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Sun Z, Zhang X, So KF, Jiang W, Chiu K. Targeting Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules 2024; 14:833. [PMID: 39062547 PMCID: PMC11274940 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia, as resident macrophages in the central nervous system, play a multifunctional role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their clustering around amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits is a core pathological feature of AD. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) have revealed dynamic changes in microglial phenotypes over time and across different brain regions during aging and AD progression. As AD advances, microglia primarily exhibit impaired phagocytosis of Aβ and tau, along with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that damage synapses and neurons. Targeting microglia has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for AD. Treatment strategies involving microglia can be broadly categorized into two aspects: (1) enhancing microglial function: This involves augmenting their phagocytic ability against Aβ and cellular debris and (2) mitigating neuroinflammation: Strategies include inhibiting TNF-α signaling to reduce the neuroinflammatory response triggered by microglia. Clinical trials exploring microglia-related approaches for AD treatment have garnered attention. Additionally, natural products show promise in enhancing beneficial effects and suppressing inflammatory responses. Clarifying microglial dynamics, understanding their roles, and exploring novel therapeutic approaches will advance our fight against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Stamataki M, Rissiek B, Magnus T, Körbelin J. Microglia targeting by adeno-associated viral vectors. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425892. [PMID: 39035004 PMCID: PMC11257843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system and they are actively involved in shaping the brain's inflammatory response to stress. Among the multitude of involved molecules, purinergic receptors and enzymes are of special importance due to their ability to regulate microglia activation. By investigating the mechanisms underlying microglial responses and dysregulation, researchers can develop more precise interventions to modulate microglial behavior and alleviate neuroinflammatory processes. Studying gene function selectively in microglia, however, remains technically challenging. This review article provides an overview of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based microglia targeting approaches, discussing potential prospects for refining these approaches to improve both specificity and effectiveness and encouraging future investigations aimed at connecting the potential of AAV-mediated microglial targeting for therapeutic benefit in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stamataki
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Nukui T, Niimi H, Hayashi T, Dougu N, Yamamoto M, Shibuya R, Matsuda N, Tanaka R, Hirosawa H, Furuta R, Mitsui T, Maesaka H, Takasawa S, Kitajima I, Nakatsuji Y. Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate Levels in Patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy. Neurol Res Int 2024; 2024:7229216. [PMID: 38887668 PMCID: PMC11182687 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7229216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acts as a signaling molecule in the peripheral nerves, regulating myelination after nerve injury. The present study examined whether the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ATP levels in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) are related to disease severity. Methods CSF ATP levels in 13 patients with GBS and 18 patients with CIDP were compared with those in a control group of 16 patients with other neurological diseases (ONDs). In patients with CIDP, CSF ATP levels were compared before and after treatment. The correlations between CSF ATP levels and other factors, including clinical data and CSF protein levels, were also evaluated. Results Median CSF ATP levels were significantly higher in patients with GBS and CIDP than in those with ONDs. When patients with CIDP were classified into two groups depending on their responsiveness to immunotherapy, median CSF ATP levels were significantly higher in good responders than in ONDs. CSF ATP levels tended to decrease after treatment in patients with CIDP. In patients with CIDP, there is a negative correlation between CSF ATP and CSF protein levels. Conclusions CSF ATP levels were increased in patients with GBS and CIDP. In particular, CSF ATP levels tended to decrease following treatment in patients with CIDP. CSF ATP levels may be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis or monitoring of therapeutic effects in patients with GBS and CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Nukui
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideki Niimi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Mamoru Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryoko Shibuya
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hirosawa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Risako Furuta
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Taichi Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Maesaka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Syuhei Takasawa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Isao Kitajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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4
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Kong Y, Cao L, Wang J, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Bi L, Qiu Y, Hou Y, Huang Q, Xie F, Yang Y, Shi K, Rominger A, Guan Y, Jin H, Ni R. Increased Cerebral Level of P2X7R in a Tauopathy Mouse Model by PET Using [ 18F]GSK1482160. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2112-2120. [PMID: 38776461 PMCID: PMC11157487 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease and primary tauopathies. The aim of the current study was to map [18F]GSK1482160 for imaging of purinergic P2X7R in Alzheimer's disease and primary tauopathy mouse models. Small animal PET was performed using [18F]GSK1482160 in widely used mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (APP/PS1, 5×FAD, and 3×Tg), 4-repeat tauopathy (rTg4510) mice, and age-matched wild-type mice. Increased uptake of [18F]GSK1482160 was observed in the brains of 7-month-old rTg4510 mice compared to wild-type mice and compared to 3-month-old rTg4510 mice. A positive correlation between hippocampal tau [18F]APN-1607 and [18F]GSK1482160 uptake was found in rTg4510 mice. No significant differences in the uptake of [18F]GSK1482160 was observed for APP/PS1 mice, 5×FAD mice, or 3×Tg mice. Immunofluorescence staining further indicated the distribution of P2X7Rs in the brains of 7-month-old rTg4510 mice with accumulation of tau inclusion. These findings provide in vivo imaging evidence for an increased level of P2X7R in the brains of tauopathy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Kong
- PET Center,
Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Lei Cao
- PET Center,
Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
- Institute
for Regenerative Medicine, University of
Zurich, Zurich 8952, Switzerland
| | - Jiao Wang
- Lab
of Molecular
Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junyi Zhuang
- Lab
of Molecular
Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yongshan Liu
- Guangdong
Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Lei Bi
- Guangdong
Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Yifan Qiu
- Guangdong
Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Yuyi Hou
- Guangdong
Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Qi Huang
- PET Center,
Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Fang Xie
- PET Center,
Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yunhao Yang
- PET Center,
Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Kuangyu Shi
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital,
Inselspital Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital,
Inselspital Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center,
Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Guangdong
Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute
for Regenerative Medicine, University of
Zurich, Zurich 8952, Switzerland
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital,
Inselspital Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Institute
for Biomedical Engineering, University of
Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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5
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Huang Q, Ying J, Yu W, Dong Y, Xiong H, Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang X, Hua F. P2X7 Receptor: an Emerging Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2866-2880. [PMID: 37940779 PMCID: PMC11043177 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cause of age-related dementia, which is becoming a global health crisis. However, the pathogenesis and etiology of AD are still not fully understood. And there are no valid treatment methods or precise diagnostic tools for AD. There is increasing evidence that P2X7R expression is upregulated in AD and is involved in multiple related pathological processes such as Aβ plaques, neurogenic fiber tangles, oxidative stress, and chronic neuroinflammation. This suggests that P2X7R may be a key player in the development of AD. P2X7R is a member of the ligand-gated purinergic receptor (P2X) family. It has received attention in neuroscience due to its role in a wide range of aging and age-related neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize current information on the roles of P2X7R in AD and suggest potential pharmacological interventions to slow down AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17# Yongwai Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Guo Y, Mao T, Fang Y, Wang H, Yu J, Zhu Y, Shen S, Zhou M, Li H, Hu Q. Comprehensive insights into potential roles of purinergic P2 receptors on diseases: Signaling pathways involved and potential therapeutics. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00123-1. [PMID: 38565403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purinergic P2 receptors, which can be divided into ionotropic P2X receptors and metabotropic P2Y receptors, mediate cellular signal transduction of purine or pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphate. Based on the wide expression of purinergic P2 receptors in tissues and organs, their significance in homeostatic maintenance, metabolism, nociceptive transmission, and other physiological processes is becoming increasingly evident, suggesting that targeting purinergic P2 receptors to regulate biological functions and signal transmission holds significant promise for disease treatment. AIM OF REVIEW This review highlights the detailed mechanisms by which purinergic P2 receptors engage in physiological and pathological progress, as well as providing prospective strategies for discovering clinical drug candidates. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purinergic P2 receptors regulate complex signaling and molecular mechanisms in nervous system, digestive system, immune system and as a result, controlling physical health states and disease progression. There has been a significant rise in research and development focused on purinergic P2 receptors, contributing to an increased number of drug candidates in clinical trials. A few influential pioneers have laid the foundation for advancements in the evaluation, development, and of novel purinergic P2 receptors modulators, including agonists, antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions and combination strategies, despite the different scaffolds of these drug candidates. These advancements hold great potential for improving therapeutic outcomes by specifically targeting purinergic P2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tianqi Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yafei Fang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiayue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shige Shen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mengze Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Huanqiu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Qinghua Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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7
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Alzghool OM, Aarnio R, Helin JS, Wahlroos S, Keller T, Matilainen M, Solis J, Danon JJ, Kassiou M, Snellman A, Solin O, Rinne JO, Haaparanta-Solin M. Glial reactivity in a mouse model of beta-amyloid deposition assessed by PET imaging of P2X7 receptor and TSPO using [ 11C]SMW139 and [ 18F]F-DPA. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:25. [PMID: 38446249 PMCID: PMC10917722 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND P2X7 receptor has emerged as a potentially superior PET imaging marker to TSPO, the gold standard for imaging glial reactivity. [11C]SMW139 is the most recently developed radiotracer to image P2X7 receptor. The aim of this study was to image reactive glia in the APP/PS1-21 transgenic (TG) mouse model of Aβ deposition longitudinally using [11C]SMW139 targeting P2X7 receptor and to compare tracer uptake to that of [18F]F-DPA targeting TSPO at the final imaging time point. TG and wild type (WT) mice underwent longitudinal in vivo PET imaging using [11C]SMW139 at 5, 8, 11, and 14 months, followed by [18F]F-DPA PET scan only at 14 months. In vivo imaging results were verified by ex vivo brain autoradiography, immunohistochemical staining, and analysis of [11C]SMW139 unmetabolized fraction in TG and WT mice. RESULTS Longitudinal change in [11C]SMW139 standardized uptake values (SUVs) showed no statistically significant increase in the neocortex and hippocampus of TG or WT mice, which was consistent with findings from ex vivo brain autoradiography. Significantly higher [18F]F-DPA SUVs were observed in brain regions of TG compared to WT mice. Quantified P2X7-positive staining in the cortex and thalamus of TG mice showed a minor increase in receptor expression with ageing, while TSPO-positive staining in the same regions showed a more robust increase in expression in TG mice as they aged. [11C]SMW139 was rapidly metabolized in mice, with 33% of unmetabolized fraction in plasma and 29% in brain homogenates 30 min after injection. CONCLUSIONS [11C]SMW139, which has a lower affinity for the rodent P2X7 receptor than the human version of the receptor, was unable to image the low expression of P2X7 receptor in the APP/PS1-21 mouse model. Additionally, the rapid metabolism of [11C]SMW139 in mice and the presence of several brain-penetrating radiometabolites significantly impacted the analysis of in vivo PET signal of the tracer. Finally, [18F]F-DPA targeting TSPO was more suitable for imaging reactive glia and neuroinflammatory processes in the APP/PS1-21 mouse model, based on the findings presented in this study and previous studies with this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obada M Alzghool
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku University Hospital, Turku PET Centre, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Richard Aarnio
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jatta S Helin
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Wahlroos
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Keller
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Matilainen
- Turku University Hospital, Turku PET Centre, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Junel Solis
- Turku BioImaging, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anniina Snellman
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
- Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku University Hospital, Turku PET Centre, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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8
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Zheng H, Liu Q, Zhou S, Luo H, Zhang W. Role and therapeutic targets of P2X7 receptors in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345625. [PMID: 38370420 PMCID: PMC10869479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a non-selective cation channel modulated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), localizes to microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons in the central nervous system, with the most incredible abundance in microglia. P2X7R partake in various signaling pathways, engaging in the immune response, the release of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, cell division, and programmed cell death. When neurodegenerative diseases result in neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, ATP activates the P2X7R. This activation induces the release of biologically active molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxic glutamate/ATP. Subsequently, this leads to neuroinflammation, which exacerbates neuronal involvement. The P2X7R is essential in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. This implies that it has potential as a drug target and could be treated using P2X7R antagonists that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review will comprehensively and objectively discuss recent research breakthroughs on P2X7R genes, their structural features, functional properties, signaling pathways, and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and possible therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Zheng
- Second Clinical Medical School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Second Clinical Medical School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Siwei Zhou
- Second Clinical Medical School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongliang Luo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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9
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Tewari M, Michalski S, Egan TM. Modulation of Microglial Function by ATP-Gated P2X7 Receptors: Studies in Rat, Mice and Human. Cells 2024; 13:161. [PMID: 38247852 PMCID: PMC10814008 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are a family of seven ATP-gated ion channels that trigger physiological and pathophysiological responses in a variety of cells. Five of the family members are sensitive to low concentrations of extracellular ATP, while the P2X6 receptor has an unknown affinity. The last subtype, the P2X7 receptor, is unique in requiring millimolar concentrations to fully activate in humans. This low sensitivity imparts the agonist with the ability to act as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers the innate immune response in response to the elevated levels of extracellular ATP that accompany inflammation and tissue damage. In this review, we focus on microglia because they are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, and they activate in response to ATP or its synthetic analog, BzATP. We start by introducing purinergic receptors and then briefly consider the roles that microglia play in neurodevelopment and disease by referencing both original works and relevant reviews. Next, we move to the role of extracellular ATP and P2X receptors in initiating and/or modulating innate immunity in the central nervous system. While most of the data that we review involve work on mice and rats, we highlight human studies of P2X7R whenever possible.
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10
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Hu Z, Luo Y, Zhu J, Jiang D, Luo Z, Wu L, Li J, Peng S, Hu J. Role of the P2 × 7 receptor in neurodegenerative diseases and its pharmacological properties. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:225. [PMID: 38093352 PMCID: PMC10720200 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01161-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases seriously affect patients' physical and mental health, reduce their quality of life, and impose a heavy burden on society. However, their treatment remains challenging. Therefore, exploring factors potentially related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and improving their diagnosis and treatment are urgently needed. Recent studies have shown that P2 × 7R plays a crucial role in regulating neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation. P2 × 7R is an adenosine 5'-triphosphate ligand-gated cation channel receptor present in most tissues of the human body. An increase in P2 × 7R levels can affect the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and the inhibition of P2 × 7R can alleviate neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we comprehensively describe the biological characteristics (structure, distribution, and function) of this gene, focusing on its potential association with neurodegenerative diseases, and we discuss the pharmacological effects of drugs (P2 × 7R inhibitors) used to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Hu
- Department of the second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yifan Luo
- Department of the second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jinxi Zhu
- Department of the second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Danling Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhenzhong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Lidong Wu
- Department of Emergency medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Emergency medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Shengliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Jialing Hu
- Department of Emergency medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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11
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Beltran-Lobo P, Hughes MM, Troakes C, Croft CL, Rupawala H, Jutzi D, Ruepp MD, Jimenez-Sanchez M, Perkinton MS, Kassiou M, Golde TE, Hanger DP, Verkhratsky A, Perez-Nievas BG, Noble W. P2X 7R influences tau aggregate burden in human tauopathies and shows distinct signalling in microglia and astrocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:414-429. [PMID: 37716378 PMCID: PMC10896738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purinoceptor P2X7R is a promising therapeutic target for tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockdown of P2X7R ameliorates cognitive deficits and reduces pathological tau burden in mice that model aspects of tauopathy, including mice expressing mutant human frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-causing forms of tau. However, disagreements remain over which glial cell types express P2X7R and therefore the mechanism of action is unresolved. Here, we show that P2X7R protein levels increase in human AD post-mortem brain, in agreement with an upregulation of P2RX7 mRNA observed in transcriptome profiles from the AMP-AD consortium. P2X7R protein increases mirror advancing Braak stage and coincide with synapse loss. Using RNAScope we detect P2RX7 mRNA in microglia and astrocytes in human AD brain, including in the vicinity of senile plaques. In cultured microglia, P2X7R activation modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway by promoting the formation of active complexes and release of IL-1β. In astrocytes, P2X7R activates NFκB signalling and increases production of the cytokines CCL2, CXCL1 and IL-6 together with the acute phase protein Lcn2. To further explore the role of P2X7R in a disease-relevant context, we expressed wild-type or FTD-causing mutant forms of tau in mouse organotypic brain slice cultures. Inhibition of P2X7R reduces insoluble tau levels without altering soluble tau phosphorylation or synaptic localisation, suggesting a non-cell autonomous role of glial P2X7R on pathological tau aggregation. These findings support further investigations into the cell-type specific effects of P2X7R-targeting therapies in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Beltran-Lobo
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Martina M Hughes
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Cara L Croft
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Huzefa Rupawala
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Daniel Jutzi
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | | | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Neurology, Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diane P Hanger
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Beatriz G Perez-Nievas
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK.
| | - Wendy Noble
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK; University of Exeter, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK.
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12
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Illes P, Ulrich H, Chen JF, Tang Y. Purinergic receptors in cognitive disturbances. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106229. [PMID: 37453562 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors (Rs) of the ATP/ADP, UTP/UDP (P2X, P2Y) and adenosine (A1, A2A)-sensitive classes broadly interfere with cognitive processes both under quasi normal and disease conditions. During neurodegenerative illnesses, high concentrations of ATP are released from the damaged neuronal and non-neuronal cells of the brain; then, this ATP is enzymatically degraded to adenosine. Thus, the primary injury in neurodegenerative diseases appears to be caused by various protein aggregates on which a superimposed damage mediated by especially P2X7 and A2AR activation develops; this can be efficiently prevented by small molecular antagonists in animal models of the above diseases, or are mitigated in the respective knockout mice. Dementia is a leading symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and accompanies Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), especially in the advanced states of these illnesses. Animal experimentation suggests that P2X7 and A2ARs are also involved in a number of psychiatric diseases, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive compulsive behavior, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In conclusion, small molecular antagonists of purinergic receptors are expected to supply us in the future with pharmaceuticals which are able to combat in a range of neurological/psychiatric diseases the accompanying cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditonal Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; International Joint Research Center for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Henning Ulrich
- International Joint Research Center for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Whenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditonal Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; International Joint Research Center for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
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13
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Zhang J, Li A, Gu R, Tong Y, Cheng J. Role and regulatory mechanism of microRNA mediated neuroinflammation in neuronal system diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238930. [PMID: 37637999 PMCID: PMC10457161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with the unique ability to degrade or block specific RNAs and regulate many cellular processes. Neuroinflammation plays the pivotal role in the occurrence and development of multiple central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The ability of miRNAs to enhance or restrict neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in CNS diseases is an emerging and important research area, including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this review, we summarize the roles and regulatory mechanisms of recently identified miRNAs involved in neuroinflammation-mediated CNS diseases, aiming to explore and provide a better understanding and direction for the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jinbo Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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14
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Ronning KE, Déchelle-Marquet PA, Che Y, Guillonneau X, Sennlaub F, Delarasse C. The P2X7 Receptor, a Multifaceted Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11747. [PMID: 37511507 PMCID: PMC10380278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired episodic memory and two pathological lesions: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In AD, damaged neurons and the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides cause a significant release of high amounts of extracellular ATP, which acts as a danger signal. The purinergic receptor P2X7 is the main sensor of high concentrations of ATP, and P2X7 has been shown to be upregulated in the brains of AD patients, contributing to the disease's pathological processes. Further, there are many polymorphisms of the P2X7 gene that impact the risk of developing AD. P2X7 can directly modulate Aβ plaques and Tau protein lesions as well as the inflammatory response by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and the expression of several chemokines. The significant role of microglial P2X7 in AD has been well established, although other cell types may also be important in P2X7-mediated mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the different P2X7-dependent pathways involved in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitryn E Ronning
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Yueshen Che
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Delarasse
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
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15
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Lepre CC, Russo M, Trotta MC, Petrillo F, D'Agostino FA, Gaudino G, D'Amico G, Campitiello MR, Crisci E, Nicoletti M, Gesualdo C, Simonelli F, D'Amico M, Hermenean A, Rossi S. Inhibition of Galectins and the P2X7 Purinergic Receptor as a Therapeutic Approach in the Neurovascular Inflammation of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119721. [PMID: 37298672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent microvascular retinal complication of diabetic patients, contributing to loss of vision. Recently, retinal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration have emerged as key players in DR progression, and therefore, this review examines the neuroinflammatory molecular basis of DR. We focus on four important aspects of retinal neuroinflammation: (i) the exacerbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; (ii) the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome; (iii) the role of galectins; and (iv) the activation of purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Moreover, this review proposes the selective inhibition of galectins and the P2X7R as a potential pharmacological approach to prevent the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Claudia Lepre
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrillo
- Ph.D. Course in Translational Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Anna D'Agostino
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gaudino
- School of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Campitiello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, ASL Salerno, 84124 Salerno, Italy
| | - Erminia Crisci
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Gesualdo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anca Hermenean
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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16
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Cherninskyi A, Storozhuk M, Maximyuk O, Kulyk V, Krishtal O. Triggering of Major Brain Disorders by Protons and ATP: The Role of ASICs and P2X Receptors. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:845-862. [PMID: 36445556 PMCID: PMC9707125 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is well-known as a universal source of energy in living cells. Less known is that this molecule has a variety of important signaling functions: it activates a variety of specific metabotropic (P2Y) and ionotropic (P2X) receptors in neuronal and non-neuronal cell membranes. So, a wide variety of signaling functions well fits the ubiquitous presence of ATP in the tissues. Even more ubiquitous are protons. Apart from the unspecific interaction of protons with any protein, many physiological processes are affected by protons acting on specific ionotropic receptors-acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Both protons (acidification) and ATP are locally elevated in various pathological states. Using these fundamentally important molecules as agonists, ASICs and P2X receptors signal a variety of major brain pathologies. Here we briefly outline the physiological roles of ASICs and P2X receptors, focusing on the brain pathologies involving these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Cherninskyi
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine.
| | - Maksim Storozhuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Maximyuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Vyacheslav Kulyk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01024, Ukraine
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17
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Ribeiro DE, Petiz LL, Glaser T, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Andrejew R, Saab FDAR, Milanis MDS, Campos HC, Sampaio VFA, La Banca S, Longo BM, Lameu C, Tang Y, Resende RR, Ferreira ST, Ulrich H. Purinergic signaling in cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 226:109371. [PMID: 36502867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
About 10 million new cases of dementia develop worldwide each year, of which up to 70% are attributable to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the widely known symptoms of memory loss and cognitive impairment, AD patients frequently develop non-cognitive symptoms, referred to as behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs). Sleep disorders are often associated with AD, but mood alterations, notably depression and apathy, comprise the most frequent class of BPSDs. BPSDs negatively affect the lives of AD patients and their caregivers, and have a significant impact on public health systems and the economy. Because treatments currently available for AD are not disease-modifying and mainly aim to ameliorate some of the cognitive symptoms, elucidating the mechanisms underlying mood alterations and other BPSDs in AD may reveal novel avenues for progress in AD therapy. Purinergic signaling is implicated in the pathophysiology of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as AD, depression and sleep disorders. Here, we review recent findings indicating that purinergic receptors, mainly the A1, A2A, and P2X7 subtypes, are associated with the development/progression of AD. Current evidence suggests that targeting purinergic signaling may represent a promising therapeutic approach in AD and related conditions. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Purinergic Signaling: 50 years".
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Milena da Silva Milanis
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Correia Campos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sophia La Banca
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Monteiro Longo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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18
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From lead to clinic: A review of the structural design of P2X7R antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115234. [PMID: 36893624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
P2X7R, which is a member of the purinergic P2 receptor family, is widely expressed in many immune cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. P2X7R is upregulated in response to proinflammatory stimulation, which is closely related to a variety of inflammatory diseases. The inhibition of P2X7 receptors has resulted in the elimination or reduction of symptoms in animal models of arthritis, depression, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the development of P2X7R antagonists is of great significance for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. This review classifies the reported P2X7R antagonists according to their different cores, focuses on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the compounds, and analyzes some common substituents and strategies in the design of lead compounds, with the hope of providing valuable information for the development of new and efficient P2X7R antagonists.
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19
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Beltran-Lobo P, Reid MJ, Jimenez-Sanchez M, Verkhratsky A, Perez-Nievas BG, Noble W. Astrocyte adaptation in Alzheimer's disease: a focus on astrocytic P2X7R. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:119-130. [PMID: 36449279 PMCID: PMC10011405 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic and defensive cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They undertake numerous functions during development and in adulthood to support and protect the brain through finely regulated communication with other cellular elements of the nervous tissue. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), astrocytes undergo heterogeneous morphological, molecular and functional alterations represented by reactive remodelling, asthenia and loss of function. Reactive astrocytes closely associate with amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in advanced AD. The specific contribution of astrocytes to AD could potentially evolve along the disease process and includes alterations in their signalling, interactions with pathological protein aggregates, metabolic and synaptic impairments. In this review, we focus on the purinergic receptor, P2X7R, and discuss the evidence that P2X7R activation contributes to altered astrocyte functions in AD. Expression of P2X7R is increased in AD brain relative to non-demented controls, and animal studies have shown that P2X7R antagonism improves cognitive and synaptic impairments in models of amyloidosis and tauopathy. While P2X7R activation can induce inflammatory signalling pathways, particularly in microglia, we focus here specifically on the contributions of astrocytic P2X7R to synaptic changes and protein aggregate clearance in AD, highlighting cell-specific roles of this purinoceptor activation that could be targeted to slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Beltran-Lobo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
| | - Matthew J Reid
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
| | - Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Beatriz G Perez-Nievas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
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20
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Huang W, Xia Q, Zheng F, Zhao X, Ge F, Xiao J, Liu Z, Shen Y, Ye K, Wang D, Li Y. Microglia-Mediated Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S335-S354. [PMID: 36683511 PMCID: PMC10473143 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is involved in the pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The NVU is a structural and functional complex that maintains microenvironmental homeostasis and metabolic balance in the central nervous system. As one of the most important components of the NVU, microglia not only induce blood-brain barrier breakdown by promoting neuroinflammation, the infiltration of peripheral white blood cells and oxidative stress but also mediate neurovascular uncoupling by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons, abnormal contraction of cerebral vessels, and pericyte loss in AD. In addition, microglia-mediated dysfunction of cellular components in the NVU, such as astrocytes and pericytes, can destroy the integrity of the NVU and lead to NVU impairment. Therefore, we review the mechanisms of microglia-mediated NVU dysfunction in AD. Furthermore, existing therapeutic advancements aimed at restoring the function of microglia and the NVU in AD are discussed. Finally, we predict the role of pericytes in microglia-mediated NVU dysfunction in AD is the hotspot in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Fangliang Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiaying Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zijie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ke Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Basic Medical Institute, Heilongjiang Medical Science Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province for Genetically Modified Animals, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanze Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Basic Medical Institute, Heilongjiang Medical Science Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province for Genetically Modified Animals, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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21
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Barczuk J, Siwecka N, Lusa W, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Kucharska E, Majsterek I. Targeting NLRP3-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168979. [PMID: 36012243 PMCID: PMC9409081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the general population and, to date, constitutes a major therapeutic challenge. In the pathogenesis of AD, aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) containing Tau-microtubule-associated protein (tau) are known to trigger a neuroinflammatory response with subsequent formation of an inflammasome. In particular, the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is thought to play a crucial role in AD-related pathology. While the mechanisms for NLRP3 activation are not fully understood, it has been demonstrated that, after detection of protein aggregates, NLRP3 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 18 (IL-18) or interleukin 1β (IL-1β), that further potentiate AD progression. Specific inhibitors of NLRP3 that exhibit various mechanisms to attenuate the activity of NLRP3 have been tested in in vivo studies and have yielded promising results, as shown by the reduced level of tau and Aβ aggregates and diminished cognitive impairment. Herein, we would like to summarize the current state of knowledge on NLRP3 inflammasome priming, activation, and its actual role in AD pathogenesis, and to characterize the NLRP3 inhibitors that have been studied most and their impact on AD-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Barczuk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Weronika Lusa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Kucharska
- Department of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Social Work, Jesuit University Ignatianum, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-53-00
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22
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Targeting Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Targets for Small Molecules. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134124. [PMID: 35807370 PMCID: PMC9268715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common, progressive, and devastating neurodegenerative disorder that mainly affects the elderly. Microglial dysregulation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of AD. In the brain, microglia play roles as immune cells to provide protection against virus injuries and diseases. They have significant contributions in the development of the brain, cognition, homeostasis of the brain, and plasticity. Multiple studies have confirmed that uncontrolled microglial function can result in impaired microglial mitophagy, induced Aβ accumulation and tau pathology, and a chronic neuroinflammatory environment. In the brain, most of the genes that are associated with AD risk are highly expressed by microglia. Although it was initially regarded that microglia reaction is incidental and induced by dystrophic neurites and Aβ plaques. Nonetheless, it has been reported by genome-wide association studies that most of the risk loci for AD are located in genes that are occasionally uniquely and highly expressed in microglia. This finding further suggests that microglia play significant roles in early AD stages and they be targeted for the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we have summarized the molecular pathogenesis of AD, microglial activities in the adult brain, the role of microglia in the aging brain, and the role of microglia in AD. We have also particularly focused on the significance of targeting microglia for the treatment of AD.
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23
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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Microglia as Therapeutic and Imaging Targets in Alzheimer's Disease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092780. [PMID: 35566132 PMCID: PMC9102429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and tauopathy are considered the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but attenuation in choline signaling, including decreased nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), is evident in the early phase of AD. Currently, there are no drugs that can suppress the progression of AD due to a limited understanding of AD pathophysiology. For this, diagnostic methods that can assess disease progression non-invasively before the onset of AD symptoms are essential, and it would be valuable to incorporate the concept of neurotheranostics, which simultaneously enables diagnosis and treatment. The neuroprotective pathways activated by nAChRs are attractive targets as these receptors may regulate microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. Microglia exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions that could be modulated to mitigate AD pathogenesis. Currently, single-cell analysis is identifying microglial subpopulations that may have specific functions in different stages of AD pathologies. Thus, the ability to image nAChRs and microglia in AD according to the stage of the disease in the living brain may lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent findings on the nAChRs and microglia, as well as their methods for live imaging in the context of diagnosis, prophylaxis, and therapy for AD.
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24
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Staal R, Khayrullina T, Christensen R, Hestehave S, Zhou H, Cajina M, Nattini ME, Gandhi A, Fallon SM, Schmidt M, Zorn SH, Brodbeck RM, Chandrasena G, Segerdahl Storck M, Breysse N, Hopper AT, Möller T, Munro G. P2X7 receptor mediated release of microglial prostanoids and miRNAs correlates with reversal of neuropathic hypersensitivity in rats. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:1304-1321. [PMID: 35388574 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P2X7 receptor antagonists have potential for treating various CNS diseases, including neuropathic pain, although none have been approved for clinical use. Reasons may include insufficient understanding of P2X7 receptor signaling in pain and the lack of a corresponding preclinical mechanistic biomarker. METHODS Lu AF27139 is a highly selective and potent small molecule antagonist at rat, mouse, and human forms of the P2X7 receptor, with excellent pharmacokinetic and CNS permeability properties. In the current experiments, we probed the utility of previously characterized and novel signaling cascades exposed to Lu AF27139 using cultured microglia combined with release assays. Subsequently, we assessed the biomarker potential of identified candidate molecules in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain; study design limitations precluded their assessment in spared nerve injury (SNI) rats. RESULTS Lu AF27139 blocked several pain-relevant pathways downstream of P2X7 receptors in-vitro. At brain and spinal cord receptor occupancy levels capable of functionally blocking P2X7 receptors, it diminished neuropathic hypersensitivity in SNI rats, and less potently in CCI rats. Although tissue levels of numerous molecules previously linked to neuropathic pain and P2X7 receptor function (e.g. IL-6, IL-1β, cathepsin-S, 2-AG) were unaffected by CCI, Lu AF27139-mediated regulation of spinal PGE2 and miRNA (e.g. rno-miR-93-5p) levels increased by CCI aligned with its ability to diminish neuropathic hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a pain-relevant P2X7 receptor-regulated mechanism in neuropathic rats that could hold promise as a translatable biomarker and by association enhance the clinical progression of P2X7 receptor antagonists in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Staal
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Tanzilya Khayrullina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Rie Christensen
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Sara Hestehave
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Hua Zhou
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Manuel Cajina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Megan E Nattini
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Adarsh Gandhi
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Shaun M Fallon
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Megan Schmidt
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Stevin H Zorn
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Robbin M Brodbeck
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Gamini Chandrasena
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | | | - Nathalie Breysse
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Allen T Hopper
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Gordon Munro
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
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25
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Huang R, Gao Y, Chen J, Duan Q, He P, Zhang J, Huang H, Zhang Q, Ma G, Zhang Y, Nie K, Wang L. TGR5 agonist INT-777 alleviates inflammatory neurodegeneration in parkinson’s disease mouse model by modulating mitochondrial dynamics in microglia. Neuroscience 2022; 490:100-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Hu H, Zhao M, Sun L. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749587. [PMID: 34899188 PMCID: PMC8651709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of age-related dementia worldwide. In addition to extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, dysregulated microglia also play deleterious roles in the AD pathogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that unbridled microglial activity induces a chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promotes β-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology, and impairs microglia-associated mitophagy. Thus, targeting microglia may pave the way for new therapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough overview of the pathophysiological role of the microglia in AD and illustrates the potential avenues for microglia-targeted therapies, including microglial modification, immunoreceptors, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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27
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Wang Q, Yao H, Liu W, Ya B, Cheng H, Xing Z, Wu Y. Microglia Polarization in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:772717. [PMID: 34819850 PMCID: PMC8606412 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.772717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation regulated by microglia is one of the important factors involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Activated microglia exhibited phenotypes termed as M1 and M2 phenotypes separately. M1 microglia contribute to the development of inflammation via upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, while M2 microglia exert anti-inflammation effects through enhancing the expression of anti-inflammation factors. Moreover, M1 and M2 microglia could be mutually transformed under various conditions. Both M1 and M2 microglia are implicated in AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau are two major components of AD pathological hallmarks, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Both Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau were involved in microglial activation and subsequent inflammation, which further contribute to neuronal and synaptic loss in AD. In this review, we summarized the roles of M1 and M2 microglia in AD and underlying mechanisms, which will provide an insight into the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AD and highlight the therapeutic potential of modulating microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hongmei Yao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wenyan Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bailiu Ya
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hongju Cheng
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhenkai Xing
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yili Wu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou, China
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28
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Golzari-Sorkheh M, Brown CE, Weaver DF, Reed MA. The NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:579-598. [PMID: 34569958 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Although AD is one of the most socioeconomically devastating diseases confronting humanity, no "curative" disease modifying drug has been identified. Recent decades have witnessed repeated failures of drug trials and have called into question the utility of the amyloid hypothesis approach to AD therapeutics design. Accordingly, new neurochemical processes are being evaluated and explored as sources of alternative druggable targets. Among these newly identified targets, neuroinflammation is emerging as a front-runner, and within the realm of neuroinflammation, the inflammasome, particularly the NLRP3 complex, is garnering focussed attention. This review summarizes current data and approaches to understanding the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation and AD, and systematically identifies and evaluates multiple targets within the NLRP3 inflammasome cascade as putative drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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29
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Cheng J, Dong Y, Ma J, Pan R, Liao Y, Kong X, Li X, Li S, Chen P, Wang L, Yu Y, Yuan Z. Microglial Calhm2 regulates neuroinflammation and contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/35/eabe3600. [PMID: 34433553 PMCID: PMC8386937 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Neuronal calcium dysfunction and microglial-mediated neuroinflammation are closely associated with the development of AD. However, it remains unknown whether calcium dysfunction contributes to microglial activation and, in turn, AD pathology in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of calcium homeostasis modulator family protein 2 (Calhm2) is increased in an AD mouse model. In 5×FAD mice carrying five familial AD gene mutations, both conventional knockout of Calhm2 and conditional microglial knockout of Calhm2 significantly reduced amyloid β deposition, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairments. Mechanistically, knockout of Calhm2 inhibited microglial proinflammatory activity but increased phagocytic activity, leading to restoration of the balance between inflammation and phagocytosis. In addition, knockout of Calhm2 reduced acute LPS-induced neuroinflammation. These results highlight an important role for Calhm2 in microglial activation and provide a potential therapeutic target for diseases related to microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Jun Ma
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruiyuan Pan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajin Liao
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiangxi Kong
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shuoshuo Li
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Pingfang Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ye Yu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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30
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Beaino W, Janssen B, Vugts DJ, de Vries HE, Windhorst AD. Towards PET imaging of the dynamic phenotypes of microglia. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:282-300. [PMID: 34331705 PMCID: PMC8561701 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing the heterogeneity of microglia activation in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been hypothesized that pro‐inflammatory microglia are detrimental and contribute to disease progression, while anti‐inflammatory microglia play a role in damage repair and remission. The development of therapeutics targeting the deleterious glial activity and modulating it into a regenerative phenotype relies heavily upon a clearer understanding of the microglia dynamics during disease progression and the ability to monitor therapeutic outcome in vivo. To that end, molecular imaging techniques are required to assess microglia dynamics and study their role in disease progression as well as to evaluate the outcome of therapeutic interventions. Positron emission tomography (PET) is such a molecular imaging technique, and provides unique capabilities for non‐invasive quantification of neuroinflammation and has the potential to discriminate between microglia phenotypes and define their role in the disease process. However, several obstacles limit the possibility for selective in vivo imaging of microglia phenotypes mainly related to the poor characterization of specific targets that distinguish the two ends of the microglia activation spectrum and lack of suitable tracers. PET tracers targeting translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) have been extensively explored, but despite the success in evaluating neuroinflammation they failed to discriminate between microglia activation statuses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge on the microglia phenotypes in the major neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the current and emerging PET imaging targets, the tracers and their potential in discriminating between the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory microglia activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bieneke Janssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Nukui T, Matsui A, Niimi H, Sugimoto T, Hayashi T, Dougu N, Konishi H, Yamamoto M, Anada R, Matsuda N, Kitajima I, Nakatsuji Y. Increased cerebrospinal fluid adenosine 5'-triphosphate in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:255. [PMID: 34193068 PMCID: PMC8243489 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has been suggested to cause neuroinflammation and motor neuron degeneration by activating microglia and astrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since we have developed a highly sensitive ATP assay system, we examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ATP levels in patients with ALS whether it can be a useful biomarker in ALS. METHODS Forty-eight CSF samples from 44 patients with ALS were assayed for ATP with a newly established, highly sensitive assay system using luciferase luminous reaction. CSF samples from patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) were assayed as a control. Patients were divided into two groups depending on their disease severity, as evaluated using the Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score. Correlations between the CSF ATP levels and other factors, including clinical data and serum creatinine levels, were evaluated. RESULTS CSF ATP levels were significantly higher in patients with ALS than in the iNPH (716 ± 411 vs. 3635 ± 5465 pmol/L, p < 0.01). CSF ATP levels were significantly higher in the more severe group than in the iNPH group (6860 ± 8312 vs. 716 ± 411 pmol/L, p < 0.05) and mild group (6860 ± 8312 vs. 2676 ± 3959 pmol/L, p < 0.05) respectively. ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R) (37.9 ± 5.7 vs. 42.4 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and serum creatinine levels (0.51 ± 0.13 vs. 0.68 ± 0.23 mg/dL, p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the severe group than in the mild group respectively. A negative correlation of CSF ATP levels with MRC sum score was demonstrated in the correlation analysis adjusted for age and sex (r = -0.3, p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Extracellular ATP is particularly increased in the CSF of patients with advanced ALS. CSF ATP levels may be a useful biomarker for evaluating disease severity in patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Nukui
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hideki Niimi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sugimoto
- Faculty of Data Science, Graduate School of Data Science, University of Shiga, 1-1-1 Banba Hikone, Shiga, 522-8522, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Dougu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Konishi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryoko Anada
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Isao Kitajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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Pietrowski MJ, Gabr AA, Kozlov S, Blum D, Halle A, Carvalho K. Glial Purinergic Signaling in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654850. [PMID: 34054698 PMCID: PMC8160300 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling regulates neuronal and glial cell functions in the healthy CNS. In neurodegenerative diseases, purinergic signaling becomes dysregulated and can affect disease-associated phenotypes of glial cells. In this review, we discuss how cell-specific expression patterns of purinergic signaling components change in neurodegeneration and how dysregulated glial purinergic signaling and crosstalk may contribute to disease pathophysiology, thus bearing promising potential for the development of new therapeutical options for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Pietrowski
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Amr Ahmed Gabr
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Stanislav Kozlov
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Labex DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Annett Halle
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Carvalho
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Labex DISTALZ, Lille, France
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Glaser T, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Petiz LL, Ribeiro DE, Andrejew R, Ulrich H. Antagonistic Roles of P2X7 and P2Y2 Receptors in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659097. [PMID: 33912064 PMCID: PMC8072373 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Simões JLB, Bagatini MD. Purinergic Signaling of ATP in COVID-19 Associated Guillain-Barré Syndrome. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:48-58. [PMID: 33462776 PMCID: PMC7813171 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Declared as a global public health emergency, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is presented as a disease of the respiratory tract, although severe cases can affect the entire organism. Several studies have shown neurological symptoms, ranging from dizziness and loss of consciousness to cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, Guillain-Barré syndrome, an immune-mediated inflammatory neuropathy, has been closely associated with critical cases of infection with "severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19. Its pathophysiology is related to a generalized inflammation that affects the nervous system, but neurotropism was also revealed by the new coronavirus, which may increase the risk of neurological sequel, as well as the mortality of the disease. Thus, considering the comorbidities that SARS-CoV-2 infection can promote, the modulation of purinergic signaling can be applied as a potential therapy. In this perspective, given the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in neural intercommunication, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) acts on microglia cells and its inhibition may be able to reduce the inflammatory condition of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, alternative measures to circumvent the reality of the COVID-19 pandemic need to be considered, given the severity of critical cases and the viral involvement of multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarete Dulce Bagatini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC Brazil
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35
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Chen YH, Lin RR, Tao QQ. The role of P2X7R in neuroinflammation and implications in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2021; 271:119187. [PMID: 33577858 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is set to rise in prevalence as the global trends in population aging. The extracellular deposition of amyloid protein (Aβ) and the intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain have been recognized as the two core pathologies of AD. Over the past decades, the presence of neuroinflammation in the brain has been documented as the third core pathology of AD. In recent years, emerging evidence demonstrated that the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) serves a critical role in microglia responses and neuroinflammation. Besides, targeting P2X7R by genetic or pharmacological strategies attenuates the symptoms and pathological changes of AD models, and P2X7R has been recognized as a promising therapeutic target for AD. In this review, we summarized the recent evidence concerning the roles of P2X7R in neuroinflammation and implications in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-He Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Rong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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36
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Meyer JH, Cervenka S, Kim MJ, Kreisl WC, Henter ID, Innis RB. Neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders: PET imaging and promising new targets. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:1064-1074. [PMID: 33098761 PMCID: PMC7893630 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a multifaceted physiological and pathophysiological response of the brain to injury and disease. Given imaging findings of 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) and the development of radioligands for other inflammatory targets, PET imaging of neuroinflammation is at a particularly promising stage. This Review critically evaluates PET imaging results of inflammation in psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and psychosis disorders, substance use, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We also consider promising new targets that can be measured in the brain, such as monoamine oxidase B, cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, and the purinergic P2X7 receptor. Thus far, the most compelling TSPO imaging results have arguably been found in major depressive disorder, for which consistent increases have been observed, and in schizophrenia and psychosis, for which patients show reduced TSPO levels. This pattern highlights the importance of validating brain biomarkers of neuroinflammation for each condition separately before moving on to patient stratification and treatment monitoring trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Meyer
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William C Kreisl
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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P2X7 Receptors Amplify CNS Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175996. [PMID: 32825423 PMCID: PMC7504621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is a (co)transmitter and signaling molecule in the CNS. It acts at a multitude of ligand-gated cationic channels termed P2X to induce rapid depolarization of the cell membrane. Within this receptor-channel family, the P2X7 receptor (R) allows the transmembrane fluxes of Na+, Ca2+, and K+, but also allows the slow permeation of larger organic molecules. This is supposed to cause necrosis by excessive Ca2+ influx, as well as depletion of intracellular ions and metabolites. Cell death may also occur by apoptosis due to the activation of the caspase enzymatic cascade. Because P2X7Rs are localized in the CNS preferentially on microglia, but also at a lower density on neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) the stimulation of this receptor leads to the release of neurodegeneration-inducing bioactive molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules, and the excitotoxic glutamate/ATP. Various neurodegenerative reactions of the brain/spinal cord following acute harmful events (mechanical CNS damage, ischemia, status epilepticus) or chronic neurodegenerative diseases (neuropathic pain, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) lead to a massive release of ATP via the leaky plasma membrane of neural tissue. This causes cellular damage superimposed on the original consequences of neurodegeneration. Hence, blood-brain-barrier permeable pharmacological antagonists of P2X7Rs with excellent bioavailability are possible therapeutic agents for these diseases. The aim of this review article is to summarize our present state of knowledge on the involvement of P2X7R-mediated events in neurodegenerative illnesses endangering especially the life quality and duration of the aged human population.
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38
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da Silva Ferreira NC, Alves LA, Soares-Bezerra RJ. Potential Therapeutic Applications of P2 Receptor Antagonists: From Bench to Clinical Trials. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:919-937. [PMID: 30760187 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190213095923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular purines and pyrimidines have important physiological functions in mammals. Purines and pyrimidines act on P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, which are widely expressed in the plasma membrane in various cell types. P2 receptors act as important therapeutic targets and are associated with several disorders, such as pain, neurodegeneration, cancer, inflammation, and thrombosis. However, the use of antagonists for P2 receptors in clinical therapy, with the exception of P2Y12, is a great challenge. Currently, many research groups and pharmaceutical companies are working on the development of specific antagonist molecules for each receptor subtype that could be used as new medicines to treat their respective disorders. OBJECTIVE The present review compiles some interesting findings on the application of P2 receptor antagonists in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models as well as the progress of advanced clinical trials with these compounds. CONCLUSION Despite all of the exciting results obtained on the bench, few antagonists of P2 receptors advanced to the clinical trials, and once they reach this stage, the effectiveness of the therapy is not guaranteed, as in the example of P2X7 antagonists. Despite this, P2Y12 receptor antagonists have a history of success and have been used in therapy for at least two decades to prevent thrombosis in patients at risk for myocardial infarctions. This breakthrough is the motivation for scientists to develop new drugs with antagonistic activity for the other P2 receptors; thus, in a matter of years, we will have an evolution in the field of purinergic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natiele C da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040- 360, Brazil
| | - Rômulo J Soares-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
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Andrejew R, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Ribeiro DE, Glaser T, Arnaud-Sampaio VF, Lameu C, Ulrich H. The P2X7 Receptor: Central Hub of Brain Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:124. [PMID: 32848594 PMCID: PMC7413029 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a cation channel activated by high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Upon long-term activation, it complexes with membrane proteins forming a wide pore that leads to cell death and increased release of ATP into the extracellular milieu. The P2X7 receptor is widely expressed in the CNS, such as frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and striatum, regions involved in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Despite P2X7 receptor functions in glial cells have been extensively studied, the existence and roles of this receptor in neurons are still controversially discussed. Regardless, P2X7 receptors mediate several processes observed in neuropsychiatric disorders and brain tumors, such as activation of neuroinflammatory response, stimulation of glutamate release and neuroplasticity impairment. Moreover, P2X7 receptor gene polymorphisms have been associated to depression, and isoforms of P2X7 receptors are implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases. In view of that, the P2X7 receptor has been proposed to be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in brain diseases. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying P2X7 receptor-mediated signaling in neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, and brain tumors. In addition, it highlights the recent advances in the development of P2X7 receptor antagonists that are able of penetrating the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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40
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Calzaferri F, Ruiz-Ruiz C, de Diego AMG, de Pascual R, Méndez-López I, Cano-Abad MF, Maneu V, de Los Ríos C, Gandía L, García AG. The purinergic P2X7 receptor as a potential drug target to combat neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2427-2465. [PMID: 32677086 DOI: 10.1002/med.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represent a huge social burden, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which all proposed treatments investigated in murine models have failed during clinical trials (CTs). Thus, novel therapeutic strategies remain crucial. Neuroinflammation is a common pathogenic feature of NDDs. As purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are gatekeepers of inflammation, they could be developed as drug targets for NDDs. Herein, we review this challenging hypothesis and comment on the numerous studies that have investigated P2X7Rs, emphasizing their molecular structure and functions, as well as their role in inflammation. Then, we elaborate on research undertaken in the field of medicinal chemistry to determine potential P2X7R antagonists. Subsequently, we review the state of neuroinflammation and P2X7R expression in the brain, in animal models and patients suffering from AD, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and retinal degeneration. Next, we summarize the in vivo studies testing the hypothesis that by mitigating neuroinflammation, P2X7R blockers afford neuroprotection, increasing neuroplasticity and neuronal repair in animal models of NDDs. Finally, we reviewed previous and ongoing CTs investigating compounds directed toward targets associated with NDDs; we propose that CTs with P2X7R antagonists should be initiated. Despite the high expectations for putative P2X7Rs antagonists in various central nervous system diseases, the field is moving forward at a relatively slow pace, presumably due to the complexity of P2X7Rs. A better pharmacological approach to combat NDDs would be a dual strategy, combining P2X7R antagonism with drugs targeting a selective pathway in a given NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Calzaferri
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M G de Diego
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo de Pascual
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iago Méndez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María F Cano-Abad
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gandía
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Ginkgo biloba Alleviates Cisplatin-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Rats via Modulating APP/Aβ/P2X7R/P2Y12R and XIAP/BDNF-Dependent Caspase-3 Apoptotic Pathway. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is an obvious adverse effect in Patients encountering a complete course of chemotherapy. The present work is conducted to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) against the neurotoxicity induced by Cisplatin (Cis) in rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats were arranged into four groups: (1) Control group, rats were given saline; (2) Cis group, rats were injected by Cis 2 mg/kg body weight i.p., twice a week starting on the fifth day for thirty days; (3) Ginkgo group, rats were administered Ginkgo (50 mg/kg orally) daily for thirty days; and (4) Ginkgo+Cis group, rats received Ginkgo (50 mg/kg orally) daily and on the fifth day, rats were injected with Cis (2 mg/Kg body weight i.p.) twice a week for thirty days. Cis significantly increased Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and Acetyl Cholinesterase (CHE) as compared to the control group and also disturbed cerebral oxidative/antioxidant redox. Co-administration of Ginkgo and Cis reversed the adverse effect of Cis on the brain tissue. Moreover, co-administration of Ginkgo and Cis ameliorated Cis induced brain damage by reducing Amyloid precursor protein (APP), amyloid β (Aβ), P2Y12R and P2X7R mRNA expressions and proteins. Furthermore, Ginkgo regulated XIAP/BDNF expressions with a consequent decrease of caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation%. The current results concluded that concurrent treatment with Ginkgo can mitigate neurotoxicity mediated by Cis in experimental animals through exhibiting antioxidant effect by restoring cerebral oxidative/antioxidant redox and anti-apoptotic effect via regulating cerebral APP/Aβ/P2Y12R/P2X7R and XIAP/BDNF signaling pathways.
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42
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Schrank S, Barrington N, Stutzmann GE. Calcium-Handling Defects and Neurodegenerative Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a035212. [PMID: 31427373 PMCID: PMC7328457 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signaling is critical to neuronal function and regulates highly diverse processes such as gene transcription, energy production, protein handling, and synaptic structure and function. Because there are many common underlying calcium-mediated pathological features observed across several neurological conditions, it has been proposed that neurodegenerative diseases have an upstream underlying calcium basis in their pathogenesis. With certain diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's, specific sources of calcium dysregulation originating from distinct neuronal compartments or channels have been shown to have defined roles in initiating or sustaining disease mechanisms. Herein, we will review the major hallmarks of these diseases, and how they relate to calcium dysregulation. We will then discuss neuronal calcium handling throughout the neuron, with special emphasis on channels involved in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Schrank
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Nikki Barrington
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Grace E Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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Francistiová L, Bianchi C, Di Lauro C, Sebastián-Serrano Á, de Diego-García L, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A, Díaz-Hernández M. The Role of P2X7 Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:94. [PMID: 32581707 PMCID: PMC7283947 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive cognitive decline associated with global brain damage. Initially, intracellular paired helical filaments composed by hyperphosphorylated tau and extracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) were postulated as the causing factors of the synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal death, detected in AD patients. Therefore, the vast majority of clinical trials were focused on targeting Aβ and tau directly, but no effective treatment has been reported so far. Consequently, only palliative treatments are currently available for AD patients. Over recent years, several studies have suggested the involvement of the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R), a plasma membrane ionotropic ATP-gated receptor, in the AD brain pathology. In this line, altered expression levels and function of P2X7R were found both in AD patients and AD mouse models. Consequently, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of P2X7R ameliorated the hallmarks and symptoms of different AD mouse models. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of the P2X7R in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Francistiová
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllõ, Hungary
- Szent István University, Gödöllõ, Hungary
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllõ, Hungary
- Szent István University, Gödöllõ, Hungary
- HCEMM-USZ StemCell Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Wilkaniec A, Cieślik M, Murawska E, Babiec L, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Pałasz E, Jęśko H, Adamczyk A. P2X7 Receptor is Involved in Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Extracellular Alpha Synuclein in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113959. [PMID: 32486485 PMCID: PMC7312811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) belongs to a family of trimeric ion channels that are gated by extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). Several studies have pointed to a role of P2X7R-dependent signalling in Parkinson's disease (PD)-related neurodegeneration. The pathology of (PD) is characterized by the formation of insoluble alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates—Lewy bodies, but the mechanisms underlying α-Syn-induced dopaminergic cell death are still partially unclear. Our previous studies indicate that extracellular α-Syn directly interact with neuronal P2X7R and induces intracellular free calcium mobilization in neuronal cells. The main objective of this study was to examine the involvement of P2X7R receptor in α-Syn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. We found that P2X7R stimulation is responsible for α-Syn-induced oxidative stress and activation of the molecular pathways of programmed cell death. Exogenous α-Syn treatment led to P2X7R-dependent decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as elevation of mitochondrial ROS production resulting in breakdown of cellular energy production. Moreover, P2X7R-dependent deregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase as well as decrease in parkin protein level could be responsible for α-Syn-induced mitophagy impairment and accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. P2X7R might be putative pharmacological targets in molecular mechanism of extracellular α-Syn toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-608-66-00; Fax: +48-22-608-64-13
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Emilia Murawska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1 Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Lidia Babiec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Ewelina Pałasz
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (L.B.); (M.G.-D.); (E.P.); (H.J.); (A.A.)
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45
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SAK3 Administration Improves Spine Abnormalities and Cognitive Deficits in App NL-G-F/NL-G-F Knock-in Mice by Increasing Proteasome Activity through CaMKII/Rpt6 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113833. [PMID: 32481611 PMCID: PMC7312612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by neuropathological hallmarks consisting of accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Recently, we have identified a new AD therapeutic candidate, ethyl-8'-methyl-2',4-dioxo-2-(piperidin-1-yl)-2'H-spiro[cyclopentane-1,3'-imidazo [1,2-a] pyridin]-2-ene-3-carboxylate (SAK3), which ameliorates the AD-like pathology in AppNL-F/NL-F knock-in mice. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of SAK3 remains unclear. In this study, we found that SAK3 administration improved the reduced proteasome activity through the activation of CaMKII/Rpt6 signaling in AppNL-F/NL-F knock-in (NL-G-F) mice. Moreover, spine abnormalities observed in NL-G-F mice were significantly reversed by SAK3 administration. Along with this, cognitive impairments found in NL-G-F mice were markedly ameliorated by SAK3. In summary, our data suggest that SAK3 administration increases the activity of the proteasome via activation of the CaMKII/Rpt6 signaling pathway, contributing to improvements in spine abnormalities and cognitive deficits in NL-G-F mice. Overall, our findings suggest that SAK3 might be a new attractive drug candidate, representing a new mechanism for the treatment of AD pathology.
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Biber K, Bhattacharya A, Campbell BM, Piro JR, Rohe M, Staal RGW, Talanian RV, Möller T. Microglial Drug Targets in AD: Opportunities and Challenges in Drug Discovery and Development. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31507408 PMCID: PMC6716448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a large and increasing unmet medical need with no disease-modifying treatment currently available. Genetic evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and gene network analysis has clearly revealed a key role of the innate immune system in the brain, of which microglia are the most important element. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes predominantly expressed in microglia have been associated with altered risk of developing AD. Furthermore, microglia-specific pathways are affected on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level in post-mortem AD tissue and in mouse models of AD. Together these findings have increased the interest in microglia biology, and numerous scientific reports have proposed microglial molecules and pathways as drug targets for AD. Target identification and validation are generally the first steps in drug discovery. Both target validation and drug lead identification for central nervous system (CNS) targets and diseases entail additional significant obstacles compared to peripheral targets and diseases. This makes CNS drug discovery, even with well-validated targets, challenging. In this article, we will illustrate the special challenges of AD drug discovery by discussing the viability/practicality of possible microglia drug targets including cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33), KCa3.1, kynurenines, ionotropic P2 receptor 7 (P2X7), programmed death-1 (PD-1), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Biber
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Justin R Piro
- AbbVie Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael Rohe
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Robert V Talanian
- AbbVie Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Möller
- AbbVie Foundational Neuroscience Center, Cambridge, MA, United States
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47
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Illes P, Rubini P, Huang L, Tang Y. The P2X7 receptor: a new therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:165-176. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1575811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Patrizia Rubini
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Lumei Huang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
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48
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Martínez-Frailes C, Di Lauro C, Bianchi C, de Diego-García L, Sebastián-Serrano Á, Boscá L, Díaz-Hernández M. Amyloid Peptide Induced Neuroinflammation Increases the P2X7 Receptor Expression in Microglial Cells, Impacting on Its Functionality. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:143. [PMID: 31031598 PMCID: PMC6474397 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. Previous works have revealed that extracellular ATP, through its selective receptor P2X7 (P2X7R), is essential to neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity induced by Aβ. P2X7R is upregulated on microglial cells around the senile plaques. This upregulation progressively rises with age and is parallel with an accumulation of senile plaques and also correlates with the synaptic toxicity detected both in animal models reproducing AD and human patients of AD. Furthermore, the late onset of the first AD-associated symptoms suggests that aging associated-changes may be relevant to the disease progression. Thus, microglia motility and its capacity to respond to exogenous ATP stimulus decrease with aging. To evaluate whether the P2X7R age related-changes on microglia cells may be relevant to the AD progression, we generated a new transgenic mouse model crossing an Aβ peptide mouse model, J20 mice and the P2X7R reporter mice P2X7REGFP. Our results indicate that neuroinflammation induced by Aβ peptide causes changes in the P2X7R distribution pattern, increasing it s expression in microglial cells at advanced and late stages, when microgliosis occurs, but not in the early stages, in the absence of microgliosis. In addition, we found that P2X7R activation promotes microglial cells migration to senile plaques but decreases their phagocytic capacity. Moreover, we found a significant reduction of P2X7R transcription on neuronal cells at the early and advanced stages, but not at the late stages. Since previous studies have reported that either pharmacological inhibition or selective downregulation of P2X7R significantly improve behavioral alterations and reduce the incidence and size of senile plaques in the early and advanced stages of AD, the results presented here provide new evidence, indicating that this therapeutic approach could be also efficient in the late stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Frailes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel Díaz-Hernández,
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49
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Erb L, Woods LT, Khalafalla MG, Weisman GA. Purinergic signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:25-37. [PMID: 30472151 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by three major histopathological markers: amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and gliosis in the central nervous system (CNS). It is now accepted that neuroinflammatory events in the CNS play a crucial role in the development of AD. This review focuses on neuroinflammatory signaling mediated by purinergic receptors (P1 adenosine receptors, P2X ATP-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled P2Y nucleotide receptors) and how therapeutic modulation of purinergic signaling influences disease progression in AD patients and animal models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Erb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lucas T Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mahmoud G Khalafalla
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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50
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Fan J, Zhao RQ, Parro C, Zhao W, Chou HY, Robert J, Deeb TZ, Raynoschek C, Barichievy S, Engkvist O, Maresca M, Hicks R, Meuller J, Moss SJ, Brandon NJ, Wood MW, Kulic I, Wellington CL. Small molecule inducers of ABCA1 and apoE that act through indirect activation of the LXR pathway. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:830-842. [PMID: 29563219 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
apoE is the primary lipid carrier within the CNS and the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). apoE is primarily lipidated via ABCA1, and both are under transcriptional regulation by the nuclear liver X receptor (LXR). Considerable evidence from genetic (using ABCA1 overexpression) and pharmacological (using synthetic LXR agonists) studies in AD mouse models suggests that increased levels of lipidated apoE can improve cognitive performance and, in some strains, can reduce amyloid burden. However, direct synthetic LXR ligands have hepatotoxic side effects that limit their clinical use. Here, we describe a set of small molecules, previously annotated as antagonists of the purinergic receptor, P2X7, which enhance ABCA1 expression and activity as well as apoE secretion, and are not direct LXR ligands. Furthermore, P2X7 is not required for these molecules to induce ABCA1 upregulation and apoE secretion, demonstrating that the ABCA1 and apoE effects are mechanistically independent of P2X7 inhibition. Hence, we have identified novel dual activity compounds that upregulate ABCA1 across multiple CNS cell types, including human astrocytes, pericytes, and microglia, through an indirect LXR mechanism and that also independently inhibit P2X7 receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rui Qi Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cameron Parro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hsien-Ya Chou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jerome Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tarek Z Deeb
- Tufts-AstraZeneca Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, MA
| | - Carina Raynoschek
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samantha Barichievy
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcello Maresca
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ryan Hicks
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Meuller
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Moss
- Tufts-AstraZeneca Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, MA.,Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA
| | - Michael W Wood
- Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA
| | - Iva Kulic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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