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Pizzi JF, Carrada CF, Zeferino MVDS, Doriguêtto PVT, Abreu LG, Scalioni FAR, Devito KL, Ribeiro RA. Overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz Oral Res 2024; 38:e015. [PMID: 38477801 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2024.vol38.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to assess the association between overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children/adolescents. Searches were performed in the Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed, Embase and SciELO, Lilacs and Open Grey literature databases up to June 2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies, the checklist for cohort studies, and the checklist for case-control studies were used. A total of 41 publications were included, and 15 meta-analyses were performed. The authors analyzed the differences in weighted mean difference (MD) and odds ratios (OR), and their corresponding confidence intervals (CI) (95%) for dental caries among eutrophic and obese and/or overweight children/adolescents. Meta-analyses showed that there was no association between overweight and/or obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children/adolescents for most anthropometric reference curves using BMI (Body Mass Index). A greater experience of dental caries was associated with well-nourished adolescents in permanent dentition, compared with obese individuals in the same dentition, as classified by the CDC 2000 curve (OR = 2.53, 95% CI;1.49-4.29; p = 0.0006; I2 = 0%) in dichotomous outcome studies, and (MD = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.08-1.15; p = 0.02; I2 = 0%) in continuous studies. The strength of the evidence of the results was classified as very low, low or moderate. It was concluded that there is no association between overweight and/or obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children/adolescents for most anthropometric reference curves using BMI. A greater experience of dental caries was associated with well-nourished adolescents in permanent dentition, compared with obese individuals in the same dentition, as classified by the CDC 2000 curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Faria Pizzi
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, School of Dentistry, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Faria Carrada
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde - Suprema, School of Dentistry, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucas Guimarães Abreu
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Schoool of Dentistry, Department of Oral Health for Children and Adolescents, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Almeida Ribeiro Scalioni
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, School of Dentistry, Department of Social and Paediatric Dentistry; Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Karina Lopes Devito
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, School of Dentristry, Department of Dental Clinic, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Almeida Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, School of Dentistry, Department of Social and Paediatric Dentistry; Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Ridsdale L, Gilchrist F, Balmer RC, Skelton R, Sidebotham PD, Harris JC. British Society of Paediatric Dentistry: A policy document on dental neglect in children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2024; 34:160-168. [PMID: 37749962 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The British Society of Paediatric Dentistry's (BSPD) first policy document on dental neglect was published online in 2009. It proposed a new original definition of dental neglect, discussed the identification of dental neglect and recommended adopting a tiered response, with three stages of intervention according to level of concern. Furthermore, it detailed how the dental team should both contribute to the child protection process and implement wider measures to safeguard and promote children's welfare. Since 2009, these concepts have been widely adopted in the UK and beyond. Furthermore, there have been significant advances in both research and practice. Policy documents produced by the BSPD represent a majority view, based on the consideration of currently available evidence, and are tailored to a UK working environment. Although this updated document's recommendations remain broadly unchanged, this version reflects the professions' progress in understanding dental neglect and minor updates to terminology and, following a consultation process, has been amended to address the needs of two main audiences-dental professionals and nondental health and social care professionals-in order to enhance interdisciplinary working.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Gilchrist
- Unit of Oral Health, Dentistry and Society, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Charles Clifford Dental Services, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Ruth Skelton
- Bradford District and Craven Health and Care Partnership, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Jenny C Harris
- Unit of Oral Health, Dentistry and Society, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Charles Clifford Dental Services, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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Nadeeshani H, Kudagammana ST, Herath C, Jayasinghe R, Liyanage R. Early Childhood Caries and Nutritional Status of Children: A Review. Food Nutr Bull 2023; 44:249-264. [PMID: 38095292 DOI: 10.1177/03795721231209358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious public health issue affecting children around the world. Severe symptoms and complications commonly found with ECC are adverse effects on health and growth retardation triggered by sensitivity, pain, and abscesses associated with decayed teeth, premature tooth loss, and insufficient food intake due to difficulty in chewing and keeping food in the mouth. OBJECTIVE This article aims to provide an overview of the most recent and current evidence on the association between ECC and nutritional status with an aim to stimulate further research and to identify the impact of nutritional status on ECC and vice versa. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were used to search the studies conducted between 2016 and 2022. The included studies were searched using some keyword combinations and saved in Mendeley Desktop for review and referencing. All books, policy briefs, thesis/dissertations, and non-peer-reviewed articles were excluded, and 47 studies were selected for this narrative review. RESULTS Many studies have identified long-term, frequent, and nocturnal bottle-feeding and breastfeeding as well as frequent consumption of sugary food and beverages as high-risk factors for ECC. Adverse nutritional status assessed by anthropometric measures, vitamin D status, and iron-deficiency anemia have been studied as risk factors for ECC. CONCLUSIONS Most of the prevailing studies are either case-control or cross-sectional studies, which are unable to provide strong evidence to prove the direction of causality. Thus, further prospective studies are needed to clarify the association between ECC and the nutritional status of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshani Nadeeshani
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Chandra Herath
- Department of Community Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruwan Jayasinghe
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruvini Liyanage
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
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Schluter PJ, Hobbs M, Ahuriri-Driscoll A, Kokaua J, Singh S, Lee M. The pattern of association between early childhood caries and body mass index in pre-school children within Aotearoa | New Zealand: a national cross-sectional study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2023; 51:1109-1117. [PMID: 36670541 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between childhood anthropometric measurements and dental caries has an inconsistent evidence-base. This study investigated dental caries experience and body mass index (BMI) measurements of children aged 4 years in a national cohort, after accounting for key confounding variables. METHODS A near whole-population cross-sectional study of children who had a health and developmental assessment, as part of the nationwide B4 School Check screening program, conducted in Aotearoa | New Zealand (ANZ) between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2021 was studied. The extracted database included 582 820 children, of whom 572 523 (98.2%) had valid BMI and oral health records. Dental caries experience was derived from the 'lift the lip' oral health screening, and measured height and weight were used to calculate sex-specific BMI-for-age z-scores (BMIz). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity and area-level deprivation. Modified Poisson regression models using 2-degree fractional polynomial curves for BMIz were employed. RESULTS In the extracted sample, the median age was 4.3 years (interquartile range: 4.1-4.5 years), 283 565 (48.7%) were female, 135 734 (23.4%) and 74 237 (12.8%) were identified as Māori and Pacific, respectively, and 140 931 (24.4%) lived in the most deprived areas of ANZ. Overall, 81 926 (14.2%) had dental caries identified. In unadjusted analyses, a significant J-shaped association was observed between dental caries experience and BMIz. However, in the adjusted analysis, a significant flattened S-shaped association was found; those with lower BMIz had lower predicted probabilities of dental caries experience. Large differences in predicted probabilities were observed between different sex, ethnicity and area-level deprivation groups. CONCLUSIONS This study found significant non-linear associations between dental caries experience and BMI in 4-year-old children. However, the inclusion of confounders importantly changed the shape of this non-linear association. Sex, ethnicity and area-level deprivation inequalities had a greater impact on dental caries experience than BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Schluter
- Te Kaupeka Oranga, Faculty of Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
- School of Clinical Medicine, Primary Care Clinical Unit, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- Te Kaupeka Oranga, Faculty of Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
- Te Taiwhenua o te Hauora, GeoHealth Laboratory, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Annabel Ahuriri-Driscoll
- Te Kaupeka Oranga, Faculty of Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Jesse Kokaua
- Va'a O Tautai-Centre for Pacific Health, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Sheetalpreet Singh
- Service Analysis and Modelling, Evidence, Research and Analytics, Evidence Research and Innovation, Ministry of Health, Wellington, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Martin Lee
- Community Dental Service, Te Whatu Ora, Health New Zealand, Waitaha Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Piovesan ÉTDA, Leal SC, Bernabe E. Adiposity is not associated with caries among youth in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc 2023; 154:991-999.e2. [PMID: 37690013 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass index has been traditionally used to determine the nutritional status of children in studies on obesity and caries. Imaging methods provide a superior assessment of body fat. This study investigated the relationship between measures of adiposity and caries in permanent teeth in children and adolescents. METHODS The analysis included 5,694 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 through 2018, aged 8 through 19 years. The body fat percentage (BF%) and fat mass index (FMI) were determined from whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans. Excess adiposity was defined as a sex- and age-specific value at or above the 75th percentile according to the US reference standards for BF% or FMI. Caries was measured with the decayed teeth and decayed, missing, and filled teeth indexes; prevalence of untreated dentin caries; and lifetime caries prevalence. The associations between adiposity and caries were tested in confounding variables-adjusted regression models. RESULTS The FMI score was associated with the decayed, missing, and filled teeth score (rate ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05) and lifetime caries prevalence (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.08), but the associations attenuated after adjustment for confounding variables. Neither the BF% score nor the presence of excess adiposity, defined according to the BF% or FMI reference standards, were associated with caries. CONCLUSION The authors found no association between measures of adiposity and caries among US children and adolescents. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Caries is a multifactorial disease, and any observed association between obesity and caries is most likely due to the shared determinants and risk factors of both conditions.
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Fernandes TDO, Carvalho PA, Abreu FVD, Kirschneck C, Küchler EC, Antunes LS, Antunes LAA. Association between nutritional status and children and adolescents' dental caries experiences: an overview of systematic reviews. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20230138. [PMID: 37792809 PMCID: PMC10561963 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of systematic reviews (SR) has investigated the association between dental caries and nutritional status in children and adolescents, thus requiring an overview to compile the information in a single piece of evidence. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and summarize evidence from published SR on the association between dental caries and nutritional status in children and adolescents. A wide search was conducted on May 29, 2023, in six databases (Medline via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Embase, and the Virtual Health Library - VHL). An additional search was performed in the gray literature (Open grey and Google Scholar), SR registration databases, and the list of references of the included SR. Our inclusion criteria were based on acronym PECOS. Overall, two reviewers independently extracted the data, evaluated the risk of bias (ROBIS), and assessed the quality of the chosen studies (AMSTAR-2). Data from the included meta-analysis were summarized and certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach was performed. After removing duplicates and applying our eligibility criteria, 19 SR from 2006-2022 were included. We found that 17 SR showed high risk of bias and critically low methodological quality. We observed an association between dental caries experiences and nutritional status since seven SR found an association between obesity/overweight and dental caries; one, an association between underweight and dental caries; and eleven, no associations. The meta-analysis showed divergent results according to the study designs, used indices, and participants' age group, and were scored as having a very low certainty of evidence. Therefore, based on the high risk of bias, low methodological quality, and very low certainty of evidence of the chosen SR, most studies found no association between children and adolescents' nutritional status and dental caries experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís de Oliveira Fernandes
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Saúde de Nova Friburgo, Programa de pós-graduação em odontologia, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Arriaga Carvalho
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Odontologia, Programa de pós-graduação em Odontologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Volpe de Abreu
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Saúde de Nova Friburgo, Programa de pós-graduação em odontologia, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Leonardo Santos Antunes
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Saúde de Nova Friburgo, Programa de pós-graduação em odontologia, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Odontologia, Programa de pós-graduação em Odontologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Saúde de Nova Friburgo, Programa de pós-graduação em odontologia, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Odontologia, Programa de pós-graduação em Odontologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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Awad M, Bani Issa W, Radwan H, Fakhry R, Al-Yateem N, Rossiter R. Association between obesity and dental caries among adolescents in UAE: a pilot cross sectional study. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1160428. [PMID: 37441619 PMCID: PMC10333752 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1160428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and dental caries among adolescents is a growing worldwide public health issue. They share some common and modifiable influences. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between obesity and dental caries among adolescents in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods This pilot cross-sectional study enrolled 161 adolescents 13-19 years old from private and public schools in the UAE. Participants were classified as normal weight, underweight, overweight or obese. Dental caries was diagnosed according to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Independent t-tests were used to compare average number of decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) by age, sex, school type, mothers' employment, BMI categories, waist circumference, oral health habits and plaque index. Additionally, a multiple linear regression model was applied to analyze the association between BMI, waist circumference and dental caries, adjusted for confounding factors considered in this study. Results The average age of the participants was 16.2 ± 1.4 years old. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 42% (N = 68) measured by BMI. In addition, 82% (N = 132) had average waist circumference and 18% (N = 29) with above average waist circumference. Overall, the average DMFS score was 4.35 ± 4.5, with significantly lower dental caries rates among girls ([3.3 (SD:4.0)] than boys (6.7 (SD:5.3), (p < 0.05). The linear regression model revealed that, being a male, attending a public school and having average waist circumference were all positively and significantly associated with dental caries (p < 0.05). Conclusion Obesity measured by waist circumference was significantly associated with dental caries among adolescents in the UAE. Further research is required to investigate the complex association between obesity and dental caries and how dietary habits, oral hygiene habits, and parental socioeconomic status mediate the association between obesity and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Awad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Preventive & Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wegdan Bani Issa
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hadia Radwan
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Randa Fakhry
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nabeel Al-Yateem
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rachel Rossiter
- School of Nursing, Paramedicine and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Gunay B, Kaya MS, Ozgen IT, Guler EM, Kocyigit A. Evaluation of the relationship between pain inflammation due to dental caries and growth parameters in preschool children. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-04988-2. [PMID: 37036512 PMCID: PMC10088690 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between pain inflammation due to dental caries and growth parameters, sleep disturbances, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in preschool children before/after dental treatment and compare the results with the control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study (pain inflammation due to caries) and control groups were included in this prospective clinical trial. The Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) assessing sleep disturbances and the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) assessing OHRQoL were applied in the corresponding time intervals to the study and control groups, respectively: baseline (T0study), 7 days after treatment (T1study), and following 6 months (T2study); baseline (T0control), and the following 6 months (T2control). Biochemical growth parameters (insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3) and anthropometric measurements (standard deviation score of height, weight, and body mass index) were obtained at T0study, T2study, and T0control. Mann-Whitney U and the Student t-tests were used for statistical analyses. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Data on 45 children (mean age: 55.6 ± 10.37 months) were analyzed. T2study was statistically higher than T0study for the anthropometric measurements and biochemical growth parameters (p < 0.05). T0study was statistically higher than T0control for biochemical growth parameters (p < 0.05). CSHQ and ECOHIS scores were found statistically significant at T0study than T0control (p < 0.05). Statistical scores of CSHQ and ECOHIS in T2study were significantly reduced compared to T0study (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Children's growth parameters, sleep disturbances, and OHRQoL improved after the elimination of pain and inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study's novelty is the observation of drastically increased growth parameters and reduced sleep disturbances following dental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Gunay
- Department of Pedodontics, School of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Sarp Kaya
- Department of Pedodontics, School of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Tolga Ozgen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Haydarpasa Numune Health Application and Research Center, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Graves A, Grahl T, Keiserman M, Kingsley K. Systematic Review and Meta Analysis of the Relative Effect on Plaque Index among Pediatric Patients Using Powered (Electric) versus Manual Toothbrushes. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11020046. [PMID: 36826191 PMCID: PMC9955491 DOI: 10.3390/dj11020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many randomized controlled trials (RCT) have evaluated the efficacy of powered or electric toothbrushes compared with manual or traditional toothbrushes to remove biofilm and plaque, only one systematic review has been published for pediatric patients. The primary objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta analysis for this population. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol, N = 321 studies were initially identified. Three independent, blinded abstract reviews were completed resulting in a total of n = 38/322 or 11.8% for the final analysis (n = 27 non-orthodontic, n = 11 orthodontic studies). Meta analysis of these outcome data have revealed a strong reduction in plaque index scores among pediatric patients using electric toothbrushes of approximately 17.2% for non-orthodontic patients and 13.9% for orthodontic patients. These results provide strong clinical evidence for recommending electric toothbrushing to pediatric patients, as well as those patients undergoing orthodontic therapy and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Graves
- Department of Advanced Education in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Troy Grahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Mark Keiserman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-774-2623
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Turton B, Sullivan S, Chher T, Hak S, Sokal-Gutierrez K, Wieringa F, Singh A. Caries Incidence Is Associated with Wasting among Cambodian Children. J Dent Res 2023; 102:157-163. [PMID: 36217721 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221126713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that dental caries is associated with chronic and acute malnutrition, manifested as stunting and wasting in children. However, studies have not always appropriately accounted for confounding factors or for the temporal ordering between exposure and outcome. This study examined relationships between the development of caries lesions with subsequent stunting and wasting outcomes using data from a population-based cohort in Cambodia. Caries incidence was assessed based on the presence of a new cavitated carious lesion or a new pulpally involved lesion across a 6-mo observation period. Anthropometric measurements were taken at regular intervals. Effects of carious lesions on stunting and wasting were assessed using inverse probability treatment weighting, adjusting for potential confounders, using z scores for height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ) as outcomes. In total, 894 children (mean age 20 mo at baseline) were followed over 2 y. At baseline, 350 (39.1%) were identified as having stunting malnutrition. At follow-up, 58 (6.5%) had a new pulpally involved lesion. There was no association between incidence of cavitated or pulpally involved carious lesions at follow-up and stunting (relative risk [RR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75, 1.50). The incidence of pulpally involved carious lesions had an effect on wasting prevalence (WHZ <-2; RR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.70, 2.62) and WHZ scores (average treatment effect = -0.294; 95% CI: -0.538, -0.050). This study offers evidence that the development of pulpally involved carious lesions has an effect on WHZ scores. Oral health promotion and clinical prevention and management of dental caries should be explored as interventions to promote normal growth and development among preschool children, particularly in low-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Turton
- University of Puthisastra and Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T Chher
- Oral Health Bureau, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - S Hak
- Oral Health Bureau, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - F Wieringa
- UMR QualiSud (Université Montpellier, Université Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de la Réunion), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - A Singh
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Aoun E, Ballo L, Elhabony S, Arheiam A. Association between dental caries and obesity among Libyan schoolchildren during the armed conflict in Benghazi. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:44. [PMID: 36698113 PMCID: PMC9878869 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries and Obesity in children are issues of public health concern. Even though researching the relationship between these two noncommunicable diseases has been conducted for many years, the results remain equivocal. This paper aimed to examine the association between dental caries and obesity among 12-year-old schoolchildren living in war-affected environment in Benghazi. METHODS A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of caries among 12-year-old school children in Benghazi in 2017 during the armed conflict that affected the city. The data extracted for the analysis included sociodemographic of the participants (gender, maternal education and school type), caries experience (DMFT index), and anthropometric measures (height in cm, weight in kg, BMI and Z score for BMI). Comparisons of anthropometric measures were conducted according to caries experience. Linear regression models were developed to determine the association between Body Mass Index and Z score as outcome variables, caries as an explanatory variable, and covariates (gender, maternal education and school type). Beta coefficient (β) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. All statistical tests were conducted at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS There were 782 children with a mean (SD) BMI of 20.7 SD5.09 and an average z (SD) score of 0.56 SD1.51. Also, 159 (20%) children had obesity. No significant association was observed between caries and anthropometric measures. However, higher BMI was observed in children from a private school (p ≤ 0.001***), females (p ≤ 0.001***) and self-reported regular sugary drinks consumers (p ≤ 0.001***). CONCLUSION The present study shows no significant association between dental caries and anthropometric measures. However, the study findings support the notion of tackling sugar intake as a common risk factor for caries and obesity, which should be encouraged in the Libyan culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entesar Aoun
- grid.411736.60000 0001 0668 6996Department of Dental Public Health and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Lamis Ballo
- grid.411736.60000 0001 0668 6996Department of Dental Public Health and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Sara Elhabony
- grid.411736.60000 0001 0668 6996Department of Dental Public Health and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Arheiam Arheiam
- grid.411736.60000 0001 0668 6996Department of Dental Public Health and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
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12
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Mishu MP, Tsakos G, Heilmann A, Watt RG. The role of oral health-related quality of life in the association between dental caries and height, weight and BMI among children in Bangladesh. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2022; 50:529-538. [PMID: 34837423 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) explained the negative associations between dental caries and anthropometric measures of child growth among a sample of 5- to 9-year-old children in Dhaka, Bangladesh, while taking potential confounding factors (maternal education, family income, study setting, child's birth weight and childhood diseases) into account. In addition, to test whether specific oral impacts had a role in explaining these associations. METHODS Data collection was conducted via a cross-sectional survey among children and their parents from both hospital and school settings in Dhaka. Dental caries and severe consequences of dental caries (defined here as dental sepsis) were the exposure variables, and age- and sex-adjusted height-z-scores (HAZ), weight-z-scores (WAZ) and BMI-z-scores (BAZ) were the outcome variables. OHRQoL was measured using the Bengali version of the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5). First, associations between oral impacts (prevalence of overall impacts and specific items of the SOHO-5) and outcome measures were assessed. Multiple linear regression was used to assess associations between caries and anthropometric measures, adjusted for potential confounders. Oral impacts were then added to test whether their inclusion attenuated the associations between exposures and outcomes. To further investigate potential mediating role of oral impacts, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the hypothesis that dental caries and sepsis were associated with the outcomes directly and also indirectly via oral impacts in general. A similar approach was used to investigate mediation by specific SOHO-5 items. RESULTS The sample consisted of 715 children, 73.1% of whom had dental caries, 37.5% presented with sepsis, and 57.3% reported at least one oral impact (SOHO-5 score ≥1). Prevalence of overall oral impacts and also the impact on 'eating difficulty' (a specific item of SOHO-5) were negatively associated with all three outcomes. Dental caries and sepsis was associated with lower HAZ, WAZ and BAZ, and adjustment for overall oral impacts considerably attenuated the associations between 'severe dental caries' and outcomes, and dental sepsis and outcomes. Using SEM, we found significant indirect associations between caries and sepsis and anthropometric measures via oral impacts (except for dental caries and HAZ). Considering specific oral impacts, eating difficulties explained about 44% and 65% of the associations between caries and anthropometric outcomes, and dental sepsis and anthropometric outcomes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Oral impacts, in particular eating difficulties, appear to mediate associations between caries and markers of child growth among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuma Pervin Mishu
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | - Georgios Tsakos
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Anja Heilmann
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Richard G Watt
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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Silveira MGSES, Schneider BC, Tillmann TFF, Silva AER. Excess Weight and Dental Caries throughout Childhood and Adolescence: Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:691-698. [PMID: 36866137 PMCID: PMC9973071 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze existing scientific evidence on the longitudinal association between overweight/obesity and dental caries in children and adolescents and indicate possible gaps in the literature to guide future studies. Study design A systematic search of the literature was performed for the identification of longitudinal studies on this issue. The search strategy included words related to the outcome (dental caries), exposure (overweight/obesity), population (children and adolescents), and study design (longitudinal) of interest. Searches were performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) databases. The risk of bias in the studies was appraised using the tool for the critical analysis of cohort studies proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Results Among the 400 studies retrieved from the databases, only seven met the inclusion criteria and were selected to compose the present review. Five of the studies had a low risk of bias, but all had methodological flaws. As the studies reported different findings, the association between obesity and dental caries continues to be undefined. Moreover, there is a lack of well-designed studies on this issue with standardized methods to enable comparisons. Conclusion Future studies should consider longitudinal designs, more precise diagnostic methods for obesity and dental caries, as well as the rigorous control of confounding factors and effect modifiers. How to cite this article Silveira MG, Schneider BC, Tillmann TF, et al. Excess Weight and Dental Caries throughout Childhood and Adolescence: Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(6):691-698.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela GSES Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna C Schneider
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Thais FF Tillmann
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre ER Silva
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry and Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Seminario AL, Alpert E, Bernabé E, Liu J, Andrews L, Alarcón JA, Chong MME, Zunt J. Dental caries and anthropometrics of children living in an informal floating Amazonian community: a cross-sectional pilot study. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:87-95. [PMID: 35262557 PMCID: PMC9645144 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Increasing evidence supports a relationship between poor oral health and
growth in children. Our objective was to assess the association between the
presence of dental caries and anthropometric measurements of children residing
in Claverito, a floating slum community in the Peruvian Amazon. Methods: For
this cross-sectional study, presence of caries was assessed using dmft/DMFT
(decayed, missing, filled teeth) scores and the SiC Index (mean dmft/DMFT of
one-third of the study group with the highest caries score). Anthropometric
categories for age-sex-specific z-scores for height and weight were calculated
based on WHO standardized procedures and definitions. The association between
SiC (measured by dmft/DMFT) and anthropometric measures was estimated using
unadjusted and adjusted multivariable linear regression models. Critical value
was established at 5%. Results: Our study population consisted of 67 children
between the ages of 1 and 18 years old. Mean age was 9.5 years old (SD: 4.5),
and the majority were female (52.2%). Almost all had dental caries (97.0%) and
the mean dmft/DMFT score was 7.2 (SD: 4.7). The SiC Index of this population was
9.0. After adjusting for confounding variables, participants who had permanent
dentition with the highest dmft/DMFT levels had statistically significant
decreased height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) (p=0.04). Conclusions: We found an
inverse linear association between SiC Index and height-for-age z-scores (HAZ)
among children living in poverty in a floating Amazonian community in Peru.
Children from under-resourced communities, like floating slums, are at high risk
for oral disease possibly negatively impacting their growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leann Andrews
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Peru; University of Washington, USA
| | - Jorge A. Alarcón
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Peru; University of Washington, USA
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Mamikutty R, Aly AS, Marhazlinda J. Selecting Risk of Bias Tools for Observational Studies for a Systematic Review of Anthropometric Measurements and Dental Caries among Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8623. [PMID: 34444374 PMCID: PMC8391268 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In conducting a systematic review, assessing the risk of bias of the included studies is a vital step; thus, choosing the most pertinent risk of bias (ROB) tools is crucial. This paper determined the most appropriate ROB tools for assessing observational studies in a systematic review assessing the association between anthropometric measurements and dental caries among children. First, we determined the ROB tools used in previous reviews on a similar topic. Subsequently, we reviewed articles on ROB tools to identify the most recommended ROB tools for observational studies. Of the twelve ROB tools identified from the previous steps, three ROB tools that best fit the eight criteria of a good ROB tool were the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort and case-control studies, and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) for a cross-sectional study. We further assessed the inter-rater reliability for all three tools by analysing the percentage agreement, inter-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa score. The overall percentage agreements and reliability scores of these tools ranged from good to excellent. Two ROB tools for the cross-sectional study were further evaluated qualitatively against nine of a tool's advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the AHRQ and NOS were selected as the most appropriate ROB tool to assess cross-sectional and cohort studies in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokiah Mamikutty
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.M.); (A.S.A.)
- Oral Health Programme, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | - Ameera Syafiqah Aly
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.M.); (A.S.A.)
- Oral Health Programme, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | - Jamaludin Marhazlinda
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.M.); (A.S.A.)
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Sánchez-Pérez L, Sáenz-Martínez LP, Molina-Frechero N, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Zepeda-Zepeda M, Acosta-Gío E. Body Mass Index and Dental Caries, a Five-Year Follow-Up Study in Mexican Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147417. [PMID: 34299868 PMCID: PMC8303166 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are conflicting reports on a possible association between body mass index (BMI) and caries. Given the ongoing worldwide increase in obesity, we undertook a 5-year follow-up study on 201 Mexican schoolchildren to analyse their BMI and dental caries experience. The children's weight and height were recorded, and their BMI was calculated using the WHO tables. Decayed, missing, and filled surfaces in both dentitions (dmf/DMFS) were assessed annually according to WHO criteria by two calibrated researchers (Kappa value 0.92 p < 0.001). The means, standard deviation, an ANOVA, and Student's t-test were calculated to analyse the relationship between the variables. At baseline, the children had an average of 6.5 ± 0.5 years, a BMI of 17.2 ± 3.1 (CI95% 16.8-17.6). Their weight's classifications were 61% normal, 19% obese, 17% overweight, and 3% showed thinness. At the end of the study, their BMI were 20.6 ± 4.4 (CI95% 19.8-21.5), 53% normal, 15% obese, 30% overweight, and 2% thin. The children's dmfs decreased from 5.8 ± 9.2 to 1.8 ± 3.4 and the DMFS increased from 0.07 ± 05 to 1.4 ± 2.3. In this population based on a 5-year follow-up, caries prevalence and incidence were not significantly associated with the BMI. However, schoolchildren with malnutrition had the highest caries indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Sánchez-Pérez
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; (L.P.S.-M.); (N.M.-F.); (M.E.I.-C.); (M.Z.-Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Patricia Sáenz-Martínez
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; (L.P.S.-M.); (N.M.-F.); (M.E.I.-C.); (M.Z.-Z.)
| | - Nelly Molina-Frechero
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; (L.P.S.-M.); (N.M.-F.); (M.E.I.-C.); (M.Z.-Z.)
| | - María Esther Irigoyen-Camacho
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; (L.P.S.-M.); (N.M.-F.); (M.E.I.-C.); (M.Z.-Z.)
| | - Marco Zepeda-Zepeda
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; (L.P.S.-M.); (N.M.-F.); (M.E.I.-C.); (M.Z.-Z.)
| | - Enrique Acosta-Gío
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Posgrado de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04360, Mexico;
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Methuen M, Kauppinen S, Suominen AL, Eloranta AM, Väistö J, Lakka T, Vähänikkilä H, Anttonen V. Dental caries among Finnish teenagers participating in physical activity and diet intervention: association with anthropometrics and behavioural factors. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:333. [PMID: 34229689 PMCID: PMC8259164 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An association between childhood anthropometric measurements and dental caries is conflicting. The prevalence and severity of dental caries and its association with anthropometric and behavioural factors, were investigated among Finnish teenagers. Methods The study sample comprised 202 15–17-year-old participants in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study. Dental caries findings were recorded using International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria, including activity estimation; numbers of decayed teeth (DT) and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) were recorded. Body weight, height and waist circumference were measured and respective body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body fat percentage was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Health-related behaviours and consumption of food and drinks were assessed using questionnaires, and intake of nutrients using a 4-day food record. Results Mean DMFT for all the participants was 2.4 (SD = 2.9), DT 0.6 (SD = 1.3), and 36% had DMFT = 0. No difference between genders was observed. In bivariate analyses, use of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) three times or less per week and not having used snuff associated significantly, whereas higher carbohydrate intake (E%), toothbrushing less often than twice a day and higher caries experience at baseline almost significantly with DT > 0. In adjusted regression analyses, frequent use of SSB and higher carbohydrate intake increased the odds for DT > 0. Additionally, higher carbohydrate intake (E%) and infrequent tooth brushing significantly associated with a higher number of DT. Conclusion Caries prevalence is still low and similar in Finnish teenage girls and boys. Behavioural factors are, but anthropometric factors are not associated with dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Methuen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. .,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Sofia Kauppinen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Liisa Suominen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aino-Maija Eloranta
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Vähänikkilä
- Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vuokko Anttonen
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Mamikutty R, Aly AS, Marhazlinda J. Databases Selection in a Systematic Review of the Association between Anthropometric Measurements and Dental Caries among Children in Asia. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8070565. [PMID: 34209268 PMCID: PMC8306381 DOI: 10.3390/children8070565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive search for primary studies using a sufficient number and relevant databases is critical to minimise bias and increase the validity of a systematic review. We examined the frequency and choices of databases commonly used to provide an efficient search of primary studies for a systematic review of anthropometric measurements and dental caries among children in Asia. Twelve previous systematic reviews on a similar topic were retrieved from six databases. The frequency and choice of databases used by reviewers were determined from the methods sections. We also identified the lists of other databases usually searched in other reviews. Eligibility criteria for final databases selection were the database's scope, the topic of interest, design of the study, type of article, and the accessibility of the databases. Of the 77 databases identified, previous reviews on this topic used 21 databases, ranging from 2 to 12 databases in each review. Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PubMed were employed most frequently. Twenty-six databases were eligible and selected for the present review. Twelve were regional databases to provide comprehensive coverage of primary studies. A systematic approach in selecting appropriate databases for searching primary studies is paramount to reduce errors, ensure coverage, and increase the validity of systematic reviews' conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokiah Mamikutty
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.M.); (A.S.A.)
- Oral Health Programme, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 5, Block E10, Parcel E, Precinct 1, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | - Ameera Syafiqah Aly
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.M.); (A.S.A.)
- Oral Health Programme, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 5, Block E10, Parcel E, Precinct 1, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | - Jamaludin Marhazlinda
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.M.); (A.S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-7967-4805
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Panagiotou E, Agouropoulos A, Vadiakas G, Pervanidou P, Chouliaras G, Kanaka-Gantenbein C. Oral health of overweight and obese children and adolescents: a comparative study with a multivariate analysis of risk indicators. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2021; 22:861-868. [PMID: 34117610 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-021-00643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the oral health status of overweight and obese children compared to normal weight children and to explore the effect of risk indicators, including stress, on the oral health of the children. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, 7-15-year-old children were enrolled: divided into a group of overweight and obese and a group of normal weight children. Parent-reported questionnaires were used to for data collection demographic data, children's medical and developmental history, brushing frequency and dietary habits. Participants' state and trait anxiety levels were evaluated using STAIC questionnaires while saliva cortisol was measured as a biomarker of stress. Dental Caries (DMFT/dmft), periodontal health (plaque index-PI and gingival index-GI), saliva flow rate and buffer capacity were recorded at the dental clinic by two calibrated examiners. Student's t-test, Pearson's r and Fisher's exact test were used for bivariate associations and backward stepwise multivariate regression analysis for each oral health outcome was performed (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Overweight and obese children had significantly higher DMFT (3.92 ± 4.69 vs. 1.30 ± 2.49, P < 0.001), PI (0.9 ± 0.5 vs. 0.45 ± 0.52, P < 0,001) and GI (0.38 ± 0.39 vs. 0.18 ± 0.47, P < 0,001), salivary cortisol AUC (128.3 ± 55.5 vs. 99.4 ± 35.7, P = 0.004), lower saliva flow rate and decreased "high" saliva buffer capacity. There were no differences for the STAIC measures between the groups. Child's weight affected periodontal parameters but not dental caries, when controlling for other risk indicators. CONCLUSION Oral status of overweight and obese children was worse compared to normal weight children and this did not correlate to stress variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panagiotou
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece. .,, Alkiviadou 169, 18535, Piraeus, Greece.
| | - Andreas Agouropoulos
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - George Vadiakas
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Thivon Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - George Chouliaras
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Thivon Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Thivon Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
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Holve S, Braun P, Irvine JD, Nadeau K, Schroth RJ. Early Childhood Caries in Indigenous Communities. Pediatrics 2021; 147:peds.2021-051481. [PMID: 34001640 PMCID: PMC8893228 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-051481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral health of Indigenous children of Canada (First Nations, Inuit, and Métis) and the United States (American Indian and Alaska native) is a major child health disparity when compared with the general population of both countries. Early childhood caries (ECC) occurs in Indigenous children at an earlier age, with a higher prevalence, and at much greater severity than in the general population. ECC results in adverse oral health, affecting childhood health and well-being, and may result in high rates of costly surgical treatment under general anesthesia. ECC is an infectious disease that is influenced by multiple factors, but the social determinants of health are particularly important. This policy statement includes recommendations for preventive and clinical oral health care for infants, toddlers, preschool-aged children, and pregnant women by primary health care providers. It also addresses community-based health-promotion initiatives and access to dental care for Indigenous children. This policy statement encourages oral health interventions at early ages in Indigenous children, including referral to dental care for the use of sealants, interim therapeutic restorations, and silver diamine fluoride. Further community-based research on the microbiology, epidemiology, prevention, and management of ECC in Indigenous communities is also needed to reduce the dismally high rate of caries in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Holve
- Tuba City Regional Health Care Corporation, Tuba City, Arizona;
| | - Patricia Braun
- Denver Health and Hospital, Denver, Colorado,Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Kristen Nadeau
- Mentored Scholarly Activity Longitudinal Research Course and Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute Scientific Advisory and Review Committee, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert J. Schroth
- Departments of Preventive Dental Science, Pediatrics and Child Health, and Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Mohammadi S, Mohammadi MA, Dadkhah B. Dental caries prevalence among elementary school students and its relationship with body mass index and oral hygiene in Ardabil in 2019. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2021; 39:147-153. [PMID: 34341233 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_293_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tooth decay as a significant but preventable public health priority continues to be a common disease in developing countries, including Iran, which is particularly prevalent among children. The present study aims to determine dental caries prevalence among elementary school students and its relationship with body mass index and oral hygiene in Ardabil, Iran in 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 581 elementary school students selected through cluster random sampling method in Ardabil city in 2019. Demographic data was collected using questionnaire and anthropometric indices (height, weight) were measured using the weighing scale and stadiometer, and dental caries was evaluated using the decayed, missing, or filled teeth index (dmft for primary teeth and DMFT for permanent). RESULTS The mean age of students was 9.61 ± 1.76 years, and 50.8% of them were female. 20.7% (n = 120) were obese, and 19.1% (n = 111) were overweight. The overall prevalence of caries was 74.9% (n = 435) in primary teeth, 72.8% (n = 423) in permanent teeth, and 96.6% (n = 561) in all teeth. The average dmft and DMFT scores were 4.16 ± 3.72 and 1.96 ± 1.76, respectively. There was a significant inverse relationship between body mass index and dmft (r = -0.146, P < 0.0001) and DMFT (r = -0.111, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The findings showed that prevalence of dental caries in elementary school children in Ardabil city is higher than global standards, obese and over-weight children experience fewer caries compared to normal-weight children, and there is a significant relation between not brushing the teeth and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Mohammadi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Behroz Dadkhah
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Association of Dental Caries and Anthropometric Measures among Primary School Children. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8030223. [PMID: 33805733 PMCID: PMC8001750 DOI: 10.3390/children8030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate an association between dental caries status and anthropometric measures in primary school children. Methods and Materials: An analytical cross-sectional study (n = 376) was conducted among primary school children (age range = 6–9 years) registered in private schools. Non-clinical data was gathered from parents of participating children through a self-administered structured questionnaire as well as from the children through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Clinical data included the examination of dental caries using dmft/DMFT index and anthropometric measures including calculated z-scores of height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), BMI-for-age (BAZ), and physical examination. Inferential statistics included Kruskal Wallis and linear regression for univariate and multivariate analysis respectively. Results: The proportion of dental caries in primary and secondary dentition was 67.6% and 8.2% respectively. A significant association was observed between dental caries status and HAZ, WAZ, and BAZ (p < 0.001). An inverse relation was found between low, medium, and high dental caries categories and anthropometric measures. Conclusions: In the primary dentition, dental caries were significantly and inversely related to weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age. Hence, it can be concluded that among the low-income population dental caries is associated with lower anthropometric outcomes in children and therefore caries management should be considered an approach impacting overall health and quality of life.
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Associations between early childhood caries, malnutrition and anemia: a global perspective. BMC Nutr 2020; 6:16. [PMID: 32467766 PMCID: PMC7197144 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-020-00340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malnutrition is the main risk factor for most common communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between country-level prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC), malnutrition and anemia in infants and preschool children. Methods Matched country-level ECC, malnutrition and anemia prevalence were generated from databases covering the period 2000 to 2017. Multivariate general linear models were developed to assess the relationship between outcome variables (prevalence of stunting, wasting, overweight, and anemia) and the explanatory variable (ECC prevalence) adjusted for gross national income per capita. Adjusted regression coefficients (B) and partial eta squared were computed. Results The mean (standard deviation (SD)) ECC prevalence was 23.8 (14.8)% for 0-2 year-olds and 57.3 (22.4)% for 3-5-year-olds. The mean (SD) prevalence of wasting was 6.3 (4.8)%, overweight 7.2 (4.9)%, stunting 24.3 (13.5)%, and anemia 37.8 (18.1)%. For 0-2-year-olds, the strongest and only significant association was between the prevalence of ECC and overweight (η2 = 0.21): 1 % higher ECC prevalence was associated with 0.12% higher prevalence of overweight (B = 0.12, P = 0.03). In 3-5-year-olds, the strongest and only significant association was between the prevalence of ECC and anemia (η2 = 0.08): 1 % higher prevalence of ECC was associated with 0.14% lower prevalence of anemia (B = - 0.14, P = 0.048). Conclusion Country-level prevalence of ECC was associated with malnutrition in 0-2-year-olds and with anemia in 3-5-year-olds. The pathway for the direct relationship between ECC and overweight may be diet related. The pathway for the inverse relationship between ECC and anemia is less clear and needs further investigations.
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Vieira KA, Rosa-Júnior LS, Souza MAV, Santos NB, Florêncio TMMT, Bussadori SK. Chronic malnutrition and oral health status in children aged 1 to 5 years: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19595. [PMID: 32358344 PMCID: PMC7440136 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of chronic malnutrition on the oral health of children aged 1 to 5 years.An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted and involved 82 children (12-71 months of age). Nutritional status was evaluated using anthropometric indicators and oral health status/caries prevalence was measured. Non-stimulated saliva was collected and flow rate and buffering capacity was measured.The mean dmft index was 1.38 for the adequately nourished children, 3.04 for those with mild malnutrition, 2.5 for those with moderate malnutrition and 2.4 for those with severe malnutrition. 69 of the 82 children had low to very low buffering capacity. No significant differences among the groups were found between malnutrition and age, buffering capacity or the dmft index (P > .05). However, significant differences in salivary flow were found among the different malnutrition categories (P < .05). Spearman correlation coefficient revealed a weak negative correlation between nutrition and salivary flow (r = -0.267).Malnutrition exerts a negative impact on the oral cavity of children and a reduction in salivary flow rate was observed with the increase in malnutrition. Diagnosing the effects of malnutrition in oral environment of children is important because it could improve the quality of life and give them an adequate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlla A. Vieira
- Department of Biophotonics, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo
- Centro Universitário CESMAC, Faculty of Dentistry, Maceió-AL, Brazil
| | | | - Maria A. V. Souza
- Centro Universitário CESMAC, Faculty of Dentistry, Maceió-AL, Brazil
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Manohar N, Hayen A, Fahey P, Arora A. Obesity and dental caries in early childhood: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12960. [PMID: 31721413 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and dental caries in children are significant health problems. The aims of this review are to identify whether children aged 6 years and younger with overweight and/or obesity have higher dental caries experience compared with children with normal weight and, secondly, to identify the common risk factors associated with both conditions. Medline, Embase, and seven other databases were systematically searched followed by lateral searches from reference lists, grey literature, theses, conference proceedings, and contacting field experts. Longitudinal observational studies addressing overweight and/or obesity and dental caries in children aged 6 years and younger were included. A random effects model meta-analyses were applied. Nine studies were included in this review. Children with overweight and obesity had a significantly higher dental caries experience compared with children with normal weight (n = 6). The pooled estimates showed that difference in caries experience between the two groups was statistically significant. Low levels of parental income and education were identified to be associated with both conditions in the sample population. Children with overweight and obesity are more vulnerable to dental caries. Low levels of parental income and education influence the relationship between the two conditions. However, the quality of evidence varied considerably; therefore, findings should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Manohar
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayen
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Fahey
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.,Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.,Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia
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Manohar N, Hayen A, Arora A. Obesity and dental caries in early childhood: a systematic review protocol. JBI Evid Synth 2020; 18:135-145. [PMID: 31385935 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this review are to examine whether overweight/obese children experience more dental caries compared with non-overweight/non-obese children, and to identify common risk factors associated with both conditions. INTRODUCTION Systematic reviews have shown that any evidence on a link between overweight and/or obesity and dental caries remains inconclusive. This relationship has not been assessed for children under six years of age with primary dentition. Therefore, an updated systematic review of this topic is necessary as its findings will be important for young children, clinicians, researchers and policy makers. INCLUSION CRITERIA Studies examining children under six years of age and with complete primary dentition at the time of dental caries assessment will be included. The exposure of interest is the overweight and/or obesity status of children under six years of age. The outcome is dental caries in children with complete primary dentition. There will be no restriction on setting, date or language. METHODS MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest Central, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google Scholar will be searched for eligible studies. The electronic database search will be supplemented by OpenGrey and Grey Literature Report databases, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and the International Association for Dental Research conference websites. Two reviewers will independently screen and select studies, assess methodological quality and extract data. Meta-analysis will be performed, if possible, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Summary of Findings presented. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42018085292.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Manohar
- Campbelltown Campus, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayen
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Amit Arora
- Campbelltown Campus, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
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Lock NC, Susin C, Brusius CD, Maltz M, Alves LS. Obesity and dental caries among South Brazilian schoolchildren: a 2.5-year longitudinal study. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e056. [PMID: 31271568 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the association between weight status and ΔDMFS among 12-year-old schoolchildren from South Brazil. A total of 801 12-year-old schoolchildren were followed-up for 2.5 ± 0.3 years. Data collection included questionnaire, recording of anthropometric measures (height and weight), and caries examination. The outcome was the difference between DMFS (number of decayed, missing or filled surfaces) at follow-up and baseline (ΔDMFS). Weight status, based on body mass index-for-age Z-scores, was considered the main predictor variable. Negative binomial regression models were used to model the association, and rate ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated. A multivariable fractional polynomial model was used to further explore the relationship between obesity and dental caries. DMFS increased by 0.86 (95%CI = 0.65-1.07), 0.91 (95%CI = 0.59-1.23), and 0.42 (95%CI = 0.03-0.80) for normal weight, overweight, and obese schoolchildren, respectively. Obese adolescents had significantly lower ΔDMFS than normal weight ones (p < 0.05). No significant association between categories of weight status and ΔDMFS was found (overweight, IRR=0.92, 95%CI = 0.69-1.21, p = 0.54; obese IRR = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.51-1.12, p = 0.16). However, the multivariable fractional polynomial model showed an inverted U shaped relationship with a decreasing ΔDMFS with increasing BMI (p < 0.05). This population-based longitudinal study showed an inverse association between obesity and ΔDMFS over a 2.5-year period among South Brazilian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicássia Cioquetta Lock
- Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Susin
- University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolina Doege Brusius
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Odontology, Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marisa Maltz
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Faculty of Odontology, Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Severo Alves
- Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Scheffler C, Hermanussen M, Bogin B, Liana DS, Taolin F, Cempaka PMVP, Irawan M, Ibbibah LF, Mappapa NK, Payong MKE, Homalessy AV, Takalapeta A, Apriyanti S, Manoeroe MG, Dupe FR, Ratri RRK, Touw SY, K PV, Murtani BJ, Nunuhitu R, Puspitasari R, Riandra IK, Liwan AS, Amandari P, Permatasari AAI, Julia M, Batubara J, Pulungan A. Stunting is not a synonym of malnutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:377-386. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Alshihri AA, Rogers HJ, Alqahtani MA, Aldossary MS. Association between Dental Caries and Obesity in Children and Young People: A Narrative Review. Int J Dent 2019; 2019:9105759. [PMID: 31191654 PMCID: PMC6525928 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the association between obesity and dental caries in children and adolescents. Furthermore, to consider the possible reasons behind this relationship. METHODS A database search for papers published between January 2015 and May 2018, inclusive, addressing the association between obesity and dental caries was conducted. A review and critical appraisal of all included studies was performed. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included in this review from different populations worldwide. Eight studies assessed the primary dentition, nine studies were conducted on permanent dentition, and remaining nine studies on both dentitions. The results regarding the association between obesity and dental caries were conflicting and inconsistent. Nine studies concluded that there was no relationship between obesity and dental caries. A positive association was reported in five studies, while the inverse association was reported in eleven studies. Studies included in this review had significant variations in methodology and the investigated cofactors. Possible explanations of the controversial association between obesity and dental caries are discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Both obesity and dental caries are multifactorial diseases, and their association is far more complex that can be explained by a single common risk factor, presenting evidence for the complexity of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmonem A. Alshihri
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen J. Rogers
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mohammed A. Alqahtani
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Aldossary
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Paisi M, Kay E, Bennett C, Kaimi I, Witton R, Nelder R, Lapthorne D. Body mass index and dental caries in young people: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:122. [PMID: 31014292 PMCID: PMC6480798 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and caries in young people are issues of public health concern. Even though research into the relationship between the two conditions has been conducted for many years, to date the results remain equivocal. The aim of this paper was to determine the nature of the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and caries in children and adolescents, by conducting a systematic review of the published literature. Methods A systematic search of studies examining the association between BMI and caries in individuals younger than 18 years old was conducted. The electronic bibliographic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Google Scholar were searched. References of included studies were checked to identify further potential studies. Internal and external validity as well as reporting quality were assessed using the validated Methodological Evaluation of Observational Research checklist. Results were stratified based on the risk of flaws in 14 domains 10 of which were considered major and four minor. Results Of the 4208 initially identified studies, 84 papers met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review; conclusions were mainly drawn from 7 studies at lower risk of flaws. Three main types of association between BMI and caries were found: 26 studies showed a positive relationship, 19 showed a negative association, and 43 found no association between the variables of interest. Some studies showed more than one pattern of association. Assessment of confounders was the domain most commonly found to be flawed, followed by sampling and research specific bias. Among the seven studies which were found to be at lower risk of being flawed, five found no association between BMI and caries and two showed a positive association between these two variables. Conclusions Evidence of an association between BMI and caries was inconsistent. Based on the studies with a low risk lower risk of being flawed, a positive association between the variables of interest was found mainly in older children. In younger children, the evidence was equivocal. Longitudinal studies examining the association between different indicators of obesity and caries over the life course will help shed light in their complex relationship. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12887-019-1511-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paisi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Peninsula Dental School, room C507, Portland Square, Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Kay
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Peninsula Dental School, room C507, Portland Square, Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Cathy Bennett
- Office of Research and Innovation, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Irene Kaimi
- School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Robert Witton
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Peninsula Dental School, room C507, Portland Square, Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Robert Nelder
- Office of the Director of Public Health, Plymouth City Council, Plymouth, PL6 5UF, UK
| | - Debra Lapthorne
- Public Health England, South West, Follaton House, Plymouth Road, Totnes, Devon, TQ9 5NE, UK
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Rando‐Meirelles MPM, Sousa MLR, Vale GC, Lages VA, Vásquez PP, Jimenez P, Villena RS, Alvarez‐Paucar MA. Oral health and obesity in the SAYCARE study: reliability and internal validity of diagnostic methods. Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5:59-67. [PMID: 30820330 PMCID: PMC6381302 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this pilot study was to address the reliability, internal validity and viability of oral health methods used in the South American Youth/Child cARdiovascular and Environmental study. METHODS South American Youth/Child cARdiovascular and Environmental study was a multicentre feasibility observational study and conducted in seven South American cities. The training sessions were performed in two steps before data collection: the first verified the inter-rater reproducibility between the examiners of the six centres in relation to the gold standard, and the second one verified the inter-rater reproducibility between the examiners at each centre in relation to the main rater. The diagnostic methods used were International Caries Detection and Assessment System II and Pulpal Involvement, Ulceration, Fistula and Abscess for dental caries and Periodontal Screening and Recording and Index Plaque for periodontal disease. Anthropometric variables were measured and used to calculate the body mass index and were classified according to the cut-off points defined by the International Obesity Task Force. Cohen's kappa coefficient and proportions of agreement were calculated to report inter-rater and intra-rater reliability in the calibration process and pilot study. RESULTS The inter-rater weight kappa ranged from 0.78 to 0.88 and proportion of agreement from 96.07% to 98.10% for the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II and for the Periodontal Screening and Recording, 0.68 to 0.95 and 94.40% to 98.33%, respectively, in the calibration process. At the pilot study, a total of 490 children (40.8% overweight and 12.9% obese) and 364 adolescents (23.4% overweight and 4.3% obese) were examined. The prevalence of dental caries was 66% in children and 78% in adolescents, and gingival bleeding was 49% and 58.20%, respectively. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated good reliability and internal validity after the examiners were trained, as well as the feasibility of using the methods chosen for this multicentre study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. P. M. Rando‐Meirelles
- Community Dental Health Research GroupPaulista UniversitySão PauloSPBrazil
- Piracicaba Dental SchoolUniversity of CampinasPiracicabaSPBrazil
| | - M. L. R. Sousa
- Piracicaba Dental SchoolUniversity of CampinasPiracicabaSPBrazil
| | - G. C. Vale
- Federal University of PiauíTeresinaPIBrazil
| | - V. A. Lages
- Piracicaba Dental SchoolUniversity of CampinasPiracicabaSPBrazil
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Chen KJ, Gao SS, Duangthip D, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Prevalence of early childhood caries among 5-year-old children: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:e12376. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kitty J. Chen
- Department of Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Sherry S. Gao
- Department of Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Duangporn Duangthip
- Department of Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Edward C. M. Lo
- Department of Public Health; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Department of Operative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
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Abstract
Orofacial growth and development is a complex process spanning the life course. This article provides an oral health overview in the context of overall growth, physical and social development from infancy through adolescence. It reviews oral health-specific developmental milestones during childhood (0-12 years) and adolescence (≥13 years). It examines issues particular to each age category or spanning multiple ages (eg, pediatric overweight and obesity, tobacco use, and dental trauma) in relation to oral health and development. In addition, the oral microbiome and its potential role in informing personalized oral health care across the life course is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna T Pahel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4501B Koury Oral Health Sciences Building, CB# 7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA; Private Practice: Village Family Dental, 510 Hickory Ridge Drive, Suite 101, Greensboro, NC 27409-9779, USA.
| | - Anne Rowan-Legg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa and Division of Pediatric Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Rocio B Quinonez
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Academic Affairs, School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1611 Koury Oral Health Sciences Building, CB# 7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA
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Dimaisip-Nabuab J, Duijster D, Benzian H, Heinrich-Weltzien R, Homsavath A, Monse B, Sithan H, Stauf N, Susilawati S, Kromeyer-Hauschild K. Nutritional status, dental caries and tooth eruption in children: a longitudinal study in Cambodia, Indonesia and Lao PDR. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:300. [PMID: 30217185 PMCID: PMC6137874 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Untreated dental caries is reported to affect children's nutritional status and growth, yet evidence on this relationship is conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the association between dental caries in both the primary and permanent dentition and nutritional status (including underweight, normal weight, overweight and stunting) in children from Cambodia, Indonesia and Lao PDR over a period of 2 years. A second objective was to assess whether nutritional status affects the eruption of permanent teeth. METHODS Data were used from the Fit for School - Health Outcome Study: a cohort study with a follow-up period of 2 years, consisting of children from 82 elementary schools in Cambodia, Indonesia and Lao PDR. From each school, a random sample of six to seven-year-old children was selected. Dental caries and odontogenic infections were assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the pufa-index. Weight and height measurements were converted to BMI-for-age and height-for-age z-scores and categorized into weight status and stunting following WHO standardised procedures. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were analysed using the Kruskal Wallis test, Mann Whitney U-test and multivariate logistic and linear regression. RESULTS Data of 1499 children (mean age at baseline = 6.7 years) were analyzed. Levels of dental caries and odontogenic infections in the primary dentition were significantly highest in underweight children, as well as in stunted children, and lowest in overweight children. Dental caries in six to seven-year old children was also significantly associated with increased odds of being underweight and stunted 2 years later. These associations were not consistently found for dental caries and odontogenic infections in the permanent dentition. Underweight and stunting was significantly associated with a lower number of erupted permanent teeth in children at the age of six to seven-years-old and 2 years later. CONCLUSIONS Underweight and stunted growth are associated with untreated dental caries and a delayed eruption of permanent teeth in children from Cambodia, Indonesia and Lao PDR. Findings suggest that oral health may play an important role in children's growth and general development. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was restrospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register, University of Freiburg (trial registration number: DRKS00004485 ; date of registration: 26th of February, 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed Dimaisip-Nabuab
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), L.P. Leviste corner Rufino Street, Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines, 625 Pedro Gil St, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Denise Duijster
- Department of Social Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Torrington Place 1-19, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Habib Benzian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, WHO Collaborating Center for Quality Improvement and Evidence-based Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, 433 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Roswitha Heinrich-Weltzien
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Pediatric Dentistry, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Bachstraße 18, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Amphayvan Homsavath
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences Ministry of Health, 7444 Mahosot Rd, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Bella Monse
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), L.P. Leviste corner Rufino Street, Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Hak Sithan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, 151-153 Kampuchea Krom Avenue, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Nicole Stauf
- The Health Bureau Ltd., Whiteleaf Business Center, 11 Little Balmer, Buckingham, MK18 1TF, UK
| | - Sri Susilawati
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Sekelda Selatan I, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Katrin Kromeyer-Hauschild
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
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Mishu MP, Tsakos G, Heilmann A, Watt RG. Dental caries and anthropometric measures in a sample of 5- to 9-year-old children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2018; 46:449-456. [PMID: 30080262 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to assess associations between dental caries and anthropometric measures among a sample of children aged 5-9 years in Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 5- to 9-year-old children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected from children and their parents attending the Dhaka Dental College Hospital and from three nearby primary schools. The outcome measures were as follows: age and sex adjusted height-z-scores (HAZ), weight-z-scores (WAZ) and BMI-z-scores (BAZ). Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the associations between caries and anthropometric measures, adjusted for maternal education, family income, study setting, birth weight and childhood diseases as potential confounders. RESULTS The final sample comprised 788 children, and the overall response rate was 96.7%. The majority (73.2%) had experience of dental caries. The mean dmft + DMFT score was 2.84 (95% CI 2.64, 3.03) and 35.8% experienced dental sepsis. Dental caries and sepsis were negatively associated with HAZ, WAZ and BAZ scores. After adjustment for potential confounders, children with severe levels of caries had lower HAZ scores (coefficient: -0.40; 95% CI -0.69, -0.10), lower WAZ scores (coefficient: -0.59; 95% CI -0.94, -0.24) and lower BAZ scores (coefficient: -0.50; 95% CI -0.87, -0.13) than those who were caries free. Children with moderate levels of caries also had lower WAZ scores (coefficient: -0.43; 95% CI -0.72, -0.15) and lower BAZ scores (coefficient: -0.43; 95% CI -0.72, -0.13) than caries-free children. Children with dental sepsis had lower HAZ (coefficient: -0.23; 95% CI -0.42, -0.03), WAZ (coefficient: -0.33; 95% CI -0.56, -0.10) and BAZ scores (coefficient: -0.29; 95% CI -0.53, -0.05) than dental sepsis-free children. CONCLUSIONS Dental caries was associated with lower height, weight and BMI among this sample of Bangladeshi children, even after adjusting for age and sex and a number of potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuma Pervin Mishu
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | - Georgios Tsakos
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Anja Heilmann
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Richard G Watt
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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Paisi M, Kay E, Kaimi I, Witton R, Nelder R, Potterton R, Lapthorne D. Obesity and caries in four-to-six year old English children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:267. [PMID: 29454320 PMCID: PMC5816423 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and caries are common conditions in childhood and can have significant implications on children’s wellbeing. Evidence into their association remains conflicting. Furthermore, studies examining the ssociation between obesity and caries commonly focus on individual-level determinants. The present study aimed to examine the association between obesity and caries in young English children and to determine the impact of deprivation and area-level characteristics on the distribution of the two conditions. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among children in Plymouth city aged four-to-six years. Anthropometric measurements included weight and height (converted to Body Mass Index centiles and z-scores), and waist circumference. Caries was assessed by using the sum of the number of teeth that were decayed, missing or filled. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on children’s demographic characteristics, oral hygiene, and dietary habits. The impact of deprivation on anthropometric variables and caries was determined using Linear and Poisson regression models, respectively. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between different anthropometric measures and caries. Logistic regression models were also used to examine the impact of several demographic characteristics and health behaviours on the presence of obesity and caries. Results The total sample included 347 children aged 5.10 ± 0.31 (mean ± SD). Deprivation had a significant impact on caries and BMI z-scores (p < 0.05). Neither BMI- nor waist circumference z-scores were shown to be significantly associated with dental caries. Among the neighbourhood characteristics examined, the percentage of people dependent on benefits was found to have a significant impact on caries rates (p < 0.05). Household’s total annual income was inversely related to caries risk and parental educational level affected children’s tooth brushing frequency. Conclusions No associations between any measure of obesity and caries were found. However, deprivation affected both obesity and caries, thus highlighting the need to prioritise disadvantaged children in future prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paisi
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Kay
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Irene Kaimi
- School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Robert Witton
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Robert Nelder
- Office of the Director of Public Health, Plymouth City Council, Plymouth, PL6 5UF, UK
| | - Ruth Potterton
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Debra Lapthorne
- Public Health England, Follaton House, Road, Totnes, Plymouth, Devon, TQ9 5NE, UK
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Shim SH, Han DH, Khang YH. Association between Dental Caries and Delayed Growth in Korean Children. Caries Res 2017; 52:71-77. [PMID: 29248922 DOI: 10.1159/000481410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of dental caries with anthropometric outcomes in 4- to 6-year-old children participating in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The sample size was 1,910 children from the 4th and 5th KNHANES. The caries status was assessed with the decayed and filled teeth index in primary dentition (dft score). We employed height for age, body weight for age, and body mass index for age as outcome variables. Age, gender, region, and income were confounders. Nutritional deficiency as a mediator in the association between dental caries and delayed growth was also examined. A series of logistic regression analyses estimated the magnitude of association between dental caries and unfavorable growth after adjustment of the confounders and the mediator. Those with a high dft score were more likely to be deficient in nutrition (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.14-2.74). After adjusting for sociodemographic factors and nutritional deficiency, we also found that a high dft score was associated with low weight (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.15-2.51). The influence of dental caries on delayed growth was found in Korean representative children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyun Shim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kyungbok University, Namyangju, Korea
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Hall-Scullin EP, Whitehead H, Rushton H, Milsom K, Tickle M. A longitudinal study of the relationship between dental caries and obesity in late childhood and adolescence. J Public Health Dent 2017; 78:100-108. [DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilary Whitehead
- Community Dental Service; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; Salford UK
| | - Helen Rushton
- Health eResearch Centre; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Keith Milsom
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences; University of Manchester; Chester UK
| | - Martin Tickle
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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Longitudinal Association between Obesity and Dental Caries in Adolescents. J Pediatr 2017; 189:149-154.e5. [PMID: 28728812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the longitudinal association between obesity and dental caries among adolescents. STUDY DESIGN The present cohort study was conducted among a random sample of 12-year-old adolescents in Hong Kong. Two rounds of follow-up were performed when the participants were aged 15 and 18 years. A total of 668 participants were included at age 12 years, and 282 of them completed all 3 phases of data collection. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip (WHR) ratio, waist-to-height ratio, and triceps skinfold thickness were measured as indices of obesity. Dental caries were assessed by the number of decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT). RESULTS The percentage of underweight adolescents increased significantly from 6.0% to 23.8% during the observation period (P <.001). Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio were related to frequency of tooth brushing at age 15 and 18 years. The prevalence of dental caries was 25.5%, 53.2%, and 62.1% at 12, 15 and 18 years, respectively. At age 18 years, mean DMFT of participants whose WHR at age 15 years was below the median value was 0.707 times (ie, 29.3%) lower than the DMFT of those whose WHR was above the median (P = .028). Participants with greater DMFT at age 15 demonstrated significantly increased probability of having WHR above the median (OR 1.135; 95% CI 1.01-1.28; P = .041) at age 18 years. CONCLUSION There is longitudinal association between central obesity and dental caries experience among adolescents aged 15-18 years.
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Zhou N, Wong HM, Wen YF, Mcgrath C. Oral health status of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28627071 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the oral health status of children and adolescents affected by intellectual disabilities with their unaffected counterparts. METHOD Citations published in English were searched from electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) from their start dates to March 2017. The whole process was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The PICO (population, intervention/interest, comparator, outcome) principle was used to formulate the topic. Studies were synthesized through qualitative summary or, whenever possible, meta-analysis. RESULTS The initial search yielded 2393 records. Thirty-nine studies from 22 countries were identified for qualitative analysis; 26 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Participants with intellectual disabilities had higher levels of dental plaque, worse gingival status, fewer decayed and filled permanent teeth, and similar caries experience between males and females. These findings were supported by both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Various patterns of caries experiences were indicated by qualitative analysis, but it was not substantiated by meta-analysis. INTERPRETATION There is increasing worldwide interest in oral health status of children with intellectual disabilities. Differences in dental plaque deposition, gingival inflammation, and the number of decayed and filled permanent teeth were investigated between children and adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Evidence remains elusive about the pattern of caries experience among those children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhou
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Ming Wong
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Feng Wen
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Colman Mcgrath
- Department of Periodontology and Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Donkor HM, Grundt JH, Júlíusson PB, Eide GE, Hurum J, Bjerknes R, Markestad T. Social and somatic determinants of underweight, overweight and obesity at 5 years of age: a Norwegian regional cohort study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014548. [PMID: 28821510 PMCID: PMC5724122 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify associations between the weight groups underweight (UW), overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) at 5 years of age and exposures related to pregnancy, anthropometric measures at birth, sociodemographic factors, and family health, anthropometric measures and habits. DESIGN Regional cohort study. SETTING Oppland County, Norway. METHODS Pregnancy data were obtained from a prospective perinatal register for children born in the county, and weight and height were measured by midwives at birth and by public health nurses at 5 years. Other information was obtained from questionnaires completed by parents. PARTICIPANTS Of 1895 eligible children, current weight and height were obtained for all, weight and length at birth and information from parents for 1119 (59%) and pregnancy register data for 749 (40%) of the children. The significance of potential explanatory variables from descriptive statistics was tested in multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of UW, OW and OB among participants was 7.8%, 10.6% and 3.5%, respectively. UW was associated with anthropometric measures at birth and those of parents, but not with sociodemographic or behavioural characteristics. OW and OB were associated with anthropometric measures of parents and siblings and with a variety of unfavourable social characteristics, lack of prolonged breast feeding, sedentary behaviour and dental caries, but not with current dietary habits. After adjustments, OW and OB were marginally related to birth parameters and diet and unrelated to physical activity, but significantly related to parental body mass index, low parental education and maternal smoking. CONCLUSION The strong associations between sociodemographic and behavioural factors and OW and OB, but not with UW, may suggest that environmental factors are major contributing causes of OW and particularly OB at 5 years. These results may be helpful in targeting preventive measures against OW and OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Mjell Donkor
- Department of Paediatrics, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | - Pétur Benedikt Júlíusson
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Egil Eide
- Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jørgen Hurum
- Department of Paediatrics, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Robert Bjerknes
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Markestad
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Al-Mendalawi MD. Prevalence of obesity in elementary school children and its association with dental caries. Saudi Med J 2017; 38:440-441. [PMID: 28397954 PMCID: PMC5447200 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.4.18393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood D Al-Mendalawi
- Department of Pediatrics, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq E-mail.
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Heba E, Deema F, Leena M, Najat F, Sumer A, Najlaa A, Dania B, Hammam B. Prevalence of obesity among preschool children and its relation with dental caries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/jdoh2016.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Antunes LAA, Machado CMC, Couto ACK, Lopes LB, Sena FC, Abreu FV, Fraga RS, Küchler EC, Antunes LS. A Polymorphism in the MTRR Gene Is Associated with Early Childhood Caries and Underweight. Caries Res 2017; 51:102-108. [PMID: 28118645 DOI: 10.1159/000451037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes encoding the enzymes involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, such as methionine synthase (MTR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), play an important function in the metabolism of folic acid and vitamin B12. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in genes MTR (rs1805087) and MTRR (rs1801394) with susceptibility of early childhood caries (ECC) and with body mass index alterations. A cross-sectional study was performed in 488 children aged from 2 to 6 years from 25 public day care centers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Demographic data and oral health habits were obtained through a questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements and caries experience data were collected by 2 examiners (κ = 0.80). Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out by TaqMan real-time PCR using genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups with and without disease. The t test, χ2 test, odds ratio, Pearson correlation tests, and logistic regression analysis were used (p ≤ 0.05). The mean white spot lesion score was 1.18 (±2.57) in normal weight children and 2.50 (±3.87) in underweight children (p = 0.05). For MTRR polymorphisms, significant differences were observed for allele and genotype frequency distributions between caries-free and caries-affected children (p = 0.03 and 0.04 for allele and genotype frequencies, respectively) and in the genotype frequencies between normal weight and underweight children (p = 0.04). Our results suggest an association between underweight and ECC; in addition it is suggested that MTRR is a common genetic risk factor for ECC and underweight.
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Liang JJ, Zhang ZQ, Chen YJ, Mai JC, Ma J, Yang WH, Jing J. Dental caries is negatively correlated with body mass index among 7-9 years old children in Guangzhou, China. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:638. [PMID: 27456686 PMCID: PMC4960882 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence linking caries in primary dentition and children's anthropometric measures is contradictory. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of primary dental caries and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) among 7-9 years old school children in urban Guangzhou, China. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 32,461 pupils (14,778 girls and 17,683 boys) aged 7-9 years from 65 elementary schools in Guangzhou. Dental caries was detected according to criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The total mean decayed, missing or filled teeth (dmft) of primary dentition were assessed. Weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Children were classified into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity groups by BMI based on Chinese criteria. Z-score of BMI-for-age (BAZ) was calculated by WHO standardized procedure. Multivariable odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression. Restricted cubic spline regression was applied to evaluate the shape of the relationship between BAZ and primary dental caries. RESULTS The prevalence of primary dental caries was 30.7 % in total sample. Regarding dmft values, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) in the combined sample were 1.03 ± 2.05 in boys and 0.93 ± 1.92 in girls. Both indices decreased by age. Compared with normal BMI group, children in overweight and obesity groups have 27 % (OR = 0.73, 95 % CI: 0.66-0.81, P < 0.0001) and 34 % (OR = 0.66, 95 % CI: 0.59-0.74, P < 0.0001) lower odds for the presence of primary dental caries after adjustment for age and gender, respectively. Although in general, increased BAZ was associated with decreased risk of dental caries, full-range BAZ was associated with dental caries in an A-shaped manner with a zenith at around -1.4. CONCLUSION Higher BMI was associated with lower odds of caries; overweight and obese children were more likely to be primary dental caries free among 7-9 years in Guangzhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Liang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-qing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Ya-jun Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-cheng Mai
- Guangzhou Health Care Clinics of Middle and Primary Schools, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Public Health of Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Wen-han Yang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People’s Republic of China
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Association between dental caries and body mass in preschool children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2016; 17:171-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s40368-016-0222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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