highlight the structural and functional biology of representative MPs and landmarks in the evolution of new technologies, with insights into key developments influenced by the PDB in magnifying their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pascal F Egea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex J Vecchio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Meghna Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joana Paulino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruchika Bajaj
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miles Sasha Dickinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian C Monk
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute and Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago, North Dunedin, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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29
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Emerging Role of PYHIN Proteins as Antiviral Restriction Factors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121464. [PMID: 33353088 PMCID: PMC7767131 DOI: 10.3390/v12121464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune sensors and restriction factors are cellular proteins that synergize to build an effective first line of defense against viral infections. Innate sensors are usually constitutively expressed and capable of detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to stimulate the immune response. Restriction factors are frequently upregulated by interferons (IFNs) and may inhibit viral pathogens at essentially any stage of their replication cycle. Members of the Pyrin and hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear (HIN) domain (PYHIN) family have initially been recognized as important sensors of foreign nucleic acids and activators of the inflammasome and the IFN response. Accumulating evidence shows, however, that at least three of the four members of the human PYHIN family restrict viral pathogens independently of viral sensing and innate immune activation. In this review, we provide an overview on the role of human PYHIN proteins in the innate antiviral immune defense and on viral countermeasures.
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30
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Zhang HG, Guo J, Yuan Y, Zuo Y, Liu J, Zhu L, Miao Y, Chen X, Jin L, Huang F, Ren T, He J, Shi W, Wen Z, Zhu C, Zheng H, Dong C, Qian F. Ubiquitin E3 Ligase c-Cbl Is a Host Negative Regulator of Nef Protein of HIV-1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:597972. [PMID: 33329486 PMCID: PMC7710902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.597972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nef is an accessory protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and plays important roles in regulating HIV-1 infection and viral replication. Interestingly, HIV-1 Nef can promote degradation of numerous host proteins to disrupt cellular antiviral immune response. However, how HIV-1 Nef is degraded by host factors remains largely unexplored. Here, we identified c-Cbl as a host ubiquitin E3 ligase of HIV-1 Nef. We found that c-Cbl interacts with Nef and reduces protein levels of HIV-1 Nef. Further studies demonstrated that c-Cbl promoted Lys48-linked polyubiquitination of HIV-1 Nef, thus attenuating protein stability of HIV-1 Nef. Importantly, cellular c-Cbl ubiquitinated and degraded Nef proteins produced by HIV-1 NL4-3 virions, and ultimately attenuated HIV-1 virulence for infection of THP1 cells. This study reveals a ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation mechanism of HIV-1 Nef protein, and could provide potential strategies for fighting against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Guang Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibo Zuo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Chen
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lincong Jin
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Ren
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiuyi He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chuanwu Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Qian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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31
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Cary DC, Peterlin BM. Proteasomal Inhibition Potentiates Latent HIV Reactivation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:800-807. [PMID: 32683901 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), ART fails to eradicate the virus and HIV cure has remained beyond the reach of current treatments. ART targets replicating virally infected but not latently infected cells, which have limited expression of factors important for proliferation and cellular activity, including positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Levels of the cyclin T1 (CycT1) subunit of P-TEFb are low to absent in resting T cells, and treatment with proteasome inhibitors (PIs) increases CycT1 protein levels to those of proliferating T cells. In this study, the clinically approved PI bortezomib reactivated latent HIV in latently infected primary CD4+ T cells. Bortezomib not only increased levels of CycT1 but also activated NF-κB. Strikingly, as opposed to most currently researched latency reversing agents (LRAs), bortezomib did not require a second LRA to potently reactivate latent HIV. Effects of bortezomib on resting T cells and reactivation of HIV suggest a possible direction for future attempts to diminish the viral reservoir in HIV+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele C. Cary
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - B. Matija Peterlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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32
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Langer S, Yin X, Diaz A, Portillo AJ, Gordon DE, Rogers UH, Marlett JM, Krogan NJ, Young JAT, Pache L, Chanda SK. The E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Cullin 3 Regulates HIV-1 Transcription. Cells 2020; 9:E2010. [PMID: 32882949 PMCID: PMC7564853 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by an ongoing battle between a compendium of cellular proteins that either promote or oppose viral replication. On the one hand, HIV-1 utilizes dependency factors to support and sustain infection and complete the viral life cycle. On the other hand, both inducible and constitutively expressed host factors mediate efficient and functionally diverse antiviral processes that counteract an infection. To shed light into the complex interplay between HIV-1 and cellular proteins, we previously performed a targeted siRNA screen to identify and characterize novel regulators of viral replication and identified Cullin 3 (Cul3) as a previously undescribed factor that negatively regulates HIV-1 replication. Cul3 is a component of E3-ubiquitin ligase complexes that target substrates for ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. In the present study, we show that Cul3 is expressed in HIV-1 target cells, such as CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and macrophages and depletion of Cul3 using siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 increases HIV-1 infection in immortalized cells and primary CD4+ T cells. Conversely, overexpression of Cul3 reduces HIV-1 infection in single replication cycle assays. Importantly, the antiviral effect of Cul3 was mapped to the transcriptional stage of the viral life cycle, an effect which is independent of its role in regulating the G1/S cell cycle transition. Using isogenic viruses that only differ in their promotor region, we find that the NF-κB/NFAT transcription factor binding sites in the LTR are essential for Cul3-dependent regulation of viral gene expression. Although Cul3 effectively suppresses viral gene expression, HIV-1 does not appear to antagonize the antiviral function of Cul3 by targeting it for degradation. Taken together, these results indicate that Cul3 is a negative regulator of HIV-1 transcription which governs productive viral replication in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Langer
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.L.); (X.Y.); (A.J.P.); (U.H.R.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.L.); (X.Y.); (A.J.P.); (U.H.R.)
| | - Arturo Diaz
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92515, USA;
- The Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Alex J. Portillo
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.L.); (X.Y.); (A.J.P.); (U.H.R.)
- Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - David E. Gordon
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (D.E.G.); (N.J.K.)
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Umu H. Rogers
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.L.); (X.Y.); (A.J.P.); (U.H.R.)
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John M. Marlett
- The Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (D.E.G.); (N.J.K.)
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John A. T. Young
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Lars Pache
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.L.); (X.Y.); (A.J.P.); (U.H.R.)
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (S.L.); (X.Y.); (A.J.P.); (U.H.R.)
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33
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Ali A, Farooqui SR, Rai J, Singh J, Kumar V, Mishra R, Banerjea AC. HIV-1 Nef promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p53 tumor suppressor protein by using E6AP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1038-1044. [PMID: 32819562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) Nef promotes p53 protein degradation to protect HIV-1 infected cells from p53 induced apoptosis. We found that Nef mediated p53 degradation is accomplished through ubiquitin proteasome pathway in an Mdm2-independent manner. By GST pulldown and immunoprecipitation assays, we have shown that Nef interacts with E3 ubiquitin ligase E6AP in both Nef transfected HEK-293T cells and HIV-1 infected MOLT3 cells. The p53 ubiquitination and degradation was found to be enhanced by Nef with E6AP but not by Nef with E6AP-C843A, a dominant negative E6AP mutant. We show that Nef binds with E6AP and promotes E6AP dependent p53 ubiquitination. Further, Nef inhibits apoptosis of p53 null H1299 cells after exogenous expression of p53 protein. The p53 dependent apoptosis of H1299 cells was further reduced after the expression of Nef with E6AP. However, Nef mediated reduction in p53 induced apoptosis of H1299 cells was restored when Nef was co-expressed with E6AP-C843A. Thus, Nef and E6AP co-operate to promote p53 ubiquitination and degradation in order to suppress p53 dependent apoptosis. CHME3 cells, which are a natural host of HIV-1, also show p53 ubiquitination and degradation by Nef and E6AP. These results establish that Nef induces p53 degradation via cellular E3 ligase E6AP to inhibit apoptosis during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA 01605.
| | - Sabihur Rahman Farooqui
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Jagdish Rai
- IFSC, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Jyotsna Singh
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Ritu Mishra
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Akhil C Banerjea
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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34
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Wallet C, Rohr O, Schwartz C. Evolution of a concept: From accessory protein to key virulence factor, the case of HIV-1 Vpr. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114128. [PMID: 32619426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Back in 1989 some studies have shown that the viral protein Vpr was dispensable for HIV-1 replication in vitro. From then the concept of accessory or auxiliary protein for Vpr has emerged and it is still used to date. However, Vpr soon appeared to be very important for in vivo virus spread and pathogenesis. Vpr has been involved in many biological functions including regulation of reverse transcriptase activity, the nuclear import of the pre-integration complex (PIC), HIV-1 transcription, gene splicing, apoptosis and in cell cycle arrest. Thus, we might rather consider Vpr as a true virulence factor instead of just an accessory factor. At present, Vpr can be regarded as a potential and promising target in different strategies aiming to fight infected cells including latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Wallet
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France.
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35
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Wu HQ, Baker D, Ovaa H. Small molecules that target the ubiquitin system. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:479-497. [PMID: 32196552 PMCID: PMC7200645 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic life depends upon the interplay between vast networks of signaling pathways composed of upwards of 109-1010 proteins per cell. The integrity and normal operation of the cell requires that these proteins act in a precise spatial and temporal manner. The ubiquitin system is absolutely central to this process and perturbation of its function contributes directly to the onset and progression of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, inflammatory disorders, infectious diseases, and muscle dystrophies. Whilst the individual components and the overall architecture of the ubiquitin system have been delineated in some detail, how ubiquitination might be successfully targeted, or harnessed, to develop novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of disease, currently remains relatively poorly understood. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current status of selected small molecule ubiquitin system inhibitors. We will further discuss the unique challenges of targeting this ubiquitous and highly complex machinery, and explore and highlight potential ways in which these challenges might be met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qiu Wu
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Baker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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36
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Yin X, Langer S, Zhang Z, Herbert KM, Yoh S, König R, Chanda SK. Sensor Sensibility-HIV-1 and the Innate Immune Response. Cells 2020; 9:E254. [PMID: 31968566 PMCID: PMC7016969 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the human immune system's first line of defense against a pathogenic intruder and is initiated by the recognition of conserved molecular structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by specialized cellular sensors, called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a unique human RNA virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infected individuals. During the replication cycle, HIV-1 undergoes reverse transcription of its RNA genome and integrates the resulting DNA into the human genome. Subsequently, transcription of the integrated provirus results in production of new virions and spreading infection of the virus. Throughout the viral replication cycle, numerous nucleic acid derived PAMPs can be recognized by a diverse set of innate immune sensors in infected cells. However, HIV-1 has evolved efficient strategies to evade or counteract this immune surveillance and the downstream responses. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of the concerted actions of the innate immune system, as well as the corresponding viral evasion mechanisms during infection, is critical to understanding HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis, and may provide important guidance for the design of appropriate adjuvant and vaccine strategies. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular basis for sensing HIV-1 in human cells, including CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which innate sensing is regulated, and describe the strategies developed by HIV-1 to evade sensing and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Simon Langer
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Cir, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristina M. Herbert
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Sunnie Yoh
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Renate König
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
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37
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Wang TY, Yang YL, Feng C, Sun MX, Peng JM, Tian ZJ, Tang YD, Cai XH. Pseudorabies Virus UL24 Abrogates Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced NF-κB Activation by Degrading P65. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010051. [PMID: 31906441 PMCID: PMC7020041 DOI: 10.3390/v12010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB plays a critical role in diverse biological processes. The NF-κB pathway can be activated by incoming pathogens and then stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity. However, many viruses have evolved corresponding strategies to balance NF-κB activation to benefit their replication. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an economically important pathogen that belongs to the alphaherpesvirus group. There is little information about PRV infection and NF-κB regulation. This study demonstrates for the first time that the UL24 protein could abrogate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated NF-κB activation. An overexpression assay indicated that UL24 inhibits this pathway at or downstream of P65. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that UL24 selectively interacts with P65. We demonstrated that UL24 could significantly degrade P65 by the proteasome pathway. For the first time, PRV UL24 was shown to play an important role in NF-κB evasion during PRV infection. This study expands our understanding that PRV can utilize its encoded protein UL24 to evade NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.Y.); (M.-X.S.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Yue-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.Y.); (M.-X.S.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Cong Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510000, China;
| | - Ming-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.Y.); (M.-X.S.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Jin-Mei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.Y.); (M.-X.S.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.Y.); (M.-X.S.); (J.-M.P.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-J.T.); (Y.-D.T.); (X.-H.C.); Tel.: +86-18249466512 (Y.-D.T.); +86-135-0451-2466 (X.-H.C.)
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.Y.); (M.-X.S.); (J.-M.P.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-J.T.); (Y.-D.T.); (X.-H.C.); Tel.: +86-18249466512 (Y.-D.T.); +86-135-0451-2466 (X.-H.C.)
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-L.Y.); (M.-X.S.); (J.-M.P.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-J.T.); (Y.-D.T.); (X.-H.C.); Tel.: +86-18249466512 (Y.-D.T.); +86-135-0451-2466 (X.-H.C.)
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Colomer-Lluch M, Castro-Gonzalez S, Serra-Moreno R. Ubiquitination and SUMOylation in HIV Infection: Friends and Foes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2019; 35:159-194. [PMID: 31422939 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.035.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As intracellular parasites, viruses hijack the cellular machinery to facilitate their replication and spread. This includes favouring the expression of their viral genes over host genes, appropriation of cellular molecules, and manipulation of signalling pathways, including the post-translational machinery. HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, is notorious for using post-translational modifications to generate infectious particles. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which HIV usurps the ubiquitin and SUMO pathways to modify both viral and host factors to achieve a productive infection, and also how the host innate sensing system uses these post-translational modifications to hinder HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Rojas VK, Park IW. Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) in the HIV-1 Life Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122984. [PMID: 31248071 PMCID: PMC6628307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the major protein degradation process in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes in eukaryotic cells, including alteration of cellular location, modulation of protein activity, and regulation of protein interaction, it is reasonable to suggest that the infecting HIV-1 and the invaded hosts exploit the UPS in a contest for survival and proliferation. However, to date, regulation of the HIV-1 life cycle has been mainly explained by the stage-specific expression of HIV-1 viral genes, not by elimination processes of the synthesized proteins after completion of their duties in the infected cells, which is also quintessential for understanding the molecular processes of the virus life cycle and thereby HIV-1 pathogenesis. In fact, several previous publications have indicated that the UPS plays a critical role in the regulation of the proteasomal degradation of viral and cellular counterparts at every step of the HIV-1 life cycle, from the virus entry to release of the assembled virus particles, which is integral for the regulation of survival and proliferation of the infecting HIV-1 and to replication restriction of the invading virus in the host. However, it is unknown whether and how these individual events taking place at different stages of the HIV-1 life cycle are orchestrated as an overall strategy to overcome the restrictions conferred by the host cells. Thus, in this review, we overview the interplay between HIV-1 viral and cellular proteins for restrictions/competitions for proliferation of the virus in the infected cell, which could open a new avenue for the development of therapeutics against HIV-1 via targeting a specific step of the proteasome degradation pathway during the HIV-1 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian K Rojas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas, Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas, Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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40
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Kong F, You H, Kong D, Zheng K, Tang R. The interaction of hepatitis B virus with the ubiquitin proteasome system in viral replication and associated pathogenesis. Virol J 2019; 16:73. [PMID: 31146743 PMCID: PMC6543661 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) regulates the expression levels of cellular proteins by ubiquitination of protein substrates followed by their degradation via the proteasome. As a highly conserved cellular degradation mechanism, the UPS affects a variety of biological processes and participates in viral propagation. Main body During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the UPS is shown to act as a double-edged sword in viral pathogenesis. On the one hand, the UPS acts as a host defense mechanism to selectively recognize HBV proteins as well as special cellular proteins that favor the viral life cycle and induces their ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation to limit HBV infection. On the other hand, the HBV has evolved to subvert the UPS function for its own advantage. Moreover, in the infected hepatocytes, certain cellular proteins that are dependent on the UPS are involved in abnormal biological processes which are mediated by HBV. Conclusion The molecular interaction of HBV with the UPS to modulate viral propagation and pathogenesis is summarized in the review. Considering the important role of the UPS in HBV infection, a better understanding of the HBV-UPS interaction could provide novel insight into the mechanisms that are involved in viral replication and pathogenesis and help to develop potential treatment strategies targeting the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Delong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China. .,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhou L, Ren JH, Cheng ST, Xu HM, Chen WX, Chen DP, Wong VKW, Law BYK, Liu Y, Cai XF, Tang H, Yu HB, Hu JL, Hu Y, Zhou HZ, Ren F, He L, Hu ZW, Jiang H, Xu HY, Huang AL, Chen J. A Functional Variant in Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme E2 L3 Contributes to Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Maintains Covalently Closed Circular DNA Stability by Inducing Degradation of Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme Catalytic Subunit 3A. Hepatology 2019; 69:1885-1902. [PMID: 30614547 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common infectious disease, in which nuclear covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) plays a key role in viral persistence, viral reactivation after treatment withdrawal, and drug resistance. A recent genome-wide association study has identified that the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3) gene is associated with increased susceptibility to chronic HBV (CHB) infection in adults. However, the association between UBE2L3 and children with CHB and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we performed two-stage case-control studies including adults and independent children in the Chinese Han population. The rs59391722 allele in the promoter of the UBE2L3 gene was significantly associated with HBV infection in both adults and children, and it increased the promoter activity of UBE2L3. Serum UBE2L3 protein levels were positively correlated with HBV viral load and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) levels in children with CHB. In an HBV infection cell model, UBE2L3 knockdown significantly reduced total HBV RNAs, 3.5-kb RNA, as well as cccDNA in HBV-infected HepG2-Na+ /taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide cells and human primary hepatocytes. A mechanistic study found that UBE2L3 maintained cccDNA stability by inducing proteasome-dependent degradation of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 3A, which is responsible for the degradation of HBV cccDNA. Moreover, interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment markedly decreased UBE2L3 expression, while UBE2L3 silencing reinforced the antiviral activity of IFN-α on HBV RNAs, cccDNA, and DNA. rs59391722 in UBE2L3 was correlated with HBV DNA suppression and HBeAg loss in response to IFN-α treatment of children with CHB. Conclusion: These findings highlight a host gene, UBE2L3, contributing to the susceptibility to persistent HBV infection; UBE2L3 may be involved in IFN-mediated viral suppression and serve as a potential target in the prevention and treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Hua Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Xian Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da-Peng Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Fei Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie-Li Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Zhong Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhong-Wen Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Gao C, Pallett MA, Croll TI, Smith GL, Graham SC. Molecular basis of cullin-3 (Cul3) ubiquitin ligase subversion by vaccinia virus protein A55. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6416-6429. [PMID: 30819806 PMCID: PMC6484134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BTB-Kelch proteins are substrate-specific adaptors for cullin-3 (Cul3) RING-box-based E3 ubiquitin ligases, mediating protein ubiquitylation for subsequent proteasomal degradation. Vaccinia virus encodes three BTB-Kelch proteins: A55, C2, and F3. Viruses lacking A55 or C2 have altered cytopathic effects in cultured cells and altered pathology in vivo Previous studies have shown that the ectromelia virus orthologue of A55 interacts with Cul3 in cells. We report that the N-terminal BTB-BACK (BB) domain of A55 binds directly to the Cul3 N-terminal domain (Cul3-NTD), forming a 2:2 complex in solution. We solved the structure of an A55BB/Cul3-NTD complex from anisotropic crystals diffracting to 2.3/3.7 Å resolution in the best/worst direction, revealing that the overall interaction and binding interface closely resemble the structures of cellular BTB/Cul3-NTD complexes, despite low sequence identity between A55 and cellular BTB domains. Surprisingly, despite this structural similarity, the affinity of Cul3-NTD for A55BB was stronger than for cellular BTB proteins. Glutamate substitution of the A55 residue Ile-48, adjacent to the canonical φX(D/E) Cul3-binding motif, reduced affinity of A55BB for Cul3-NTD by at least 2 orders of magnitude. Moreover, Ile-48 and the φX(D/E) motif are conserved in A55 orthologues from other poxviruses, but not in the vaccinia virus proteins C2 or F3. The high-affinity interaction between A55BB and Cul3-NTD suggests that, in addition to directing the Cul3-RING E3 ligase complex to degrade cellular/viral target proteins that are normally unaffected, A55 may also sequester Cul3 from cellular adaptor proteins, thereby protecting substrates of these cellular adaptors from ubiquitylation and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP and
| | - Mitchell A Pallett
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP and
| | - Tristan I Croll
- the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP and
| | - Stephen C Graham
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP and
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43
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Colomer-Lluch M, Ruiz A, Moris A, Prado JG. Restriction Factors: From Intrinsic Viral Restriction to Shaping Cellular Immunity Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2876. [PMID: 30574147 PMCID: PMC6291751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the viral replication cycle, some restriction factors also act as innate sensors triggering innate responses against infections. Accumulating evidence suggests an additional role for restriction factors in promoting antiviral cellular immunity to combat viruses. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding on how restriction factors, particularly APOBEC3G, SAMHD1, Tetherin, and TRIM5α have the cell-autonomous potential to induce cellular resistance against HIV-1 while promoting antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses. Also, we provide an overview of how these restriction factors may connect with protein degradation pathways to modulate anti-HIV-1 cellular immune responses, and we summarize the potential of restriction factors-based therapeutics. This review brings a global perspective on the influence of restrictions factors in intrinsic, innate, and also adaptive antiviral immunity opening up novel research avenues for therapeutic strategies in the fields of drug discovery, gene therapy, and vaccines to control viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alba Ruiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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44
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Lata S, Mishra R, Banerjea AC. Proteasomal Degradation Machinery: Favorite Target of HIV-1 Proteins. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2738. [PMID: 30524389 PMCID: PMC6262318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomal degradation pathways play a central role in regulating a variety of protein functions by controlling not only their turnover but also the physiological behavior of the cell. This makes it an attractive target for the pathogens, especially viruses which rely on the host cellular machinery for their propagation and pathogenesis. Viruses have evolutionarily developed various strategies to manipulate the host proteasomal machinery thereby creating a cellular environment favorable for their own survival and replication. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is one of the most dreadful viruses which has rapidly spread throughout the world and caused high mortality due to its high evolution rate. Here, we review the various mechanisms adopted by HIV-1 to exploit the cellular proteasomal machinery in order to escape the host restriction factors and components of host immune system for supporting its own multiplication, and successfully created an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Lata
- Virology Lab II, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Mishra
- Virology Lab II, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil C Banerjea
- Virology Lab II, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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45
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Tang Q, Wu P, Chen H, Li G. Pleiotropic roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system during viral propagation. Life Sci 2018; 207:350-354. [PMID: 29913185 PMCID: PMC7094228 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a highly conserved post-translational modification affecting various biological processes including viral propagation. Ubiquitination has multiple effects on viral propagation, including viral genome uncoating, viral replication, and immune evasion. Ubiquitination of viral proteins is triggered by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). This involves the covalent attachment of the highly conserved 76 amino acid residue ubiquitin protein to target proteins by the consecutive actions of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes, and the 26S proteasome that together form a multiprotein complex that degrades target proteins. The UPS is the primary cytosolic proteolytic machinery for the selective degradation of various forms of proteins including viral proteins, thereby limiting viral growth in host cells. To combat this host anti-viral machinery, viruses have evolved the ability to employ or subvert the UPS to inactivate or degrade cellular proteins to favour viral propagation. This review highlights our current knowledge on the different roles of the UPS during viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Huiqing Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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46
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Sauter D, Kirchhoff F. Multilayered and versatile inhibition of cellular antiviral factors by HIV and SIV accessory proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018. [PMID: 29526437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1, the main causative agent of AIDS, and related primate lentiviruses show a striking ability to efficiently replicate throughout the lifetime of an infected host. In addition to their high variability, the acquisition of several accessory genes has enabled these viruses to efficiently evade or counteract seemingly strong antiviral immune responses. The respective viral proteins, i.e. Vif, Vpr, Vpu, Vpx and Nef, show a stunning functional diversity, acting by various mechanisms and targeting a large variety of cellular factors involved in innate and adaptive immunity. A focus of the present review is the accumulating evidence that Vpr, Vpu and Nef not only directly target cellular antiviral factors at the protein level, but also suppress their expression by modulating the activity of immune-regulatory transcription factors such as NF-κB. Furthermore, we will discuss the ability of accessory proteins to act as versatile adaptors, removing antiviral proteins from their sites of action and/or targeting them for proteasomal or endolysosomal degradation. Here, the main emphasis will be on emerging examples for functional interactions, synergisms and switches between accessory primate lentiviral proteins. A better understanding of this complex interplay between cellular immune defense mechanisms and viral countermeasures might facilitate the development of effective vaccines, help to prevent harmful chronic inflammation, and provide insights into the establishment and maintenance of latent viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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