1
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Maltseva M, Keeshan A, Cooper C, Langlois MA. Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2384192. [PMID: 39149872 PMCID: PMC11328881 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2384192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune imprinting is a phenomenon that stems from the fundamentals of immunological memory. Upon recurrent exposures to an evolving pathogen, the immune system must weigh the benefits of rapidly recalling established antibody repertoires with greater affinity to the initial variant or invest additional time and energy in producing de novo responses specific to the emerging variant. In this review, we delve into the mechanistic complexities of immune imprinting and its role in shaping subsequent immune responses, both de novo and recall, against rapidly evolving respiratory viruses such as influenza and coronaviruses. By exploring the duality of immune imprinting, we examine its potential to both enhance or hinder immune protection against disease, while emphasizing the role of host and viral factors. Finally, we explore how different vaccine platforms may affect immune imprinting and comment on vaccine strategies that can favor de novo variant-specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Maltseva
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexa Keeshan
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Curtis Cooper
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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2
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Shi H, Zhang X, Ge P, Meliopoulos V, Freiden P, Livingston B, Schultz-Cherry S, Ross TM. Inactivated influenza virus vaccines expressing COBRA hemagglutinin elicited broadly reactive, long-lived protective antibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2356269. [PMID: 38826029 PMCID: PMC11152115 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2356269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza viruses cause seasonal respiratory illness that affect millions of people globally every year. Prophylactic vaccines are the recommended method to prevent the breakout of influenza epidemics. One of the current commercial influenza vaccines consists of inactivated viruses that are selected months prior to the start of a new influenza season. In many seasons, the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of these vaccines can be relatively low. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an improved, more universal influenza vaccine (UIV) that can provide broad protection against various drifted strains in all age groups. To meet this need, the computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology was developed to design a hemagglutinin (HA) molecule as a new influenza vaccine. In this study, COBRA HA-based inactivated influenza viruses (IIV) expressing the COBRA HA from H1 or H3 influenza viruses were developed and characterized for the elicitation of immediate and long-term protective immunity in both immunologically naïve or influenza pre-immune animal models. These results were compared to animals vaccinated with IIV vaccines expressing wild-type H1 or H3 HA proteins (WT-IIV). The COBRA-IIV elicited long-lasting broadly reactive antibodies that had hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) activity against drifted influenza variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Pan Ge
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pam Freiden
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Jaishwal P, Jha K, Singh SP. Revisiting the dimensions of universal vaccine with special focus on COVID-19: Efficacy versus methods of designing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134012. [PMID: 39048013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Even though the use of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic showed unprecedented success in a short time, it also exposed a flaw in the current vaccine design strategy to offer broad protection against emerging variants of concern. However, developing broad-spectrum vaccines is still a challenge for immunologists. The development of universal vaccines against emerging pathogens and their variants appears to be a practical solution to mitigate the economic and physical effects of the pandemic on society. Very few reports are available to explain the basic concept of universal vaccine design and development. This review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune responses generated against vaccination and essential insight into immune mechanisms helpful in designing universal vaccines targeting influenza viruses and coronaviruses. In addition, the characteristics, safety, and factors affecting the efficacy of universal vaccines have been discussed. Furthermore, several advancements in methods worthy of designing universal vaccines are described, including chimeric immunogens, heterologous prime-boost vaccines, reverse vaccinology, structure-based antigen design, pan-reactive antibody vaccines, conserved neutralizing epitope-based vaccines, mosaic nanoparticle-based vaccines, etc. In addition to the several advantages, significant potential constraints, such as defocusing the immune response and subdominance, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Jaishwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
| | - Kisalay Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
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4
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Ding X, Zhao F, Liu Z, Yao J, Yu H, Zhang X. Original antigenic sin: A potential double-edged effect for vaccine improvement. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117187. [PMID: 39084082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Original antigenic sin (OAS) influences the immune response to subsequent infections with related variants following initial pathogen exposure. This phenomenon is characterized by cross-reactivity, which, although it may worsen infections, also provides a degree of protection against immune evasion caused by variations. This paradox complicates the development of creating universal vaccinations, as they frequently show diminished effectiveness against these emerging variants. This review aims to elucidate the diverse impacts of OAS on the immune response to various infections, emphasizing the complicated balance between beneficial and harmful outcomes. Moreover, we evaluate the influence of adjuvants and other variables on the extent of OAS, hence affecting the effectiveness of vaccines. Understanding the mechanisms of OAS that cause persistent infections and evasion of the immune system is crucial for the developing innovative vaccines. And it has significant potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ding
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Feijun Zhao
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China; Laboratory Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Jiangchen Yao
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Han Yu
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases &Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
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5
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Jones CH, Hauguel T, Beitelshees M, Davitt M, Welch V, Lindert K, Allen P, True JM, Dolsten M. Deciphering immune responses: a comparative analysis of influenza vaccination platforms. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104125. [PMID: 39097221 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Influenza still poses a significant challenge due to its high mutation rates and the low effectiveness of traditional vaccines. At present, antibodies that neutralize the highly variable hemagglutinin antigen are a major driver of the observed variable protection. To decipher how influenza vaccines can be improved, an analysis of licensed vaccine platforms was conducted, contrasting the strengths and limitations of their different mechanisms of protection. Through this review, it is evident that these vaccines do not elicit the robust cellular immune response critical for protecting high-risk groups. Emerging platforms, such as RNA vaccines, that induce robust cellular responses that may be additive to the recognized mechanism of protection through hemagglutinin inhibition may overcome these constraints to provide broader, protective immunity. By combining both humoral and cellular responses, such platforms could help guide the future influenza vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Verna Welch
- Pfizer, Hudson Boulevard, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | | | - Pirada Allen
- Pfizer, Hudson Boulevard, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Jane M True
- Pfizer, Hudson Boulevard, New York, NY 10018, USA.
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6
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McGough L, Cobey S. A speed limit on serial strain replacement from original antigenic sin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400202121. [PMID: 38857397 PMCID: PMC11194583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400202121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens evolve to escape immunity, yet it remains difficult to predict whether immune pressure will lead to diversification, serial replacement of one variant by another, or more complex patterns. Pathogen strain dynamics are mediated by cross-protective immunity, whereby exposure to one strain partially protects against infection by antigenically diverged strains. There is growing evidence that this protection is influenced by early exposures, a phenomenon referred to as original antigenic sin (OAS) or imprinting. In this paper, we derive constraints on the emergence of the pattern of successive strain replacements demonstrated by influenza, SARS-CoV-2, seasonal coronaviruses, and other pathogens. We find that OAS implies that the limited diversity found with successive strain replacement can only be maintained if [Formula: see text] is less than a threshold set by the characteristic antigenic distances for cross-protection and for the creation of new immune memory. This bound implies a "speed limit" on the evolution of new strains and a minimum variance of the distribution of infecting strains in antigenic space at any time. To carry out this analysis, we develop a theoretical model of pathogen evolution in antigenic space that implements OAS by decoupling the antigenic distances required for protection from infection and strain-specific memory creation. Our results demonstrate that OAS can play an integral role in the emergence of strain structure from host immune dynamics, preventing highly transmissible pathogens from maintaining serial strain replacement without diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McGough
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionThe University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionThe University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
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7
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Guo H, Ha S, Botten JW, Xu K, Zhang N, An Z, Strohl WR, Shiver JW, Fu TM. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Viral Evolution, Immune Evasion, and Alternative Durable Therapeutic Strategies. Viruses 2024; 16:697. [PMID: 38793580 PMCID: PMC11125895 DOI: 10.3390/v16050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus has gained dominance worldwide, its continual evolution with unpredictable mutations and patterns has revoked all authorized immunotherapeutics. Rapid viral evolution has also necessitated several rounds of vaccine updates in order to provide adequate immune protection. It remains imperative to understand how Omicron evolves into different subvariants and causes immune escape as this could help reevaluate the current intervention strategies mostly implemented in the clinics as emergency measures to counter the pandemic and, importantly, develop new solutions. Here, we provide a review focusing on the major events of Omicron viral evolution, including the features of spike mutation that lead to immune evasion against monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy and vaccination, and suggest alternative durable options such as the ACE2-based experimental therapies superior to mAbs to address this unprecedented evolution of Omicron virus. In addition, this type of unique ACE2-based virus-trapping molecules can counter all zoonotic SARS coronaviruses, either from unknown animal hosts or from established wild-life reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2, and even seasonal alpha coronavirus NL63 that depends on human ACE2 for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Guo
- IGM Biosciences, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Sha Ha
- IGM Biosciences, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Jason W. Botten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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McGough L, Cobey S. A speed limit on serial strain replacement from original antigenic sin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.04.574172. [PMID: 38260288 PMCID: PMC10802292 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.04.574172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many pathogens evolve to escape immunity, yet it remains difficult to predict whether immune pressure will lead to diversification, serial replacement of one variant by another, or more complex patterns. Pathogen strain dynamics are mediated by cross-protective immunity, whereby exposure to one strain partially protects against infection by antigenically diverged strains. There is growing evidence that this protection is influenced by early exposures, a phenomenon referred to as original antigenic sin (OAS) or imprinting. In this paper, we derive new constraints on the emergence of the pattern of successive strain replacements demonstrated by influenza, SARS-CoV-2, seasonal coronaviruses, and other pathogens. We find that OAS implies that the limited diversity found with successive strain replacement can only be maintained if R 0 is less than a threshold set by the characteristic antigenic distances for cross-protection and for the creation of new immune memory. This bound implies a "speed limit" on the evolution of new strains and a minimum variance of the distribution of infecting strains in antigenic space at any time. To carry out this analysis, we develop a theoretical model of pathogen evolution in antigenic space that implements OAS by decoupling the antigenic distances required for protection from infection and strain-specific memory creation. Our results demonstrate that OAS can play an integral role in the emergence of strain structure from host immune dynamics, preventing highly transmissible pathogens from maintaining serial strain replacement without diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McGough
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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9
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Bunimovich L, Ram A, Skums P. Antigenic cooperation in viral populations: Transformation of functions of intra-host viral variants. J Theor Biol 2024; 580:111719. [PMID: 38158118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we study intra-host viral adaptation by antigenic cooperation - a mechanism of immune escape that serves as an alternative to the standard mechanism of escape by continuous genomic diversification and allows to explain a number of experimental observations associated with the establishment of chronic infections by highly mutable viruses. Within this mechanism, the topology of a cross-immunoreactivity network forces intra-host viral variants to specialize for complementary roles and adapt to the host's immune response as a quasi-social ecosystem. Here we study dynamical changes in immune adaptation caused by evolutionary and epidemiological events. First, we show that the emergence of a viral variant with altered antigenic features may result in a rapid re-arrangement of the viral ecosystem and a change in the roles played by existing viral variants. In particular, it may push the population under immune escape by genomic diversification towards the stable state of adaptation by antigenic cooperation. Next, we study the effect of a viral transmission between two chronically infected hosts, which results in the merging of two intra-host viral populations in the state of stable immune-adapted equilibrium. In this case, we also describe how the newly formed viral population adapts to the host's environment by changing the functions of its members. The results are obtained analytically for minimal cross-immunoreactivity networks and numerically for larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Bunimovich
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA.
| | - Athulya Ram
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA.
| | - Pavel Skums
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269, CT, USA.
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10
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Asamoah-Boaheng M, Grunau B, Karim ME, Kayda I, Yap J, Bessai K, Goldfarb DM. Investigating the Antibody Imprinting Hypothesis among Canadian Paramedics after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Circulation. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:193-197. [PMID: 38386593 PMCID: PMC10916361 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the Omicron variant's capacity to evade immune protection conferred by wild-type (WT) mRNA vaccines. Despite this observation, the potential involvement of antigenic sin phenomena remains unclear. Our hypothesis posited that a greater number of prior WT vaccine doses might lead to reduced anti-Omicron neutralization Abs following Omicron infection. To investigate this, we analyzed blood samples from human participants in the COVID-19 Occupational Risk, Seroprevalence, and Immunity among Paramedics (CORSIP) study who had received at least one WT mRNA vaccine before contracting Omicron. The exposure variable was the number of WT mRNA vaccines administered, and the outcome was the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) percent inhibition specific to the BA.4/BA.5 Omicron Ag. Contrary to expectations, our findings revealed that more WT-based vaccines were associated with an enhanced Omicron-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Asamoah-Boaheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Resuscitation Research Collaborative, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Grunau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Resuscitation Research Collaborative, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ehsanul Karim
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Iryna Kayda
- Experimental Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Justin Yap
- British Columbia Resuscitation Research Collaborative, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katherine Bessai
- British Columbia Emergency Health Services, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David M. Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Philpott JD, Miller J, Boribong BP, Charles S, Davis JP, Kazimierczyk S, Jimena B, Leonard MM, Shreffler WG, Fasano A, Yonker LM, Jain N. Antigen-specific T cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-vaccinated children. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101298. [PMID: 38016480 PMCID: PMC10772322 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines elicit humoral responses in children that are comparable to those in adults. However, early-life T cell responses are distinct from adult ones, and questions remain about the nature and kinetics of mRNA vaccine-induced T cell responses in children. We report that Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination elicits a significant antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response in the ≥12-year-old cohort. This response is weaker in magnitude in the 5- to 11-year-old cohort and is not improved by a higher vaccine dose (Moderna mRNA1273, 100 μg), suggesting distinct developmental programming that may underscore early-life T cell immunity. Increased effector phenotypes of antigen-specific T cells in younger children correspond with elevated anti-receptor binding domain antibody levels, albeit at the cost of memory generation. These studies highlight aspects of age-specific adaptive immune responses and the need for careful consideration of priming conditions including vaccine dose and adjuvant in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Philpott
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jordan Miller
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Brittany P Boribong
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 175 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Saeina Charles
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jameson P Davis
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Simon Kazimierczyk
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Brittany Jimena
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Maureen M Leonard
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wayne G Shreffler
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 175 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 175 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lael M Yonker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 175 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Nitya Jain
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 114 16(th) Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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12
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Han AX, de Jong SPJ, Russell CA. Co-evolution of immunity and seasonal influenza viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:805-817. [PMID: 37532870 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses cause recurring global epidemics by continually evolving to escape host immunity. The viral constraints and host immune responses that limit and drive the evolution of these viruses are increasingly well understood. However, it remains unclear how most of these advances improve the capacity to reduce the impact of seasonal influenza viruses on human health. In this Review, we synthesize recent progress made in understanding the interplay between the evolution of immunity induced by previous infections or vaccination and the evolution of seasonal influenza viruses driven by the heterogeneous accumulation of antibody-mediated immunity in humans. We discuss the functional constraints that limit the evolution of the viruses, the within-host evolutionary processes that drive the emergence of new virus variants, as well as current and prospective options for influenza virus control, including the viral and immunological barriers that must be overcome to improve the effectiveness of vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin X Han
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P J de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Huang CQ, Vishwanath S, Carnell GW, Chan ACY, Heeney JL. Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1971-1985. [PMID: 37932355 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines based on historical virus isolates provide limited protection from continuously evolving RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses or coronaviruses, which occasionally spill over between animals and humans. Despite repeated booster immunizations, population-wide declines in the neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have occurred. This has been compared to seasonal influenza vaccinations in humans, where the breadth of immune responses induced by repeat exposures to antigenically distinct influenza viruses is confounded by pre-existing immunity-a mechanism known as imprinting. Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved in a population with partial immunity, acquired by infection, vaccination or both. Here we critically examine the evidence for and against immune imprinting in host humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster vaccine programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Qingzhou Huang
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sneha Vishwanath
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George William Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Chun Yue Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Mooij P, Mortier D, Aartse A, Murad AB, Correia R, Roldão A, Alves PM, Fagrouch Z, Eggink D, Stockhofe N, Engelhardt OG, Verschoor EJ, van Gils MJ, Bogers WM, Carrondo MJT, Remarque EJ, Koopman G. Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses to seasonal influenza virus H1N1 strains are not enhanced during subsequent pandemic H1N1 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1256094. [PMID: 37691927 PMCID: PMC10484506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The first exposure to influenza is presumed to shape the B-cell antibody repertoire, leading to preferential enhancement of the initially formed responses during subsequent exposure to viral variants. Here, we investigated whether this principle remains applicable when there are large genetic and antigenic differences between primary and secondary influenza virus antigens. Because humans usually have a complex history of influenza virus exposure, we conducted this investigation in influenza-naive cynomolgus macaques. Two groups of six macaques were immunized four times with influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying either one (monovalent) or five (pentavalent) different hemagglutinin (HA) antigens derived from seasonal H1N1 (H1N1) strains. Four weeks after the final immunization, animals were challenged with pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09). Although immunization resulted in robust virus-neutralizing responses to all VLP-based vaccine strains, there were no cross-neutralization responses to H1N1pdm09, and all animals became infected. No reductions in viral load in the nose or throat were detected in either vaccine group. After infection, strong virus-neutralizing responses to H1N1pdm09 were induced. However, there were no increases in virus-neutralizing titers against four of the five H1N1 vaccine strains; and only a mild increase was observed in virus-neutralizing titer against the influenza A/Texas/36/91 vaccine strain. After H1N1pdm09 infection, both vaccine groups showed higher virus-neutralizing titers against two H1N1 strains of intermediate antigenic distance between the H1N1 vaccine strains and H1N1pdm09, compared with the naive control group. Furthermore, both vaccine groups had higher HA-stem antibodies early after infection than the control group. In conclusion, immunization with VLPs displaying HA from antigenically distinct H1N1 variants increased the breadth of the immune response during subsequent H1N1pdm09 challenge, although this phenomenon was limited to intermediate antigenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Aafke Aartse
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexandre B. Murad
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Correia
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António Roldão
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research/Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Vaccines, Science, Research and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willy M. Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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15
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Bedi R, Bayless NL, Glanville J. Challenges and Progress in Designing Broad-Spectrum Vaccines Against Rapidly Mutating Viruses. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2023; 6:419-441. [PMID: 37196356 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-041304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Viruses evolve to evade prior immunity, causing significant disease burden. Vaccine effectiveness deteriorates as pathogens mutate, requiring redesign. This is a problem that has grown worse due to population increase, global travel, and farming practices. Thus, there is significant interest in developing broad-spectrum vaccines that mitigate disease severity and ideally inhibit disease transmission without requiring frequent updates. Even in cases where vaccines against rapidly mutating pathogens have been somewhat effective, such as seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), designing vaccines that provide broad-spectrum immunity against routinely observed viral variation remains a desirable but not yet achieved goal. This review highlights the key theoretical advances in understanding the interplay between polymorphism and vaccine efficacy, challenges in designing broad-spectrum vaccines, and technology advances and possible avenues forward. We also discuss data-driven approaches for monitoring vaccine efficacy and predicting viral escape from vaccine-induced protection. In each case, we consider illustrative examples in vaccine development from influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-three examples of highly prevalent rapidly mutating viruses with distinct phylogenetics and unique histories of vaccine technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Bedi
- Centivax Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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Bunimovich L, Ram A. Local Immunodeficiency: Combining Cross-Immunoreactivity Networks. J Comput Biol 2023; 30:492-501. [PMID: 36625905 PMCID: PMC10125403 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2022.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article continues the analysis of the recently observed phenomenon of local immunodeficiency (LI), which arises as a result of antigenic cooperation among intrahost viruses organized into a network of cross-immunoreactivity (CR). We study here what happens as the result of combining (connecting) the simplest CR networks, which have a stable state of LI. It turned out that many possibilities occur, particularly resulting in a change of roles of some viruses in the CR network. Our results also give some indications about a boundary of the set of CR networks with stable state of LI in the entire collection of all possible CR networks. Such borderline CR networks are characterized by only a marginally stable (neutral rather than stable) state of the LI, or by the existence of such subnetworks in a CR network that evolve independently of each other (although being connected).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Bunimovich
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Athulya Ram
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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17
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Kim SA, Lee Y, Ko Y, Kim S, Kim GB, Lee NK, Ahn W, Kim N, Nam GH, Lee EJ, Kim IS. Protein-based nanocages for vaccine development. J Control Release 2023; 353:767-791. [PMID: 36516900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein nanocages have attracted considerable attention in various fields of nanomedicine due to their intrinsic properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, high structural stability, and ease of modification of their surfaces and inner cavities. In vaccine development, these protein nanocages are suited for efficient targeting to and retention in the lymph nodes and can enhance immunogenicity through various mechanisms, including excellent uptake by antigen-presenting cells and crosslinking with multiple B cell receptors. This review highlights the superiority of protein nanocages as antigen delivery carriers based on their physiological and immunological properties such as biodistribution, immunogenicity, stability, and multifunctionality. With a focus on design, we discuss the utilization and efficacy of protein nanocages such as virus-like particles, caged proteins, and artificial caged proteins against cancer and infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, we summarize available knowledge on the protein nanocages that are currently used in clinical trials and provide a general outlook on conventional distribution techniques and hurdles faced, particularly for therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong A Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeram Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeju Ko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kim
- Department of Research and Development, SHIFTBIO INC., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- Department of Research and Development, SHIFTBIO INC., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Kyeong Lee
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonkyung Ahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- Department of Research and Development, SHIFTBIO INC., Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Xie Y, Tian X, Zhang X, Yao H, Wu N. Immune interference in effectiveness of influenza and COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167214. [PMID: 37153582 PMCID: PMC10154574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are known to function as the most effective interventional therapeutics for controlling infectious diseases, including polio, smallpox, rabies, tuberculosis, influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Smallpox has been eliminated completely and polio is almost extinct because of vaccines. Rabies vaccines and Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines could effectively protect humans against respective infections. However, both influenza vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines are unable to eliminate these two infectious diseases of their highly variable antigenic sites in viral proteins. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) could be negatively influenced (i.e., interfered with) by immune imprinting of previous infections or vaccinations, and repeated vaccinations could interfere with VE against infections due to mismatch between vaccine strains and endemic viral strains. Moreover, VE could also be interfered with when more than one kind of vaccine is administrated concomitantly (i.e., co-administrated), suggesting that the VE could be modulated by the vaccine-induced immunity. In this review, we revisit the evidence that support the interfered VE result from immune imprinting or repeated vaccinations in influenza and COVID-19 vaccine, and the interference in co-administration of these two types of vaccines is also discussed. Regarding the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines, the researchers should focus on the induction of cross-reactive T-cell responses and naive B-cell responses to overcome negative effects from the immune system itself. The strategy of co-administrating influenza and COVID-19 vaccine needs to be considered more carefully and more clinical data is needed to verify this strategy to be safe and immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuebin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Nanping Wu,
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19
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Kajiume T, Mukai S, Toyota N, Kanazawa I, Kato A, Akimoto E, Shirakawa T. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in elementary and middle schools: a 10-year follow-up investigation. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:909. [PMID: 36474168 PMCID: PMC9724312 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza spreads from schools to the rest of society. Thus, we conducted questionnaire surveys of influenza vaccination in elementary and middle schools in a district for 10 years to determine immunization rates and infection conditions among students who were potential sources of infection at home. METHODS The questionnaire-based survey on influenza vaccine administration, influenza infection, and influenza types contracted, as well as influenza immunization history, was conducted in 10 seasons over a period of 10 years. RESULTS In elementary schools, vaccination was associated with lower morbidity in most years, whereas in middle schools, morbidity increased among students who were vaccinated every year. Our study did not find consistent trends among faculty and staff. In addition, we found that morbidity was significantly higher among elementary (P < 0.001) and middle (P < 0.05) school students who had been vaccinated since infancy than among those who had not been vaccinated since infancy. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that vaccinating infants for influenza may increase the risk of contracting influenza later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Kajiume
- Hiroshima Akichiku Medical Association, 5-13 Sakae-machi, Kaita-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 736-0043 Japan ,Mukainada Child Clinic, 24-26 Aosaki-naka, Fuchu-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 735-0016 Japan
| | - Sumera Mukai
- Hiroshima Akichiku Medical Association, 5-13 Sakae-machi, Kaita-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 736-0043 Japan ,Mukai Clinic of Internal Medicine, 2-2-8 Tahara, Ondo-cho, Kure-city, Hiroshima 737-1216 Japan
| | - Nobutaka Toyota
- Hiroshima Akichiku Medical Association, 5-13 Sakae-machi, Kaita-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 736-0043 Japan ,Toyota Ladies Clinic, 4-30-1 Kawasumi, Kumano-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 731-4223 Japan
| | - Ikuo Kanazawa
- Hiroshima Akichiku Medical Association, 5-13 Sakae-machi, Kaita-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 736-0043 Japan ,Kanazawa Cardiology Clinic, 4-10-18 Yano-nishi, Aki-ku, Hiroshima, 736-0085 Japan
| | - Akiko Kato
- Hiroshima Akichiku Medical Association, 5-13 Sakae-machi, Kaita-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 736-0043 Japan ,Kato Gastroenterology Clinic, 3-3-14 Nakano-higashi, Aki-ku, Hiroshima, 739-0323 Japan
| | - Etsushi Akimoto
- Hiroshima Akichiku Medical Association, 5-13 Sakae-machi, Kaita-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 736-0043 Japan ,Akimoto Clinic, 3-34 Inari-machi, Kaita-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 736-0067 Japan
| | - Toshio Shirakawa
- Hiroshima Akichiku Medical Association, 5-13 Sakae-machi, Kaita-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 736-0043 Japan ,Senosirakawa Hospital, 1-28-3 Seno, Aki-ku, Hiroshima, 739-0311 Japan
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20
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The impact of repeated vaccination on relative influenza vaccine effectiveness among vaccinated adults in the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e198. [PMID: 36331053 PMCID: PMC9987024 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for individuals at high risk of developing post-infection complications in many locations. However, reduced vaccine immunogenicity and effectiveness have been observed among repeat vaccinees in some influenza seasons. We investigated the impact of repeated influenza vaccination on relative vaccine effectiveness (VE) among individuals who were recommended for influenza vaccination in the United Kingdom with a retrospective cohort study using primary healthcare data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a primary care database in the United Kingdom. Relative VE was estimated against general practitioner-diagnosed influenza-like illnesses (GP-ILI) and medically attended acute respiratory illnesses (MAARI) among participants who have been repeatedly vaccinated compared with first-time vaccinees using proportional hazards models. Relative VE against MAARI may be reduced for individuals above 65 years old who were vaccinated in the current and previous influenza seasons for some influenza seasons. However, these findings were not conclusive as we could not exclude the possibility of residual confounding in our dataset. The use of routinely collected data from electronic health records to examine the effects of repeated vaccination needs to be complemented with sufficient efforts to include negative control outcomes to rule out residual confounding.
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21
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Fu Y, Li P, Xu W, Liu Z, Wang C, Wang Q, Tang J, Li W, Lu L, Jiang S. Chemically Modified Bovine β-Lactoglobulin as a Broad-Spectrum Influenza Virus Entry Inhibitor with the Potential to Combat Influenza Outbreaks. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092055. [PMID: 36146861 PMCID: PMC9506557 DOI: 10.3390/v14092055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent outbreaks of the highly pathogenic influenza A virus (AIV) infection, together with the lack of broad-spectrum influenza vaccines, call for the development of broad-spectrum prophylactic agents. Previously, 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride-modified bovine β-lactoglobulin (3HP-β-LG) was proven to be effective against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and it has also been used in the clinical control of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Here, we show its efficacy in potently inhibiting infection by divergent influenza A and B viruses. Mechanistic studies suggest that 3HP-β-LG binds, possibly through its negatively charged residues, to the receptor-binding domain in the hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) subunit in the HA of the influenza virus, thus inhibiting the attachment of the HA to sialic acid on host cells. The intranasal administration of 3HP-β-LG led to the protection of mice against challenges by influenza A(H1N1)/PR8, A(H3N2), and A(H7N9) viruses. Furthermore, 3HP-β-LG is highly stable when stored at 50 °C for 30 days and it shows excellent safety in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings suggest that 3HP-β-LG could be successfully repurposed as an intranasal prophylactic agent to prevent influenza virus infections during influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weihua Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, 2140 Xie Tu Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (S.J.); Tel.: +86-21-5423-7671 (L.L.); +86-21-5423-7673 (S.J.)
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen 518052, China
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, 2140 Xie Tu Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (S.J.); Tel.: +86-21-5423-7671 (L.L.); +86-21-5423-7673 (S.J.)
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22
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Bigay J, Le Grand R, Martinon F, Maisonnasse P. Vaccine-associated enhanced disease in humans and animal models: Lessons and challenges for vaccine development. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932408. [PMID: 36033843 PMCID: PMC9399815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against infectious diseases calls for the development of safe and effective vaccines that generate long-lasting protective immunity. In a few situations, vaccine-mediated immune responses may have led to exacerbated pathology upon subsequent infection with the pathogen targeted by the vaccine. Such vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) has been reported, or at least suspected, in animal models, and in a few instances in humans, for vaccine candidates against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MV), dengue virus (DENV), HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Although alleviated by clinical and epidemiological evidence, a number of concerns were also initially raised concerning the short- and long-term safety of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although the mechanisms leading to this phenomenon are not yet completely understood, the individual and/or collective role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), complement-dependent enhancement, and cell-dependent enhancement have been highlighted. Here, we review mechanisms that may be associated with the risk of VAED, which are important to take into consideration, both in the assessment of vaccine safety and in finding ways to define models and immunization strategies that can alleviate such concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Martinon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud-INSERM U1184, CEA, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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23
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Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Rezaei N. "Original antigenic sin": A potential threat beyond the development of booster vaccination against novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2022; 43:1091-1092. [PMID: 33938416 PMCID: PMC8144803 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Noori
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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24
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Brusse-Keizer M, Citgez E, Zuur-Telgen M, Kerstjens H, Rijkers G, VanderValk P, van der Palen J. Difference in survival between COPD patients with an impaired immune reaction versus an adequate immune reaction to seasonal influenza vaccination: The COMIC study. Respir Med 2022; 197:106851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Hederman AP, Bobak CA, Weiner JA, Wieland-Alter W, Lee J, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Boosting of cross-reactive antibodies to endemic coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 infection but not vaccination with stabilized spike. eLife 2022; 11:e75228. [PMID: 35289271 PMCID: PMC8923670 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting antibodies to endemic coronaviruses (CoV) that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to influence the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination and infection for better or worse. In this observational study of mucosal and systemic humoral immunity in acutely infected, convalescent, and vaccinated subjects, we tested for cross-reactivity against endemic CoV spike (S) protein at subdomain resolution. Elevated responses, particularly to the β-CoV OC43, were observed in all natural infection cohorts tested and were correlated with the response to SARS-CoV-2. The kinetics of this response and isotypes involved suggest that infection boosts preexisting antibody lineages raised against prior endemic CoV exposure that cross-react. While further research is needed to discern whether this recalled response is desirable or detrimental, the boosted antibodies principally targeted the better-conserved S2 subdomain of the viral spike and were not associated with neutralization activity. In contrast, vaccination with a stabilized spike mRNA vaccine did not robustly boost cross-reactive antibodies, suggesting differing antigenicity and immunogenicity. In sum, this study provides evidence that antibodies targeting endemic CoV are robustly boosted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection but not to vaccination with stabilized S, and that depending on conformation or other factors, the S2 subdomain of the spike protein triggers a rapidly recalled, IgG-dominated response that lacks neutralization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | | | - Carly A Bobak
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Aaron AR Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Dana Wolf
- Hadassah University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de BruxellesCharleroiBelgium
- Pediatric Department, CHU St PierreBrusselsBelgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de BruxellesCharleroiBelgium
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
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26
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Affinity maturation for an optimal balance between long-term immune coverage and short-term resource constraints. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2113512119. [PMID: 35177475 PMCID: PMC8872716 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113512119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity relies on the mutation and selection of B cells to better recognize pathogens. This affinity maturation process produces cells with diverse recognition capabilities. Examining optimal immune strategies that maximize the long-term immune coverage at a minimal metabolic cost, we show when the immune system should mount a de novo response rather than rely on existing memory cells. Our theory recapitulates known modes of the B cell response, predicts the empirical form of the distribution of clone sizes, and rationalizes as a trade-off between metabolic and immune costs the antigenic imprinting effects that limit the efficacy of vaccines (original antigenic sin). Our predictions provide a framework to interpret experimental results that could be used to inform vaccination strategies. In order to target threatening pathogens, the adaptive immune system performs a continuous reorganization of its lymphocyte repertoire. Following an immune challenge, the B cell repertoire can evolve cells of increased specificity for the encountered strain. This process of affinity maturation generates a memory pool whose diversity and size remain difficult to predict. We assume that the immune system follows a strategy that maximizes the long-term immune coverage and minimizes the short-term metabolic costs associated with affinity maturation. This strategy is defined as an optimal decision process on a finite dimensional phenotypic space, where a preexisting population of cells is sequentially challenged with a neutrally evolving strain. We show that the low specificity and high diversity of memory B cells—a key experimental result—can be explained as a strategy to protect against pathogens that evolve fast enough to escape highly potent but narrow memory. This plasticity of the repertoire drives the emergence of distinct regimes for the size and diversity of the memory pool, depending on the density of de novo responding cells and on the mutation rate of the strain. The model predicts power-law distributions of clonotype sizes observed in data and rationalizes antigenic imprinting as a strategy to minimize metabolic costs while keeping good immune protection against future strains.
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27
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Aguilar-Bretones M, Westerhuis BM, Raadsen MP, de Bruin E, Chandler FD, Okba NM, Haagmans BL, Langerak T, Endeman H, van den Akker JP, Gommers DA, van Gorp EC, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Vries RD, Fouchier RA, Rockx BH, Koopmans MP, van Nierop GP. Seasonal coronavirus-specific B cells with limited SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity dominate the IgG response in severe COVID-19. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e150613. [PMID: 34499051 PMCID: PMC8553556 DOI: 10.1172/jci150613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Little is known about the interplay between preexisting immunity to endemic seasonal coronaviruses and the development of a SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG response. We investigated the kinetics, breadth, magnitude, and level of cross-reactivity of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and heterologous seasonal and epidemic coronaviruses at the clonal level in patients with mild or severe COVID-19 as well as in disease control patients. We assessed antibody reactivity to nucleocapsid and spike antigens and correlated this IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Patients with COVID-19 mounted a mostly type-specific SARS-CoV-2 response. Additionally, IgG clones directed against a seasonal coronavirus were boosted in patients with severe COVID-19. These boosted clones showed limited cross-reactivity and did not neutralize SARS-CoV-2. These findings indicate a boost of poorly protective CoV-specific antibodies in patients with COVID-19 that correlated with disease severity, revealing "original antigenic sin."
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henrik Endeman
- Intensive Care Unit, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), Wytemaweg, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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28
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Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Hederman AP, Bobak CA, Weiner JA, Wieland-Alter W, Lee J, Bloch EM, Tobian AA, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Boosting of Cross-Reactive Antibodies to Endemic Coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 Infection but not Vaccination with Stabilized Spike. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.10.27.21265574. [PMID: 34729565 PMCID: PMC8562549 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.27.21265574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pre-existing antibodies to endemic coronaviruses (CoV) that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to influence the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination and infection for better or worse. In this observational study of mucosal and systemic humoral immunity in acutely infected, convalescent, and vaccinated subjects, we tested for cross reactivity against endemic CoV spike (S) protein at subdomain resolution. Elevated responses, particularly to the β-CoV OC43, were observed in all natural infection cohorts tested and were correlated with the response to SARS-CoV-2. The kinetics of this response and isotypes involved suggest that infection boosts preexisting antibody lineages raised against prior endemic CoV exposure that cross react. While further research is needed to discern whether this recalled response is desirable or detrimental, the boosted antibodies principally targeted the better conserved S2 subdomain of the viral spike and were not associated with neutralization activity. In contrast, vaccination with a stabilized spike mRNA vaccine did not robustly boost cross-reactive antibodies, suggesting differing antigenicity and immunogenicity. In sum, this study provides evidence that antibodies targeting endemic CoV are robustly boosted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection but not to vaccination with stabilized S, and that depending on conformation or other factors, the S2 subdomain of the spike protein triggers a rapidly recalled, IgG-dominated response that lacks neutralization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Carly A. Bobak
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A.R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dana Wolf
- Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
- Pediatric Department, CHU St Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Ruth I. Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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29
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Kaplonek P, Wang C, Bartsch Y, Fischinger S, Gorman MJ, Bowman K, Kang J, Dayal D, Martin P, Nowak RP, Villani AC, Hsieh CL, Charland NC, Gonye AL, Gushterova I, Khanna HK, LaSalle TJ, Lavin-Parsons KM, Lilley BM, Lodenstein CL, Manakongtreecheep K, Margolin JD, McKaig BN, Rojas-Lopez M, Russo BC, Sharma N, Tantivit J, Thomas MF, Sade-Feldman M, Feldman J, Julg B, Nilles EJ, Musk ER, Menon AS, Fischer ES, McLellan JS, Schmidt A, Goldberg MB, Filbin MR, Hacohen N, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G. Early cross-coronavirus reactive signatures of humoral immunity against COVID-19. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabj2901. [PMID: 34652962 PMCID: PMC8943686 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of vaccines has inspired hope in the battle against SARS-CoV-2. However, the emergence of viral variants, in the absence of potent antivirals, has left the world struggling with the uncertain nature of this disease. Antibodies currently represent the strongest correlate of immunity against SARS-CoV-2, thus we profiled the earliest humoral signatures in a large cohort of acutely ill (survivors and nonsurvivors) and mild or asymptomatic individuals with COVID-19. Although a SARS-CoV-2–specific immune response evolved rapidly in survivors of COVID-19, nonsurvivors exhibited blunted and delayed humoral immune evolution, particularly with respect to S2-specific antibodies. Given the conservation of S2 across β-coronaviruses, we found that the early development of SARS-CoV-2–specific immunity occurred in tandem with preexisting common β-coronavirus OC43 humoral immunity in survivors, which was also selectively expanded in individuals that develop a paucisymptomatic infection. These data point to the importance of cross-coronavirus immunity as a correlate of protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuangqi Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yannic Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jaewon Kang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diana Dayal
- Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Martin
- Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - Radoslaw P. Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicole C. Charland
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna L.K. Gonye
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irena Gushterova
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hargun K. Khanna
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J. LaSalle
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Brendan M. Lilley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl L. Lodenstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kasidet Manakongtreecheep
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin D. Margolin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenna N. McKaig
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maricarmen Rojas-Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian C. Russo
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nihaarika Sharma
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Tantivit
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly F. Thomas
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moshe Sade-Feldman
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Elon R. Musk
- Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - Anil S. Menon
- Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - Eric S. Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R. Filbin
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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30
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Bonfante F, Costenaro P, Cantarutti A, Di Chiara C, Bortolami A, Petrara MR, Carmona F, Pagliari M, Cosma C, Cozzani S, Mazzetto E, Di Salvo G, Da Dalt L, Palma P, Barzon L, Corrao G, Terregino C, Padoan A, Plebani M, De Rossi A, Donà D, Giaquinto C. Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Neutralizing Antibody Titers. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2021-052173. [PMID: 34158312 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-052173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may persist over time; however, knowledge regarding pediatric subjects is limited. METHODS A single-center, prospective observational study was conducted on 57 family clusters of coronavirus disease 2019, including children of neonatal and pediatric age attending the University Hospital of Padua (Italy). For each patient, blood samples were collected for both the quantification of nAbs through a plaque reduction neutralizing test and the detection of antinucleocapsid-spike protein immunoglobulin G and/or immunoglobulin M. RESULTS We analyzed 283 blood samples collected from 152 confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 cases (82 parents and 70 children or older siblings of median age of 8 years, interquartile range: 4-13), presenting asymptomatic or with mildly symptomatic disease. Despite the decrease of immunoglobulin G over time, nAbs were found to persist up to 7 to 8 months in children, whereas adults recorded a modest declining trend. Interestingly, children aged <6 years, and, in particular, those aged <3 years, developed higher long-lasting levels of nAbs compared with older siblings and/or adults. CONCLUSIONS Mild and asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in family clusters elicited higher nAbs among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonfante
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Costenaro
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Cantarutti
- Laboratory of Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Costanza Di Chiara
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Petrara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pagliari
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sandra Cozzani
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Liviana Da Dalt
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corrao
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy, Padua, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniele Donà
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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31
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Paik DH, Farber DL. Influenza infection fortifies local lymph nodes to promote lung-resident heterosubtypic immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:152160. [PMID: 33005934 PMCID: PMC7534905 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection generates tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) that are maintained in the lung and can mediate protective immunity to heterologous influenza strains, but the precise mechanisms of local T cell-mediated protection are not well understood. In a murine heterosubtypic influenza challenge model, we demonstrate that protective lung T cell responses derive from both in situ activation of TRMs and the enhanced generation of effector T cells from the local lung draining mediastinal lymph nodes (medLNs). Primary infection fortified the medLNs with an increased number of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) that mediate enhanced priming of T cells, including those specific for newly encountered epitopes; cDC depletion during the recall response diminished medLN T cell generation and heterosubtypic immunity. Our study shows that during a protective recall response, cDCs in a fortified LN environment enhance the breadth, generation, and tissue migration of effector T cells to augment lung TRM responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Paik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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32
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Vzorov AN, Samokhvalov EI, Chebanenko VV, Scheblyakov DV, Gintsburg AL. Modification of the Spike Protein for Vaccines against Enveloped RNA Viruses. Mol Biol 2021; 55:538-547. [PMID: 34465926 PMCID: PMC8390073 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines work by inducing neutralizing antibodies that target the viral envelope. Enveloped RNA viruses have evolved mechanisms for surface glycoproteins to evade host immune responses, which exhibit substantial variability, even among different strains. Natural infection and vaccines using native forms of surface proteins may induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, yet with low and ineffective levels. Class I membrane-fusion proteins of enveloped RNA viruses, HIV-1, influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, yield a stable conformation (so-called "pre-fusion") in providing fusion between viral and host cell membranes. Modified viral surface proteins that are based on these features induce neutralizing antibodies with activity available against a broad spectrum of circulating strains and make it possible to overcome the difficulties associated with escape/variability of viral antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Vzorov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. I. Samokhvalov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Chebanenko
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - D. V. Scheblyakov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. L. Gintsburg
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Infectiology and Virology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
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33
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Kim SS, Flannery B, Foppa IM, Chung JR, Nowalk MP, Zimmerman RK, Gaglani M, Monto AS, Martin ET, Belongia EA, McLean HQ, Jackson ML, Jackson LA, Patel M. Effects of Prior Season Vaccination on Current Season Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network, 2012-2013 Through 2017-2018. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:497-505. [PMID: 32505128 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared effects of prior vaccination and added or lost protection from current season vaccination among those previously vaccinated. METHODS Our analysis included data from the US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network among participants ≥9 years old with acute respiratory illness from 2012-2013 through 2017-2018. Vaccine protection was estimated using multivariate logistic regression with an interaction term for effect of prior season vaccination on current season vaccine effectiveness. Models were adjusted for age, calendar time, high-risk status, site, and season for combined estimates. We estimated protection by combinations of current and prior vaccination compared to unvaccinated in both seasons or current vaccination among prior vaccinated. RESULTS A total of 31 819 participants were included. Vaccine protection against any influenza averaged 42% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38%-47%) among those vaccinated only the current season, 37% (95% CI, 33-40) among those vaccinated both seasons, and 26% (95% CI, 18%-32%) among those vaccinated only the prior season, compared with participants vaccinated neither season. Current season vaccination reduced the odds of any influenza among patients unvaccinated the prior season by 42% (95% CI, 37%-46%), including 57%, 27%, and 55% against A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and influenza B, respectively. Among participants vaccinated the prior season, current season vaccination further reduced the odds of any influenza by 15% (95% CI, 7%-23%), including 29% against A(H1N1) and 26% against B viruses, but not against A(H3N2). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations for annual influenza vaccination. Benefits of current season vaccination varied among participants with and without prior season vaccination, by virus type/subtype and season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Kim
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ivo M Foppa
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessie R Chung
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Arnold S Monto
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Huong Q McLean
- Marshfield Clinical Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael L Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Manish Patel
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Vijayan K, Visweswaran GRR, Chandrasekaran R, Trakhimets O, Brown SL, Watson A, Zuck M, Dambrauskas N, Raappana A, Carbonetti S, Kelnhofer-Millevolte L, Glennon EKK, Postiglione R, Sather DN, Kaushansky A. Antibody interference by a non-neutralizing antibody abrogates humoral protection against Plasmodium yoelii liver stage. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109489. [PMID: 34348141 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Both subunit and attenuated whole-sporozoite vaccination strategies against Plasmodium infection have shown promising initial results in malaria-naive westerners but less efficacy in malaria-exposed individuals in endemic areas. Here, we demonstrate proof of concept by using a rodent malaria model in which non-neutralizing antibodies (nNAbs) can directly interfere with protective anti-circumsporozoite protein (CSP) humoral responses. We characterize a monoclonal antibody, RAM1, against Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite major surface antigen CSP. Unlike the canonical PyCSP repeat domain binding and neutralizing antibody (NAb) 2F6, RAM1 does not inhibit sporozoite traversal or entry of hepatocytes in vitro or infection in vivo. Although 2F6 and RAM1 bind non-overlapping regions of the CSP-repeat domain, pre-treatment with RAM1 abrogates the capacity of NAb to block sporozoite traversal and invasion in vitro. Importantly, RAM1 reduces the efficacy of the polyclonal humoral response against PyCSP in vivo. Collectively, our data provide a proof of concept that nNAbs can alter the efficacy of malaria vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meghan Zuck
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D Noah Sather
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Brotman Baty Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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35
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Perevaryukha AY. A Continuous Model of Three Scenarios of the Infection Process with Delayed Immune Response Factors. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021; 66:327-348. [PMID: 34230672 PMCID: PMC8252696 DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The course of an infection was modeled as a controlled nonlinear process. Understanding the substantial differences observed in the trajectory of the disease caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is of critical importance at the moment. Numerous factors have been considered to explain the fact that symptoms vary highly among different people and the infection transmission rate varies among local populations. Virus replication within the host cell and the development of an immune response to virus antigens in the body are two interdependent processes, which have aftereffects and depend on the preexisting states of the cell and virus populations. Different scenarios with the same input parameters are necessary to consider for modeling the properties of the states. The efficiency of the immune response is the most important factor, including the time it takes to develop defense responses from three levels of the immune system, which is a complex system of the body. A computational description of infection scenarios was proposed on the basis of a delay differential equation with two values of the time lag. In the new model, transitions between phases of infectious disease depend on the initial virus dose and the delayed immune response to infection. A variation in the dose of the virus and response time can lead to a transition from an acute phase of the disease with overt symptoms to a chronic phase or fatal outcome. Asymptomatic transmission of viral infection was calculated and described in the model as a situation where the virus is rapidly and efficiently suppressed after a short replication phase, while still persisting in the body in minor amounts. An analysis of the model behavior is consistent with the theory that the initial number of virions can affect the quality of the immune response. The reasons that high individual differences are observed in the trajectory of COVID-19 disease and the formation of types of the immune response to coronavirus are still poorly understood. Known trajectories of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were used as a basis for model scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yu. Perevaryukha
- St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 118178 St. Petersburg, Russia
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36
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Abstract
We review the phenomenon of "original antigenic sin" (OAS) in antibody responses to influenza A virus (IAV) infection or vaccination. OAS refers to the preferential induction of antibodies with higher affinity to priming versus boosting immunogens. We emphasize its mechanistic basis and origins in the basic immunobiology of B-cell responses to myriad immunogens. We tabulate 23 studies in animals and humans to show that the magnitude of OAS depends on many variables. We discuss a number of misconceptions about OAS, examine the extent to which OAS is sinful, and argue that OAS is evolutionary selected and not a deleterious by-product of selection for other features of the immune response. We end by raising questions regarding the mechanistic basis of OAS whose answers could contribute to improving influenza virus vaccines on the road to the holy grail of a "universal" influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jefferson J S Santos
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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37
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Stovbun SV, Kalinina TS, Zlenko DV, Kiselev AV, Litvin AA, Bukhvostov AA, Usachev SV, Kuznetsov DA. Antiviral potential of plant polysaccharide nanoparticles actuating non-specific immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:743-749. [PMID: 33831450 PMCID: PMC8020621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of high-end targeted drugs and vaccines against modern pandemic infections, such as COVID-19, can take a too long time that lets the epidemic spin up and harms society. However, the countermeasures must be applied against the infection in this period until the targeted drugs became available. In this regard, the non-specific, broad-spectrum anti-viral means could be considered as a compromise allowing overcoming the period of trial. One way to enhance the ability to resist the infection is to activate the nonspecific immunity using a suitable driving-up agent, such as plant polysaccharides, particularly our drug Panavir isolated from the potato shoots. Earlier, we have shown the noticeable anti-viral and anti-bacterial activity of Panavir. Here we demonstrate the pro-inflammation activity of Panavir, which four-to-eight times intensified the ATP and MIF secretion by HL-60 cells. This effect was mediated by the active phagocytosis of the Panavir particles by the cells. We hypothesized the physiological basis of the Panavir proinflammatory activity is mediated by the indol-containing compounds (auxins) present in Panavir and acting as a plant analog of serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Stovbun
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Kalinina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Zlenko
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Aleksei V Kiselev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Litvin
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine FMBA, Russia
| | | | - Sergey V Usachev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Kuznetsov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; N.I. Pirogov Russian, National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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38
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Tanner AR, Dorey RB, Brendish NJ, Clark TW. Influenza vaccination: protecting the most vulnerable. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/159/200258. [PMID: 33650528 PMCID: PMC9488965 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0258-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, leading to huge morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination against influenza is needed annually as protection from constantly mutating strains is required. Groups at high risk of poor outcomes include the elderly, the very young, pregnant women and those with chronic health conditions. However, vaccine effectiveness in the elderly is generally poor due to immunosenescence and may be altered due to “original antigenic sin”. Strategies to overcome these challenges in the elderly include high-dose or adjuvant vaccines. Other options include vaccinating healthcare workers and children as this reduces community-level influenza transmission. Current guidelines in the UK are that young children receive a live attenuated nasal spray vaccine, adults aged >65 years receive an adjuvanted trivalent inactivated vaccine and adults aged <65 years with comorbidities receive a quadrivalent inactivated vaccine. The goal of a universal influenza vaccine targeting conserved regions of the virus and avoiding the need for annual vaccination is edging closer with early-phase trials under way. To protect the elderly from influenza, multiple strategies to overcome immunosenescence need to be utilised, such as improving vaccine efficacy, indirect protection via vaccinating children and healthcare workers, and developing a universal vaccinehttps://bit.ly/30KXzYn
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Tanner
- Dept of Medicine for the Elderly, The Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Robert B Dorey
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Nathan J Brendish
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Dept of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Tristan W Clark
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Dept of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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39
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Pollard AJ, Bijker EM. A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:83-100. [PMID: 33353987 PMCID: PMC7754704 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunization is a cornerstone of public health policy and is demonstrably highly cost-effective when used to protect child health. Although it could be argued that immunology has not thus far contributed much to vaccine development, in that most of the vaccines we use today were developed and tested empirically, it is clear that there are major challenges ahead to develop new vaccines for difficult-to-target pathogens, for which we urgently need a better understanding of protective immunity. Moreover, recognition of the huge potential and challenges for vaccines to control disease outbreaks and protect the older population, together with the availability of an array of new technologies, make it the perfect time for immunologists to be involved in designing the next generation of powerful immunogens. This Review provides an introductory overview of vaccines, immunization and related issues and thereby aims to inform a broad scientific audience about the underlying immunological concepts. This Review, aimed at a broad scientific audience, provides an introductory guide to the history, development and immunological basis of vaccines, immunization and related issues to provide insight into the challenges facing immunologists who are designing the next generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Else M Bijker
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
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40
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Zhang T, Chen X, Liao G, Hu M, Xu J, Xu X. Induction of cross-neutralizing antibodies by sequential immunization with heterologous papillomavirus L1VLPs and its implications for HPV prophylactic vaccines. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3750-3758. [PMID: 31994744 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sequential immunization with antigens from different strains of HIV-1, influenza viruses or dengue viruses induced cross-neutralizing antibodies and enhanced the antibody responses against previous antigens. The characteristics of neutralizing antibodies induced by sequential immunization with different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 virus-like particles (L1VLPs) are unclear. In this study, mice were primed with one or two types (HPV-16 or HPV16/18) of L1VLPs, then boosted sequentially with HPV6/18/45/11/31/58 or HPV6/45/11/31/58 L1VLPs, and sera were analyzed with HPV pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. The results showed that neutralizing activities against earlier immunized vaccine types were enhanced gradually by subsequent immunizations, and low levels of neutralizing activities against nonvaccine types (HPV33/35/52/59/68) were also observed. After absorbing the immune sera with vaccine-type (HPV16/18/45) L1VLPs, neutralizing activities against tested priming and boosting types (HPV16/18/58) decreased significantly, and that against nonvaccine type (HPV-33) was also partially eliminated. Moreover, neutralizing activities against vaccine types (HPV16/58) were significantly reduced after absorbing with nonvaccine-type VLPs (HPV33/52). These data suggest that cross-neutralizing epitopes exist among different HPV L1VLPs. The cross-neutralizing activities against nonvaccine types and the enhanced neutralizing activities against earlier immunized vaccine types may result from sequential boosting with these cross-neutralizing epitopes. These observations support early vaccination with more types of L1VLPs derived from HPVs that cause a serious threat to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Meili Hu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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41
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Lau YC, Perera RAPM, Fang VJ, Luk LH, Chu DKW, Wu P, Barr IG, Peiris JSM, Cowling BJ. Variation by lineage in serum antibody responses to influenza B virus infections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241693. [PMID: 33166348 PMCID: PMC7652285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two lineages of influenza B virus currently co-circulate and have distinct antigenicity, termed Victoria and Yamagata after the B/Victoria/2/87 and B/Yamagata/16/88 strains, respectively. We analyzed antibody titer dynamics following PCR-confirmed influenza B virus infection in a longitudinal community-based cohort study conducted in Hong Kong from 2009–2014 to assess patterns in changes in antibody titers to B/Victoria and B/Yamagata viruses following infections with each lineage. Among 62 PCR-confirmed cases, almost half had undetectable hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers to the lineage of infection both pre-infection and post-infection. Among those infected with influenza B/Victoria who showed an HAI titer response after infection, we found strong rises to the lineage of infection, positive but smaller cross-lineage HAI titer boosts, a small dependence of HAI titer boosts on pre-infection titers, and a shorter half-life of HAI titers in adults. Our study is limited by the low HAI sensitivity for non-ether-treated IBV antigen and the incapacity of performing other assays with higher sensitivity, as well as the mismatch between the B/Yamagata lineage circulating strain and the assay strain in one of the study seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu Chung Lau
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vicky J. Fang
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Long Hei Luk
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel K. W. Chu
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng Wu
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ian G. Barr
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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43
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Bunimovich L, Shu L. Local Immunodeficiency: Role of Neutral Viruses. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:140. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Worobey M, Plotkin S, Hensley SE. Influenza Vaccines Delivered in Early Childhood Could Turn Antigenic Sin into Antigenic Blessings. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038471. [PMID: 31964642 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence has accumulated that "original antigenic sin" is a central factor shaping immune responses against influenza viruses. Here, we argue that this propensity of initial influenza virus exposure to establish a lifelong immunological imprint presents a remarkable opportunity: Immunization of infants prior to their initial, natural viral exposure could circumvent narrow immunological imprinting directed toward a single viral strain. Simultaneous initial exposure to antigens from multiple influenza strains via vaccination holds the promise of extending immunological imprinting across all currently circulating strains and against potential pandemic strains of influenza A virus, potentially providing a readily accessible form of universal protection against severe disease from both pandemic and seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | | | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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45
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Boudreau CM, Yu WH, Suscovich TJ, Talbot HK, Edwards KM, Alter G. Selective induction of antibody effector functional responses using MF59-adjuvanted vaccination. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:662-672. [PMID: 31845904 DOI: 10.1172/jci129520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza infection remains a major public health concern worldwide. Driving robust humoral immunity has been a challenge given preexisting, often cross-reactive, immunity and in particular, poorly immunogenic avian antigens. To overcome immune barriers, the adjuvant MF59 has been used in seasonal influenza vaccines to increase antibody titers and improve neutralizing activity, translating to a moderate increase in protection in vulnerable populations. However, its effects on stimulating antibody effector functions, including NK cell activation, monocyte phagocytosis, and complement activity, all of which have been implicated in protection against influenza, have yet to be defined. Using systems serology, we assessed changes in antibody functional profiles in individuals who received H5N1 avian influenza vaccine administered with MF59, with alum, or delivered unadjuvanted. MF59 elicited antibody responses that stimulated robust neutrophil phagocytosis and complement activity. Conversely, vaccination with MF59 recruited NK cells poorly and drove moderate monocyte phagocytic activity, both likely compromised because of the induction of antibodies that did not bind FCGR3A. Collectively, defining the humoral antibody functions induced by distinct adjuvants may provide a path to designing next-generation vaccines that can selectively leverage the humoral immune functions, beyond binding and neutralization, resulting in better protection from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Boudreau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,PhD program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Health Policy, and
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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46
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Wang S, Xie Z, Huang L, Zhou X, Luo J, Yang Y, Li C, Duan P, Xu W, Chen D, Wu B, Yang Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Yuan Z, Qu D, Chen Z, Xia S. Safety and immunogenicity of an alum-adjuvanted whole-virion H7N9 influenza vaccine: a randomized, blinded, clinical trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:S1198-743X(20)30441-9. [PMID: 32738479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A case of H7N9 influenza virus infection was first identified in China in 2013. This virus is considered to have high pandemic potential. Here we developed an H7N9 influenza vaccine containing an aluminium adjuvant and evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. METHODS From October 2017 through August 2018 we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, single-centre phase I clinical trial in China among 360 participants aged ≥12 years. All participants received two doses of the vaccine (7.5, 15 or 30 μg haemagglutinin antigen) or placebo at an interval of 21 days. Adverse event data were collected for 30 days after vaccination. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 21 and 42 for the haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibody assay. RESULTS A total of 347 participants (347/360, 96.4%) completed the study. The proportions of vaccine-related adverse events after one injection were 56.7% (34/60) in the 7.5-μg group, 86.7% (52/60) in the 15-μg group and 86.7% (52/60) in the 30-μg group. The proportions of adverse events after two injections were less than those reported after the first dose. None of the serious adverse events were related to the vaccine. After receiving two doses of the 7.5-μg vaccine, the proportion of participants achieving an HI titre of ≥40 was 98.2% (55/56, 95%CI 72.3~100.0%), with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of 192.6 (95%CI 162.9~227.8). CONCLUSIONS The alum-adjuvanted H7N9 whole-virion inactivated vaccine was safe and strongly immunogenic in a population aged ≥12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Henan Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre of Vaccine Clinical Research, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Henan Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre of Vaccine Clinical Research, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuelian Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, WHO Collaborating Centre for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Duan
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongli Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Henan Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre of Vaccine Clinical Research, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Qu
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology MOE & MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengli Xia
- Henan Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre of Vaccine Clinical Research, China.
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47
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Original antigenic sin priming of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17221-17227. [PMID: 32631992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920321117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to influenza viruses can be long-lived, but reinfections with antigenically distinct viral strains and subtypes are common. Reinfections can boost antibody responses against viral strains first encountered in childhood through a process termed "original antigenic sin." It is unknown how initial childhood exposures affect the induction of antibodies against the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk domain of influenza viruses. This is an important consideration since broadly reactive HA stalk antibodies can protect against infection, and universal vaccine platforms are being developed to induce these antibodies. Here we show that experimentally infected ferrets and naturally infected humans establish strong "immunological imprints" against HA stalk antigens first encountered during primary influenza virus infections. We found that HA stalk antibodies are surprisingly boosted upon subsequent infections with antigenically distinct influenza A virus subtypes. Paradoxically, these heterosubtypic-boosted HA stalk antibodies do not bind efficiently to the boosting influenza virus strain. Our results demonstrate that an individual's HA stalk antibody response is dependent on the specific subtype of influenza virus that they first encounter early in life. We propose that humans are susceptible to heterosubtypic influenza virus infections later in life since these viruses boost HA stalk antibodies that do not bind efficiently to the boosting antigen.
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48
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Dunning J, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJM. Seasonal and pandemic influenza: 100 years of progress, still much to learn. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:566-573. [PMID: 32317736 PMCID: PMC7223327 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are highly transmissible, both within and between host species. The severity of the disease they cause is highly variable, from the mild and inapparent through to the devastating and fatal. The unpredictability of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks is accompanied but the predictability of seasonal disease in wide areas of the Globe, providing an inexorable toll on human health and survival. Although there have been great improvements in understanding influenza viruses and the disease that they cause, our knowledge of the effects they have on the host and the ways that the host immune system responds continues to develop. This review highlights the importance of the mucosa in defence against infection and in understanding the pathogenesis of disease. Although vaccines have been available for many decades, they remain suboptimal in needing constant redesign and in only providing short-term protection. There are real prospects for improvement in treatment and prevention of influenza soon, based on deeper knowledge of how the virus transmits, replicates and triggers immune defences at the mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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49
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Abd Raman HS, Tan S, August JT, Khan AM. Dynamics of Influenza A (H5N1) virus protein sequence diversity. PeerJ 2020; 7:e7954. [PMID: 32518710 PMCID: PMC7261124 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A (H5N1) virus is a global concern with potential as a pandemic threat. High sequence variability of influenza A viruses is a major challenge for effective vaccine design. A continuing goal towards this is a greater understanding of influenza A (H5N1) proteome sequence diversity in the context of the immune system (antigenic diversity), the dynamics of mutation, and effective strategies to overcome the diversity for vaccine design. Methods Herein, we report a comprehensive study of the dynamics of H5N1 mutations by analysis of the aligned overlapping nonamer positions (1–9, 2–10, etc.) of more than 13,000 protein sequences of avian and human influenza A (H5N1) viruses, reported over at least 50 years. Entropy calculations were performed on 9,408 overlapping nonamer position of the proteome to study the diversity in the context of immune system. The nonamers represent the predominant length of the binding cores for peptides recognized by the cellular immune system. To further dissect the sequence diversity, each overlapping nonamer position was quantitatively analyzed for four patterns of sequence diversity motifs: index, major, minor and unique. Results Almost all of the aligned overlapping nonamer positions of each viral proteome exhibited variants (major, minor, and unique) to the predominant index sequence. Each variant motif displayed a characteristic pattern of incidence change in relation to increased total variants. The major variant exhibited a restrictive pyramidal incidence pattern, with peak incidence at 50% total variants. Post this peak incidence, the minor variants became the predominant motif for majority of the positions. Unique variants, each sequence observed only once, were present at nearly all of the nonamer positions. The diversity motifs (index and variants) demonstrated complex inter-relationships, with motif switching being a common phenomenon. Additionally, 25 highly conserved sequences were identified to be shared across viruses of both hosts, with half conserved to several other influenza A subtypes. Discussion The presence of distinct sequences (nonatypes) at nearly all nonamer positions represents a large repertoire of reported viral variants in the proteome, which influence the variability dynamics of the viral population. This work elucidated and provided important insights on the components that make up the viral diversity, delineating inherent patterns in the organization of sequence changes that function in the viral fitness-selection. Additionally, it provides a catalogue of all the mutational changes involved in the dynamics of H5N1 viral diversity for both avian and human host populations. This work provides data relevant for the design of prophylactics and therapeutics that overcome the diversity of the virus, and can aid in the surveillance of existing and future strains of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swan Tan
- School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Joseph Thomas August
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Asif M Khan
- School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.,Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
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50
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Lam JH, Smith FL, Baumgarth N. B Cell Activation and Response Regulation During Viral Infections. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:294-306. [PMID: 32326852 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute viral infections are characterized by rapid increases in viral load, leading to cellular damage and the resulting induction of complex innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses that cause local and systemic inflammation. Successful antiviral immunity requires the activation of many immune cells, including T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages. B cells play a unique part through their production of antibodies that can both neutralize and clear viral particles before virus entry into a cell. Protective antibodies are produced even before the first exposure of a pathogen, through the regulated secretion of so-called natural antibodies that are generated even in the complete absence of prior microbial exposure. An early wave of rapidly secreted antibodies from extrafollicular (EF) responses draws on the preexisting naive or memory repertoire of B cells to induce a strong protective response that in kinetics tightly follows the clearance of acute infections, such as with influenza virus. Finally, the generation of germinal centers (GCs) provides long-term protection through production of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells, which shape and broaden the B cell repertoire for more effective responses following repeat exposures. In this study, we review B cell responses to acute viral infections, primarily influenza virus, from the earliest nonspecific B-1 cell to early, antigen-specific EF responses and finally to GC responses. Throughout, we address known factors that lead to distinct B cell response outcomes and discuss how their functions effect viral clearance, highlighting the critical contributions of each response type to the induction of highly protective antiviral humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Lam
- Graduate Group in Immunology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fauna L Smith
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Integrated Pathobiology Graduate Group, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Integrated Pathobiology Graduate Group, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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