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Xu Y, Zhou C, Zong M, Zhu J, Guo X, Sun Z. High-protein high-konjac glucomannan diets changed glucose and lipid metabolism by modulating colonic microflora and bile acid profiles in healthy mouse models. Food Funct 2024; 15:4446-4461. [PMID: 38563504 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
High protein and fiber diets are becoming increasingly popular for weight loss; however, the benefits or risks of high protein and fiber diets with a normal calorie level for healthy individuals still need to be elucidated. In this study, we explored the role and mechanisms of long-term high protein and/or konjac glucomannan diets on the metabolic health of healthy mouse models. We found that high konjac glucomannan contents improved the glucose tolerance of mice and both high protein and high konjac glucomannan contents improved the serum lipid profile but increased the TNF-α levels. In the liver, high dietary protein contents reduced the expression of the FASN gene related to fatty acid synthesis. Interactions of dietary protein and fiber were shown in the signaling pathways related to lipid and glucose metabolism of the liver and the inflammatory status of the colon, wherein the high protein and high konjac glucomannan diet downregulated the expression of the SREBF1 and FXR genes in the liver and downregulated the expression of TNF-α genes in the colon compared to the high protein diet. High konjac glucomannan contents reduced the colonic secondary bile acid levels including DCA and LCA; this was largely associated with the changed microbiota profile and also contributed to improved lipid and glucose homeostasis. In conclusion, high protein diets improved lipid homeostasis and were not a risk to metabolic health, while high fiber diets improved glucose and lipid homeostasis by modulating colonic microbiota and bile acid profiles, and a high protein diet supplemented with konjac glucomannan might improve hepatic lipid homeostasis and colonic inflammation in healthy mouse models through long-term intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Chengyu Zhou
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Minyue Zong
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Junwei Zhu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Xutong Guo
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
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Nilaweera KN, Cotter PD. Can dietary proteins selectively reduce either the visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissues? Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13613. [PMID: 37548066 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable appeal for interventions that can selectively reduce either the visceral or subcutaneous white adipose tissues in humans and other species because of their associated impact on outcomes related to metabolic health. Here, we reviewed the data related to the specificity of five interventions to affect the two depots in humans and rodents. The interventions relate to the use of dietary proteins, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, calorie restriction, or bariatric surgery. The available data show that calorie restriction and bariatric surgery reduce both visceral and subcutaneous tissues, whereas there is no consistency in the effect of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Dietary proteins, more specifically, whey proteins show efficacy to reduce one or both depots based on how the proteins interact with other macronutrients in the diet. We provide evidence that this specificity is related to changes in the composition and the functional potential of the gut microbiota and the resulting metabolites produced by these microorganisms. The effect of the sex of the host is also discussed. This knowledge may help to develop nutritional approaches to deplete either the visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissues and improve metabolic health in humans and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka N Nilaweera
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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García-Beltrán A, Martínez R, Porres JM, Arrebola F, Artero IR, Galisteo M, Aranda P, Kapravelou G, López-Jurado M. Novel insights and mechanisms of diet-induced obesity: Mid-term versus long-term effects on hepatic transcriptome and antioxidant capacity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Life Sci 2023; 324:121746. [PMID: 37121540 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The study of molecular mechanisms related to obesity and associated pathologies like type 2-diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease requires animal experimental models in which the type of obesogenic diet and length of the experimental period to induce obesity deeply affect the metabolic alterations. Therefore, this study aimed to test the influence of aging along a rat model of diet-induced obesity in gene expression of the hepatic transcriptome. MAIN METHODS A high-fat/high-fructose diet to induce obesity was used. Mid- (13 weeks) and long-term (21 weeks) periods were established. Caloric intake, bodyweight, hepatic fat, fatty acid profile, histological changes, antioxidant activity, and complete transcriptome were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS Excess bodyweight, hepatic steatosis and altered lipid histology, modifications in liver antioxidant activity, and dysregulated expression of transcripts related to cell structure, glucose & lipid metabolism, antioxidant & detoxifying capacity were found. Modifications in obese and control rats were accounted for by the different lengths of the experimental period studied. SIGNIFICANCE Main mechanisms of hepatic fat accumulation were de novo lipogenesis or altered fatty acid catabolism for mid- or long-term study, respectively. Therefore, the choice of obesity-induction length is a key factor in the model of obesity used as a control for each specific experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García-Beltrán
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Institute for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Martínez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Institute for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesus M Porres
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Institute for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Arrebola
- Department of Histology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ruiz Artero
- Department of Histology, Institute of Neurosciences, Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Milagros Galisteo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Aranda
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Institute for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Garyfallia Kapravelou
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Institute for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - María López-Jurado
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Institute for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Balsevich G, Petrie GN, Heinz DE, Singh A, Aukema RJ, Hunker AC, Vecchiarelli HA, Yau H, Sticht M, Thompson RJ, Lee FS, Zweifel LS, Chelikani PK, Gassen NC, Hill MN. A genetic variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) exacerbates hormone-mediated orexigenic feeding in mice. eLife 2023; 12:e81919. [PMID: 37039453 PMCID: PMC10159625 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide. A polymorphism in FAAH (FAAH C385A) reduces FAAH expression, increases anandamide levels, and increases the risk of obesity. Nevertheless, some studies have found no association between FAAH C385A and obesity. We investigated whether the environmental context governs the impact of FAAH C385A on metabolic outcomes. Using a C385A knock-in mouse model, we found that FAAH A/A mice are more susceptible to glucocorticoid-induced hyperphagia, weight gain, and activation of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK inhibition occluded the amplified hyperphagic response to glucocorticoids in FAAH A/A mice. FAAH knockdown exclusively in agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons mimicked the exaggerated feeding response of FAAH A/A mice to glucocorticoids. FAAH A/A mice likewise presented exaggerated orexigenic responses to ghrelin, while FAAH knockdown in AgRP neurons blunted leptin anorectic responses. Together, the FAAH A/A genotype amplifies orexigenic responses and decreases anorexigenic responses, providing a putative mechanism explaining the diverging human findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin N Petrie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Daniel E Heinz
- Neurohomeostasis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Monell Chemical Senses Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Robert J Aukema
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Avery C Hunker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Hiulan Yau
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Martin Sticht
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | | | - Francis S Lee
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Nils C Gassen
- Neurohomeostasis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
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The ‘Whey’ to good health: Whey protein and its beneficial effect on metabolism, gut microbiota and mental health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Jung H, Jung D, Lee J, Ki W, Lee JM, Kim EM, Nam MS, Kim KK. Bioactive peptides in the pancreatin-hydrolysates of whey protein support cell proliferation and scavenge reactive oxygen species. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:232-242. [PMID: 36275446 PMCID: PMC9586699 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2130425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein (WP) in milk shows physiologically active functions such as cholesterol control and immune system strengthening. In this study, we performed hydrolysis and peptide polarity fractionation to enhance the efficacy and diversity of its physiological activities, using the digesting enzyme, pancreatin. Our results indicate that hydrolysis significantly increased the cell proliferation of the WP fractions, with the lower-polarity fractions showing greater efficacy in this regard. Our results indicate that hydrolysis significantly increases cell proliferation of the WP fractions. Additionally, we confirmed differences in the antioxidant activity of the WP fractions as a function of polarity was confirmed via scavenging 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay in vitro. WP itself did not show anti-inflammatory efficacy. However, all the hydrolyzed fractions downregulated the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in all treated cell lines and, based on a senescence-associated (SA)-β-galactosidase assay, the fraction with the lowest polarity (F6) inhibited cellular senescence to the greatest extent. Furthermore, we identified the peptide sequences with various physiological activities from whey protein hydrolysates through mass spectrometry. Taken together, our results indicate that the fractionation of WP via hydrolysis generates novel functions including promoting cellular cell proliferation, anti-inflammatory effects, and enhancing antioxidant and anti-cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haesoo Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Damin Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Ki
- Division of Animal Resource Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Nam
- Division of Animal Resource Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Whey-Adapted versus Natural Cow's Milk Formulation: Distinctive Feeding Responses and Post-Ingestive c-Fos Expression in Laboratory Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020141. [PMID: 35053873 PMCID: PMC8774298 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural 20:80 whey:casein ratio in cow’s milk (CM) for adults and infants is adjusted to reflect the 60:40 ratio of human milk, but the feeding and metabolic consequences of this adjustment have been understudied. In adult human subjects, the 60:40 CM differently affects glucose metabolism and hormone release than the 20:80 CM. In laboratory animals, whey-adapted goat’s milk is consumed in larger quantities. It is unknown whether whey enhancement of CM would have similar consequences on appetite and whether it would affect feeding-relevant brain regulatory mechanisms. In this set of studies utilizing laboratory mice, we found that the 60:40 CM was consumed more avidly than the 20:80 control formulation by animals motivated to eat by energy deprivation and by palatability (in the absence of hunger) and that this hyperphagia stemmed from prolongation of the meal. Furthermore, in two-bottle choice paradigms, whey-adapted CM was preferred against the natural 20:80 milk. The intake of the whey-adapted CM induced neuronal activation (assessed through analysis of c-Fos expression in neurons) in brain sites promoting satiation, but importantly, this activation was less pronounced than after ingestion of the natural 20:80 whey:casein CM. Activation of hypothalamic neurons synthesizing anorexigenic neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) was also less robust after the 60:40 CM intake than after the 20:80 CM. Pharmacological blockade of the OT receptor in mice led to an increase in the consumption only of the 20:80 CM, thus, of the milk that induced greater activation of OT neurons. We conclude that the whey-adapted CM is overconsumed compared to the natural 20:80 CM and that this overconsumption is associated with weakened responsiveness of central networks involved in satiety signalling, including OT.
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Avirineni BS, Singh A, Zapata RC, Phillips CD, Chelikani PK. Dietary whey and egg proteins interact with inulin fiber to modulate energy balance and gut microbiota in obese rats. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108860. [PMID: 34520853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diets supplemented with protein and fiber are well known to reduce food intake and weight gain; however, less is known about the combined effects of protein and prebiotic fiber on energy balance and gut microbiota composition. We compared effects of diets containing high egg or whey protein with cellulose or prebiotic (inulin) fiber on energy balance, gut microbiota, hormones, and metabolites. Male obese rats (n=8/group) were allocated to four diets: Egg albumen+Cellulose (EC), Egg albumen+Inulin (EI), Whey protein+Cellulose (WC), and Whey protein+Inulin (WI). Results revealed that diet-induced hypophagia was transient with EC and prolonged with EI and WI, compared to WC. Importantly, CCK-1 receptor antagonist (Devazepide) attenuated the hypophagic effects of EC, EI, and WI. Further, EC, EI and WI decreased respiratory quotient, energy expenditure, weight and adiposity gains, and improved glycemia, relative to WC. Propranolol (β1-β2-receptor blocker) attenuated diet-induced changes in energy expenditure. Transcript abundance of thermogenic markers in brown adipose tissue, plasma hormones, and metabolites especially acyl-carnitines and glycerophospholipids, were differentially altered by diets. Diet explained 25% of compositional differences in cecal microbiomes, but diets with same fiber type did not differ. Microbiota differing between groups also strongly correlated with gut hormones and metabolites. Species most strongly correlated to a marker for butyrate production were in highest abundance in inulin diets. Together, these findings indicate that inulin enriched diets containing egg or whey protein improved energy balance, decreased adiposity, and modulated gut microbiota and metabolites, with CCK signaling partly mediating the satiety effects of diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath S Avirineni
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Caleb D Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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Goodarzi P, Habibi M, Roberts K, Sutton J, Shili CN, Lin D, Pezeshki A. Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Alters Fat and Glucose Metabolism in a Low-Birthweight Piglet Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:2561. [PMID: 34444719 PMCID: PMC8399558 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birthweight (LBW) is associated with metabolic complications, such as glucose and lipid metabolism disturbances in early life. The objective of this study was to assess: (1) the effect of dietary tryptophan (Trp) on glucose and fat metabolism in an LBW piglet model, and (2) the role peripheral 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptors in regulating the feeding behavior in LBW piglets fed with Trp-supplemented diets. Seven-day-old piglets were assigned to 4 treatments: normal birthweight-0%Trp (NBW-T0), LBW-0%Trp (LBW-T0), LBW-0.4%Trp (LBW-T0.4), and LBW-0.8%Trp (LBW-T0.8) for 3 weeks. Compared to LBW-T0, the blood glucose was decreased in LBW-T0.8 at 60 min following the meal test, and the triglycerides were lower in LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8. Relative to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript and protein abundance of hepatic glucose transporter-2, a higher mRNA abundance of glucokinase, and a lower transcript of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. LBW-T0.4 tended to have a lower protein abundance of sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 in the jejunum. In comparison with LBW-T0, LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and LBW-T0.4 had a higher transcript of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Blocking 5-HT3 receptors with ondansetron reduced the feed intake in all groups, with a transient effect on LBW-T0, but more persistent effect on LBW-T0.8 and NBW-T0. In conclusion, Trp supplementation reduced the hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, but increased the glycolysis in LBW piglets. Peripheral serotonin is likely involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, particularly in LBW piglets fed diets supplemented with a higher dose of Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Kennedy Roberts
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Julia Sutton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Cedrick Ndhumba Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
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Adjustment of Whey:Casein Ratio from 20:80 to 60:40 in Milk Formulation Affects Food Intake and Brainstem and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activation and Gene Expression in Laboratory Mice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030658. [PMID: 33808819 PMCID: PMC8003661 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjustment of protein content in milk formulations modifies protein and energy levels, ensures amino acid intake and affects satiety. The shift from the natural whey:casein ratio of ~20:80 in animal milk is oftentimes done to reflect the 60:40 ratio of human milk. Studies show that 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein milks differently affect glucose metabolism and hormone release; these data parallel animal model findings. It is unknown whether the adjustment from the 20:80 to 60:40 ratio affects appetite and brain processes related to food intake. In this set of studies, we focused on the impact of the 20:80 vs. 60:40 whey:casein content in milk on food intake and feeding-related brain processes in the adult organism. By utilising laboratory mice, we found that the 20:80 whey:casein milk formulation was consumed less avidly and was less preferred than the 60:40 formulation in short-term choice and no-choice feeding paradigms. The relative PCR analyses in the hypothalamus and brain stem revealed that the 20:80 whey:casein milk intake upregulated genes involved in early termination of feeding and in an interplay between reward and satiety, such as melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R), oxytocin (OXT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R). The 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein formulation intake differently affected brain neuronal activation (assessed through c-Fos, an immediate-early gene product) in the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. We conclude that the shift from the 20:80 to 60:40 whey:casein ratio in milk affects short-term feeding and relevant brain processes.
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Spring S, Premathilake H, Bradway C, Shili C, DeSilva U, Carter S, Pezeshki A. Effect of very low-protein diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids on energy balance, plasma metabolomics and fecal microbiome of pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15859. [PMID: 32985541 PMCID: PMC7523006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding pigs with very-low protein (VLP) diets while supplemented with limiting amino acids (AA) results in decreased growth. The objective of this study was to determine if supplementing VLP diets with branched-chain AA (BCAA) would reverse the negative effects of these diets on growth and whether this is associated with alterations in energy balance, blood metabolomics and fecal microbiota composition. Twenty-four nursery pigs were weight-matched, individually housed and allotted into following treatments (n = 8/group): control (CON), low protein (LP) and LP supplemented with BCAA (LP + BCAA) for 4 weeks. Relative to CON, pigs fed with LP had lower feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) throughout the study, but those fed with LP + BCAA improved overall FI computed for 4 weeks, tended to increase the overall average daily gain, delayed the FI and BW depression for ~ 2 weeks and had transiently higher energy expenditure. Feeding pigs with LP + BCAA impacted the phenylalanine and protein metabolism and fatty acids synthesis pathways. Compared to CON, the LP + BCAA group had higher abundance of Paludibacteraceae and Synergistaceae and reduced populations of Streptococcaceae, Oxyphotobacteria_unclassified, Pseudomonadaceae and Shewanellaceae in their feces. Thus, supplementing VLP diets with BCAA temporarily annuls the adverse effects of these diets on growth, which is linked with alterations in energy balance and metabolic and gut microbiome profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Spring
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Hasitha Premathilake
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Chloe Bradway
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Cedrick Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Udaya DeSilva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Scott Carter
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 206C Animal Science Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Boscaini S, Cabrera‐Rubio R, Nychyk O, Roger Speakman J, Francis Cryan J, David Cotter P, Nilaweera KN. Age- and duration-dependent effects of whey protein on high-fat diet-induced changes in body weight, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota in mice. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14523. [PMID: 32748559 PMCID: PMC7399378 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine whey protein has been demonstrated to exert a positive effect on energy balance, lipid metabolism, and nutrient absorption. Additionally, it affects gut microbiota configuration. Thus, whey protein is considered as good dietary candidate to prevent or ameliorate metabolic diseases, such as obesity. However, the relationship that links energy balance, metabolism, and intestinal microbial population mediated by whey protein intake remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects attributed to whey protein in the context of high-fat diet (HFD) in mice at two different ages, with short or longer durations of whey protein supplementation. Here, a 5-week dietary intervention with HFD in combination with either whey protein isolate (WPI) or the control nonwhey milk protein casein (CAS) was performed using 5-week or 10-week-old C57BL/6J mice. Notably, the younger mice had no prior history of ingestion of WPI, while older mice did. 5-week-old HFD-WPI-fed mice showed a decrease in weight gain and changes in the expression of genes within the epidydimal white adipose tissue including those encoding leptin, inflammatory marker CD68, fasting-induced adipose factor FIAF and enzymes involved in fatty acids catabolism, relative to HFD-CAS-fed mice. Differences in β-diversity and higher proportions of Lactobacillus murinus, and related functions, were evident within the gut microbiota of HFD-WPI mice. However, none of these changes were observed in mice that started the HFD dietary intervention at 10-weeks-old, with an extended period of WPI supplementation. These results suggest that the effect of whey protein on mouse body weight, adipose tissue, and intestinal parameters depends on diet duration and stage of life during which the diet is provided. In some instances, WPI influences gut microbiota composition and functional potential, which might orchestrate observed metabolic and physiological modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boscaini
- Food Biosciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoyIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Raul Cabrera‐Rubio
- Food Biosciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoyIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Oleksandr Nychyk
- Food Biosciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoyIreland
| | - John Roger Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland
| | - John Francis Cryan
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Paul David Cotter
- Food Biosciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research Centre, MooreparkFermoyIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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13
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Somogyi E, Sigalet D, Adrian TE, Nyakas C, Hoornenborg CW, van Beek AP, Koopmans HS, van Dijk G. Ileal Transposition in Rats Reduces Energy Intake, Body Weight, and Body Fat Most Efficaciously When Ingesting a High-Protein Diet. Obes Surg 2020; 30:2729-2742. [PMID: 32342267 PMCID: PMC7260147 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Ileal transposition (IT) allows exploration of hindgut effects of bariatric procedures in inducing weight loss and reducing adiposity. Here we investigated the role of dietary macronutrient content on IT effects in rats. Methods Male Lewis rats consuming one of three isocaloric liquid diets enriched with fat (HF), carbohydrates (HC), or protein (HP) underwent IT or sham surgery. Body weight, energy intake, energy efficiency, body composition, and (meal-induced) changes in plasma GIP, GLP-1, PYY, neurotensin, and insulin levels were measured. Results Following IT, HC intake remained highest leading to smallest weight loss among dietary groups. IT in HF rats caused high initial weight loss and profound hypophagia, but the rats caught up later, and finally had the highest body fat content among IT rats. HP diet most efficaciously supported IT-induced reduction in body weight and adiposity, but (as opposed to other diet groups) lean mass was also reduced. Energy efficiency decreased immediately after IT irrespective of diet, but normalized later. Energy intake alone explained variation in post-operative weight change by 80%. GLP-1, neurotensin, and PYY were upregulated by IT, particularly during (0–60 min) and following 17-h post-ingestive intake, with marginal diet effects. Thirty-day post-operative cumulative energy intake was negatively correlated to 17-h post-ingestive PYY levels, explaining 47% of its variation. Conclusion Reduction in energy intake underlies IT-induced weight loss, with highest efficacy of the HP diet. PYY, GLP-1, and neurotensin levels are upregulated by IT, of which PYY may be most specifically related to reduced intake and weight loss after IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Somogyi
- School of PhD Studies, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David Sigalet
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas E Adrian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Csaba Nyakas
- School of PhD Studies, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christiaan W Hoornenborg
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - André P van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henry S Koopmans
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gertjan van Dijk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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14
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Singh A, Zapata RC, Pezeshki A, Knight CG, Tuor UI, Chelikani PK. Whey Protein and Its Components Lactalbumin and Lactoferrin Affect Energy Balance and Protect against Stroke Onset and Renal Damage in Salt-Loaded, High-Fat Fed Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke-Prone Rats. J Nutr 2020; 150:763-774. [PMID: 31879775 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whey protein (WH)-enriched diets are reported to aid in weight loss and to improve cardiovascular health. However, the bioactive components in whey responsible for causing such effects remain unidentified. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of whey and its components [α-lactalbumin (LA) and lactoferrin (LF)] on energy balance, glucose tolerance, gut hormones, renal damage, and stroke onset in rats. METHODS Male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rats (age 8 wk) were fed isocaloric high-fat (40% kcal) and high-salt (4% wt/wt) diets (n = 8-10/group) and randomized for 8 wk to diets enriched as follows: control (CO): 15% kcal from egg albumin, 45% kcal from carbohydrate; WH: 20%kcal WH isolate + 15% kcal egg albumin; LA: 20% kcal LA + 15% kcal egg albumin; or LF: 20% kcal lactoferrin + 15% kcal egg albumin. Measurements included energy balance (food intake, energy expenditure, and body composition), stroke-related behaviors, brain imaging, glucose tolerance, metabolic hormones, and tissue markers of renal damage. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models with repeated measures or 1-way ANOVA. RESULTS Diets enriched with WH, LA, or LF increased survival, with 25% of rats fed these diets exhibiting stroke-associated morbidity, whereas 90% of CO rats were morbid by 8 wk (P < 0.05). The nephritis scores of rats fed WH-, LA-, or LF-enriched diets were 80%, 92%, and 122% lower than those of COs (P = 0.001). The mRNA abundances of renin and osteopontin were 100-600% lower in rats fed WH-, LA-, or LF-enriched diets than in COs (P < 0.05). Urine albumin concentrations and albumin-to-creatinine ratios were 200% lower in rats fed LF-enriched diets than in COs (P < 0.05). Compared with COs, rats fed LF-enriched diets for 2-3 wk had food intake decreased by 29%, body weight decreased by 13-19%, lean mass decreased by 12-19%, and fat mass decreased by 20% (P < 0.001). Relative to COs, rats fed WH and LA had food intake decreased by 10% (P < 0.1), but COs had 12-45% lower weight than rats fed LA- and WH-enriched diets by 3 wk (P < 0.01). Compared with COs, rats fed WH-enriched diets increased energy expenditure by 7%, whereas, rats fed LA-enriched diets had energy expenditure acutely decreased by 7% during the first 4 d, and rats fed LF-enriched diets had energy expenditure decreased by 7-17% throughout the first week ( P < 0.001). Rats fed LA- and LF-enriched diets had blood glucose decreased by 14-19% (P < 0.05) and WH by 9% (P = 0.1), relative to COs. Compared with COs, rats fed LF had GIP decreased by 90% and PYY by 87% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Together, these findings indicate that whey and its components α-lactalbumin and lactoferrin improved energy balance and glycemic control, and protected against the onset of neurological deficits associated with stroke and renal damage in male SHRSP rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ursula I Tuor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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15
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Low Protein-High Carbohydrate Diets Alter Energy Balance, Gut Microbiota Composition and Blood Metabolomics Profile in Young Pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3318. [PMID: 32094453 PMCID: PMC7040010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) beyond a certain threshold leads to poor growth performance in pigs; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Following an adaption period, thirty-seven weaned pigs were weight matched (8.41 ± 0.14 kg), housed individually and randomly assigned into three groups with different dietary CP levels: 24% CP (CON; n = 12), 18% CP (n = 12) and 12% CP (n = 13) for 28 days. The body weight was not different between the CON and 18% CP diets, but 12% CP significantly decreased body weight after day 21. Compared to the CON, pigs fed with 12% CP decreased feed intake day 17 onwards. The 12% CP diet increased the energy expenditure during week 1 compared to the CON. The 12% CP influenced starch and sucrose, nitrogen, and branched-chain amino acids metabolism pathways. The feces of pigs fed with 12% CP were less enriched in Prevotella, but had higher relative abundance of Christensenedilaceae, Aligiphilus and Algoriphagus than CON and 18% CP. Overall, reducing dietary CP by 50%, but not by 25%, significantly influenced the physiological responses in nursery pigs. The pigs fed with low or standard protein diets had differential bacterial communities in their feces as well as serum metabolomics profile.
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16
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Cadegiani FA, Kater CE. Eating, Sleep, and Social Patterns as Independent Predictors of Clinical, Metabolic, and Biochemical Behaviors Among Elite Male Athletes: The EROS-PREDICTORS Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:414. [PMID: 32670198 PMCID: PMC7332731 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Physiological hormonal adaptions in athletes and pathological changes that occur in overtraining syndrome among athletes are unclear. The Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS) study evaluated 117 markers and unveiled novel hormonal and metabolic beneficial adaptive processes in athletes. The objective of the present study was to uncover which modifiable factors predict the behaviors of clinical and biochemical parameters and to understand their mechanisms and outcomes using the parameters evaluated in the EROS study. Methods: We used multivariate linear regression with 39 participants to analyze five independent variables-the modifiable parameters (caloric, carbohydrate, and protein intake, and sleep quality and duration of concurrent cognitive activity) on 37 dependent variables-that were elected among the parameters evaluated in the EROS study. Results: Carbohydrate intake predicted quick hormonal responses to stress and improved explosive responses during exercise. Protein intake predicted improved body composition and metabolism and caloric intake, regardless of the proportion of macronutrients, predicted muscle recovery, and alertness in the morning. Sleep quality predicted improved mood and excessive concurrent cognitive effort in athletes under intense training predicted impaired metabolism and libido. Conclusions: The results support the premise that eating, sleep, and social patterns modulate metabolic and hormonal function, clinical behaviors, and performance status of male athletes, and should be monitored continuously and actively to avoid dysfunctions.
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17
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Rizzoto G, Sekhar D, Thundathil JC, Chelikani PK, Kastelic JP. Calorie Restriction Modulates Reproductive Development and Energy Balance in Pre-Pubertal Male Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091993. [PMID: 31450760 PMCID: PMC6770304 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine effects of feed restriction and refeeding on reproductive development and energy balance in pre-pubertal male rats. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 32, 24 days old, ~65 g), were randomly allocated into four treatments (n = 8/treatment): (1) Control (CON, ad libitum feed; (2) Mild Restriction (MR, rats fed 75% of CON consumption); (3) Profound Restriction (PR, 50% of CON consumption); or (4) Refeeding (RF, 50% restriction for 14 days, and then ad libitum for 7 days). Feed restriction delayed reproductive development and decreased energy balance and tissue accretion, with degree of reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions related to restriction severity. In RF rats, refeeding largely restored testis weight, sperm production (per gram and total), plasma IGF-1, leptin and insulin concentrations and energy expenditure, although body composition did not completely recover. On Day 50, more CON and RF rats than PR rats were pubertal (5/6, 4/5 and 1/6, respectively; plasma testosterone >1 ng/mL) with the MR group (4/6) not different. Our hypothesis was supported: nutrient restriction of pre-pubertal rats delayed reproductive development, induced negative energy balance and decreased metabolic hormone concentrations (commensurate with restriction), whereas short-term refeeding after profound restriction largely restored reproductive end points and plasma hormone concentrations, but not body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Rizzoto
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Deepa Sekhar
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jacob C Thundathil
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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18
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Zapata RC, Singh A, Pezeshki A, Avirineni BS, Patra S, Chelikani PK. Low-Protein Diets with Fixed Carbohydrate Content Promote Hyperphagia and Sympathetically Mediated Increase in Energy Expenditure. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900088. [PMID: 31365786 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary protein restriction elicits hyperphagia and increases energy expenditure; however, less is known of whether these responses are a consequence of increasing carbohydrate content. The effects of protein-diluted diets with fixed carbohydrate content on energy balance, hormones, and key markers of protein sensing and thermogenesis in tissues are determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Obesity-prone rats (n = 13-16 per group) are randomized to diets containing fixed carbohydrate (52% calories) and varying protein concentrations: 15% (control), 10% (mild protein restriction), 5% (moderate protein restriction) or 1% (severe protein restriction) protein calories, or protein-matched to 5% protein, for 21 days. Propranolol and ondansetron are administered to interrogate the roles of sympathetic and serotonergic systems, respectively, in diet-induced changes in energy expenditure. It is found that mild-to-moderate protein restriction promotes transient hyperphagia, whereas severe protein restriction induces hypophagia, with alterations in meal patterns. Protein restriction enhances energy expenditure that is partly attenuated by propranolol, but not ondansetron. Moderate to severe protein restriction decreases gains in body weight, lean and fat mass, decreased postprandial glucose and leptin, but increased fibroblast growth factor-21 concentrations. Protein-matching retains lean mass suggesting that intake of dietary protein, but not calories, is important for preserving lean mass. Notably, protein restriction increases the protein and/or transcript abundance of key amino acid sensing molecules in liver and intestine (PERK, eIF2α, ATF2, CHOP, 4EBP1, FGF21), and upregulated thermogenic markers (β2AR, Klotho, HADH, UCP-1) in brown adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Low-protein diets promote hyperphagia and sympathetically mediated increase in energy expenditure, prevent gains in tissue reserves, and concurrently upregulate hepatic and intestinal amino acid sensing intermediaries and thermogenic markers in brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bharath S Avirineni
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Souvik Patra
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
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19
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Rafiee-Tari N, Fan MZ, Archbold T, Arranz E, Corredig M. Effect of milk protein composition and amount of β-casein on growth performance, gut hormones, and inflammatory cytokines in an in vivo piglet model. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8604-8613. [PMID: 31378502 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to better understand the effect of differences in milk protein composition, and specifically, a change in β-casein to total casein in a milk-based matrix, on growth performance and metabolic and inflammatory responses using a piglet model. Three formulas were optimized for piglets, with similar metabolizable energy, total protein content, and other essential nutrients. Only the protein type and ratio varied between the treatments: the protein fraction of the control diet contained only whey proteins, whereas 2 other matrices contained a whey protein to casein ratio of 60:40, and differed in the amount of β-casein (12.5 and 17.1% of total protein). Piglets fed formula containing whey proteins and caseins, regardless of the concentration of β-casein, showed a significantly higher average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency compared with piglets consuming the formula with only whey protein. Consumption of the formula containing only whey protein showed higher levels of plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin compared with the consumption of formula containing casein and whey protein. A positive correlation was observed between postprandial time and glucagon-like peptide-1 response. The intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α increased significantly in piglets fed the whey protein/casein diet compared with those fed whey protein formula. All formula-fed piglets showed a lower level of IL-6 cytokine compared with the ad libitum sow-fed piglets, regardless of composition. No significant differences in the anti-inflammatory IL-10 concentration were observed between treatment groups. Milk protein composition contributed to the regulation of piglets' metabolic and physiological responses, with whey protein/casein formula promoting growth performance and a different immune regulatory balance compared with a formula containing only whey protein. Results indicated no differences between treatments containing different levels of β-casein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rafiee-Tari
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - M Z Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - T Archbold
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - E Arranz
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - M Corredig
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada; iFood Center, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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20
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El Khoury D, Vien S, Sanchez-Hernandez D, Kung B, Wright A, Goff HD, Anderson GH. Increased milk protein content and whey-to-casein ratio in milk served with breakfast cereal reduce postprandial glycemia in healthy adults: An examination of mechanisms of action. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6766-6780. [PMID: 31229285 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the effects on glycemic response and the underlying mechanisms of action of increasing the protein concentration and decreasing the casein-to-whey ratio in milk when consumed with a high glycemic breakfast cereal. Twelve healthy men and women, aged 18 to 30 yr and with a body mass index of 20 to 24.9 kg/m2, consumed (in random order) milk beverages (250 mL) containing either 3.1 or 9.3% protein and casein-to-whey ratios of either 80:20 or 40:60. We measured postprandial appetite, glucose, regulatory hormones, and stomach emptying rate over 200 min, as well as food intake at an ad libitum meal at 120 min. Although pre-meal appetite was suppressed to a greater extent with milk beverages that had high (9.3%) compared with regular (3.1%) protein content, food intake was similar among all 4 treatments. Pre-meal mean blood glucose was lower with beverages that had high rather than regular milk protein content, with the lowest glucose peaks after the high milk protein treatment with the 40:60 casein-to-whey ratio. Pre-meal insulin and C-peptide levels were not affected by milk protein content or casein-to-whey ratio, but pre-meal glucagon-like peptide 1 was higher after the treatment containing high milk protein and the 40:60 casein-to-whey ratio, and pre-meal cholecystokinin was higher after the treatments containing high milk protein content. Plasma paracetamol response was also lower after the treatments containing high compared with regular milk protein content. When consumed with carbohydrate, milk beverages with high protein content and (to a lesser extent) a decreased casein-to-whey ratio lowered postprandial glycemia through insulin-independent mechanisms, primarily associated with delayed stomach emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia El Khoury
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Shirley Vien
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Diana Sanchez-Hernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Bonnie Kung
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Amanda Wright
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - H Douglas Goff
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.
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21
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Rafiee Tari N, Arranz E, Corredig M. Effect of protein composition of a model dairy matrix containing various levels of beta-casein on the structure and anti-inflammatory activity of in vitro digestates. Food Funct 2019; 10:1870-1879. [PMID: 30768115 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01860j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that differences in protein composition in the food matrix can significantly affect its biological functionality. The present research hypothesized that a matrix containing the same level of dairy protein, but with different composition, even when showing similar properties during digestion, may have a different biological functionality. To test this hypothesis, three matrices, containing 2.8% protein and similar amounts of fat and solid were prepared, either with 100% whey proteins, or with a ratio of caseins to whey protein of 40 : 60, but differing in β-casein ratio. The mixtures were subjected to in vitro digestion, and the digestates were used in uptake experiments using Caco-2 cell monolayers. The basolateral fraction metabolized by the cells was used to stimulate human LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages and the concentration of selected cytokines were measured, as an indication of potential differences in biological functionality between the different dairy matrices. All three digestates induced a significant reduction in IL-1β cytokines, with the casein-containing treatments inducing a greater decrease compared to that containing only whey proteins. The matrix containing the highest ratio of β-casein induced the lowest secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-a and IL-6. This study demonstrated that milk protein composition does not only affect the rate of gastric proteolysis and structure of the gastric digestate, but will cause differences in physiological effects. This research stressed the role of milk protein components during digestion, and of β-casein in particular, and their potential to modulate biological functions in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rafiee Tari
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Methionine Restriction Partly Recapitulates the Sympathetically Mediated Enhanced Energy Expenditure Induced by Total Amino Acid Restriction in Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030707. [PMID: 30917593 PMCID: PMC6470753 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Total amino acid (AA) restriction promotes hyperphagia and energy expenditure. We determined whether (i) methionine restriction mimics the effects of total AA restriction, (ii) methionine supplementation attenuates these responses, and iii) sympathetic signaling mediates such effects. Rats were injected with either vehicle (V) or 6-hydroxydopamine (S) to induce chemical sympathectomy, and then randomized to four diets: 16% AA (16AA), 5% AA (5AA), 16% AA-methionine (16AA-Met), and 5% AA+methionine (5AA+Met). Propranolol or ondansetron were injected to examine the role of sympathetic and serotonergic signaling, respectively. 5AA, 5AA+Met, and 16AA-Met increased the food conversion rate for 1–3 weeks in the V and S groups, and increased mean energy expenditure in V group,; the magnitude of these changes was attenuated in the S group. Propranolol decreased the energy expenditure of V16AA, V5AA, and V5AA+Met and of S5AA, S5AA+Met, and S16AA-Met, whereas ondansetron decreased the energy expenditure in only the S groups. Compared to 16AA, the other V groups had reduced body weights from days 7–11 onwards and decreased lean masses throughout the study and the other S groups had decreased body weights and lean masses from day 14 onwards. Total AA restriction enhanced the energy expenditure and reduced the weight and lean mass; these effects were partly recapitulated by methionine restriction and were sympathetically mediated.
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Jahan-Mihan A, Magyari P, Jenkins S, Palamidy V, Pappas L, Maier D. The Effect of Exercise and Protein Source on Food Intake Regulation and Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Female Wistar Rats. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401313666170927164220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Beneficial effects of dietary proteins and exercise in treatment of obesity is
well-recognized. The effect of exercise and protein source on food intake, body weight and characteristics
of metabolic syndrome in obese female Wistar rats was examined. Female Wistar rats received
an obesogenic diet for 12 weeks. Then, rats were allocated to four groups and received one of the following
treatments for eight weeks: 1- Whey protein Diet + Exercise (WPE), 2- Soy protein diet + exercise
(SPE), 3- Whey protein diet, no exercise (WPN), 4- Soy protein diet, no exercise (SPN). The
exercise comprised of 30 minutes on a treadmill, three times/week. Body weight (BW) and food intake
(FI), blood pressure, pulse, glucose and intake regulatory hormones were measured.
Results:
FI and plasma ghrelin (2.7 times) were higher in exercise groups compared with non-exercise
groups. BW was lower (6.7%) in groups fed a whey protein diet compared with those fed a soy protein
diet. Abdominal fat (% BW) was lower (22.8%) in WPE compared with other groups. Diastolic blood
pressure (11.1%) and pulse (6%) were lower in groups fed a soy protein diet compared with groups
fed a whey protein diet.
Conclusion:
While exercise affects food intake, source of protein determines BW and BC. Whey protein
showed more favorable effect on BW and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jahan-Mihan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr. Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
| | - Peter Magyari
- Department of Clinical and Applied Movement Science, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr. Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
| | - Shawna Jenkins
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr. Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
| | - Valeria Palamidy
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr. Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
| | - Lindsay Pappas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr. Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
| | - Diana Maier
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr. Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
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Singh A, Zapata RC, Pezeshki A, Workentine ML, Chelikani PK. Host genetics and diet composition interact to modulate gut microbiota and predisposition to metabolic syndrome in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. FASEB J 2019; 33:6748-6766. [PMID: 30821497 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801627rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome encompasses obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; however, the interactions between diet and host physiology that predispose to metabolic syndrome are incompletely understood. Here, we explored the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on energy balance, gut microbiota, and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We found that the SHRSP rats were hypertensive, hyperphagic, less sensitive to hypophagic effects of exendin-4, and expended more energy with diminished sensitivity to sympathetic blockade compared to WKY rats. Notably, key thermogenic markers in brown and retroperitoneal adipose tissues and skeletal muscle were up-regulated in SHRSP than WKY rats. Although HFD promoted weight gain, adiposity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic lipidosis, and hyperleptinemia in both SHRSP and WKY rats, the SHRSP rats weighed less but had comparable percent adiposity to WKY rats, which supports the use of HFD-fed SHRSP rats as a unique model for studying the metabolically obese normal weight (MONW) phenotype in humans. Despite distinct strain differences in gut microbiota composition, diet had a preponderant impact on gut flora with some of the taxa being strongly associated with key metabolic parameters. Together, we provide evidence that interactions between host genetics and diet modulate gut microbiota and predispose SHRSP rats to develop metabolic syndrome.-Singh, A., Zapata, R. C., Pezeshki, A., Workentine, M. L., Chelikani, P. K. Host genetics and diet composition interact to modulate gut microbiota and predisposition to metabolic syndrome in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matthew L Workentine
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Dairy product consumption is associated with pre-diabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in the Lifelines Cohort Study. Br J Nutr 2019; 119:442-455. [PMID: 29498341 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies show associations between dairy product consumption and type 2 diabetes, but only a few studies conducted detailed analyses for a variety of dairy subgroups. Therefore, we examined cross-sectional associations of a broad variety of dairy subgroups with pre-diabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (ND-T2DM) among Dutch adults. In total, 112 086 adults without diabetes completed a semi-quantitative FFQ and donated blood. Pre-diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) between 5·6 and 6·9 mmol/l or HbA1c% of 5·7-6·4 %. ND-T2DM was defined as FPG ≥7·0 mmol/l or HbA1c ≥6·5 %. Logistic regression analyses were conducted by 100 g or serving increase and dairy tertiles (T1ref), while adjusting for demographic, lifestyle and dietary covariates. Median dairy product intake was 324 (interquartile range 227) g/d; 25 549 (23 %) participants had pre-diabetes; and 1305 (1 %) had ND-T2DM. After full adjustment, inverse associations were observed of skimmed dairy (OR100 g 0·98; 95 % CI 0·97, 1·00), fermented dairy (OR100 g 0·98; 95 % CI 0·97, 0·99) and buttermilk (OR150 g 0·97; 95 % CI 0·94, 1·00) with pre-diabetes. Positive associations were observed for full-fat dairy (OR100 g 1·003; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·06), non-fermented dairy products (OR100 g 1·01; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·02) and custard (ORserving/150 g 1·13; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·24) with pre-diabetes. Moreover, full-fat dairy products (ORT3 1·16; 95 % CI 0·99, 1·35), non-fermented dairy products (OR100 g 1·05; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·09) and milk (ORserving/150 g 1·08; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·15) were positively associated with ND-T2DM. In conclusion, our data showed inverse associations of skimmed and fermented dairy products with pre-diabetes. Positive associations were observed for full-fat and non-fermented dairy products with pre-diabetes and ND-T2DM.
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Madsen L, Myrmel LS, Fjære E, Øyen J, Kristiansen K. Dietary Proteins, Brown Fat, and Adiposity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1792. [PMID: 30631281 PMCID: PMC6315128 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High protein diets have become popular for body weight maintenance and weight loss despite controversies regarding efficacy and safety. Although both weight gain and weight loss are determined by energy consumption and expenditure, data from rodent trials consistently demonstrate that the protein:carbohydrate ratio in high fat diets strongly influences body and fat mass gain per calorie eaten. Here, we review data from rodent trials examining how high protein diets may modulate energy metabolism and the mechanisms by which energy may be dissipated. We discuss the possible role of activating brown and so-called beige/BRITE adipocytes including non-canonical UCP1-independent thermogenesis and futile cycles, where two opposing metabolic pathways are operating simultaneously. We further review data on how the gut microbiota may affect energy expenditure. Results from human and rodent trials demonstrate that human trials are less consistent than rodent trials, where casein is used almost exclusively as the protein source. The lack of consistency in results from human trials may relate to the specific design of human trials, the possible distinct impact of different protein sources, and/or the differences in the efficiency of high protein diets to attenuate obesity development in lean subjects vs. promoting weight loss in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Madsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Brunetta HS, de Camargo CQ, Nunes EA. Does l-leucine supplementation cause any effect on glucose homeostasis in rodent models of glucose intolerance? A systematic review. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1663-1678. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Zapata RC, Singh A, Ajdari NM, Chelikani PK. Dietary Tryptophan Restriction Dose-Dependently Modulates Energy Balance, Gut Hormones, and Microbiota in Obesity-Prone Rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:730-739. [PMID: 29504260 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of graded dietary restriction of tryptophan on food intake, energy expenditure, body composition, gut hormones, and select fecal bacterial populations in obesity-prone rats. METHODS Obesity-prone rats were randomized to isocaloric diets with varying degrees of tryptophan restriction: control (100% requirements), 70% tryptophan (70TRP), 40% tryptophan (40TRP), or 10% tryptophan (10TRP) for 21 days. The sympathetic system was challenged with a subcutaneous injection of propranolol on days 15 to 17. Measurements included food intake, energy expenditure, body composition, metabolic hormones, and fecal concentrations of select bacteria. RESULTS Moderate tryptophan restriction (70TRP) induced thermogenesis without altering body composition, whereas severe degrees of restriction (40TRP, 10TRP) produced profound hypophagia and decreased energy expenditure and body weight. The thermogenic effects of moderate tryptophan restriction were sympathetically mediated. Severe tryptophan restriction decreased fasting circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and leptin, but increased glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and glucagon-like peptide-1. Severe tryptophan restriction decreased fecal concentrations of Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Clostridium coccoides while increasing Roseburia groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that dietary tryptophan restriction dose-dependently modulates energy balance, with severe restriction causing hypophagia and weight loss and moderate restriction promoting sympathetically driven thermogenesis as well as concurrent changes in gut microbiota and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadia M Ajdari
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Vieira-Brock PDL, Vaughan BM, Vollmer DL. Thermogenic Blend Alone or in Combination with Whey Protein Supplement Stimulates Fat Metabolism and Improves Body Composition in Mice. Pharmacognosy Res 2018; 10:37-43. [PMID: 29568185 PMCID: PMC5855371 DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_53_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Certain food ingredients promote thermogenesis and fat loss. Similarly, whey protein improves body composition. Due to this potential synergistic effect, a blend of thermogenic food ingredients containing African mango, citrus fruit extract, Coleus forskohlii, dihydrocapsiate, and red pepper was tested alone and in combination with a whey protein supplement for its effects on body composition in sedentary mice during high-fat diet. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of thermogenic foods on improving body composition during consumption of an unhealthy diet. Materials and Methods C57BL/6J young adult male mice (n = 12) were placed on a 60% high-fat diet for 4 weeks and subsequently randomly assigned to receive daily dosing by oral gavage of vehicle, the novel blend alone or with whey protein supplement for another 4 weeks. Body composition, thermal imaging of brown adipose tissue (BAT), mitochondrial BAT uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and plasma levels of leptin were assessed. Results Novel blend alone and in combination with protein supplement attenuated body weight gain, fat, and increased surface BAT temperature in comparison to vehicle control and to baseline (P < 0.5). The combination of novel blend and whey protein supplement also significantly increased UCP1 protein expression in BAT mitochondria in comparison to vehicle control and novel blend alone (P < 0.5). Conclusions These data indicate that this novel blend stimulates thermogenesis and attenuates the gain in body weight and fat in response to high-fat diet in mice and these effects were improved when administered in combination with whey protein supplement. SUMMARY 30 days oral administration to mice of a novel blend containing African mango seed extract, citrus fruits extract, Coleus forskohlii root extract, dihydrocapsiate and red pepper fruit extract reduced body weight and fat gain in response to high-fat diet without impairing muscle mass.The novel blend stimulated thermogenesis as shown by the increased thermal imaging and UCP1 protein expression in brown adipose tissue, indicating that improvement in body composition potentially occurred due to a fat-burning effect.The positive effects on body weight, fat, and thermogenesis were improved when the novel blend was administered in combination with a whey protein supplement suggesting that protein provides a synergistic fat-burning effect. Abbreviations Used: BAT: Brown adipose tissue, UCP1: Uncoupling protein 1, DEXA: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent M Vaughan
- Research and Development, 4Life Holdings, LLC, Sandy, Utah 84070, USA
| | - David L Vollmer
- Research and Development, 4Life Holdings, LLC, Sandy, Utah 84070, USA
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30
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Abstract
A growing body of nutritional science highlights the complex mechanisms and pleiotropic pathways of cardiometabolic effects of different foods. Among these, some of the most exciting advances are occurring in the area of flavonoids, bioactive phytochemicals found in plant foods; and in the area of dairy, including milk, yogurt, and cheese. Many of the relevant ingredients and mechanistic pathways are now being clarified, shedding new light on both the ingredients and the pathways for how diet influences health and well-being. Flavonoids, for example, have effects on skeletal muscle, adipocytes, liver, and pancreas, and myocardial, renal, and immune cells, for instance, related to 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, endothelial NO synthase activation, and suppression of NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) and TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4). Effects of dairy are similarly complex and may be mediated by specific amino acids, medium-chain and odd-chain saturated fats, unsaturated fats, branched-chain fats, natural trans fats, probiotics, vitamin K1/K2, and calcium, as well as by processing such as fermentation and homogenization. These characteristics of dairy foods influence diverse pathways including related to mammalian target of rapamycin, silent information regulator transcript-1, angiotensin-converting enzyme, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, osteocalcin, matrix glutamate protein, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, hepatic and adipose fatty acid oxidation and inflammation, and gut microbiome interactions such as intestinal integrity and endotoxemia. The complexity of these emerging pathways and corresponding biological responses highlights the rapid advances in nutritional science and the continued need to generate robust empirical evidence on the mechanistic and clinical effects of specific foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Mozaffarian
- From the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.); and the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (J.H.Y.W.).
| | - Jason H Y Wu
- From the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.); and the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (J.H.Y.W.)
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31
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Zapata RC, Singh A, Chelikani PK. Peptide YY mediates the satiety effects of diets enriched with whey protein fractions in male rats. FASEB J 2018; 32:850-861. [PMID: 29042449 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700519rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dairy proteins-whey protein, in particular-are satiating and often recommended for weight control; however, little is known about the mechanisms by which whey protein and its components promote satiety and weight loss. We used diet-induced obese rats to determine whether the hypophagic effects of diets that are enriched with whey and its fractions, lactalbumin and lactoferrin, are mediated by the gut hormone, peptide YY (PYY). We demonstrate that high protein diets that contain whey, lactalbumin, and lactoferrin decreased food intake and body weight with a concurrent increase in PYY mRNA abundance in the colon and/or plasma PYY concentrations. Of importance, blockade of PYY neuropeptide Y receptor subtype 2 (Y2) receptors with a peripherally restricted antagonist attenuated the hypophagic effects of diets that are enriched with whey protein fractions. Diets that are enriched with whey fractions were less preferred; however, in a modified conditioned taste preference test, PYY Y2 receptor blockade induced hyperphagia of a lactoferrin diet, but caused a reduction in preference for Y2 antagonist-paired flavor, which suggested that PYY signaling is important for lactoferrin-induced satiety, but not essential for preference for lactoferrin-enriched diets. Taken together, these data provide evidence that the satiety of diets that are enriched with whey protein components is mediated, in part, via enhanced PYY secretion and action in obese male rats.-Zapata, R. C., Singh, A., Chelikani, P. K. Peptide YY mediates the satiety effects of diets enriched with whey protein fractions in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Giuberti G, Morlacchini M, Crippa L, Capraro J, Paganini B, Gallo A, Rossi F. Effect of omnivorous and vegan diets with different protein and carbohydrate content on growth and metabolism of growing rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:574-583. [PMID: 29105526 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1394986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to observe, in a rat animal model, the short and medium term effects of vegan (VEG) or omnivorous (OMNI) diets with different energy partition between nutrients (zone or classic). Six different diets were administered, for 72 days to 120 growing male Sprague-Dawley rats: (i) VEG zone diet; (ii) VEG classic diet; (iii) OMNI zone diet; (iv) OMNI classic diet; (v) OMNI zone diet with added fibre and (vi) OMNI classic diet with added fibre. Zone diets (high protein and low carbohydrates), resulted in better growth , feed efficiency, lower blood glucose and insulin responses. VEG diets have lowered cholesterol blood level. Histopathological analysis evidenced no damage to liver and kidney tissue by the intake of any of the diet types. Further longer animal and human duration studies should be performed to exclude detrimental effect of higher protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Giuberti
- a Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Piacenza , Italy
| | - Mauro Morlacchini
- b Centro di Ricerche sulla Zootecnia e l'Ambiente (CERZOO), Loc. Possessione di Fondo , San Bonico , Piacenza , Italy
| | - Luca Crippa
- c ISTOVET di Luca Crippa & C sas , Via W. Tobagi , Besana in Brianza , Monza , Italy
| | - Jessica Capraro
- a Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Piacenza , Italy
| | - Beatrice Paganini
- a Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Piacenza , Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- a Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Piacenza , Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- a Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Piacenza , Italy
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Zapata RC, Singh A, Pezeshki A, Nibber T, Chelikani PK. Whey Protein Components - Lactalbumin and Lactoferrin - Improve Energy Balance and Metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9917. [PMID: 28855697 PMCID: PMC5577213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein promotes weight loss and improves diabetic control, however, less is known of its bioactive components that produce such benefits. We compared the effects of normal protein (control) diet with high protein diets containing whey, or its fractions lactalbumin and lactoferrin, on energy balance and metabolism. Diet-induced obese rats were randomized to isocaloric diets: Control, Whey, Lactalbumin, Lactoferrin, or pair-fed to lactoferrin. Whey and lactalbumin produced transient hypophagia, whereas lactoferrin caused prolonged hypophagia; the hypophagia was likely due to decreased preference. Lactalbumin decreased weight and fat gain. Notably, lactoferrin produced sustained weight and fat loss, and attenuated the reduction in energy expenditure associated with calorie restriction. Lactalbumin and lactoferrin decreased plasma leptin and insulin, and lactalbumin increased peptide YY. Whey, lactalbumin and lactoferrin improved glucose clearance partly through differential upregulation of glucoregulatory transcripts in the liver and skeletal muscle. Interestingly, lactalbumin and lactoferrin decreased hepatic lipidosis partly through downregulation of lipogenic and/or upregulation of β-oxidation transcripts, and differentially modulated cecal bacterial populations. Our findings demonstrate that protein quantity and quality are important for improving energy balance. Dietary lactalbumin and lactoferrin improved energy balance and metabolism, and decreased adiposity, with the effects of lactoferrin being partly independent of caloric intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA
| | - Traj Nibber
- Advanced Orthomolecular Research, 3900 12 St NE, Calgary, Alberta, T2E 6X8, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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34
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Nilaweera KN, Cabrera-Rubio R, Speakman JR, O'Connor PM, McAuliffe A, Guinane CM, Lawton EM, Crispie F, Aguilera M, Stanley M, Boscaini S, Joyce S, Melgar S, Cryan JF, Cotter PD. Whey protein effects on energy balance link the intestinal mechanisms of energy absorption with adiposity and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E1-E11. [PMID: 28325732 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00356.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that dietary whey protein isolate (WPI) affects the intestinal mechanisms related to energy absorption and that the resulting energy deficit is compensated by changes in energy balance to support growth. C57BL/6 mice were provided a diet enriched with WPI with varied sucrose content, and the impact on energy balance-related parameters was investigated. As part of a high-sucrose diet, WPI reduced the hypothalamic expression of pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression and increased energy intake. The energy expenditure was unaffected, but epididymal weight was reduced, indicating an energy loss. Notably, there was a reduction in the ileum gene expression for amino acid transporter SLC6a19, glucose transporter 2, and fatty acid transporter 4. The composition of the gut microbiota also changed, where Firmicutes were reduced. The above changes indicated reduced energy absorption through the intestine. We propose that this mobilized energy in the adipose tissue and caused hypothalamic changes that increased energy intake, acting to counteract the energy deficit arising in the intestine. Lowering the sucrose content in the WPI diet increased energy expenditure. This further reduced epididymal weight and plasma leptin, whereupon hypothalamic ghrelin gene expression and the intestinal weight were both increased. These data suggest that when the intestine-adipose-hypothalamic pathway is subjected to an additional energy loss (now in the adipose tissue), compensatory changes attempt to assimilate more energy. Notably, WPI and sucrose content interact to enable the component mechanisms of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka N Nilaweera
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland;
| | - Raul Cabrera-Rubio
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Paula M O'Connor
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - AnneMarie McAuliffe
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M Guinane
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Elaine M Lawton
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maurice Stanley
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Serena Boscaini
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - Susan Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Singh A, Zapata RC, Pezeshki A, Chelikani PK. Dietary lactalbumin and lactoferrin interact with inulin to modulate energy balance in obese rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1050-1060. [PMID: 28437574 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether diets enriched with the whey protein components lactalbumin and lactoferrin interact additively with inulin to improve energy balance by decreasing food intake and body weight (BW). METHODS In four experiments, diet-induced obese rats were randomized to diets containing either lactalbumin or lactoferrin at low (20% kcal) or high (40% kcal) doses, and inulin at low (7.5% w/w) or high (15% w/w) doses, alone or in combination. Energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE), respiratory quotient (RQ), BW, body composition, plasma insulin, and leptin concentrations were measured. RESULTS Lactalbumin and inulin at low doses were ineffective, whereas high doses additively decreased EI and RQ. Low doses of lactoferrin and inulin additively decreased EI, BW, fat and lean mass, and RQ. High doses of lactoferrin and inulin additively decreased EI, supra-additively decreased BW, fat, and lean mass, and also decreased RQ and plasma leptin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS High doses of lactalbumin and inulin additively decreased EI. Importantly, lactoferrin and inulin at both low and high dose combinations, additively or supra-additively, decreased EI, BW, and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Cadegiani FA, Diniz GC, Alves G. Aggressive clinical approach to obesity improves metabolic and clinical outcomes and can prevent bariatric surgery: a single center experience. BMC OBESITY 2017; 4:9. [PMID: 28239482 PMCID: PMC5320647 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-017-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of bariatric procedures has exponentially increased in the past decade, as a result of the lack of successful clinical weight-loss interventions. The main reasons for the failure of clinical obesity management are: (1) anti-obesity medications are administered as monotherapies (or pre-combined drugs); (2) lack of combination between pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological modalities; (3) short duration of pharmacotherapy for obesity; (4) lack of weight-loss maintenance strategies; (5) misunderstanding of the complex pathophysiology of obesity; and (6) underprescription of anti-obesity medications. We developed a protocol that can potentially overcome the drawbacks that may lead to the failure of clinical therapy for obesity. The aim of this study is therefore to report the clinical and metabolic effects of our proposed obesity-management protocol over a 2-year period, and to determine whether this more intensive approach to obesity management is feasible and a possible alternative to bariatric surgery in patients with moderate-to-severe obesity. METHODS This retrospective study involved 43 patients in whom bariatric surgery was indicated. Patients underwent an intensive anti-obesity protocol that included pharmacotherapy with multiple drugs; intense surveillance with monthly body analysis by air-displacement plethysmography, electrical bioimpedance, and 3D body scans; weekly psychotherapy; diet planning with a dietician every 2 months; and exercises at least 3 times a week with exercises prescribed by a personal trainer at least once a month. Body weight (BW), total weight excess (TWE), obesity class, body mass index, fat weight, muscle weight, waist circumference, and visceral fat were analyzed. Markers of lipid and glucose metabolism, liver function, and inflammation were also evaluated. Therapeutic success was defined as >20% BW loss or >50% decrease in TWE after 1 year. RESULTS Significant improvements were observed in all clinical and metabolic parameters. Thirty-eight (88.4%) patients achieved 10% BW loss, and 32 (74.4%) achieved 20% BW loss. TWE decreased by >50% in 35 (81.4%) patients. Forty (93.0%) patients were able to avoid bariatric surgery. CONCLUSION An intensive clinical approach to obesity management can be an effective alternative to bariatric surgery, although further randomized controlled studies are necessary to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio A Cadegiani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Pedro de Toledo 781, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP Brazil.,Corpometria Institute, an Obesity and Endocrinology Center, SGAS 915 Centro Clínico Advance Salas 260/262/264, 70390-150 Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Diniz
- Corpometria Institute, an Obesity and Endocrinology Center, SGAS 915 Centro Clínico Advance Salas 260/262/264, 70390-150 Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Gabriella Alves
- Corpometria Institute, an Obesity and Endocrinology Center, SGAS 915 Centro Clínico Advance Salas 260/262/264, 70390-150 Brasilia, DF Brazil
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Singh A, Pezeshki A, Zapata RC, Yee NJ, Knight CG, Tuor UI, Chelikani PK. Diets enriched in whey or casein improve energy balance and prevent morbidity and renal damage in salt-loaded and high-fat-fed spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 37:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dietary whey reduces energy intake and alters hypothalamic gene expression in obese phyto-oestrogen-deprived male rats. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1125-33. [PMID: 27469930 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Removing dietary phyto-oestrogens in adult male rats causes obesity and diabetes. As whey proteins have been reported to reduce food intake and improve glucose homoeostasis, we investigated whether they could attenuate susceptibility to obesity and diabetes due to phyto-oestrogen deprivation. To this end, thirty male Wistar rats were fed a high-phyto-oestrogen (HP) or a phyto-oestrogen-free (PF) diet for 10 weeks; six rats from each group were killed. The remaining HP animals (six animals) continued receiving the HP diet for 6 weeks. The remaining PF rats (twelve rats) were divided in two groups: one was given the PF diet and the other a variation of the PF diet plus whey protein (PF-W). Body weight, food intake and adipose tissue weights were recorded. Hypothalamic mRNA expressions of orexigenic (neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein (AgRP)) and anorexigenic (pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript (CART)) neuropeptides were quantified by real-time PCR. Serum glucose, insulin and total thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone, testosterone and oestradiol were assessed. After 10 weeks of PF diet, increased body weight, adiposity and energy intake, with up-regulation of AgRP and down-regulation of POMC', were observed. Longer treatment exacerbated these results, increased total T4 levels, reduced oestradiol levels and impaired glucose homoeostasis. PF-W reduced energy intake and increased POMC expression; however, body weight and adiposity remained unchanged. PF-W could not prevent the hormonal changes or the high circulating glucose levels induced by phyto-oestrogen deprivation, but reduced fasting insulin. These data demonstrate that, although 6 weeks of whey administration could not prevent obesity in phyto-oestrogen-deprived rats, the reduction in energy intake and circulating insulin could be beneficial with longer treatments.
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Pezeshki A, Zapata RC, Singh A, Yee NJ, Chelikani PK. Low protein diets produce divergent effects on energy balance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25145. [PMID: 27122299 PMCID: PMC4848496 DOI: 10.1038/srep25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets deficient in protein often increase food consumption, body weight and fat mass; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We compared the effects of diets varying in protein concentrations on energy balance in obesity-prone rats. We demonstrate that protein-free (0% protein calories) diets decreased energy intake and increased energy expenditure, very low protein (5% protein) diets increased energy intake and expenditure, whereas moderately low protein (10% protein) diets increased energy intake without altering expenditure, relative to control diet (15% protein). These diet-induced alterations in energy expenditure are in part mediated through enhanced serotonergic and β-adrenergic signaling coupled with upregulation of key thermogenic markers in brown fat and skeletal muscle. The protein-free and very low protein diets decreased plasma concentrations of multiple essential amino acids, anorexigenic and metabolic hormones, but these diets increased the tissue expression and plasma concentrations of fibroblast growth factor-21. Protein-free and very low protein diets induced fatty liver, reduced energy digestibility, and decreased lean mass and body weight that persisted beyond the restriction period. In contrast, moderately low protein diets promoted gain in body weight and adiposity following the period of protein restriction. Together, our findings demonstrate that low protein diets produce divergent effects on energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Rizaldy C. Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Yee
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K. Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
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