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Xiong XY, Pan XR, Luo XX, Wang YF, Zhang XX, Yang SH, Zhong ZQ, Liu C, Chen Q, Wang PF, Chen XW, Yu SG, Yang QW. Astrocyte-derived lactate aggravates brain injury of ischemic stroke in mice by promoting the formation of protein lactylation. Theranostics 2024; 14:4297-4317. [PMID: 39113798 PMCID: PMC11303085 DOI: 10.7150/thno.96375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Although lactate supplementation at the reperfusion stage of ischemic stroke has been shown to offer neuroprotection, whether the role of accumulated lactate at the ischemia phase is neuroprotection or not remains largely unknown. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of accumulated brain lactate at the ischemia stage in regulating brain injury of ischemic stroke. Methods and Results: Pharmacological inhibition of lactate production by either inhibiting LDHA or glycolysis markedly attenuated the mouse brain injury of ischemic stroke. In contrast, additional lactate supplement further aggravates brain injury, which may be closely related to the induction of neuronal death and A1 astrocytes. The contributing roles of increased lactate at the ischemic stage may be related to the promotive formation of protein lysine lactylation (Kla), while the post-treatment of lactate at the reperfusion stage did not influence the brain protein Kla levels with neuroprotection. Increased protein Kla levels were found mainly in neurons by the HPLC-MS/MS analysis and immunofluorescent staining. Then, pharmacological inhibition of lactate production or blocking the lactate shuttle to neurons showed markedly decreased protein Kla levels in the ischemic brains. Additionally, Ldha specific knockout in astrocytes (Aldh1l1 CreERT2; Ldha fl/fl mice, cKO) mice with MCAO were constructed and the results showed that the protein Kla level was decreased accompanied by a decrease in the volume of cerebral infarction in cKO mice compared to the control groups. Furthermore, blocking the protein Kla formation by inhibiting the writer p300 with its antagonist A-485 significantly alleviates neuronal death and glial activation of cerebral ischemia with a reduction in the protein Kla level, resulting in extending reperfusion window and improving functional recovery for ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Collectively, increased brain lactate derived from astrocytes aggravates ischemic brain injury by promoting the protein Kla formation, suggesting that inhibiting lactate production or the formation of protein Kla at the ischemia stage presents new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1166 Liutai Road, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture & Chronobiology, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Ru Pan
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1166 Liutai Road, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia-Xia Luo
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1166 Liutai Road, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1166 Liutai Road, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Xiao Zhang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1166 Liutai Road, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Su-Hao Yang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1166 Liutai Road, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhan-Qiong Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Road, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, the Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Guang Yu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1166 Liutai Road, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Acupuncture & Chronobiology, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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2
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Chen G, Jin Z, Wang X, Yu QH, Hu GB. Danshen injection mitigated the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing neuroinflammation via the HIF-1α/CXCR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Neuroreport 2024; 35:601-611. [PMID: 38813902 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Danshen injection (DI) is effective in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, including ischemic stroke (IS), including IS, but its mechanism is unclear. A middle cerebral artery occlusion model was used to simulate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in SD rats. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was achieved by AAV-HIF-1α. Rats were treated with DI or saline. Neurological scores and infarction rates were assessed. I/R damage was examined by HE, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium and Nissl stainings. Expression levels of relative proteins [TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, SOD, MDA, ROS, HIF-1α, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and NF-κB] were measured. DI treatment improved neurological scores and reduced infarction rates, suggesting that it inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress. The expression levels of HIF-1α, CXCR4 and NF-κB were decreased. However, the effectiveness of DI on inflammation inhibition was lost after HIF-1α overexpression. DI may directly target HIF-1α to suppress neuroinflammation and reduce I/R injury by suppressing the HIF-1α/CXCR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Chen
- School of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology
| | - Zhan Jin
- School of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology
| | - Xi Wang
- Urology Department, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi-Hui Yu
- School of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology
| | - Gao-Bo Hu
- School of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology
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3
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Pinoșanu EA, Pîrșcoveanu D, Albu CV, Burada E, Pîrvu A, Surugiu R, Sandu RE, Serb AF. Rhoa/ROCK, mTOR and Secretome-Based Treatments for Ischemic Stroke: New Perspectives. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3484-3501. [PMID: 38666949 PMCID: PMC11049286 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a complex cascade of cellular and molecular events leading to neuronal damage and tissue injury. This review explores the potential therapeutic avenues targeting cellular signaling pathways implicated in stroke pathophysiology. Specifically, it focuses on the articles that highlight the roles of RhoA/ROCK and mTOR signaling pathways in ischemic brain injury and their therapeutic implications. The RhoA/ROCK pathway modulates various cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics and inflammation, while mTOR signaling regulates cell growth, proliferation, and autophagy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of targeting these pathways in stroke models, offering insights into potential treatment strategies. However, challenges such as off-target effects and the need for tissue-specific targeting remain. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of MSC secretome in stroke treatment, highlighting the importance of exploring alternative approaches. Future research directions include elucidating the precise mechanisms of action, optimizing treatment protocols, and translating preclinical findings into clinical practice for improved stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anca Pinoșanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania
| | - Denisa Pîrșcoveanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Carmen Valeria Albu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Emilia Burada
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Andrei Pîrvu
- Dolj County Regional Centre of Medical Genetics, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Craiova, St. Tabaci, No. 1, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alina Florina Serb
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Biochemistry Discipline, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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4
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Weickert TW, Ji E, Galletly C, Boerrigter D, Morishima Y, Bruggemann J, Balzan R, O’Donnell M, Liu D, Lenroot R, Weickert CS, Kindler J. Toll-Like Receptor mRNA Levels in Schizophrenia: Association With Complement Factors and Cingulate Gyrus Cortical Thinning. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:403-417. [PMID: 38102721 PMCID: PMC10919782 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES Previous studies revealed innate immune system activation in people with schizophrenia (SZ), potentially mediated by endogenous pathogen recognition receptors, notably Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLRs are activated by pathogenic molecules like bacterial lipopolysaccharides (TLR1 and TLR4), viral RNA (TLR3), or both (TLR8). Furthermore, the complement system, another key component of innate immunity, has previously been linked to SZ. STUDY DESIGN Peripheral mRNA levels of TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR8 were compared between SZ and healthy controls (HC). We investigated their relationship with immune activation through complement expression and cortical thickness of the cingulate gyrus, a region susceptible to immunological hits. TLR mRNA levels and peripheral complement receptor mRNA were extracted from 86 SZ and 77 HC white blood cells; structural MRI scans were conducted on a subset. STUDY RESULTS We found significantly higher TLR4 and TLR8 mRNA levels and lower TLR3 mRNA levels in SZ compared to HC. TLRs and complemental factors were significantly associated in SZ and HC, with the strongest deviations of TLR mRNA levels in the SZ subgroup having elevated complement expression. Cortical thickness of the cingulate gyrus was inversely associated with TLR8 mRNA levels in SZ, and with TLR4 and TLR8 levels in HC. CONCLUSIONS The study underscores the role of innate immune activation in schizophrenia, indicating a coordinated immune response of TLRs and the complement system. Our results suggest there could be more bacterial influence (based on TLR 4 levels) as opposed to viral influence (based on TLR3 levels) in schizophrenia. Specific TLRs were associated with brain cortical thickness reductions of limbic brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Ellen Ji
- Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Danny Boerrigter
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Yosuke Morishima
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031Australia
- Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
- Speciality of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ryan Balzan
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Maryanne O’Donnell
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- Kiloh Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jochen Kindler
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Yuan L, Xiao D, Yang R, Ge L, Wan Y, Jiang L. Screening of liothyronine network pharmacology role in the treatment of ischemic stroke and molecular mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:1641-1649. [PMID: 38018869 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to elucidate mechanisms of liothyronine on the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS Differential analysis based on R limma package was used to identify differentially expressed genes, which were then mapped into the connectivity map database for identification of liothyronine associated with IS. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway was verified through pathway enrichment analysis via Enrichr online. Ischemia stroke mouse model was built up for further analysis. Infarct area and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and laser Doppler flowmetry, respectively. Light microscope was used for the evaluation of body weight and dark neurons. Serum TXB2 , 6-Keto-PGF1a , TNF-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in mice were measured using enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay. In addition, relative protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nestin, and Sox2 were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Liothyronine with a negative connectivity was identified as one promising treatment for IS through TNF signaling pathway. The experimental results showed that liothyronine treatment significantly meliorated infarct area and the number of dark neurons in IS mice. Liothyronine greatly ameliorated the expression levels of TXB2 and 6-Keto-PGF1a . Besides, rCBF and body weight change of IS mice were increased gradually with increase of drug concentration. Based on pathway enrichment analysis, anti-inflammatory response (TNF-α and IL-6) relevant to TNF signaling pathway was identified, which was further validated in vitro. Furthermore, proteins as neural stem cell markers made a difference with liothyronine treatment. CONCLUSION Liothyronine may be a novel therapeutic component to exploit an effective medicine for the treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rumei Yang
- Nursing Department, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ge
- Special Ward, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuye Wan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianglei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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6
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Liu L, Xu TC, Zhao ZA, Zhang NN, Li J, Chen HS. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Neurons Mediates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:864-874. [PMID: 36385232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In microglia, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is well known to contribute to neuroinflammatory responses following brain ischemia. TLR4 is also expressed in neurons and can mediate the conduction of calcium (Ca2+) influx, but the mechanistic link between neuronal TLR4 signaling and brain ischemic injury is still poorly understood. Here, primary neuronal cell cultures from TLR4 knockout mice and mice with conditional TLR4 knockout in glutamatergic neurons (TLR4cKO) were used to establish ischemic models in vitro and in vivo, respectively. We found that deleting TLR4 would reduce the neuronal death and intracellular Ca2+ increasement induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) or lipopolysaccharide treatment. Infarct volume and functional deficits were also alleviated in TLR4cKO mice following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Furthermore, TLR4 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NMDAR2B) were colocalized in neurons. Deletion of TLR4 in neurons rescued the upregulation of phosphorylated NMDAR2B induced by ischemia via Src kinase in vitro and in vivo. Downstream of NMDAR2B signaling, the interaction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) was also disrupted in TLR4cKO mice following cerebral I/R. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel molecular neuronal pathway in which TLR4 signaling in neurons plays a crucial role in neuronal death and provide a new target for neuroprotection after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83 Wenhua Street, Shenhe District, ShenyangLiaoning, 110016, China
| | - Tian-Ce Xu
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83 Wenhua Street, Shenhe District, ShenyangLiaoning, 110016, China
| | - Zi-Ai Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83 Wenhua Street, Shenhe District, ShenyangLiaoning, 110016, China
| | - Nan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83 Wenhua Street, Shenhe District, ShenyangLiaoning, 110016, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83 Wenhua Street, Shenhe District, ShenyangLiaoning, 110016, China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83 Wenhua Street, Shenhe District, ShenyangLiaoning, 110016, China.
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7
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Khan ZA, Sumsuzzman DM, Choi J, Kamenos G, Hong Y. Pre- and post-conditioning with poly I:C exerts neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia injury in animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1168-1182. [PMID: 35510663 PMCID: PMC9253751 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia (CI), but concrete evidence supporting its exact mechanism of action is unclear. METHODS We evaluated the neuroprotective role of poly I:C by assessing CI indicators such as brain infarct volume (BIV), neurological deficit score (N.S.), and signaling pathway proteins. Moreover, we performed a narrative review to illustrate the mechanism of action of TLRs and their role in CI. Our search identified 164 articles and 10 met the inclusion criterion. RESULTS Poly I:C reduces BIV and N.S. (p = 0.00 and p = 0.03). Interestingly, both pre- and post-conditioning decrease BIV (preC p = 0.04 and postC p = 0.00) and N.S. (preC p = 0.03 and postC p = 0.00). Furthermore, poly I:C upregulates TLR3 [SMD = 0.64; CIs (0.56, 0.72); p = 0.00], downregulates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) [SMD = -1.78; CIs (-2.67, -0.88); p = 0.0)], and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [SMD = -16.83; CIs (-22.63, -11.02); p = 0.00]. CONCLUSION We showed that poly I:C is neuroprotective and acts via the TLR3/NF-κB/TNF-α pathway. Our review indicated that suppressing TLR 2/4 may illicit neuroprotection against CI. Further research on simultaneous activation of TLR3 with poly I:C and suppression of TLR 2/4 might open new vistas for the development of therapeutics against CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Dewan Md Sumsuzzman
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - George Kamenos
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Research Center for Aged-life Redesign (RCAR), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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8
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Lobenwein D, Huber R, Kerbler L, Gratl A, Wipper S, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Holfeld J. Neuronal Pre- and Postconditioning via Toll-like Receptor 3 Agonist or Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as New Treatment Strategies for Spinal Cord Ischemia: An In Vitro Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082115. [PMID: 35456206 PMCID: PMC9027844 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia (SCI) is a devastating and unpredictable complication of thoracoabdominal aortic repair. Postischemic Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation through either direct agonists or shock wave therapy (SWT) has been previously shown to ameliorate damage in SCI models. Whether the same applies for pre- or postconditioning remains unclear. In a model of cultured SHSY-5Y cells, preconditioning with either poly(I:C), a TLR3 agonist, or SWT was performed before induction of hypoxia, whereas postconditioning treatment was performed after termination of hypoxia. We measured cytokine expression via RT-PCR and utilized Western blot analysis for the analysis of signaling and apoptosis. TLR3 activation via poly(I:C) significantly reduced apoptotic markers in both pre- and postconditioning, the former yielding more favorable results through an additional suppression of TLR4 and its downstream signaling. On the contrary, SWT showed slightly more favorable effects in the setting of postconditioning with significantly reduced markers of apoptosis. Pre- and post-ischemic direct TLR3 activation as well as post-ischemic SWT can decrease apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokine expression significantly in vitro and might therefore pose possible new treatment strategies for ischemic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lobenwein
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.G.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosalie Huber
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.H.); (C.G.-T.); (J.H.)
| | - Lars Kerbler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Alexandra Gratl
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.G.); (S.W.)
| | - Sabine Wipper
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.G.); (S.W.)
| | - Can Gollmann-Tepeköylü
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.H.); (C.G.-T.); (J.H.)
| | - Johannes Holfeld
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.H.); (C.G.-T.); (J.H.)
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9
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Wan T, Huang Y, Gao X, Wu W, Guo W. Microglia Polarization: A Novel Target of Exosome for Stroke Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:842320. [PMID: 35356292 PMCID: PMC8959940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cells in the human body are capable of secreting exosomes. Exosomes have become an important vehicle for signaling between cells. Exosomes secreted by different cells have some of the structural and functional properties of that cell and thus have different regulatory functions. A large number of recent experimental studies have shown that exosomes from different sources have different regulatory effects on stroke, and the mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Microglia are core members of central intrinsic immune regulatory cells, which play an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis and progression of stroke. M1 microglia cause neuroinflammation and induce neurotoxic effects, while M2 microglia inhibit neuroinflammation and promote neurogenesis, thus exerting a series of neuroprotective effects. It was found that there is a close link between exosomes and microglia polarization, and that exosome inclusions such as microRNAs play a regulatory role in the M1/M2 polarization of microglia. This research reviews the role of exosomes in the regulation of microglia polarization and reveals their potential value in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wan
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunling Huang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wanpeng Wu
- Shenzhen Futian District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Gweon B, Jang TK, Thuy PX, Moon EY. Primary Cilium by Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Regulates the Regenerative Migration of Beas-2B Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:170-178. [PMID: 35221299 PMCID: PMC8902458 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is equipped with the ability to resist respiratory disease development and airway damage, including the migration of airway epithelial cells and the activation of TLR3, which recognizes double-stranded (ds) RNA. Primary cilia on airway epithelial cells are involved in the cell cycle and cell differentiation and repair. In this study, we used Beas-2B human bronchial epithelial cells to investigate the effects of the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)] on airway cell migration and primary cilia (PC) formation. PC formation increased in cells incubated under serum deprivation. Migration was faster in Beas-2B cells pretreated with Poly(I:C) than in control cells, as judged by a wound healing assay, single-cell path tracking, and a Transwell migration assay. No changes in cell migration were observed when the cells were incubated in conditioned medium from Poly(I:C)-treated cells. PC formation was enhanced by Poly(I:C) treatment, but was reduced when the cells were exposed to the ciliogenesis inhibitor ciliobrevin A (CilioA). The inhibition of Beas-2B cell migration by CilioA was also assessed and a slight decrease in ciliogenesis was detected in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP)-treated Beas-2B cells overexpressing ACE2 compared to control cells. Cell migration was decreased by SP but restored by Poly(I:C) treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that impaired migration by SP-treated cells can be attenuated by Poly(I:C) treatment, thus increasing airway cell migration through the regulation of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Gweon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyu Jang
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Xuan Thuy
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zhao D, Ji J, Li S, Wu A. Skullcapflavone II protects neuronal damage in cerebral ischemic rats via inhibiting NF-ĸB and promoting angiogenesis. Microvasc Res 2022; 141:104318. [PMID: 35026288 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia (CI) is considered as a main cause of cerebral stroke (CS) and poses significant risk to the mankind across the world. In the present study, we intended to investigate the protective effect of Skullcapflavone II (SCP) a flavonoid isolated from S. baicalensis on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion was used to create ischemic stroke rat model. The rats were treated with (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) SCP and after the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed and various biochemical parameters were assed to determine the pharmacological action of SCP. RESULTS SCP dramatically decreases cerebral edema, infarct volume, and improves neurological manifestation as confirmed by reduced neurological deficit. SCP also improves the survivability of neurons as evidenced by H and E and Nissl staining. The level of oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex of the rats was found reduced after treatment with SCP, as confirmed by increase in GSH and SOD activity with reduction in MDA content. In addition, SCP attenuated inflammation via reducing the level of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in brain tissues of rats. SCP increases the expression of Bcl2, cleaved caspase-3 and -9, while decreasing Bax, and NF-ĸB/TLR4. It causes induction of angiogenesis as suggested by increased expression of VEGF, Ang-1 and Tie-2 in cerebral cortex of rat. CONCLUSIONS Our data determined that SCP may provide protective effect on the I/R-induced cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danpeng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Ward 6, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City 450000, China
| | - Jinming Ji
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province 256610, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province 256610, China
| | - Aimei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Fengcheng Hospital, No.9 Fengcheng 3(rd) Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China.
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12
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Rayasam A, Jullienne A, Chumak T, Faustino J, Szu J, Hamer M, Ek CJ, Mallard C, Obenaus A, Vexler ZS. Viral mimetic triggers cerebral arteriopathy in juvenile brain via neutrophil elastase and NETosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:3171-3186. [PMID: 34293939 PMCID: PMC8669290 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211032737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is among the top ten causes of death in children but has received disproportionally little attention. Cerebral arteriopathies account for up to 80% of childhood arterial ischemic stroke (CAIS) cases and are strongly predictive of CAIS recurrence and poorer outcomes. The underlying mechanisms of sensitization of neurovasculature by viral infection are undefined. In the first age-appropriate model for childhood arteriopathy-by administration of viral mimetic TLR3-agonist Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly-IC) in juvenile mice-we identified a key role of the TLR3-neutrophil axis in disrupting the structural-functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and distorting the developing neurovascular architecture and vascular networks. First, using an array of in-vivo/post-vivo vascular imaging, genetic, enzymatic and pharmacological approaches, we report marked Poly-IC-mediated extravascular leakage of albumin (66kDa) and of a small molecule DiI (∼934Da) and disrupted tight junctions. Poly-IC also enhanced the neuroinflammatory milieu, promoted neutrophil recruitment, profoundly upregulated neutrophil elastase (NE), and induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis). Finally, we show that functional BBB disturbances, NETosis and neuroinflammation are markedly attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of NE (Sivelestat). Altogether, these data reveal NE/NETosis as a novel therapeutic target for viral-induced cerebral arteriopathies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amandine Jullienne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tetyana Chumak
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Faustino
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Szu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mary Hamer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Petrisko TJ, Konat GW. Peripheral viral challenge increases c-fos level in cerebral neurons. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1995-2002. [PMID: 34406561 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral viral infection can substantially alter brain function. We have previously shown that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a viral mimetic, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC), engenders hyperexcitability of cerebral neurons. Because neuronal activity is invariably associated with their expression of the Cfos gene, the present study was undertaken to determine whether PIC challenge also increases neuronal c-fos protein level. Female C57BL/6 mice were i.p. injected with PIC, and neuronal c-fos was analyzed in the motor cortex by immunohistochemistry. PIC challenge instigated a robust increase in the number of c-fos-positive neurons. This increase reached approximately tenfold over control at 24 h. Also, the c-fos staining intensity of individual neurons increased. AMG-487, a specific inhibitor of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, profoundly attenuated the accumulation of neuronal c-fos, indicating the activation of CXCL10/CXCR3 axis as the trigger of the process. Together, these results show that the accumulation of c-fos is a viable readout to assess the response of cerebral neurons to peripheral PIC challenge, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Petrisko
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Gregory W Konat
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4052 HSCN, P.O. Box 9128, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9128, USA.
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14
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Dong R, Huang R, Wang J, Liu H, Xu Z. Effects of Microglial Activation and Polarization on Brain Injury After Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:620948. [PMID: 34276530 PMCID: PMC8280287 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.620948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. The subsequent development of neuroinflammation and brain edema dramatically increases the risks associated with stroke, leading to a substantial increase in mortality. Although considerable progress has been made in improving cerebral perfusion in the acute phase of stroke, effective treatment options for the subacute and chronic phases associated with cerebral infarction are limited. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), can be activated and polarized to take on different phenotypes in response to stimulations associated with stroke, including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, which affect the prognosis of stroke. Therefore, investigation of the activation and polarizing mechanisms of microglia plays a critical role in treating stroke. The aim of this article was to investigate the significance of microglial phenotype regulation in stroke treatment by summarizing the activation, polarizing mechanisms, and general microglia characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Renxuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaoqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongxin Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Mechanistic interplay of various mediators involved in mediating the neuroprotective effect of daphnetin. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1220-1229. [PMID: 33860917 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Daphnetin is a 7, 8 dihydroxy coumarin isolated from different medicinal plants of the Thymelaeaceae family and exhibits copious pharmacological activities including neuroprotection, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic and anti-arthritic activity. It has been proved to be an effective neuroprotective agent in several preclinical animal studies and cell line examinations. It is found to interact with different cellular mediators and signaling pathways to confer protection against neurodegeneration. The reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators are the major culprits of different neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress activates the pro-apoptotic proteins and inhibits anti-apoptotic proteins, leading to neuronal cell death. Daphnetin restores cellular redox balance by upregulating the antioxidants level (GSH and SOD), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2), as well as by reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, executioner caspase-3, pro-apoptotic-Bax, and oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling and upregulation of HSP-70 governs the protection elicited by daphnetin against oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. Daphnetin modulated inhibition of JNK-MAPK, JAK-STAT, and TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathways also contributed to its neuroprotective effect. The positive effects of daphnetin have been also related to its AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 inhibitory potential. The present review has been designed to explore the mechanistic interplay of various mediators in mediating the neuroprotective effects of daphnetin.
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16
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Chen E, Chen C, Niu Z, Gan L, Wang Q, Li M, Cai X, Gao R, Katakam S, Chen H, Zhang S, Zhou R, Cheng X, Qiu Y, Yu H, Zhu T, Liu J. Poly(I:C) preconditioning protects the heart against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through TLR3/PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:216. [PMID: 33154351 PMCID: PMC7644758 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) ligands pretreatment may play a vital role in the progress of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. As the ligand of TLR3, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic double-stranded RNA, whether its preconditioning can exhibit a cardioprotective phenotype remains unknown. Here, we report the protective effect of poly(I:C) pretreatment in acute myocardial I/R injury by activating TLR3/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Poly(I:C) pretreatment leads to a significant reduction of infarct size, improvement of cardiac function, and downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic molecules compared with controls. Subsequently, our data demonstrate that phosphorylation of TLR3 tyrosine residue and its interaction with PI3K is enhanced, and protein levels of phospho-PI3K and phospho-Akt are both increased after poly(I:C) pretreatment, while knock out of TLR3 suppresses the cardioprotection of poly(I:C) preconditioning through a decreased activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Moreover, inhibition of p85 PI3K by the administration of LY294002 in vivo and knockdown of Akt by siRNA in vitro significantly abolish poly(I:C) preconditioning-induced cardioprotective effect. In conclusion, our results reveal that poly(I:C) preconditioning exhibits essential protection in myocardial I/R injury via its modulation of TLR3, and the downstream PI3K/Akt signaling, which may provide a potential pharmacologic target for perioperative cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erya Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhendong Niu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - XingWei Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sruthi Katakam
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ronghua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanhua Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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17
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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18
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Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: the impact of spreading depolarization. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:108. [PMID: 32264928 PMCID: PMC7140571 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the blood supply to the brain and lead to the reduction of oxygen and glucose supply to the neurons and the supporting cells. Spreading depolarization (SD), a propagating wave of neuroglial depolarization, occurs in different CVDs. A growing amount of evidence suggests that the inflammatory responses following hypoxic-ischemic insults and after SD plays a double-edged role in brain tissue injury and clinical outcome; a beneficial effect in the acute phase and a destructive role in the late phase. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the activation of inflammatory cascades and subsequent neuroprotective or harmful effects after CVDs and SD. Here, we review current data regarding the pathophysiological role of TLR signaling pathways in different CVDs and discuss the role of SD in the potentiation of the inflammatory cascade in CVDs through the modulation of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Ashayeri Ahmadabad
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Neuroscience research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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19
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Nozohouri S, Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Novel approaches for the delivery of therapeutics in ischemic stroke. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:535-551. [PMID: 31978522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review novel approaches to deliver neuroprotective drugs to salvageable penumbral brain areas of stroke injury with the goals of offsetting ischemic brain injury and enhancing recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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20
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TLR3 preconditioning induces anti-inflammatory and anti-ictogenic effects in mice mediated by the IRF3/IFN-β axis. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:598-607. [PMID: 31336144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was previously shown to contribute to the generation of epileptic seizures in rodents by evoking a proinflammatory response in the forebrain. This suggests that TLR3 blockade may provide therapeutic effects in epilepsy. We report that brain activation of TLR3 using the synthetic receptor ligand Poly I:C may also result in remarkable dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effects on acute seizures in mice without inducing inflammation. These inhibitory effects are associated with reduced neuronal excitability in the hippocampus as shown by a decrease in the population spike amplitude of CA1 pyramidal neurons following Schaffer collaterals stimulation. TLR3 activation which results in seizure inhibition does not evoke NF-kB-dependent inflammatory molecules or morphological activation of glia, however, it induces the alternative interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF)-3/IFN-β signaling pathway. IFN-β reproduced the inhibitory effects of Poly I:C on neuronal excitability in hippocampal slices. Seizure inhibition attained with activation the TLR3-IRF3/IFN-β axis should be carefully considered when TLR3 are targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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21
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Thuringer D, Garrido C. Molecular chaperones in the brain endothelial barrier: neurotoxicity or neuroprotection? FASEB J 2019; 33:11629-11639. [PMID: 31348679 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900895r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) interact with astrocytes and pericytes to form the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Their compromised function alters the BBB integrity, which is associated with early events in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and epilepsy. Interestingly, these conditions also induce the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Here we review the contribution of major HSP families to BMEC and BBB function. Although investigators mainly report protective effects of HSPs in brain, contrasted results were obtained in BMEC, which depend both on the HSP and on its location, intra- or extracellular. The therapeutic potential of HSPs must be scrupulously analyzed before targeting them in patients to reduce the progression of brain lesions and improve neurologic outcomes in the long term.-Thuringer, D., Garrido, C. Molecular chaperones in the brain endothelial barrier: neurotoxicity or neuroprotection?
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Thuringer
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1231, Institut Fédératif de Recherche en Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication (IFR Santé-STIC), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1231, Institut Fédératif de Recherche en Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication (IFR Santé-STIC), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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22
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MicroRNA-141 protects PC12 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury via regulating Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:291-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Zhang Y, Shan Z, Zhao Y, Ai Y. Sevoflurane prevents miR-181a-induced cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:332-338. [PMID: 31170386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane (sevo) has been reported to be an effective neuroprotective agent in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying sevo preconditioning in CIRI remains largely unknown. METHODS A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model and primary cortical neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGDR) were used as the in vivo and in vitro models of CIRI. The expression profiles of miR-181a and X chromosome-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (XIAP) in the cerebral cortex of rats and in cortical neurons were examined by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The infarct volumes were measured by TTC staining and neurological deficits in rats was determined by Zea-Longa scoring criteria. The cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and apoptotic rate were detected in cortical neurons by MTT assay, LDH analysis and flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to assess the expression of apoptosis-related protein. Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the interaction between miR-181a and XIAP. RESULTS miR-181a was upregulated and XIAP was downregulated in rats after MCAO. Sevo preconditioning attenuated miR-181a expression and promoted XIAP level in a rat model of CIRI. Sevo preconditioning ameliorated anti-miR-181a-mediated protective effects on cerebral ischemia in rat model of CIRI, presented as the decrease of infarct volume, neurological deficit and apoptosis. Moreover, sevo pretreatment abated miR-181a-induced cellular injury in primary cortical neurons after OGD, embodied by the increase of cell viability, the reduction of LDH release and the decline of apoptosis. Furthermore, miR-181a suppressed XIAP expression by binding to its 3'UTR in cortical neurons, and sevo-mediated increase on XIAP expression was counteracted by miR-181 overexpression in OGDR-treated neurons. CONCLUSION Sevo preconditioning protected against CIRI in vitro and in vivo possibly by inhibiting miR-181a and facilitating XIAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhengzheng Shan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yanqiu Ai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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24
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Huang C, Chen S, Zhang T, Li D, Huang Z, Huang J, Qin Y, Chen B, Cheng G, Ma F, Zhou M. TLR3 Ligand PolyI:C Prevents Acute Pancreatitis Through the Interferon-β/Interferon-α/β Receptor Signaling Pathway in a Caerulein-Induced Pancreatitis Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2019; 10:980. [PMID: 31130960 PMCID: PMC6509240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common and devastating inflammatory disorder of the pancreas. However, there are still no effective treatments available for the disease. Therefore, it is important to discover new therapeutic targets and strategies for better treatment and prognosis of AP patients. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand polyI:C is a double-stranded RNA mimic that can be used as an immune stimulant. Our current study indicates that polyI:C exerted excellent anti-inflammatory effects in a caerulein-induced AP mouse model and taurocholate-induced pancreatic acinar cell line injury model. We found that polyI:C triggers type I interferon (IFN) production and downstream IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR)-dependent signaling, which play key roles in protecting the pancreas from inflammatory injury. Knockout of IFN-β and IFNAR in mice abolished the preventive effects of polyI:C on caerulein-induced AP symptoms, which include pancreatic edema, neutrophil infiltration, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory gene expression. Treating pancreatic acinar 266-6 cells with an IFNAR inhibitor, which blocks the interaction between type I IFN and IFNAR, diminishes the downregulation of oxidative stress by polyI:C. Additionally, a subsequent transcriptome analysis on the role of polyI:C in treating pancreatitis suggested that chemotaxis of neutrophils and the production of ROS were inhibited by polyI:C in the pancreases damaged by caerulein injection. Thus, polyI:C may act as a type I IFN inducer to alleviate AP, and it has the potential to be a promising therapeutic agent used at the early stages of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengchuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dapei Li
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonglin Huang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanghua Qin
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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25
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Warden AS, Azzam M, DaCosta A, Mason S, Blednov YA, Messing RO, Mayfield RD, Harris RA. Toll-like receptor 3 dynamics in female C57BL/6J mice: Regulation of alcohol intake. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 77:66-76. [PMID: 30550930 PMCID: PMC6399033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are sex differences in the effects of alcohol on immune responses, it is unclear if sex differences in immune response can influence drinking behavior. Activation of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) produced a rapid proinflammatory response in males that increased alcohol intake over time (Warden et al., 2019). Poly(I:C) produced a delayed and prolonged innate immune response in females. We hypothesized that the timecourse of innate immune activation could regulate drinking behavior in females. Therefore, we chose to test the effect of two time points in the innate immune activation timecourse on every-other-day two-bottle-choice drinking: (1) peak activation; (2) descending limb of activation. Poly(I:C) reduced ethanol consumption when alcohol access occurred during peak activation. Poly(I:C) did not change ethanol consumption when alcohol access occurred on the descending limb of activation. Decreased levels of MyD88-dependent pathway correlated with decreased alcohol intake and increased levels of TRIF-dependent pathway correlated with increased alcohol intake in females. To validate the effects of poly(I:C) were mediated through MyD88, we tested female mice lacking Myd88. Poly(I:C) did not change alcohol intake in Myd88 knockouts, indicating that poly(I:C)-induced changes in alcohol intake are dependent on MyD88 in females. We next determined if the innate immune timecourse also regulated drinking behavior in males. Poly(I:C) reduced ethanol consumption in males when alcohol was presented at peak activation. Therefore, the timecourse of innate immune activation regulates drinking behavior and sex-specific dynamics of innate immune response must be considered when designing therapeutics to treat excessive drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Warden
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Moatasem Azzam
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Adriana DaCosta
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sonia Mason
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert O Messing
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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26
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Warden AS, Azzam M, DaCosta A, Mason S, Blednov YA, Messing RO, Mayfield RD, Harris RA. Toll-like receptor 3 activation increases voluntary alcohol intake in C57BL/6J male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 77:55-65. [PMID: 30550931 PMCID: PMC6399060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genes differentially expressed in brain tissue from human alcoholics and animals that have consumed large amounts of alcohol are components of the innate immune toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. TLRs initiate inflammatory responses via two branches: (1) MyD88-dependent or (2) TRIF-dependent. All TLRs signal through MyD88 except TLR3. Prior work demonstrated a direct role for MyD88-dependent signaling in regulation of alcohol consumption. However, the role of TLR3 as a potential regulator of excessive alcohol drinking has not previously been investigated. To test the possibility TLR3 activation regulates alcohol consumption, we injected mice with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and tested alcohol consumption in an every-other-day two-bottle choice test. Poly(I:C) produced a persistent increase in alcohol intake that developed over several days. Repeated poly(I:C) and ethanol exposure altered innate immune transcript abundance; increased levels of TRIF-dependent pathway components correlated with increased alcohol consumption. Administration of poly(I:C) before exposure to alcohol did not alter alcohol intake, suggesting that poly(I:C) and ethanol must be present together to change drinking behavior. To determine which branch of TLR signaling mediates poly(I:C)-induced changes in drinking behavior, we tested either mice lacking MyD88 or mice administered a TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor. MyD88 null mutants showed poly(I:C)-induced increases in alcohol intake. In contrast, mice pretreated with a TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor reduced their alcohol intake, suggesting poly(I:C)-induced escalations in alcohol intake are, at least partially, dependent on TLR3. Together, these results strongly suggest that TLR3-dependent signaling drives excessive alcohol drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Warden
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Moatasem Azzam
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Adriana DaCosta
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sonia Mason
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert O Messing
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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27
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Walker DG, Tang TM, Lue LF. Increased expression of toll-like receptor 3, an anti-viral signaling molecule, and related genes in Alzheimer's disease brains. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:91-106. [PMID: 30076830 PMCID: PMC6151184 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study is the expression of Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3), a receptor for double-stranded RNA, in human brains affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition molecules primarily involved in host defenses to microbial pathogens, but roles in neurodegenerative disease have also been shown, as amyloid beta (Aβ) can be a ligand for TLR-2 and -4 and α-synuclein for TLR-1 and TLR-2, while TLR-9 activation promotes Aβ removal. However, involvement of TLR-3 in AD has not been rigorously studied. Immunohistochemical analyses in human temporal cortical sections with a validated antibody for TLR-3 predominantly identified microglia, particularly strongly in cells associated with amyloid plaques, also brain vascular endothelial cells and subsets of astrocytes, but not neurons or p62-immunoreactive structures. Microglial TLR-3 colocalized with the endosomal/lysosomal marker CD68, which identifies phagocytic cells. Quantitative analyses of neuropathologically-staged human brain middle temporal gyrus samples using immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression methods demonstrated increased TLR-3 immunoreactivity and increased TLR-3 mRNA in AD compared to non-demented cases. There were significant positive correlations between TLR-3 mRNA levels and plaque or tangle loads in both series of samples. Increased expression of interferon beta (IFN-β) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 mRNA, two factors induced by TLR-3 signaling, were detected in the AD cases. Increased expression of TLR-4 and TLR-9 mRNA was also observed in these same samples, but not TLR-2. In vitro cultured human brain microglia responses to Aβ inflammatory activation were not altered by TLR-3 activation with activator polyinosinic;polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), while human brain endothelial cells showed reduction in responses when stimulated with both agents. Treatment of microglia with poly I:C did not increase their uptake and breakdown of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Tang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
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28
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Chen Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Chen B, Yang L, Li X, Li Y, Yu H. Inhibition of Connexin 43 Hemichannels Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:372. [PMID: 30386214 PMCID: PMC6199357 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) widely exists in all components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and is a constituent of gap junctions and hemichannels. In physiological states, gap junctions are open for regular intercellular communication, and the hemichannels present low open probability in astrocytes. After cerebral ischemia, a large number of hemichannels are unusually opened, leading to cell swelling and even death. Most known hemichannel blockers also inhibit gap junctions and sequentially obstruct normal electrical cell-cell communication. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Gap19, a selective Cx43-hemichannel inhibitor, exhibited neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). An obvious improvement in neurological scores and infarct volume reduction were observed in Gap19-treated mice after brain ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Gap19 treatment attenuated white matter damage. Moreover, Gap19 treatment suppressed the expression of Cx43 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway-relevant proteins and prevented the overexpression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). To further explore downstream signaling, we established an in vitro model-oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) to simulate ischemic conditions. Immunofluorescence staining showed that Cx43 co-existed with TLR4 in astrocytes. The hemichannel activity was increased after OGD and Gap19 could inhibit this effect on astrocytes. Gap19 substantially improved relative cell vitality and decreased the expression of Cx43, TLR4 and inflammatory cytokines in vitro. In addition, in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation OGD model, Gap19 also exhibited a protective effect via inhibiting TLR4 pathway activation. In summary, our results showed that Gap19 exerted a neuroprotective effect after stroke via inhibition of the TLR4-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhu Chen
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liangzhu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Beilei Chen
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Li
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.,Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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29
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Li M, Liu J, Bi Y, Chen J, Zhao L. Potential Medications or Compounds Acting on Toll-like Receptors in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:160-175. [PMID: 28571545 PMCID: PMC5883378 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170601125139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptors play an integral role in the process of inflammatory response after ischemic in-jury. The therapeutic potential acting on TLRs is worth of evaluations. The aim of this review was to introduce readers some potential medications or compounds which could alleviate the ischemic damage via TLRs. Methods: Research articles online on TLRs were reviewed. Categorizations were listed according to the follows, methods acting on TLRs directly, modulations of MyD88 or TRIF signaling pathway, and the ischemic tolerance induced by the pre-conditioning or postconditioning with TLR ligands or minor cerebral ischemia via acting on TLRs. Results: There are only a few studies concerning on direct effects. Anti-TLR4 or anti-TLR2 therapies may serve as promis-ing strategies in acute events. Approaches targeting on inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and enhancing interferon regu-latory factor dependent signaling have attracted great interests. Not only drugs but compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicine have been used to identify their neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. In addition, many re-searchers have reported the positive therapeutic effects of preconditioning with agonists of TLR2, 3, 4, 7 and 9. Several trails have also explored the potential of postconditioning, which provide a new idea in ischemic treatments. Considering all the evidence above, many drugs and new compounds may have great potential to reduce ischemic insults. Conclusion: This review will focus on promising therapies which exerting neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury by acting on TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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30
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Nakano T, Yamamura ET, Fujita H, Sone T, Asano K. Novel methods for nucleotide length control in double-stranded polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid production using uneven length components. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1889-1901. [PMID: 30079840 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1501264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC), a double-stranded RNA that induces innate immunity in mammals, is a candidate immunopotentiator for pharmaceuticals. The potency and adverse effects of PIC are strongly correlated with the nucleotide length, and the inability to precisely control the length in PIC production limits its practical use. Length extension during the annealing process is the major factor underlying the lack of control, but tuning the annealing conditions is insufficient to resolve this issue. In this study, we developed a novel method to produce accurate nucleotide length PIC at an industrial scale. The length extension was significantly suppressed by the assembly of multiple short polyinosinic acid molecules with one long polycytidylic acid molecule. A newly developed PIC, uPIC100-400, demonstrated a reproducible length and better storage stability than that of corresponding evenly structured PIC. Human dsRNA receptors exhibited equivalent responsiveness to uPIC100-400 and the evenly structured PIC with the same length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakano
- a Technical research laboratories , Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd ., Hofu , Japan.,b Graduate school of agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Ei-Tora Yamamura
- a Technical research laboratories , Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd ., Hofu , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujita
- a Technical research laboratories , Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd ., Hofu , Japan
| | - Teruo Sone
- b Graduate school of agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Kozo Asano
- b Graduate school of agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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31
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Cui HX, Chen JH, Li JW, Cheng FR, Yuan K. Protection of Anthocyanin from Myrica rubra against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3 Pathways. Molecules 2018; 23:E1788. [PMID: 30036952 PMCID: PMC6099489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Myrica rubra (MR) is rich in anthocyanins, and it has good anti-cancer, anti-aging, antioxidant, and antiviral effects. The proportion of disability and death caused by ischemic stroke gradually increased, becoming a major disease that is harmful to human health. However, research on effects of anthocyanin from MR on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is rare. In this study, we prepared eight purified anthocyanin extracts (PAEs) from different types of MR, and examined the amounts of total anthocyanin (TA) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C-3-G). After one week of PAE treatment, the cerebral infarction volume, disease damage, and contents of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were reduced, while the level of superoxide dismutase was increased in I/R mice. Altogether, our results show that Boqi¹ MR contained the most TA (22.07%) and C-3-G (21.28%), and that PAE isolated from Dongkui MR can protect the brain from I/R injury in mice, with the mechanism possibly related to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/ nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 protein (NLRP3) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xin Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jing-Wan Li
- Forestry and biotechnology College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China.
| | - Fang-Rong Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ke Yuan
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhu'ji 311800, China.
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Cakan P, Yildiz S, Ozgocer T, Yildiz A, Vardi N. Maternal viral mimetic administration at the beginning of fetal hypothalamic nuclei development accelerates puberty in female rat offspring. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:506-514. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal viral infection during a critical time window of fetal hypothalamic development on timing of puberty in the female offspring. For that purpose, a viral mimetic (i.e., synthetic double-strand RNA, namely, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid, poly (I:C)) or saline was injected (i.p.) to the pregnant rats during the beginning (day 12 of pregnancy, n = 5 for each group) or at the end of this time window (day 14 of pregnancy, n = 5 for each group). Four study groups were formed from the female pups (n = 9–10 pups/group). Following weaning of pups, vaginal opening and vaginal smearing was studied daily until 2 sequential estrous cycles were observed. During the second diestrus phase, blood samples were taken for progesterone, leptin, corticosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Maternal poly (I:C) injection on day 12 of pregnancy increased body mass and reduced the time to puberty in the female offspring. Neither poly (I:C) nor timing of injection affected other parameters studied (p > 0.05). It has been shown for the first time that maternal viral infection during the beginning of fetal hypothalamic development might hasten puberty by increasing body mass in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Cakan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sedat Yildiz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Tuba Ozgocer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Azibe Yildiz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nigar Vardi
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
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Xiong XY, Liu L, Yang QW. Refocusing Neuroprotection in Cerebral Reperfusion Era: New Challenges and Strategies. Front Neurol 2018; 9:249. [PMID: 29740385 PMCID: PMC5926527 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological processes of stroke have revealed that the damaged brain should be considered as an integral structure to be protected. However, promising neuroprotective drugs have failed when translated to clinical trials. In this review, we evaluated previous studies of neuroprotection and found that unsound patient selection and evaluation methods, single-target treatments, etc., without cerebral revascularization may be major reasons of failed neuroprotective strategies. Fortunately, this may be reversed by recent advances that provide increased revascularization with increased availability of endovascular procedures. However, the current improved effects of endovascular therapy are not able to match to the higher rate of revascularization, which may be ascribed to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and lacking of neuroprotection. Accordingly, we suggest various research strategies to improve the lower therapeutic efficacy for ischemic stroke treatment: (1) multitarget neuroprotectant combinative therapy (cocktail therapy) should be investigated and performed based on revascularization; (2) and more efforts should be dedicated to shifting research emphasis to establish recirculation, increasing functional collateral circulation and elucidating brain–blood barrier damage mechanisms to reduce hemorrhagic transformation. Therefore, we propose that a comprehensive neuroprotective strategy before and after the endovascular treatment may speed progress toward improving neuroprotection after stroke to protect against brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Wang FX, Yang XL, Ma YS, Wei YJ, Yang MH, Chen X, Chen B, He Q, Yang QW, Yang H, Liu SY. TRIF contributes to epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy during TLR4 activation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:65-76. [PMID: 28867282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.07.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that inflammatory processes play a crucial role in the etiopathology of epilepsy and seizure disorders. The Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF) activated several transcriptions leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system, which suggests a potential role for TRIF in the epileptogenesis of epilepsy. In this study, we investigated the roles of TRIF in human and mice epileptogenic tissues. Western blot and immunohistochemistry assays showed that the expression of TRIF was significantly upregulated in neurons and glial cells in both human epileptic tissues and mouse models, and positively correlated with seizure frequency. TRIF expression positively correlated with high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) expression. In TRIF-deficient mice, electroencephalograms displayed a significant decrease in seizure frequency and duration time, while KA induced seizures compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The number and duration time of spontaneous seizures were also decreased in the chronic KA-induced TRIF-deficient mouse models. In TLR4-deficient hippocampal neurons and mouse models, TRIF expression was lower compared with WT mice during HMGB1 and KA stimulation. Meanwhile, in KA-induced TRIF-deficient mouse models, microglia activation was significantly suppressed; pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, HMGB1 and IFN-β were reduced; and the survival of the neurons in the hippocampus increased compared with WT mice. Our findings suggested that TRIF may be involved in the epileptogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy, which would make it a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yuan-Shi Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Sichuan 610083, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, Sichuan 637900, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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Le Y, Jia P, Jin Y, Liu W, Jia K, Yi M. The antiviral role of heat shock protein 27 against red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus infection in sea perch. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:185-194. [PMID: 28860076 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), functioning as a stress induced protective protein, has been reported to participate in various biological processes, including apoptosis, thermal protection, and virus infection. In this study, a HSP27-like gene from the seawater fish sea perch, designated as LjHSP27, was characterized. The 1361 bp full-length cDNA of LjHSP27 encoded a 221 amino acid protein containing a conserved α-crystallin domain, two variable amino- and carboxy-terminal extensions, a WD/EPF motif, two serine phosphorylation sites, and two putative actin binding regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LjHSP27 shared the closest genetic relationship with HSP27 of the Asian seabass Lates calcarifer. LjHSP27 mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, but significantly up-regulated in spleen and kidney and down-regulated in brain post red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection. In vitro, LjHSP27 transcript was remarkably reduced post RGNNV infection, but rapidly increased after polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid treatment. Up-regulation and down-regulation of LjHSP27 inhibited and promoted RGNNV replication in cultured LJB cells, respectively. Luciferase assay indicated that LjHSP27 could enhance the promoter activities of zebrafish interferon (IFN)1 and IFN3, suggesting its potential role in innate immune responses. Moreover, overexpression of LjHSP27 inhibited RGNNV-induced apoptosis, as indicated by the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes, while KNK437 caused down-regulation of LjHSP27 dramatically led to opposite results, suggesting that LjHSP27 might exert its anti-RGNNV activities by regulating the apoptosis signaling pathway. Our results would provide a new insight into the underlying molecular mechanism of HSP and RGNNV interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Le
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yilin Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kuntong Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Meisheng Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
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Wu LR, Liu L, Xiong XY, Zhang Q, Wang FX, Gong CX, Zhong Q, Yang YR, Meng ZY, Yang QW. Vinpocetine alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by down-regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80315-80324. [PMID: 29113305 PMCID: PMC5655200 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play crucial roles in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important mediator of the neuroinflammatory response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Vinpocetine is a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF-κB activation. However, the effects of vinpocetine on pathways upstream of NF-κB signaling, such as TLR4, have not been fully elucidated. Here, we used mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and cell-based oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) models to evaluate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of vinpocetine treatment. The vinpocetine treatment significantly reduced mice cerebral infarct volumes and neurological scores. Moreover, the numbers of TUNEL+ and Fluoro-Jade B+ cells were significantly decreased in the ischemic brain tissues after vinpocetine treatment. In the OGD model, the vinpocetine treatment also increased the viability of cultured cortical neurons. Interestingly, vinpocetine exerted a neuroprotective effect on the mouse MCAO model and cell-based OGD model by inhibiting TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses and decreasing proinflammatory cytokine release through the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway, independent of TRIF signaling pathway. In conclusion, vinpocetine exerts anti-inflammatory effects to ameliorate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo. Vinpocetine may inhibit inflammatory responses through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, independent of TRIF-mediated inflammatory responses. Thus, vinpocetine may be an attractive therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ischemic cerebral injury or other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Fa-Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-Xiong Gong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan-Rui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao-You Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
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37
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Wang PF, Li ZG, Zhang Y, Ju XH, Liu XW, Zhou AM, Chen J. NLRP6 Inflammasome Ameliorates Brain Injury after Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:206. [PMID: 28798666 PMCID: PMC5527702 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP6 inflammasome, one of the important intracellular innate immune sensors, has been shown to regulate immune responses. However, its roles in the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are completely not clear. In the present study, we investigated the expression profile and biological roles of NLRP6 inflammasome in perihematomal brain tissues of mice subjected to ICH. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of NLRP6 inflammasome in the perihematomal brain tissues and explored the biological role of NLRP6 inflammasome upon acute brain injury in mice subjected to ICH. Increased expression of NLRP6 inflammasome was found in perihematomal brain tissues ranging from 6 h to 3 days, with a peak level at 1 day after ICH. Immunohistochemistry staining also showed that NLRP6 inflammasome was significantly increased in the perihematomal brain tissues at 1 day after ICH. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining showed that NLRP6 inflammasome was mainly colocalized in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes, while with little colocalized expression in NeuN-positive neurons and without expression in CD11b-positive microglia and CD31-positive endothelial cell in the perihematomal brain tissue of mice after ICH. Furthermore, NLRP6-/- ICH mice exhibited significantly higher brain water contents (BMCs), proinflammatory cytokines, NF-κB activity and neurological deficit scores when compared with the wild type (WT) ICH mice. In addition, we found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-/- mice, as well as the TAK242 treated mice, had markedly lower expression of NLRP6 inflammasome expression in the perihematomal brain tissue at 1 day after ICH. Our data suggest that the upregulated NLRP6 inflammasome in perihematomal brain tissues attenuates ICH-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Municipal HospitalWeihai, China
| | - Zhen-Guang Li
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Municipal HospitalWeihai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Municipal HospitalWeihai, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Ju
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Municipal HospitalWeihai, China
| | - Xin-Wu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Municipal HospitalWeihai, China
| | - Ai-Ming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Weihai Municipal HospitalWeihai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of PLABaoji, China
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38
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Luo SY, Li R, Le ZY, Li QL, Chen ZW. Anfibatide protects against rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via TLR4/JNK/caspase-3 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 807:127-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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39
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Wang J, Lu Z, Fu X, Zhang D, Yu L, Li N, Gao Y, Liu X, Yin C, Ke J, Li L, Zhai M, Wu S, Fan J, Lv L, Liu J, Chen X, Yang Q, Wang J. Alpha-7 Nicotinic Receptor Signaling Pathway Participates in the Neurogenesis Induced by ChAT-Positive Neurons in the Subventricular Zone. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:10.1007/s12975-017-0541-7. [PMID: 28551702 PMCID: PMC5704989 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase-positive (ChAT+) neurons within the subventricular zone (SVZ) have been shown to promote neurogenesis after stroke in mice by secreting acetylcholine (ACh); however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Receptors known to bind ACh include the nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), which are present in the SVZ and have been shown to be important for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In this study, we investigated the neurogenic role of the alpha-7 nAChR (α7 nAChR) in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by using α7 nAChR inhibitor methyllycaconitine. Mice subjected to MCAO exhibited elevated expression of cytomembrane and nuclear fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), as well as increased expression of PI3K, pAkt, doublecortin (DCX), polysialylated - neuronal cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), and mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 (Mash1). MCAO mice also had more glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)/5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells and DCX-positive cells in the SVZ than did the sham-operated group. Methyllycaconitine treatment increased cytomembrane FGFR1 expression and GFAP/BrdU-positive cells, upregulated the levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phospho-Akt (pAkt), decreased nuclear FGFR1 expression, decreased the number of DCX-positive cells, and reduced the levels of DCX, PSA-NCAM, and Mash1 in the SVZ of MCAO mice compared with levels in vehicle-treated MCAO mice. MCAO mice treated with α7 nAChR agonist PNU-282987 exhibited the opposite effects. Our data show that α7 nAChR may decrease the proliferation of neural stem cells and promote differentiation of existing neural stem cells after stroke. These results identify a new mechanism of SVZ ChAT+ neuron-induced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
| | - Zhengfang Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Lie Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Xianliang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Chunmao Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Junji Ke
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Liyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Shiwen Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Jiahong Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Qingwu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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40
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Wang FX, Xiong XY, Zhong Q, Meng ZY, Yang H, Yang QW. Foxp3 exhibits antiepileptic effects in ictogenesis involved in TLR4 signaling. FASEB J 2017; 31:2948-2962. [PMID: 28386044 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600989r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes play critical roles in epileptogenesis, but the exact mechanisms that underlie these processes are still not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the role of forkhead transcription factor 3 (Foxp3), a transcription factor that is involved in T-cell differentiation, in epileptogenesis. In both human epileptic tissues and experimental seizure models, we found significant up-regulation of Foxp3 in neurons and glial cells. Of importance, Foxp3-/- mice were susceptible to kainic acid-induced seizures, whereas overexpression of Foxp3 reduced acute seizure occurrence and decreased chronic seizure recurrence. In addition, in vitro experiments revealed that Foxp3 inhibited neuronal excitability via glial cells and not neurons. The protective effects of Foxp3 were manifested as a reduction in glial cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine production and increased neuronal survival. Moreover, we showed that beneficial effects of Foxp3 involved the attenuation of TLR4 signaling and inflammation, which led to the inactivation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. These results suggest that Foxp3 in glial cells may play an antiepileptic role in epileptogenesis and may act as a modulator of TLR4. Taken together, our results indicate that Foxp3 may represent a novel therapeutic target for achieving anticonvulsant effects in patients with epilepsy that is currently resistant to drugs.-Wang, F.-X., Xiong, X.-Y., Zhong, Q., Meng, Z.-Y., Yang, H., Yang, Q.-W. Foxp3 exhibits antiepileptic effects in ictogenesis involved in TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao-You Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China;
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41
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Zhou K, Zhong Q, Wang YC, Xiong XY, Meng ZY, Zhao T, Zhu WY, Liao MF, Wu LR, Yang YR, Liu J, Duan CM, Li J, Gong QW, Liu L, Yang MH, Xiong A, Wang J, Yang QW. Regulatory T cells ameliorate intracerebral hemorrhage-induced inflammatory injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization through the IL-10/GSK3β/PTEN axis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:967-979. [PMID: 27174997 PMCID: PMC5363473 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16648712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by the peripheral infiltration of inflammatory cells plays an important role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induced secondary injury. Previous studies have indicated that regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) might reduce ICH-induced inflammation, but the precise mechanisms that contribute to ICH-induced inflammatory injury remain unclear. Our results show that the number of Tregs in the brain increases after ICH. Inducing Tregs deletion using a CD25 antibody or Foxp3DTR-mice increased neurological deficient scores (NDS), the level of inflammatory factors, hematoma volumes, and neuronal degeneration. Meanwhile, boosting Tregs using a CD28 super-agonist antibody reduced the inflammatory injury. Furthermore, Tregs depletion shifted microglia/macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype while boosting Tregs shifted this transition toward the M2 phenotype. In vitro, a transwell co-culture model of microglia and Tregs indicated that Tregs changed the polarization of microglia, decreased the expression of MHC-II, IL-6, and TNF-α and increased CD206 expression. IL-10 originating from Tregs mediated the microglia polarization by increasing the expression of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), which phosphorylates and inactivates Phosphatase and Tensin homologue (PTEN) in microglia, TGF-β did not participate in this conversion. Thus, Tregs ameliorated ICH-induced inflammatory injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype through the IL-10/GSK3β/PTEN axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao-You Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Yao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mao-Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Rong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan-Rui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Mei Duan
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Wen Gong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Qing-Wu Yang, Department of Neurology Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183, Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ao Xiong
- Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Daphnetin Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice via Inhibition of TLR4/NF- κB Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2816056. [PMID: 28119924 PMCID: PMC5227117 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2816056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidences indicate that immune-mediated mechanisms contribute to the development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Daphnetin (DAP) is a coumarin derivative extracted from Daphne odora var., which displays anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of DAP on cerebral I/R injury is not yet clear. Recent studies have demonstrated that TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway takes part in the damaging inflammatory process of cerebral I/R injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of DAP on cerebral I/R injury in vivo and its possible mechanisms. DAP was administered before middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in mice. The neurological scores, cerebral infarct sizes, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic neural cells, and the levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and IκBα were estimated. The results showed that an obvious improvement of neurological scores and infarct sizes was observed in DAP-treated mice after MCAO/R. DAP treatment decreased the overexpression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and attenuated neural cells apoptosis. Moreover, DAP treatment decreased the TLR4 expression, IκB-α degradation, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Taken together, our results suggested that DAP exerted neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on cerebral I/R injury. The potential mechanism was involved in the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB mediated inflammatory signaling pathway.
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Stress-responsive heme oxygenase-1 isoenzyme participates in Toll-like receptor 4-induced inflammation during brain ischemia. Neuroreport 2016; 27:445-54. [PMID: 26966782 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the progression of ischemic brain injury and hence vascular dementia; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we have investigated the interrelationship between stress-responsive heme oxygenase (HO)-1 isoenzyme and TLR4 during chronic brain hypoperfusion. The right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion was performed by ligation of the right common carotid artery in C57BL/6J mice. The brain cortex or hippocampus was removed for western blotting and confocal immunofluorescence analysis. The link between HO-1 and TLR4 was further examined by silencing TLR4 and pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 in primary cultured cortical neurons. Cognitive dysfunction and decrease in cerebral blood flow in mice were observed 4 weeks after the occlusion. Our data further show that common carotid artery occlusion induced an increase in TLR4 and HO-1 protein levels. Although the administration of CoPP (10 mg/kg), HO-1 agonist, improved the cognitive dysfunction in a mice model of occlusion, western blot analysis in primary cultured cortical neurons showed that HO-1 was upregulated after lipopolysaccharide treatment; this was partially abolished by the TLR4 siRNA interference. The flow cytometry analysis showed that pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 by ZnPP (100 μM) further exaggerated lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal cell death. Hence, stress-responsive HO-1 isoenzyme participates in TLR4-induced inflammation during chronic brain ischemia. The pharmacological manipulation of TLR4 or the HO-1 antioxidant defense pathway may represent a novel treatment strategy for neuronal protection in vascular dementia.
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SUMO-specific protease 1 protects neurons from apoptotic death during transient brain ischemia/reperfusion. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2484. [PMID: 27882949 PMCID: PMC5260881 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SUMO-specific protease 1 (SENP1) deconjugates SUMO from modified proteins. Although post-ischemic activation of SUMO conjugation was suggested to be neuroprotective against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, the function of SENP1 in this process remained unclear. Here we show that transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice followed by 6, 12 and 24 h reperfusion significantly enhanced SENP1 levels in the affected brain area, independent of transcription. Consistent with the increase in SENP1, the levels of SUMO1-conjugated proteins were decreased by I/R in cortical neurons of control littermate mice, but unchanged in that of animals with conditional ablation of SENP1 gene from adult principal neurons, the SENP1flox/flox:CamKIIα-Cre (SENP1 cKO) mice. The SENP1 cKO mice exhibited a significant increase in infarct volume in the cerebral cortex and more severe motor impairment in response to I/R as compared with the control littermates. Cortical neurons from I/R-injured SENP1 cKO mice became more apoptotic than that from control littermates, as indicated by both TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activation. Overexpression of SENP1 in somatosensory cortices of adult wild-type (WT) mice suppressed I/R-induced neuronal apoptosis. We conclude that SENP1 plays a neuroprotective role in I/R injury by inhibiting apoptosis through decreasing SUMO1 conjugation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of neuroprotection by protein desumoylation, which may help develop new therapies for mitigating brain injury associated with ischemic stroke.
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Ren C, Chen T, Jiang X, Sun H, Qian J, Hu C, Wang Y. Two proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) paralogs from the tropical sea cucumber (Stichopus monotuberculatus): Molecular characterization and inducible expression with immune challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:255-262. [PMID: 27426522 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a multifunctional protein that widely exists in eukaryotic species. In this study, two PCSK9 paralogs, named StmPCSK9-1 and StmPCSK9-2, were identified from the tropical sea cucumber (Stichopus monotuberculatus). The cDNAs of StmPCSK9-1 and StmPCSK9-2 are 1330 kb and 1508 kb in size, respectively. The open reading frames (ORF) for StmPCSK9-1 and StmPCSK9-2 cDNAs are 1128 and 1167 bp in length, encoding the proteins of 375 and 388 amino acids with the deduced molecular weights of 38.76 and 41.07 kDa, respectively. In accord with other members in PCSK9 family, the two StmPCSK9 paralogs possessed the inhibitor_I9 and peptidase_S8 functional domains, seven active sites, a catalytic triad and two calcium binding sites. For the gene structure, the splicing of the two StmPCSK9 paralogs was relatively conserved. In addition, the mRNA expression of StmPCSK9-1 and StmPCSK9-2 was only detected in the sea cucumber intestine and coelomocytes, and the expression levels of both the two StmPCSK9 paralogs were higher in intestine. Moreover, StmPCSK9-2 was found to be a cytoplasm protein without signal peptide, and show no response to the immune challenge. On the contrary, StmPCSK9-1 was a secreted protein and the transcriptional expression of StmPCSK9-1 was significantly up-regulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) treatment and slightly down-regulated by polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid [Poly (I:C)] challenge in in vitro experiments performed in the cultural primary coelomocytes, suggesting that the StmPCSK9-1 may play critical roles in the innate immune defense of sea cucumber, S. monotuberculatus, against bacterial and/or viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, PR China.
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, PR China.
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Jing Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, PR China.
| | - Yanhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
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Ramnath D, Powell EE, Scholz GM, Sweet MJ. The toll-like receptor 3 pathway in homeostasis, responses to injury and wound repair. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:22-30. [PMID: 27552920 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their established roles in host defence, Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) have emerging roles in control of homeostasis, injury and wound repair. The dsRNA-sensing receptor, TLR3, has been particularly implicated in such processes in several different tissues including the skin, intestine and liver, as well as in the control of reparative mechanisms in the brain, heart and kidneys, following ischemia reperfusion injury. In this review, we provide an overview of TLR3 signalling and functions in inflammation, tissue damage and repair processes, as well as therapeutic opportunities that may arise in the future from knowledge of such pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Ramnath
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Powell
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Glen M Scholz
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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Li Y, Xu XL, Zhao D, Pan LN, Huang CW, Guo LJ, Lu Q, Wang J. TLR3 ligand Poly IC Attenuates Reactive Astrogliosis and Improves Recovery of Rats after Focal Cerebral Ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 21:905-13. [PMID: 26494128 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Brain ischemia activates astrocytes in a process known as astrogliosis. Although this process has beneficial effects, excessive astrogliosis can impair neuronal recovery. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) has shown neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, but whether it regulates reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation is not clear. METHODS We exposed cultured astrocytes to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and used a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion model to investigate the effects of Poly IC. Astrocyte proliferation and proliferation-related molecules were evaluated by immunostaining and Western blotting. Neurological deficit scores, infarct volumes and neuroplasticity were evaluated in rats after transient MCAO. RESULTS In vitro, Poly IC inhibited astrocyte proliferation, upregulated Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression, upregulated interferon-β, and downregulated interleukin-6 production. These changes were blocked by a neutralizing antibody against TLR3, suggesting that Poly IC function is TLR3-dependent. Moreover, in the MCAO model, Poly IC attenuated reactive astrogliosis, reduced brain infarction volume, and improved neurological function. In addition, Poly IC prevented MCAO-induced reductions in soma size, dendrite length, and number of dendritic bifurcations in cortical neurons of the infarct penumbra. CONCLUSIONS By ameliorating astrogliosis-related damage, Poly IC is a potential therapeutic agent for attenuating neuronal damage and promoting recovery after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Lin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Na Pan
- Medical Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian-Jun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Salvianolic Acid B Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2016; 39:1503-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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49
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Xiong XY, Liu L, Yang QW. Functions and mechanisms of microglia/macrophages in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis after stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:23-44. [PMID: 27166859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger signals induced by stroke. These cells are normally responsible for clearing away dead neural cells and restoring neuronal functions. However, when excessively activated by the damage-associated molecular patterns following stroke, they can produce a large number of proinflammatory cytokines that can disrupt neural cells and the blood-brain barrier and influence neurogenesis. These effects indicate the important roles of microglia/macrophages in the pathophysiological processes of stroke. However, the modifiable and adaptable nature of microglia/macrophages may also be beneficial for brain repair and not just result in damage. These distinct roles may be attributed to the different microglia/macrophage phenotypes because the M1 population is mainly destructive, while the M2 population is neuroprotective. Additionally, different gene expression signature changes in microglia/macrophages have been found in diverse inflammatory milieus. These biofunctional features enable dual roles for microglia/macrophages in brain damage and repair. Currently, it is thought that the proper inflammatory milieu may provide a suitable microenvironment for neurogenesis; however, detailed mechanisms underlying the inflammatory responses that initiate or inhibit neurogenesis remain unknown. This review summarizes recent progress concerning the mechanisms involved in brain damage, repair and regeneration related to microglia/macrophage activation and phenotype transition after stroke. We also argue that future translational studies should be targeting multiple key regulating molecules to improve brain repair, which should be accompanied by the concept of a "therapeutic time window" for sequential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Natarajan C, Yao SY, Sriram S. TLR3 Agonist Poly-IC Induces IL-33 and Promotes Myelin Repair. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152163. [PMID: 27022724 PMCID: PMC4811556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired remyelination of demyelinated axons is a major cause of neurological disability. In inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), although remyelination does happen, it is often incomplete, resulting in poor clinical recovery. Poly-IC a known TLR3 agonist and IL-33, a cytokine which is induced by poly-IC are known to influence recovery and promote repair in experimental models of CNS demyelination. Methodology and Principal Findings We examined the effect of addition of poly-IC and IL-33 on the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) cultured in vitro. Both Poly-IC and IL-33 induced transcription of myelin genes and the differentiation of OPC to mature myelin forming cells. Poly-IC induced IL-33 in OPC and addition of IL-33 to in vitro cultures, amplified further, IL-33 expression suggesting an autocrine regulation of IL-33. Poly-IC and IL-33 also induced phosphorylation of p38MAPK, a signaling molecule involved in myelination. Following the induction of gliotoxic injury with lysolecithin to the corpus callosum (CC), treatment of animals with poly-IC resulted in greater recruitment of OPC and increased staining for myelin in areas of demyelination. Also, poly-IC treated animals showed greater expression of IL-33 and higher expression of M2 phenotype macrophages in the CC. Conclusion/Significance Our studies suggest that poly-IC and IL-33 play a role in myelin repair by enhancing expression of myelin genes and are therefore attractive therapeutic agents for use as remyelinating agents in human demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Natarajan
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Song-Yi Yao
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Subramaniam Sriram
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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