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Yamada Y, Hiratsu A, Thivel D, Beaulieu K, Finlayson G, Nagayama C, Kamemoto K, Siripiyavatana S, Tataka Y, Sakazaki M, Miyashita M. Reward for fat and sweet dimensions of food are altered by an acute bout of running in healthy young men. Appetite 2024; 200:107562. [PMID: 38880282 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Acute moderate- to high-intensity exercise, primarily aerobic exercise, has been reported to decrease food reward in brain regions via the hedonic pathways and reduce preference for high-energy or high-fat foods. However, studies examining food reward responses to acute exercise have been limited to measuring food reward only after exercise and less frequently before and after exercise. Therefore, the changes in food reward in response to acute exercise remain unclear. This study investigated the effect of acute running on food reward in healthy young men. Fourteen young healthy men (mean ± standard deviation, age; 23 ± 2 years, body mass index; 21 ± 2 kg/m2) completed two trials (i.e., exercise and control) in a randomised, crossover design. Participants performed a 30-min running bout at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake or sitting rest before and after food reward evaluation with a computer-based food choice behaviour task tool. Food reward was assessed for foods varying in fat content and sweet taste, and there were four assessment parameters: explicit liking, explicit wanting, implicit wanting and frequency of choice of each food category (relative preference). Explicit and implicit wanting, and relative preference for high-fat relative to low-fat foods were reduced after the exercise trial compared to the control trial (trial-by-time interaction, all p ≤ 0.02). Implicit wanting and relative preference for sweet relative to savoury foods were increased after the exercise trial compared to the control trial (trial-by-time interaction, all p ≤ 0.003). These findings indicate that moderate-intensity acute running alters the reward bias away from high fat towards low fat foods and away from savoury towards sweet foods in healthy young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yamada
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Ayano Hiratsu
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite and Obesity Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Chihiro Nagayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kamemoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Sirikul Siripiyavatana
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yusei Tataka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Sakazaki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyashita
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK; Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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2
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Anazco D, Acosta A. Precision medicine for obesity: current evidence and insights for personalization of obesity pharmacotherapy. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01599-z. [PMID: 39127792 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic and complex disease associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and financial burden. It is expected that by 2030 one of two people in the United States will have obesity. The backbone for obesity management continues to be lifestyle interventions, consisting of calorie deficit diets and increased physical activity levels, however, these interventions are often insufficient to achieve sufficient and maintained weight loss. As a result, multiple patients require additional interventions such as antiobesity medications or bariatric interventions in order to achieve clinically significant weight loss and improvement or resolution of obesity-associated comorbidities. Despite the recent advances in the field of obesity pharmacotherapy that have resulted in never-before-seen weight loss outcomes, comorbidity improvement, and even reduction in cardiovascular mortality, there is still a significant interindividual variability in terms of response to antiobesity medications, with a subset of patients not achieving a clinically significant weight loss. Currently, the trial-and-error paradigm for the selection of antiobesity medications results in increased costs and risks for developing side effects, while also reduces engagement in weight management programs for patients with obesity. The implementation of a precision medicine framework to the selection of antiobesity medications might help reduce heterogeneity and optimize weight loss outcomes by identifying unique subsets of patients, or phenotypes, that have a better response to a specific intervention. The detailed study of energy balance regulation holds promise, as actionable behavioral and physiologic traits could help guide antiobesity medication selection based on previous mechanistic studies. Moreover, the rapid advances in genotyping, multi-omics, and big data analysis might hold the key to discover additional signatures or phenotypes that might respond better to a certain intervention and might permit the widespread adoption of a precision medicine approach for obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Anazco
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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3
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Apuschkin M, Burm HB, Schmidt JH, Skov LJ, Andersen RC, Bowin CF, Støier JF, Jensen KL, Posselt LP, Dmytriyeva O, Sørensen AT, Egerod KL, Holst B, Rickhag M, Schwartz TW, Gether U. An atlas of GPCRs in dopamine neurons: Identification of the free fatty acid receptor 4 as a regulator of food and water intake. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114509. [PMID: 39003735 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DANs) are subject to extensive metabotropic regulation, but the repertoire of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) present in these neurons has not been mapped. Here, we isolate DANs from Dat-eGFP mice to generate a GPCR atlas by unbiased qPCR array expression analysis of 377 GPCRs. Combined with data mining of scRNA-seq databases, we identify multiple receptors in DAN subpopulations with 38 of these receptors representing the majority of transcripts. We identify 41 receptors expressed in midbrain DANs but not in non-DAN midbrain cells, including the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4). Functional expression of FFAR4 is validated by ex vivo Ca2+ imaging, and in vivo experiments support that FFAR4 negatively regulates food and water intake and bodyweight. In addition to providing a critical framework for understanding metabotropic DAN regulation, our data suggest fatty acid sensing by FFAR4 as a mechanism linking high-energy intake to the dopamine-reward pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Apuschkin
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hayley B Burm
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H Schmidt
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise J Skov
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rita C Andersen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl-Fredrik Bowin
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonatan F Støier
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine L Jensen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonie P Posselt
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas T Sørensen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer L Egerod
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology and Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Rickhag
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Al Zein M, Akomolafe AF, Mahmood FR, Khrayzat A, Sahebkar A, Pintus G, Kobeissy F, Eid AH. Leptin is a potential biomarker of childhood obesity and an indicator of the effectiveness of weight-loss interventions. Obes Rev 2024:e13807. [PMID: 39044542 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Childhood obesity represents a significant public health concern, imposing a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Furthermore, weight-loss programs often exhibit reduced effectiveness in adults who have a history of childhood obesity. Therefore, early intervention against childhood obesity is imperative. Presently, the primary method for diagnosing childhood obesity relies on body mass index (BMI), yet this approach has inherent limitations. Leptin, a satiety hormone produced by adipocytes, holds promise as a superior tool for predicting both childhood and subsequent adulthood obesity. In this review, we elucidate the tools employed for assessing obesity in children, delve into the biological functions of leptin, and examine the factors governing its expression. Additionally, we discuss maternal and infantile leptin levels as predictors of childhood obesity. By exploring the relationship between leptin levels and weight loss, we present leptin as a potential indicator of the effectiveness of obesity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Zein
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Fathima R Mahmood
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Khrayzat
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Hoang H, Lacadie C, Hwang J, Lam K, Elshafie A, Rosenberg SB, Watt C, Sinha R, Constable RT, Savoye M, Seo D, Belfort-DeAguiar R. Low-calorie diet-induced weight loss is associated with altered brain connectivity and food desire in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1362-1372. [PMID: 38831482 PMCID: PMC11211061 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to better understand the effects of diet-induced weight loss on brain connectivity in response to changes in glucose levels in individuals with obesity. METHODS A total of 25 individuals with obesity, among whom 9 had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after an 8-week low-calorie diet. We used a two-step hypereuglycemia clamp approach to mimic the changes in glucose levels observed in the postprandial period in combination with task-mediated fMRI intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD) analysis. RESULTS After the diet, participants lost an average of 3.3% body weight. Diet-induced weight loss led to a decrease in leptin levels, an increase in hunger and food intake, and greater brain connectivity in the parahippocampus, right hippocampus, and temporal cortex (limbic-temporal network). Group differences (with vs. without type 2 diabetes) were noted in several brain networks. Connectivity in the limbic-temporal and frontal-parietal brain clusters inversely correlated with hunger. CONCLUSIONS A short-term low-calorie diet led to a multifaceted body response in patients with obesity, with an increase in connectivity in the limbic-temporal network (emotion and memory) and hormone and eating behavior changes that may be important for recovering the weight lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hoang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Janice Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC
| | - Katherine Lam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ahmed Elshafie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Samuel B Rosenberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles Watt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R. Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Savoye
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Renata Belfort-DeAguiar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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6
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De Ruyter T, Martens DS, Bijnens EM, De Henauw S, Nawrot TS, Michels N. Exploring the impact of lifestyle and environmental exposures on appetite hormone levels in children and adolescents: An observational study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118846. [PMID: 38582428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appetite hormones are considered a promising target in fighting obesity as impaired appetite hormone levels have already been associated with obesity. However, further insights in the drivers of appetite hormone levels are needed. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the associations of fasting appetite hormone levels with lifestyle and environmental exposures in children and adolescents. METHODS A total of 534 fasting blood samples were collected from children and adolescents (4-16y,50% boys) and appetite hormone levels (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), leptin and ghrelin) were measured. Exposures included dietary quality (fiber-rich food intake, sugar propensity, fat propensity), psychosocial stress (happiness, negative emotions, negative life events and emotional problems), sleep duration, physical activity and environmental quality (long term black carbon (BC), particulate matter <2.5 μM (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure, and green space in a 100 m and 2000 m radius around the residence). A multi-exposure score was calculated to combine all the exposures at study in one measure. Associations of individual exposures and multi-exposure score with appetite hormone levels were evaluated using linear mixed regression models adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, waist-to-height ratio and multiple testing. RESULTS GLP-1 was associated with air pollution exposure (NO2 β* = -0.13, BC β* = -0.15, PM2.5 β* = -0.16, all p < 0.001). Leptin was associated with green space in a 100 m radius around the residence (β* = -0.11; p = 0.002). Ghrelin was associated with negative emotions (active ghrelin β* = -0.16; p = 0.04, total ghrelin β* = -0.23; p = 0.0051) and happiness (active ghrelin β* = 0.25; p < 0.001, total ghrelin β* = 0.26; p < 0.001). Furthermore, total ghrelin levels were associated with the multi-exposure score, reflecting unhealthy exposures and lifestyle (β* = -0.22; p = 0.036). DISCUSSION Our findings provide new insights into the associations of exposures with appetite hormone levels, which are of high interest for preventive obesity research. Further research is crucial to reveal the underlying mechanisms of the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaïs De Ruyter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Dries S Martens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Esmée M Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open University, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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7
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Neuwald NV, Pearce AL, Cunningham PM, Koczwara L, Setzenfand MN, Rolls BJ, Keller KL. Switching between foods is reliably associated with intake across eating events in children. Appetite 2024; 197:107325. [PMID: 38548135 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests switching between foods during an eating event is positively associated with intake. However, it is unclear whether switching is a stable behavior that predicts consumption across multiple eating events. The current study explored whether switching is consistent within children and reliably associated with intake across varied eating events. We analyzed data from 88 (45 F), 7-8-year-old children without obesity participating in a 7-visit prospective cohort study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03341247). Amount consumed and energy intake were measured at 4 separate meals of foods that varied by portion sizes served. Meals included macaroni and cheese, chicken nuggets, broccoli, and grapes (all 0.7-2.5 kcal/g). Children's intake was also assessed during 2 eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) paradigms separated by ≥ 1 year. The EAH paradigm included 9 sweet and savory snack foods (all 1.9-5.7 kcal/g). All eating events were video-recorded and switching was assessed by counting the number of times a child shifted between different food items. Results demonstrated that switching was reliably associated with intake at both the meals and the EAH paradigms (ps < 0.01). Specifically, at meals each additional switch was associated with 11.7 ± 1.3 kcal (7.7 ± 0.8 g) more consumed, and during EAH each additional switch was associated with 8.1 ± 2.1 kcal (2.1 ± 0.5 g) more consumed. Switching behavior was also moderately consistent across meals (ICC = 0.70) and EAH paradigms (ICC = 0.50). However, switching at meals was not related to switching at EAH paradigms. This study demonstrates the consistency of switching behavior and its reliable association with intake across eating events, highlighting its potential to contribute to chronic overconsumption and childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Neuwald
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A L Pearce
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - P M Cunningham
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - L Koczwara
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - M N Setzenfand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - B J Rolls
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - K L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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8
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Kim AT, Li S, Kim Y, You YJ, Park Y. Food preference-based screening method for identification of effectors of substance use disorders using Caenorhabditis elegans. Life Sci 2024; 345:122580. [PMID: 38514005 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) affects over 48 million Americans aged 12 and over. Thus, identifying novel chemicals contributing to SUD will be critical for developing efficient prevention and mitigation strategies. Considering the complexity of the actions and effects of these substances on human behavior, a high-throughput platform using a living organism is ideal. We developed a quick and easy screening assay using Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans prefers high-quality food (Escherichia coli HB101) over low-quality food (Bacillus megaterium), with a food preference index of approximately 0.2, defined as the difference in the number of worms at E. coli HB101 and B. megaterium over the total worm number. The food preference index was significantly increased by loperamide, a μ-opioid receptor (MOPR) agonist, and decreased by naloxone, a MOPR antagonist. These changes depended on npr-17, a C. elegans homolog of opioid receptors. In addition, the food preference index was significantly increased by arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide, a cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) agonist, and decreased by rimonabant, a CB1R inverse agonist. These changes depended on npr-19, a homolog of CB1R. These results suggest that the conserved opioid and endocannabinoid systems modulate the food preference behaviors of C. elegans. Finally, the humanoid C. elegans strains where npr-17 was replaced with human MOPR and where npr-19 was replaced with human CB1R phenocopied the changes in food preference by the drug treatment. Together, the current results show that this method can be used to rapidly screen the potential effectors of MOPR and CB1R to yield results highly translatable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Taehwan Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sida Li
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yoo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Young-Jai You
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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9
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Guglielmi V, Dalle Grave R, Leonetti F, Solini A. Female obesity: clinical and psychological assessment toward the best treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1349794. [PMID: 38765954 PMCID: PMC11099266 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1349794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogeneous condition which results from complex interactions among sex/gender, sociocultural, environmental, and biological factors. Obesity is more prevalent in women in most developed countries, and several clinical and psychological obesity complications show sex-specific patterns. Females differ regarding fat distribution, with males tending to store more visceral fat, which is highly correlated to increased cardiovascular risk. Although women are more likely to be diagnosed with obesity and appear more motivated to lose weight, as confirmed by their greater representation in clinical trials, males show better outcomes in terms of body weight and intra-abdominal fat loss and improvements in the metabolic risk profile. However, only a few relatively recent studies have investigated gender differences in obesity, and sex/gender is rarely considered in the assessment and management of the disease. This review summarizes the evidence of gender differences in obesity prevalence, contributing factors, clinical complications, and psychological challenges. In addition, we explored gender differences in response to obesity treatments in the specific context of new anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guglielmi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Obesity Center, Department of Systems Medicine, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dalle Grave
- Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda, VR, Italy
| | - Frida Leonetti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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10
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Bai L, Wang X, Niu R, Zhao M, Zhao Z, Jia P, Sun S. Association between body mass index and tic disorders in school-age children. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:261. [PMID: 38643075 PMCID: PMC11031855 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI ) and the severity of tic disorders (TDs) in children 6-14 years old. METHODS A total of 86 children diagnosed with TDs in a hospital between Jan. 2023 and Sept. 2023 were collected by convenient sampling method, and the general data and TD-specific data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that patients with different Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) grades had statistically significant differences in age, BMI, residence, snacking pattern, weekly physical exercise frequency, weekly physical exercise time, and proportion of cesarean birth. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the YGTSS score grades were related to BMI, snacking pattern, and cesarean birth of the patients. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between BMI grades and the YGTSS score grades, with a higher BMI indicating more severe TDs. Predictive value evaluation showed that BMI, snacking pattern, and cesarean birth had predictive values for TD severity, and the highest value was found in the combined prediction. CONCLUSION BMI, snacking pattern, and cesarean birth are of predictive values for the severity of TDs. In addition, BMI is positively correlated with the severity of TDs, and a higher BMI suggests more severe TDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, No. 133 of Jianhuanan Street, YuhuaDistrict, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, No. 133 of Jianhuanan Street, YuhuaDistrict, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Ruijie Niu
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, No. 133 of Jianhuanan Street, YuhuaDistrict, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Mengchuan Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, No. 133 of Jianhuanan Street, YuhuaDistrict, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, No. 133 of Jianhuanan Street, YuhuaDistrict, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Pengyu Jia
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, No. 133 of Jianhuanan Street, YuhuaDistrict, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Suzhen Sun
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, No. 133 of Jianhuanan Street, YuhuaDistrict, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China.
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11
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Say YH, Nordin MS, Ng ALO. Cross-sectional association study of hedonic hunger, self-control, cognitive distortion, and well-being with adiposity measures among a sample of urban Malaysian adults. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:193. [PMID: 38589962 PMCID: PMC11003038 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the association of hedonic hunger, self-control (impulsivity and restraint), cognitive distortion (CD), and well-being with adiposity measures such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body mass index (BMI), total body fat (TBF), subcutaneous fat (SF), visceral fat level (VFL), skeletal muscle percentage (SM), and resting metabolism (RM), among a sample of urban Malaysian adults at Sunway University and Sunway College, Selangor, Malaysia. METHODS Among 186 participants (M/F = 51/135; aged 22.1 ± 5.0), psychometrics were assessed using Power of Food Scale (PFS), Brief Self-Control Scale, CD Questionnaire (CD-Quest), and WHO-5 Well-being Index. Blood pressures, anthropometrics and body compositions were also measured using standard methods and bioimpedance. RESULTS Men had significantly higher well-being, but lower overall self-control, impulsivity and Food Available hedonic hunger. Those with moderate/severe CD had higher odds ratio (OR) of having high central adiposity, compared with those with absent/slight CD (OR: 2.52;95% CI: 1.14, 5.61; p = 0.023 for WC and OR: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.19, 5.23; p = 0.015 for WHR). Higher CD and PFS scores were strongly significantly correlated with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), WC, WHR, WHtR, BMI, TBF, SF, VFL and RM. Lower self-control was weakly correlated with higher WC, while lower impulsivity and restraint were weakly correlated with higher VFL. Those who were overweight, obese, and in high TBF class had significantly higher PFS Aggregate Factor scores. Food Available and Food Present scores, but not Food Tasted, were also significantly higher among overweight participants. CONCLUSIONS Higher hedonic hunger and CD were associated with higher SBP and all adiposity measures. Overweight participants had higher hedonic hunger in the context of ready availability and physical presence of highly palatable foods. Lower self-control was weakly correlated with higher central adiposity; lower impulsivity and restraint were weakly correlated with higher visceral adiposity. These findings have provided some insights into the cognitive factors underlying adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-How Say
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mimi Shamirah Nordin
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alvin Lai Oon Ng
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Baghdassarian HM, Lewis NE. Resource allocation in mammalian systems. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108305. [PMID: 38215956 PMCID: PMC11182366 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cells execute biological functions to support phenotypes such as growth, migration, and secretion. Complementarily, each function of a cell has resource costs that constrain phenotype. Resource allocation by a cell allows it to manage these costs and optimize their phenotypes. In fact, the management of resource constraints (e.g., nutrient availability, bioenergetic capacity, and macromolecular machinery production) shape activity and ultimately impact phenotype. In mammalian systems, quantification of resource allocation provides important insights into higher-order multicellular functions; it shapes intercellular interactions and relays environmental cues for tissues to coordinate individual cells to overcome resource constraints and achieve population-level behavior. Furthermore, these constraints, objectives, and phenotypes are context-dependent, with cells adapting their behavior according to their microenvironment, resulting in distinct steady-states. This review will highlight the biological insights gained from probing resource allocation in mammalian cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hratch M Baghdassarian
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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13
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Carbone EA, Caroleo M, Rania M, de Filippis R, Condoleo F, Catalano F, Aloi M, De Fazio P, Arturi F, Hribal ML, Fiorentino TV, Segura-Garcia C. Influence of NUCB/Nesfatin-1 Polymorphism on Treatment Response to Naltrexone/Bupropion SR in Binge Eating Disorder and Obesity. Biomedicines 2024; 12:451. [PMID: 38398053 PMCID: PMC10887296 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The NUCB2 gene and its polymorphisms were identified as novel players in the regulation of food intake, potentially leading to obesity (OBE) and altered eating behaviors. Naltrexone/bupropion SR (NB) showed good efficacy and tolerability for treating OBE and altered eating behaviors associated with binge eating disorder (BED). This prospective study investigates the influence of NUCB2 gene polymorphism on NB treatment response in OBE and BED. Materials and Methods: Body mass index (BMI), eating (EDE-Q, BES, NEQ, GQ, Y-FAS 2.0) and general psychopathology (BDI, STAI-S) were evaluated at baseline (t0) and after 16 weeks (t1) of NB treatment in patients with OBE and BED (Group 1; N = 22) vs. patients with OBE without BED (Group 2; N = 20). Differences were evaluated according to the rs757081 NUCB2 gene polymorphism. Results: NUCB2 polymorphism was equally distributed between groups. Although weight at t0 was higher in Group 1, weight loss was similar at t1 in both groups. BMI was not influenced by NUCB2 polymorphism. In Group 1, the CG-genotype reported significant improvement in eating psychopathology while the GG-genotype reported improvement only for FA. No differences were observed in Group 2. Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with BED and treated with NB exhibited a more favorable treatment response within the CG-genotype of the NUCB2 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Anna Carbone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.A.C.); (F.C.); (F.A.); (M.L.H.); (T.V.F.)
| | - Mariarita Caroleo
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (M.A.); (P.D.F.)
| | - Marianna Rania
- Center for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Renato Dulbecco, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (M.A.); (P.D.F.)
| | - Francesca Condoleo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.A.C.); (F.C.); (F.A.); (M.L.H.); (T.V.F.)
| | - Federica Catalano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.A.C.); (F.C.); (F.A.); (M.L.H.); (T.V.F.)
| | - Matteo Aloi
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (M.A.); (P.D.F.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (M.A.); (P.D.F.)
| | - Franco Arturi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.A.C.); (F.C.); (F.A.); (M.L.H.); (T.V.F.)
| | - Marta Letizia Hribal
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.A.C.); (F.C.); (F.A.); (M.L.H.); (T.V.F.)
| | - Teresa Vanessa Fiorentino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.A.C.); (F.C.); (F.A.); (M.L.H.); (T.V.F.)
| | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.A.C.); (F.C.); (F.A.); (M.L.H.); (T.V.F.)
- Center for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Renato Dulbecco, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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14
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Henderson BJ, Tetteh-Quarshie S, Olszewski NA. Modulators of nicotine reward and reinforcement. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2024; 99:355-386. [PMID: 38467487 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine has been well-characterized for its ability to alter neurophysiology to promote rewarding and reinforcing properties. However, several exogenous chemicals possess properties that modulate or enhance nicotine's ability to alter neurophysiology. This chapter focuses on nicotine's impact on behavior through changes in neurophysiology and several chemical entities that in-turn modulate nicotine's ability to act as a neuromodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.
| | - Samuel Tetteh-Quarshie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Nathan A Olszewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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15
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Cogan B, Cooper JA. Differential effects of nutritive and non-nutritive sweet mouth rinsing on appetite in adults with obesity. Appetite 2024; 193:107133. [PMID: 38000768 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive added sugar intake has been associated with obesity; however, the effect of dietary sweetness on energy intake (EI) and appetite in adults with and without obesity has not yet been determined. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of mouth rinses with and without energy and sweetness on measures of appetite, and to compare responses between subjects with body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2 or ≥30 kg/m2. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind crossover study, 39 subjects (age 23±5y; 17 male, 22 female; BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2: n = 21; ≥30 kg/m2: n = 18) performed modified sham-feeding (MSF) with a mouth rinse containing either sucrose, sucralose, maltodextrin, or water for 2min before expectorating the solution. Blood sampling and subjective appetite assessments occurred at baseline (-5) and 15, 30, 60, and 90min post-MSF. After, EI was assessed at a buffet meal and post-meal appetite ratings were assessed hourly for 3h. RESULTS Post-MSF ghrelin increased for water vs. maltodextrin (water: p = 0.03). Post-MSF cholecystokinin increased following maltodextrin-MSF (p = 0.03) and sucralose-MSF (p = 0.005) vs. sucrose for those with BMI:18.5-24.9 kg/m2 only. There was greater post-MSF desire to eat in response to water vs. sucrose (p = 0.03) and reduced fullness with sucralose for those with BMI≥30 vs. 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (p < 0.001). There was no difference in EI at the buffet meal by mouth rinse (p = 0.98) or by BMI (p = 0.12). However, there was greater post-meal fullness following sucralose-MSF vs. water (p = 0.03) and sucrose (p = 0.004) for those with BMI≥30 vs. 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. CONCLUSION Sucralose rinsing led to greater cephalic phase CCK release in adults with a BMI:18.5-24.9 kg/m2 only; however, ghrelin responses to unsweetened rinses were energy-specific for all adults. As subsequent EI was unaffected, further investigation of cephalic phase appetite is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Cogan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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16
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Kardan R, Hemmati J, Nazari M, Ahmadi A, Asghari B, Azizi M, Khaledi M, Arabestani MR. Novel therapeutic strategy for obesity through the gut microbiota-brain axis: A review article. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2024; 15:215-227. [PMID: 38807723 PMCID: PMC11129059 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.15.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Background: The interaction between commensal bacteria and the host is essential for health and the gut microbiota-brain axis plays a vital role in this regard. Obesity as a medical problem not only affect the health of the individuals, but also the economic and social aspects of communities. The presence of any dysbiosis in the composition of the gut microbiota disrupts in the gut microbiota-brain axis, which in turn leads to an increase in appetite and then obesity. Because common treatments for obesity have several drawbacks, the use of microbiota-based therapy in addition to treatment and prevention of obesity can have other numerous benefits for the individual. In this review, we intend to investigate the relationship between obesity and the gut microbiota-brain axis as well as novel treatment strategies based on this axis with an emphasis on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kardan
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- These authors contributed equally in this article
| | - Jaber Hemmati
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- These authors contributed equally in this article
| | - Mohsen Nazari
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amjad Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azizi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Khaledi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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17
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Schwarz A, Hernandez L, Arefin S, Sartirana E, Witasp A, Wernerson A, Stenvinkel P, Kublickiene K. Sweet, bloody consumption - what we eat and how it affects vascular ageing, the BBB and kidney health in CKD. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2341449. [PMID: 38686499 PMCID: PMC11062370 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2341449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In today's industrialized society food consumption has changed immensely toward heightened red meat intake and use of artificial sweeteners instead of grains and vegetables or sugar, respectively. These dietary changes affect public health in general through an increased incidence of metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity, with a further elevated risk for cardiorenal complications. Research shows that high red meat intake and artificial sweeteners ingestion can alter the microbial composition and further intestinal wall barrier permeability allowing increased transmission of uremic toxins like p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, trimethylamine n-oxide and phenylacetylglutamine into the blood stream causing an array of pathophysiological effects especially as a strain on the kidneys, since they are responsible for clearing out the toxins. In this review, we address how the burden of the Western diet affects the gut microbiome in altering the microbial composition and increasing the gut permeability for uremic toxins and the detrimental effects thereof on early vascular aging, the kidney per se and the blood-brain barrier, in addition to the potential implications for dietary changes/interventions to preserve the health issues related to chronic diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Schwarz
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leah Hernandez
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samsul Arefin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Sartirana
- Department of Translational Medicine, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Anna Witasp
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Wernerson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Ha OR, Lim SL. The role of emotion in eating behavior and decisions. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1265074. [PMID: 38130967 PMCID: PMC10733500 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1265074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present paper aims to provide the latest perspectives and future directions on the association between emotions and eating behavior. We discussed individual differences in the impact of negative emotions on eating, emotional eating as disinhibited eating decisions with heightened reward values of and sensitivity to palatable foods in response to negative emotions and social isolation, in addition to emotional eating as maladaptive coping strategies under negative emotion and stress, hedonic (pleasure-oriented) eating decisions mediated by the brain reward system, and self-controlled (health-oriented) eating decisions mediated by the brain control system. Perspectives on future directions were addressed, including the development of early eating phenotypes in infancy, shared neural mechanisms mediated by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in emotion and eating decision regulation, possible roles of interoception incorporating hunger and satiety signals, gut microbiome, the insula and the orbitofrontal cortex, and emotional processing capacities in hedonic eating and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Lark Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
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19
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Abraham A, Yaghootkar H. Identifying obesity subtypes: A review of studies utilising clinical biomarkers and genetic data. Diabet Med 2023; 40:e15226. [PMID: 37704218 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex and multifactorial condition that poses significant health risks. Recent advancements in our understanding of obesity have highlighted the heterogeneity within this disorder. Identifying distinct subtypes of obesity is crucial for personalised treatment and intervention strategies. This review paper aims to examine studies that have utilised clinical biomarkers and genetic data to identify clusters or subtypes of obesity. The findings of these studies may provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential targeted approaches for managing obesity-related health issues such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Abraham
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
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20
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Gancarz AM, Parmar R, Shwani T, Cobb MM, Crawford MN, Watson JR, Evans L, Kausch MA, Werner CT, Dietz DM. Adolescent exposure to sucrose increases cocaine-mediated behaviours in adulthood via Smad3. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13346. [PMID: 38017636 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence, a critical period of developmental period, is marked by neurobiological changes influenced by environmental factors. Here, we show how exposure to sucrose, which is ubiquitously available in modern diets, results in changes in behavioural response to cocaine as an adult. Rats were given daily access to either 10% sucrose or water during the adolescent period (PND28-42). Following this period, rats are left undisturbed until they reach adulthood. In adulthood, rats were tested for (i) acquisition of a low dose of cocaine, (ii) progressive ratio (PR) test, and (iii) resistance to punished cocaine taking. Sucrose exposure resulted in significant alterations in all behavioural measures. To determine the neurobiological mechanisms leading to such behavioural adaptations, we find that adolescent sucrose exposure results in an upregulation of the transcription factor Smad3 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) when compared with water-exposed controls. Transiently blocking the active form of this transcription factor (HSV-dnSmad3) during adolescence mitigated the enhanced cocaine vulnerability-like behaviours observed in adulthood. These findings suggest that prior exposure to sucrose during adolescence can heighten the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Furthermore, they identify the TGF-beta pathway and Smad3 as playing a key role in mediating enduring and long-lasting adaptations that contribute to sucrose-induced susceptibility to cocaine. Taken together, these results have important implications for development and suggest that adolescent sucrose exposure may persistently enhance the susceptibility to substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Gancarz
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Raveena Parmar
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Treefa Shwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Moriah M Cobb
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Michelle N Crawford
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Jacob R Watson
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Lisa Evans
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Michael A Kausch
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - David M Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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21
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Warwas N, Langeland M, Roques JAC, Montjouridès M, Smeets J, Sundh H, Jönsson E, Sundell K. Fish processing side streams are promising ingredients in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) - Effects on growth physiology, appetite, and intestinal health. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37843903 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the growth of aquaculture and the finite supply of fishmeal and oil, alternative marine protein and lipid sources are highly sought after. Particularly promising is the use of side streams from the fish processing industry, allowing for the recovery and retention of otherwise lost nutrients in the food production chain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of three fish processing side streams as fish feed ingredients. The side streams originated from different stages of the production chain, were used without further processing, and included sprat trimmings (heads, frames, viscera), marinated herring (fillets) and mackerel in tomato sauce (fillets and sauce). The three side streams contained moderate levels of protein (28-32% dry matter) and high levels of lipid (34-43%). The sprat trimmings included ca. 29% ash and 1.5% phosphorous which may add value due to the high level of essential minerals but needs to be considered in feed formulations. Three diets were formulated to include 50% of each side stream replacing all fishmeal and ca. 80% of the fish oil of the control diet, which contained 35% fishmeal and 10% fish oil. The diets were evaluated in a 12-week feeding trial using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish fed the sprat diet displayed the highest feed intake and growth, and showed no negative effects on the intestinal health. The mackerel side stream displayed a good digestibility but resulted in lower growth rates compared to the sprat trimmings. Fish fed the herring diet, displayed the lowest performance regarding growth, feed intake and digestibility. They further exhibited a reduction in nutrient uptake in both proximal and distal intestine, likely contributing to the observed lower digestibility and growth, and a reduction in plasma ghrelin levels. As part of a circular approach to increase marine lipid and protein production for fish feed, the tested sprat and mackerel side streams are promising raw materials however additional studies using more commercial-like feed formulations are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Warwas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Mariculture Research Center, SWEMARC, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Blue Food, Center for future seafood, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Langeland
- Blue Food, Center for future seafood, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- RISE Research Institute of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan A C Roques
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Mariculture Research Center, SWEMARC, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Montjouridès
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jolie Smeets
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Mariculture Research Center, SWEMARC, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Jönsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Mariculture Research Center, SWEMARC, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Blue Food, Center for future seafood, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Mariculture Research Center, SWEMARC, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Blue Food, Center for future seafood, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ross RA, Kim A, Das P, Li Y, Choi YK, Thompson AT, Douglas E, Subramanian S, Ramos K, Callahan K, Bolshakov VY, Ressler KJ. Prefrontal cortex melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) mediate food intake behavior in male mice. Physiol Behav 2023; 269:114280. [PMID: 37369302 PMCID: PMC10528493 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) activity in the hypothalamus is crucial for regulation of metabolism and food intake. The peptide ligands for the MC4R are associated with feeding, energy expenditure, and also with complex behaviors that orchestrate energy intake and expenditure, but the downstream neuroanatomical and neurochemical targets associated with these behaviors are elusive. In addition to strong expression in the hypothalamus, the MC4R is highly expressed in the medial prefrontal cortex, a region involved in executive function and decision-making. METHODS Using viral techniques in genetically modified male mice combined with molecular techniques, we identify and define the effects on feeding behavior of a novel population of MC4R expressing neurons in the infralimbic (IL) region of the cortex. RESULTS Here, we describe a novel population of MC4R-expressing neurons in the IL of the mouse prefrontal cortex that are glutamatergic, receive input from melanocortinergic neurons, and project to multiple regions that coordinate appetitive responses to food-related stimuli. The neurons are stimulated by application of MC4R-specific peptidergic agonist, THIQ. Deletion of MC4R from the IL neurons causes increased food intake and body weight gain and impaired executive function in simple food-related behavior tasks. CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that MC4R neurons of the IL play a critical role in the regulation of food intake in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Ross
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Angela Kim
- Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priyanka Das
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kat Ramos
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Callahan
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Guillaumin MCC, Viskaitis P, Bracey E, Burdakov D, Peleg-Raibstein D. Disentangling the role of NAc D1 and D2 cells in hedonic eating. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3531-3547. [PMID: 37402855 PMCID: PMC10618099 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Overeating is driven by both the hedonic component ('liking') of food, and the motivation ('wanting') to eat it. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key brain center implicated in these processes, but how distinct NAc cell populations encode 'liking' and 'wanting' to shape overconsumption remains unclear. Here, we probed the roles of NAc D1 and D2 cells in these processes using cell-specific recording and optogenetic manipulation in diverse behavioral paradigms that disentangle reward traits of 'liking' and 'wanting' related to food choice and overeating in healthy mice. Medial NAc shell D2 cells encoded experience-dependent development of 'liking', while D1 cells encoded innate 'liking' during the first food taste. Optogenetic control confirmed causal links of D1 and D2 cells to these aspects of 'liking'. In relation to 'wanting', D1 and D2 cells encoded and promoted distinct aspects of food approach: D1 cells interpreted food cues while D2 cells also sustained food-visit-length that facilitates consumption. Finally, at the level of food choice, D1, but not D2, cell activity was sufficient to switch food preference, programming subsequent long-lasting overconsumption. By revealing complementary roles of D1 and D2 cells in consumption, these findings assign neural bases to 'liking' and 'wanting' in a unifying framework of D1 and D2 cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde C C Guillaumin
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Paulius Viskaitis
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Eva Bracey
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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Woo JM, Lee GE, Lee JH. Attentional bias for high-calorie food cues by the level of hunger and satiety in individuals with binge eating behaviors. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1149864. [PMID: 37521694 PMCID: PMC10372423 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1149864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The abnormal hyperreactivity to food cues in individuals with binge eating behaviors could be regulated by hedonic or reward-based system, overriding the homeostatic system. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether attentional bias for food cues is affected by the level of hunger, maintaining the normal homeostatic system in individuals with binge eating behaviors. Methods A total of 116 female participants were recruited and divided into four groups: hungry-binge eating group (BE) (n = 29), satiated BE (n = 29), hungry-control (n = 29), satiated control (n = 29). While participants completed a free-viewing task on high or low-calorie food cues, visual attentional processes were recorded using an eye tracker. Results The results revealed that BE group showed longer initial fixation duration toward high-calorie food cues in both hunger and satiety condition in the early stage, whereas the control group showed longer initial fixation duration toward high-calorie food cues only in hunger conditions. Moreover, in the late stage, the BE group stared more at the high-calorie food cue, compared to control group regardless of hunger and satiety. Discussion The findings suggest that automatic attentional bias for food cues in individuals with binge eating behaviors occurred without purpose or awareness is not affected by the homeostatic system, while strategic attention is focused on high-calorie food. Therefore, the attentional processing of food cues in binge eating group is regulated by hedonic system rather than homeostatic system, leading to vulnerability to binge eating.
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25
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Peters C, He S, Fermani F, Lim H, Ding W, Mayer C, Klein R. Transcriptomics reveals amygdala neuron regulation by fasting and ghrelin thereby promoting feeding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6521. [PMID: 37224253 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The central amygdala (CeA) consists of numerous genetically defined inhibitory neurons that control defensive and appetitive behaviors including feeding. Transcriptomic signatures of cell types and their links to function remain poorly understood. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we describe nine CeA cell clusters, of which four are mostly associated with appetitive and two with aversive behaviors. To analyze the activation mechanism of appetitive CeA neurons, we characterized serotonin receptor 2a (Htr2a)-expressing neurons (CeAHtr2a) that comprise three appetitive clusters and were previously shown to promote feeding. In vivo calcium imaging revealed that CeAHtr2a neurons are activated by fasting, the hormone ghrelin, and the presence of food. Moreover, these neurons are required for the orexigenic effects of ghrelin. Appetitive CeA neurons responsive to fasting and ghrelin project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) causing inhibition of target PBN neurons. These results illustrate how the transcriptomic diversification of CeA neurons relates to fasting and hormone-regulated feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Songwei He
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Federica Fermani
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hansol Lim
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wenyu Ding
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Laboratory of Neurogenomics, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Calcaterra V, Cena H, Rossi V, Santero S, Bianchi A, Zuccotti G. Ultra-Processed Food, Reward System and Childhood Obesity. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10050804. [PMID: 37238352 DOI: 10.3390/children10050804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and overweight are a major public health problem globally. Diet quality is critical for proper child development, and an unhealthy diet is a preventable risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as obesity. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in childhood may increase the BMI/BMI z-score, body fat percentage, or likelihood of overweight. A strict feeding regulation system allows for sufficient food to be consumed to meet ongoing metabolic demands while avoiding overconsumption. This narrative review explores the issues of obesity and the regulation of food intake related to reward systems and UPF consumption. Nutrient composition alone cannot explain the influence of UPFs on the risk of obesity. Furthermore, the non-nutritional properties of UPFs may explain the mechanisms underlying the relationship with obesity and NCDs. UPFs are designed to be highly palatable, appealing, and energy dense with a unique combination of the main taste enhancer ingredients to generate a strong rewarding stimulus and influence the circuits related to feeding facilitation. How individual UPF ingredients influence eating behavior and reward processes remains not fully elucidated. To increase the knowledge on the relationship between UPFs and pediatric obesity, it may be useful to limit the rapid growth in the prevalence of obesity and subsequent related complications, and to develop new strategies for appropriate food and nutrition policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, General Medicine, Istituti Clinici Salvatore Maugeri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Sscientifico, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Santero
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alice Bianchi
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
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27
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Abdulla NK, Obaid RR, Qureshi MN, Asraiti AA, Janahi MA, Abu Qiyas SJ, Faris ME. Relationship between hedonic hunger and subjectively assessed sleep quality and perceived stress among university students: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14987. [PMID: 37089280 PMCID: PMC10114148 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the relationship between hedonic hunger (HH), sleep quality, and stress levels among university students in the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Bahrain. Methods We used a cross-sectional design with participants (N = 565) recruited via convenience sampling. Data were collected with a self-administered, standardized, and validated online questionnaire. HH was assessed with the Palatable Eating Motives Scale (PEMS) and Power of Food Scale (PFS), sleep quality and sleep components were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), stress was evaluated with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and physical activity was examined with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to assess the relationship between HH and sleep quality and perceived stress. Results There were positive associations between total PSQI scores and total PEMS (β = 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06-0.25, P = 0.001) and PFS (β = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.45-1.04, P < 0.001). The likelihood of poor sleep quality increased by 8% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, P = 0.020) and 43% (OR = 1.43, P < 0.001) for each one-unit increase in PEMS and PFS scores, respectively. We also found positive associations between PSS scores and total PEMS (β = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.26-0.63, P < 0.001) and PFS (β = 0.23, 95% CI: 1.04-2.22, P < 0.001) scores. Conclusion Reducing HH and stress levels may help to enhance sleep quality among university students. Conversely, improving sleep quality and reducing stress levels could improve HH in this population.
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28
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Lv N, Hallihan H, Xiao L, Williams LM, Ajilore OA, Ma J. Association of Changes in Neural Targets and Dietary Outcomes among Patients with Comorbid Obesity and Depression: Post hoc Analysis of ENGAGE-2 Mechanistic Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:880-896. [PMID: 36931755 PMCID: PMC10196721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions in brain circuits that regulate cognition and emotion can hinder dietary change and weight loss among individuals with obesity and depression. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate whether changes in brain targets in the cognitive control, negative affect, and positive affect circuits after 2-mo problem-solving therapy (PST) predict changes in dietary outcomes at 2 and 6 mo. METHODS Adults with obesity and depression from an academic health system were randomly assigned to receive PST (7-step problem-solving and behavioral activation strategies) over 2 mo or usual care. Seventy participants (mean age = 45.9 ± 11.6 y; 75.7% women, 55.7% Black, 17.1% Hispanic, 20.0% White; mean BMI = 36.5 ± 5.3 kg/m2; mean Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression score = 12.7 ± 2.8) completed functional MRI and 24-h food recalls. Ordinary least square regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Among intervention participants, increased left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dLPFC) activity of the cognitive control circuit at 2 mo was associated with increased diet quality (β: 0.20; 95% CI: -0.02, 0.42) and decreased calories (β: -0.19; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.04), fat levels (β: -0.22; 95% CI: -0.39, -0.06), and high-sugar food intake (β: -0.18; 95% CI: -0.37, 0.01) at 6 mo. For the negative affect circuit, increased right dLPFC-amygdala connectivity at 2 mo was associated with increased diet quality (β: 0.32; 95% CI: -0.93, 1.57) and fruit and vegetable intake (β: 0.38; 95% CI: -0.75, 1.50) and decreased calories (β: -0.37; 95% CI: -1.29, 0.54), fat levels (β: -0.37; 95% CI: -1.50, 0.76), sodium concentrations (β: -0.36; 95% CI: -1.32, 0.60), and alcohol intake (β: -0.71; 95% CI: -2.10, 0.68) at 2 but not at 6 mo. The usual care group showed opposing associations. The 95% CIs of all between-group differences did not overlap the null, suggesting a significant treatment effect. CONCLUSIONS Among adults with obesity and depression who underwent PST compared with those under usual care, improved dLPFC-amygdala regulation of negative affective brain states predicted dietary improvements at 2 mo, whereas improvements in dLPFC-based cognitive control predicted dietary improvements at 6 mo. These findings warrant confirmatory studies. This trial was at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03841682.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lv
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hagar Hallihan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Olusola A Ajilore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Coulthard H, Van den Tol AJM, Jeffers S, Ryan S. Music as an alternative self-regulation strategy to snack foods following a negative mood induction in 5-7-year-old children: Interactions with parental use of food as a reward. Appetite 2023; 186:106517. [PMID: 36863533 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to extend studies that have looked at snack food consumption following a negative mood induction, and examine whether listening to a happy song would counteract food consumption in children. A second aim was to examine whether parental feeding practices (use of food as a reward and the use of food to regulate emotions) and child Body Mass Index (BMI) would moderate any differences. Eighty 5-7-year-old children took part in a negative mood induction and were then assigned to either a happy music condition or a silent control condition. The weight (g) consumed of four snack foods was measured (fruit hearts, crisps, chocolate biscuits, and breadsticks). Parents filled in baseline measures of feeding practices. There were no significant differences in food consumption between conditions. There was, however, a significant interaction between the high use of food as a reward and the condition on the amount of food eaten. In particular, following a negative -mood induction, those children whose parents reported using food as a reward and who were in the silent condition ate significantly more snack foods. There were no significant interactions with child BMI or with parental use of food to regulate emotions. This research suggests that the use of certain parental strategies may influence how children respond to novel emotion regulation techniques. Further research is needed to evaluate the best types of music to regulate emotions in children, and whether parents can be encouraged to replace maladaptive feeding practices with more adaptive non-food practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Coulthard
- Division of Psychology, The Gateway, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Shavez Jeffers
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, George Davies Centre, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Ryan
- School of Psychology, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, United Kingdom
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Maternal Over- and Malnutrition and Increased Risk for Addictive and Eating Disorders in the Offspring. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051095. [PMID: 36904093 PMCID: PMC10004806 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from human and animal studies has shown that maternal overnutrition and/or obesity are linked with neurobehavioral changes in the offspring. This fetal programming is characterized by adaptive responses to changes in the nutritional state during early life. In the past decade, an association has been made between overconsumption of highly-palatable food by the mother during fetal development and abnormal behaviors resembling addiction in the offspring. Maternal overnutrition can lead to alterations in the offspring's brain reward circuitry leading to hyperresponsiveness of this circuit following exposure to calorie-dense foods later in life. Given the accumulating evidence indicating that the central nervous system plays a pivotal role in regulating food intake, energy balance, and the motivation to seek food, a dysfunction in the reward circuitry may contribute to the addiction-like behaviors observed in the offspring. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to these alterations in the reward circuitry during fetal development and their relevance to the increased risk for the offspring to later develop addictive-like behaviors is still unclear. Here, we review the most relevant scientific reports about the impact of food overconsumption during fetal development and its effect on addictive-like behaviors of the offspring in the context of eating disorders and obesity.
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Emotions and Food Consumption: Emotional Eating Behavior in a European Population. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040872. [PMID: 36832947 PMCID: PMC9957014 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion can reflect in the perception of food consumption. An increase in food intake during emotional and psychological conditions may have a negative impact on human health. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the associations between food consumption, emotional eating behavior, and emotional conditions such as stress, depression, loneliness, boredom eating, maintaining vigilance and alertness, and emotional food consolation. We used a Motivations for Food Choices Questionnaire (Eating Motivations, EATMOT) to determine the emotional aspects of food consumption in 9052 respondents living in 12 European countries between October 2017 and March 2018. Ordinal linear regression was used to identify the associations between the emotional eating behavior and emotional conditions such as stress, depression, loneliness, emotional consolation, and reasons to improve physical and psychological conditions. The regression models confirmed the associations between food consumption, emotional conditions, and emotional eating behavior. Associations were found between the emotional eating behavior and stress (odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-1.60, p = 0.010), depressive mood (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.40-1.43, p < 0.001), loneliness (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.58-1.62, p < 0.001), boredom (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.36-1.39, p < 0.001), and emotional consolation (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.54-1.57, p < 0.001). Emotional eating was associated with an effort to improve physical and psychological conditions, such as controlling body weight (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.10-1.12, p < 0.001), keeping awake and alert (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.19-1.20, p < 0.001) and consumption to feel good (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.21-1.22, p < 0.001). In conclusion, emotions might provoke emotional eating behavior. The appropriate way to handle stress, depression, or other emotional states is important in conditions of being emotionally overwhelmed. The public should be educated on how to handle different emotional states. The focus should be moved somehow from emotional eating and the consumption of unhealthy food to healthy lifestyle practices, including regular exercise and healthy eating habits. Thus, it is necessary to halt these negative health effects on human health through public health programs.
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Elkhawaga SY, Ismail A, Elsakka EGE, Doghish AS, Elkady MA, El-Mahdy HA. miRNAs as cornerstones in adipogenesis and obesity. Life Sci 2023; 315:121382. [PMID: 36639051 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, obesity has extensively emerged to the level of pandemics. It's significantly associated with serious co-morbidities that could decrease life quality and even life expectancy. Obesity has several determinants, such as age, sex, endocrine, and genetic factors. The miRNAs have emerged as genetic factors affecting obesity. The miRNAs are small noncoding nucleic acids that can modify gene expression and hence, control biological processes. The miRNAs can greatly affect many biological processes in obesity, such as adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and homeostasis. As a result, the entry of miRNAs in obesity therapeutic approaches has been strongly advised as miRNAs mimics, inhibitors, and stimulators. Hence, this review aims to point out a summarized and updated overview of miRNAs and their roles in obesity and its included processes, such as adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Besides, we also review recent applications of miRNAs as a treatment approach for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Y Elkhawaga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed G E Elsakka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Elkady
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
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Aukan MI, Coutinho S, Pedersen SA, Simpson MR, Martins C. Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13531. [PMID: 36416279 PMCID: PMC10078575 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining if gastrointestinal (GI) hormone response to food intake differs between individuals with, and without, obesity may improve our understanding of obesity pathophysiology. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the concentrations of GI hormones, as well as appetite ratings, following a test meal, in individuals with and without obesity was undertaken. Systematic searches were conducted in the databases MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 7514 unique articles were retrieved, 115 included in the systematic review, and 70 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis compared estimated standardized mean difference in GI hormones' concentration, as well as appetite ratings, between individuals with and without obesity. Basal and postprandial total ghrelin concentrations were lower in individuals with obesity compared with controls, and this was reflected by lower postprandial hunger ratings in the former. Individuals with obesity had a lower postprandial concentration of total peptide YY compared with controls, but no significant differences were found for glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin, or other appetite ratings. A large methodological and statistical heterogeneity among studies was found. More comprehensive studies are needed to understand if the differences observed are a cause or a consequence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Isaksen Aukan
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silvia Coutinho
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Public Health Nutrition at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre Andre Pedersen
- Library Section for Research Support, Data and Analysis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinical Research Unit Central Norway, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Xie X, Houtz J, Liao GY, Chen Y, Xu B. Genetic Val66Met BDNF Variant Increases Hyperphagia on Fat-rich Diets in Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:6984997. [PMID: 36631165 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High prevalence of obesity is attributable in part to consumption of highly palatable, fat-rich foods. However, the mechanism controlling dietary fat intake is largely unknown. In this study we investigated the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the control of dietary fat intake in a mouse model that mimics the common human Val-to-Met (Val66Met) polymorphism that impairs BDNF release via the regulated secretory pathway. BdnfMet/Met mice gained weight much faster than wild-type (WT) mice and developed severe obesity due to marked hyperphagia when they were fed HFD. Hyperphagia in these mice worsened when the fat content in their diet was increased. Conversely, mice lacking leptin exhibited similar hyperphagia on chow and HFD. When 2 diets were provided simultaneously, WT and BdnfMet/Met mice showed a comparable preference for the more palatable diet rich in either fat or sucrose, indicating that increased hyperphagia on fat-rich diets in BdnfMet/Met mice is not due to enhanced hedonic drive. In support of this interpretation, WT and BdnfMet/Met mice increased calorie intake to a similar extent during the first day after chow was switched to HFD; however, WT mice decreased HFD intake faster than BdnfMet/Met mice in subsequent days. Furthermore, we found that refeeding after fasting or nocturnal feeding with HFD activated TrkB more strongly than with chow in the hypothalamus of WT mice, whereas TrkB activation under these 2 conditions was greatly attenuated in BdnfMet/Met mice. These results indicate that satiety factors generated during HFD feeding induce BDNF release to suppress excess dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xie
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Jessica Houtz
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Guey-Ying Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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35
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Butryn ML, Hagerman CJ, Crane NT, Ehmann MM, Forman EM, Milliron BJ, Simone NL. A Proof-of-Concept Pilot Test of a Behavioral Intervention to Improve Adherence to Dietary Recommendations for Cancer Prevention. Cancer Control 2023; 30:10732748231214122. [PMID: 37950612 PMCID: PMC10640808 DOI: 10.1177/10732748231214122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prevention programs that can help adults improve the quality of their diets to reduce cancer risk are needed. This Phase IIa study prospectively tested a mHealth intervention designed to improve adherence to dietary quality guidelines for cancer prevention. METHODS All participants (N = 62) received nutrition education and a self-regulation skills curriculum, with a primary target of changing grocery shopping behavior. Using a randomized, factorial design, the study varied whether each of the following 4 components were added to the 20-week intervention: (1) location-triggered app messaging, delivered when individuals arrived at grocery stores, (2) reflections on benefits of change, delivered with extra coaching time and tailored app messages, (3) coach monitoring, in which food purchases were digitally monitored by a coach, and (4) involvement of a household member in the intervention. RESULTS Benchmarks were successfully met for recruitment, retention, and treatment acceptability. Across conditions, there were significant reductions in highly processed food intake (P < .001, η2 = .48), red and processed meat intake (P < .001, η2 = .20), and sugar-sweetened beverage intake (P = .008, η2 = .13) from pre-to post-treatment. Analyses examining whether each intervention component influenced change across time found that participants who received coach monitoring increased their intake of fruits, vegetables, and fiber, whereas those with no coach monitoring had less improvement (P = .01, η2 = .14). The improvement in red and processed meat was stronger among participants with household support ON, at a marginally significant level, than those with household support OFF (P = .056, η2 = .07). CONCLUSION This study showed feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary signals of efficacy of a remotely delivered intervention to facilitate adherence to dietary guidelines for cancer prevention and that coach monitoring and household support may be especially effective strategies. A fully powered clinical trial is warranted to test an optimized version of the intervention that includes nutrition education, self-regulation skills training, coach monitoring, and household member involvement. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04947150.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. Butryn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charlotte J. Hagerman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole T. Crane
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marny M. Ehmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evan M. Forman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brandy-Joe Milliron
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole L. Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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36
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Cao V, Clark A, Aggarwal B. Dieting Behavior Characterized by Caloric Restriction and Relation to Sleep: A Brief Contemporary Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:276. [PMID: 36612601 PMCID: PMC9819120 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is sufficient evidence showing that greater sleep quality improves weight loss outcomes achieved through dietary modifications; however, the effects of dietary modifications such as caloric restriction on sleep outcomes is less established. Caloric restriction is a commonly recommended weight-loss method, yet it may result in short-term weight loss and subsequent weight regain, known as "weight cycling", which has recently been shown to be associated with both poor sleep and worse cardiovascular health. The purpose of this brief narrative review was to summarize the evidence from recent studies of the effects of caloric restriction on sleep. Six articles were identified that specifically measured effects of a caloric restriction-based intervention on aspects of sleep as primary or secondary outcomes. Most research to date indicates that caloric restriction improves sleep outcomes including sleep quality and sleep onset latency. However, the relation between caloric restriction and sleep duration is less clear. Given the mixed results and the potential for severe caloric restriction to lead to weight cycling, future studies are needed to clarify how caloric restriction affects sleep and the potential implications for weight-management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Cao
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alisha Clark
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Brooke Aggarwal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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37
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Iwasa-Madge K, Sesbreno E. A Proposed Conceptual Sport Nutrition Approach for Athlete Development and Assessment: The Athlete Nutrition Development Approach. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:142. [PMID: 36480056 PMCID: PMC9732172 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate dietary intake can improve athletes' health and sport performance and is a direct result of eating behaviours. Therefore, assessing and shaping athletes' eating behaviours and dietary intake is critical to the provision of sport nutrition services. As such, nutrition practitioners must also consider the determinants of eating behaviours. However, dietary intake, eating behaviours, and its determinants are inconsistently defined in the literature, requiring nutrition practitioners to navigate a complicated landscape of concepts and terminology. This is further complicated by limitations in practically measuring and influencing eating behaviours and dietary intake. The proposed Athlete Nutrition Development Approach was developed to aid practitioners in servicing decisions through the athlete development process, through a three-tiered approach to sport nutrition service delivery. Tier 1 addresses the determinants of eating behaviours, Tier 2 directly addresses eating behaviours and dietary intake, and Tier 3 addresses the consequences of dietary intake in relation to health and sport performance. Each tier includes tools for assessment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Sesbreno
- Institut National du Sport du Quebec, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,French-Speaking Research Network for Athlete Health Protection and Performance (ReFORM), Montreal, QC Canada
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38
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McKay A, Costa EK, Chen J, Hu CK, Chen X, Bedbrook CN, Khondker RC, Thielvoldt M, Priya Singh P, Wyss-Coray T, Brunet A. An automated feeding system for the African killifish reveals the impact of diet on lifespan and allows scalable assessment of associative learning. eLife 2022; 11:e69008. [PMID: 36354233 PMCID: PMC9788828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The African turquoise killifish is an exciting new vertebrate model for aging studies. A significant challenge for any model organism is the control over its diet in space and time. To address this challenge, we created an automated and networked fish feeding system. Our automated feeder is designed to be open-source, easily transferable, and built from widely available components. Compared to manual feeding, our automated system is highly precise and flexible. As a proof of concept for the feeding flexibility of these automated feeders, we define a favorable regimen for growth and fertility for the African killifish and a dietary restriction regimen where both feeding time and quantity are reduced. We show that this dietary restriction regimen extends lifespan in males (but not in females) and impacts the transcriptomes of killifish livers in a sex-specific manner. Moreover, combining our automated feeding system with a video camera, we establish a quantitative associative learning assay to provide an integrative measure of cognitive performance for the killifish. The ability to precisely control food delivery in the killifish opens new areas to assess lifespan and cognitive behavior dynamics and to screen for dietary interventions and drugs in a scalable manner previously impossible with traditional vertebrate model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McKay
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Biology Graduate Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Emma K Costa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Jingxun Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Chi-Kuo Hu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Xiaoshan Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Claire N Bedbrook
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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Neumann NJ, Fasshauer M. Added flavors: potential contributors to body weight gain and obesity? BMC Med 2022; 20:417. [PMID: 36319974 PMCID: PMC9623908 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Added flavors are a marker for ultra-processing of food and a strong link exists between the intake of ultra-processed food and the development of obesity. The objective of the present article is to assess animal and human data elucidating the impact of added flavors on the regulation of food intake and body weight gain, as well as to define areas for future research. MAIN TEXT Mechanistic studies suggest that added flavors induce overeating and body weight gain by two independent mechanisms: Added flavors promote hedonic eating and override homeostatic control of food intake, as well as disrupt flavor-nutrient learning and impair the ability to predict nutrients in food items. Supporting these potential mechanisms, added flavors increase feed intake and body weight as compared to non-flavored control diets in a broad range of animal studies. They are actively promoted by feed additive manufacturers as useful tools to improve palatability, feed intake, and performance parameters. In humans, added flavors are extensively tested concerning toxicity; however, no data exist concerning their impact on food intake and body weight. CONCLUSIONS Added flavors are potential contributors to the obesity epidemic and further studies focusing on their role in humans are urgently required. These studies include obesity interventions specifically targeting food items with added flavors and cohort studies on independent associations between added flavor intake and metabolic, as well as cardiovascular, morbidity, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Judith Neumann
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
When it comes to food, one tempting substance is sugar. Although sweetness is detected by the tongue, the desire to consume sugar arises from the gut. Even when sweet taste is impaired, animals can distinguish sugars from non-nutritive sweeteners guided by sensory cues arising from the gut epithelium. Here, we review the molecular receptors, cells, circuits and behavioural consequences associated with sugar sensing in the gut. Recent work demonstrates that some duodenal cells, termed neuropod cells, can detect glucose using sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 and release glutamate onto vagal afferent neurons. Based on these and other data, we propose a model in which specific populations of vagal neurons relay these sensory cues to distinct sets of neurons in the brain, including neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract, dopaminergic reward circuits in the basal ganglia and homeostatic feeding circuits in the hypothalamus, that alter current and future sugar consumption. This emerging model highlights the critical role of the gut in sensing the chemical properties of ingested nutrients to guide appetitive decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston W Liu
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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41
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Finnell JE, Ferrario CR. Intra-NAc insulin reduces the motivation for food and food intake without altering cue-triggered food-seeking. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113892. [PMID: 35753434 PMCID: PMC10583176 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptors are expressed throughout the adult brain, and insulin from the periphery reaches the central nervous system. In humans and rodents, actions of insulin in the brain decrease food intake. Furthermore, insulin receptor activation alters dopamine and glutamate transmission within mesolimbic regions that influence food-seeking and feeding including the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Here we determined how intra-NAc insulin affects conditioned approach (a measure of cue-triggered food-seeking), free food intake, and the motivation to obtain food in hungry rats using Pavlovian and instrumental approaches. Intra-NAc insulin did not affect conditioned approach but did reduce home cage chow intake immediately following conditioned approach testing. Consistent with reduced chow intake, intra-NAc insulin also reduced the motivation to work for flavored food pellets (assessed by a progressive ratio procedure). This effect was partially reversed by insulin receptor blockade and was not driven by insulin-induced sickness or malaise. Taken together, these data show that insulin within the NAc does not alter behavioral responses to a food cue, but instead reduces the motivation to work for and consume food in hungry animals. These data are discussed in light of insulin's role in the regulation of feeding, and its dysregulation by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, United States; Psychology Department (Biopsychology), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, United States.
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42
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Aukan MI, Brandsæter IØ, Skårvold S, Finlayson G, Nymo S, Coutinho S, Martins C. Changes in hedonic hunger and food reward after a similar weight loss induced by a very low-energy diet or bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1963-1972. [PMID: 36046953 PMCID: PMC9804643 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare changes in hedonic hunger and food reward in individuals with severe obesity achieving 10% to 15% weight loss with a very low-energy diet (VLED) alone or VLED and bariatric surgery. METHODS Patients scheduled for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) initiated a VLED 2 weeks prior to surgery and continued the diet for 8 weeks postoperatively. BMI-matched controls underwent a VLED for 10 weeks. Hedonic hunger was assessed with the Power of Food Scale, and food reward with the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, pre and post intervention. RESULTS A total of 44 participants completed the study: 15 SG, 14 RYGB, and 15 controls (61%, 79% and 69% females, respectively; BMI: 40.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2 ; age: 43.9 ± 1.4 years). Average weight loss was 18.3 ± 0.6 kg (16%), comprising 13.5 ± 0.5 kg fat mass, with no significant differences between groups. Similar reductions in hedonic hunger were observed in all groups. Overall, food reward was similarly reduced in SG and RYGB groups, whereas controls showed little or no change. CONCLUSIONS Independent of modality, weight loss seems to reduce hedonic hunger, but bariatric surgery leads to several additional favorable changes in food reward and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Isaksen Aukan
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of SurgerySt. Olav University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Ingrid Øfsti Brandsæter
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Silje Skårvold
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | | | - Siren Nymo
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of SurgerySt. Olav University HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Nord‐Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Clinic of SurgeryNamsos HospitalNamsosNorway
| | - Silvia Coutinho
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Public Health Nutrition at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of SurgerySt. Olav University HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Department of Nutrition SciencesUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
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John LM, Petersen N, Gerstenberg MK, Torz L, Pedersen K, Christoffersen BØ, Kuhre RE. Housing-temperature reveals energy intake counter-balances energy expenditure in normal-weight, but not diet-induced obese, male mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:946. [PMID: 36088386 PMCID: PMC9464191 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most metabolic studies on mice are performed at room temperature, although under these conditions mice, unlike humans, spend considerable energy to maintain core temperature. Here, we characterize the impact of housing temperature on energy expenditure (EE), energy homeostasis and plasma concentrations of appetite- and glucoregulatory hormones in normal-weight and diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6J mice fed chow or 45% high-fat-diet, respectively. Mice were housed for 33 days at 22, 25, 27.5, and 30 °C in an indirect-calorimetry-system. We show that energy expenditure increases linearly from 30 °C towards 22 °C and is ~30% higher at 22 °C in both mouse models. In normal-weight mice, food intake counter-balances EE. In contrast, DIO mice do not reduce food intake when EE is lowered. By end of study, mice at 30 °C, therefore, had higher body weight, fat mass and plasma glycerol and triglycerides than mice at 22 °C. Dysregulated counterbalancing in DIO mice may result from increased pleasure-based eating. The impact of ambient housing temperature on the interaction of energy intake, energy expenditure and glycemic control in normal and diet-induced obese mice is examined.
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44
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DiBrog AM, Kern KA, Mukherjee A, Przybysz JT, Mietlicki-Baase EG. The alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 does not affect food intake in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 219:173444. [PMID: 35944617 PMCID: PMC10577676 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent disease, but effective treatments remain limited. Agonists of the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) promote negative energy balance in mice, but these effects are not well-studied in rats. We tested the hypothesis that the α7nAChR agonist GTS-21 would decrease food intake and body weight in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Contrary to our hypothesis, acute systemic administration of GTS-21 produced no significant effects on chow or high-fat diet (HFD) intake. Acute intracerebroventricular (ICV) GTS-21 also had no impact on chow intake, and actually increased body weight at the highest dose tested. Previous studies suggest that GTS-21 engages the food intake-suppressive glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) system in mice. As there are known species differences in GLP-1 physiology between mice and rats, we tested the ability of GTS-21 to elicit GLP-1 secretion in rats. Our results showed that plasma levels of total GLP-1 in rats were not significantly altered by peripheral GTS-21 injection. These results represent an advance in understanding how α7nAChR activation impacts energy balance control in rodents and suggest that there may be important differences between rats and mice in the ability of GTS-21/α7nAChR activation to increase secretion of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne M DiBrog
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States of America
| | - Katherine A Kern
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States of America
| | | | - Johnathan T Przybysz
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States of America; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, United States of America.
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45
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O'Connor RM, Kenny PJ. Utility of 'substance use disorder' as a heuristic for understanding overeating and obesity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 118:110580. [PMID: 35636576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rates of obesity and obesity-associated diseases have increased dramatically in countries with developed economies. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by the persistent use of the substance despite negative consequences. It has been hypothesized that overconsumption of palatable energy dense food can elicit SUD-like maladaptive behaviors that contribute to persistent caloric intake beyond homeostatic need even in the face of negative consequences. Palatable food and drugs of abuse act on many of the same motivation-related circuits in the brain, and can induce, at least superficially, similar molecular, cellular, and physiological adaptations on these circuits. As such, applying knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms of SUDs may serve as useful heuristic to better understand the persistent overconsumption of palatable food that contributes to obesity. However, many important differences exist between the actions of drugs of abuse and palatable food in the brain. This warrants caution when attributing weight gain and obesity to the manifestation of a putative SUD-related behavioral disorder. Here, we describe similarities and differences between compulsive drug use in SUDs and overconsumption in obesity and consider the merit of the concept of "food addiction".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M O'Connor
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America.
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Luckhoff HK, Asmal L, Scheffler F, Phahladira L, Smit R, van den Heuvel L, Fouche JP, Seedat S, Emsley R, du Plessis S. Associations between BMI and brain structures involved in food intake regulation in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy controls. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:250-259. [PMID: 35753245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural brain differences have been described in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (FES), and often overlap with those evident in the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined the associations between body mass index (BMI) and brain structures involved in food intake regulation in minimally treated FES patients (n = 117) compared to healthy controls (n = 117). The effects of FES diagnosis, BMI and their interactions on our selected prefrontal cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volume regions of interest (ROIs) were investigated with hierarchical multivariate regressions, followed by post-hoc regressions for the individual ROIs. In a secondary analysis, we examined the relationships of other MetS risk factors and psychopathology with the brain ROIs. Both illness and BMI significantly predicted the grouped prefrontal cortical thickness ROIs, whereas only BMI predicted the grouped subcortical volume ROIs. For the individual ROIs, schizophrenia diagnosis predicted thinner left and right frontal pole and right lateral OFC thickness, and increased BMI predicted thinner left and right caudal ACC thickness. There were no significant main or interaction effects for diagnosis and BMI on any of the individual subcortical volume ROIs. Secondary analyses suggest associations between several brain ROIs and individual MetS risk factors, but not with psychopathology. Our findings indicate differential, independent effects for FES diagnosis and BMI on brain structures. Limited evidence suggests that the BMI effects are more prominent in FES. Exploratory analyses suggest associations between other MetS risk factors and some brain ROIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Luckhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa.
| | - L Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa
| | - F Scheffler
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa
| | - L Phahladira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa
| | - R Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa
| | - L van den Heuvel
- South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa
| | - J P Fouche
- South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa
| | - S Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa
| | - R Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa
| | - S du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa
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Neurobiological Mechanisms Modulating Emotionality, Cognition and Reward-Related Behaviour in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147952. [PMID: 35887310 PMCID: PMC9317076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Affective and substance-use disorders are associated with overweight and obesity-related complications, which are often due to the overconsumption of palatable food. Both high-fat diets (HFDs) and psychostimulant drugs modulate the neuro-circuitry regulating emotional processing and metabolic functions. However, it is not known how they interact at the behavioural level, and whether they lead to overlapping changes in neurobiological endpoints. In this literature review, we describe the impact of HFDs on emotionality, cognition, and reward-related behaviour in rodents. We also outline the effects of HFD on brain metabolism and plasticity involving mitochondria. Moreover, the possible overlap of the neurobiological mechanisms produced by HFDs and psychostimulants is discussed. Our in-depth analysis of published results revealed that HFDs have a clear impact on behaviour and underlying brain processes, which are largely dependent on the developmental period. However, apart from the studies investigating maternal exposure to HFDs, most of the published results involve only male rodents. Future research should also examine the biological impact of HFDs in female rodents. Further knowledge about the molecular mechanisms linking stress and obesity is a crucial requirement of translational research and using rodent models can significantly advance the important search for risk-related biomarkers and the development of clinical intervention strategies.
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Chen PJ, Coricelli C, Kaya S, Rumiati RI, Foroni F. The role of associative learning in healthy and sustainable food evaluations: An event-related potential study. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:61-75. [PMID: 35820553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Individuals in industrialized societies frequently include processed foods in their diet. However, overconsumption of heavily processed foods leads to imbalanced calorie intakes as well as negative health consequences and environmental impacts. In the present study, normal-weight healthy individuals were recruited in order to test whether associative learning (Evaluative Conditioning, EC) could strengthen the association between food-types (minimally processed and heavily processed foods) and concepts (e.g., healthiness), and whether these changes would be reflected at the implicit associations, at the explicit ratings and in behavioral choices. A Semantic Congruency task (SC) during electroencephalography recordings was used to examine the neural signature of newly acquired associations between foods and concepts. The accuracy after EC towards minimally processed food (MP-food) in the SC task significantly increased, indicating strengthened associations between MP-food and the concept of healthiness through EC. At the neural level, a more negative amplitude of the N400 waveform, which reflects semantic incongruency, was shown in response to MP-foods paired with the concept of unhealthiness in proximity of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This implied the possible role of the left DLPFC in changing food representations by integrating stimuli's features with existing food-relevant information. Finally, the N400 effect was modulated by individuals' attentional impulsivity as well as restrained eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Coricelli
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy; Department of Psychology, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sinem Kaya
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Foroni
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy; School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, NSW, Australia
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Hiratsu A, Thivel D, Beaulieu K, Finlayson G, Nagayama C, Kamemoto K, Siripiyavatana S, Tataka Y, Yamada Y, Miyashita M. Development of the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire in Japanese: Sensitivity and reproducibility of liking and wanting for food in fasted and fed states. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ghosh-Swaby OR, Reichelt AC, Sheppard PAS, Davies J, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. Metabolic hormones mediate cognition. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:101009. [PMID: 35679900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent biochemical and behavioural evidence indicates that metabolic hormones not only regulate energy intake and nutrient content, but also modulate plasticity and cognition in the central nervous system. Disruptions in metabolic hormone signalling may provide a link between metabolic syndromes like obesity and diabetes, and cognitive impairment. For example, altered metabolic homeostasis in obesity is a strong determinant of the severity of age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Here we review the evidence that eating behaviours and metabolic hormones-particularly ghrelin, leptin, and insulin-are key players in the delicate regulation of neural plasticity and cognition. Caloric restriction and antidiabetic therapies, both of which affect metabolic hormone levels can restore metabolic homeostasis and enhance cognitive function. Thus, metabolic hormone pathways provide a promising target for the treatment of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Ghosh-Swaby
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A S Sheppard
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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